Crisis Action Planning 01 January 2006 CTF Course of Action Development UNCLASSIFIED CTF Training

Crisis Action PlanningCrisis Action Planning

01 January 2006

CTF Course of Action DevelopmentCTF Course of Action Development

UNCLASSIFIED

CTF Training

2

Purpose

• Teach techniques and procedures for developing Courses of Action

• Will discuss this as – Part of Commander’s Estimate

process– How to stay at the operational-level– To ensure Developed COAs are valid

3

References

JP 3-0 Doctrine for Joint OperationsJP 3-0 Doctrine for Joint Operations

JP 5-00.2 JTF Planning JP 5-00.2 JTF Planning Guidance & ProceduresGuidance & Procedures

MNF SOPMNF SOPMULTINATIONAL FORCE

STANDING OPERATING PROCEDURES(MNF SOP)

Version 1.6February 2006

4

Crisis Action Planning Process

CRISIS

ISituation

Development

IICrisis

Assessment

IVCourse of

ActionSelection

VExecutionPlanning

AND/OR

IIICourse of

ActionDevelopment

IMission Analysis/Restated Mission

IIIAnalysis of Opposing

Courses of Action

IICourse of Action

Development

Commander’s Estimate Process

OPORD

Deployment Data Base

VIExecution

PlanningOrder

AlertOrder

WarningOrder

ExecuteOrder

IVComparison of OwnCourses of Action

VCommander’s

Decision

5

Key Planning Concepts

• To the extent possible, plans should incorporate the following concepts of joint operation planning doctrine

– Commander’s strategic intent and operational focus

– Orientation on the strategic and operational centers of gravity of the threat

– Protection of friendly strategic and operational centers of gravity

– Phasing of operations to include the commanders intent for each phase

Joint Pub 5-0, II-15

6

Course of Action Development

• The COA is a broad statement of possible ways the CTF can accomplish its mission

– WHO will accomplish essential tasks– WHAT is the type of mission to be conducted – WHEN the operation must begin or must be

completed– WHERE the assigned areas of operation

(AOs) within the JOA are– WHY or the purpose of the operations– HOW or the method of conducting the

operation using major available resources

7

Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs

Initial Testfor Validity

DetermineC2 Means

COA Statement & Sketch

CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates

Vertical &HorizontalPlanning


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Develop Initial COAs

• Plan to plan– One or more groups?– One big group?– Big brain technique?– Simultaneous or sequential development?

• Brainstorm– Be bold in concept– Be general by component– Be open to new ideas– Be unconstrained

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• Review mission analysis/CCTF guidance

• Develop plans to integrate the joint environment

• Focus on Centers of Gravity and Decisive Points

• Identify sequencing and phasing for each COA

• Identify main and supporting efforts

• Identify component level missions/tasks

• Develop IO/IW support items

• Develop initial COA sketches and statements

Additional Considerations Additional Considerations

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COA 2 includes all of COA 1

COA 3 includes all of COAs 1 & 2

COA 1

COA 2

COA 3

Nested COAsWhat to Avoid What to Avoid

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More Pitfalls

PREEMPTING THE COMMANDER’S RESPONSIBILITYIN THE DECISIONMAKING PROCESS ...

- The Intended COA

- The Clone of the Intended COA

- The Throw Away

12

Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



13

Test the Validity of Each COA

• Test for suitability

• Test for feasibility

• Test for acceptability

• Ensure COAs are distinct (variety)

• Test for completeness

14

Suitable

• Does it accomplish the mission?• Does it meet the Combatant Commander’s and CCTF’s intent?• Does it accomplish all the essential tasks?• Does it allow the CTF to meet the conditions for the end state?• Does it take into consideration the enemy and friendly centers

of gravity?

15

Feasible

• Does the CTF have the required resources to carry out the COA and accomplish the mission?– Will those resources be available in the

JOA in time? Forces/Capability Transportation Resupply Facilities

• Can the COA be carried out within the physical environment’s constraints?

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• Does it contain unacceptable risks?

• Does it take into account the limitations placed on the CTF?

• Does it contribute to the higher commander’s strategic objectives?

• Can it be accomplished within external constraints, particularly ROE?

• Can it be accomplished against each enemy capability?

Acceptable

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Distinguishable/Variety

• Are the COAs significantly different...– From CTF Commander’s perspective?– From the Combatant Commander’s perspective?– From the POTUS/SECDEF perspective?

• COAs can be different when considering...– Focus or direction of main effort– Scheme of maneuver (land, air, maritime, special

ops)– Primary mechanism for mission accomplishment– Task Organization– Use of reserves

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Complete

• Are the COAs technically complete? Do the COAs adequately answer...– WHO will execute it?– WHAT type of action is contemplated?– WHEN will it begin?– WHERE will it take place? – WHY key actions are required?– HOW will it be accomplished?

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Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



20

Determine C2 Means

• Determine command relationships– Operational Control (OPCON)– Tactical Control (TACON)– Support (General, Mutual, Direct, Close)– Others (Administrative control,

Coordinating authority, Direct liaison)

• Organizational options– Service components– Functional components– Subordinate CTFs– Combination of the above

• Determine control measures

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CCTFCCTF

“X” FORCES

NATIONAL C2 STRUCTURENATIONAL C2 STRUCTURE

Historically, national component structure has been used in coalition operations, and functional component structure in allied operations

CTF Organizational Structure Examples

CCTFCCTF

CPOTFCPOTFCMARFORCMARFOR CSOTFCSOTFCNAVFORCNAVFOR

FUNCTIONAL C2 STRUCTUREFUNCTIONAL C2 STRUCTURE

CARFORCARFOR CAFFORCAFFOR

“Y” FORCES COALITION – AD HOCCOMBINED – ALLIANCE, TREATY

OR OTHER FORMAL AGREEMENT

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CCTFHQ STAFF*

PUERTO PRINCESA/CEBU

CTG BCAGAYAN DE ORO

CTG ACEBU

CFACCCLARK/CEBU

CFMCCUSS ESSEX/CEBU

•KC-135•C-17/C-141/C-5•K/C-130

•ESSEX ARG/MEU•ROKN TF•AUS LSH•UK FF•RPN TF 80•MALAYSIAN LST

•AFP•FI•MAL•SING•TH•BD•MADAGASCAR•CPOTF/CSOTF

•AFP•USA/USMC•UK/NZ/CAN/AUS•ROK•CSOTF/POTF

WESCOMNDCC

Example: Command & Control Structure

*INCLUDES BOARDS, BUREAUS, CELLS:HA/DR COORD BOARD, ATO CHAIR, MTO (MARITIME), INFO OPS, ENGR COORD BOARD, MED SPT COORD BOARDLOG SPT COORD BOARD, CIB

SOUTHCOMVISCOM

COORD

SUPPORTING

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Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



24

Prepare COA

• COA statement answers WHO, WHAT, WHERE, WHEN, HOW, WHY

• Develop COA sketch

• Task organize the force– Initial organization

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Example Phasing/Task Distribution

DEPLOYMENT SHAPING DECISIVE OPS TRANSITIONHalt, Protect & Defend Eject & Eliminate

Init

iate

IO C

amp

aig

n

HA

Co

ord

BP

T N

EO

Est

ablis

h F

OB

AIR

Su

per

iori

ty

MA

RIT

IME

Su

per

iori

ty

BP

T C

M

Pro

tect

/Def

end

Gu

pp

ie/N

essi

e/S

LO

Cs

IDP

MG

MT

EP

W M

GM

T

BP

T M

IO

Sei

ze S

aip

an

Sei

ze T

inia

n

HA

- S

aip

an/T

in

Elim

inat

e P

iran

ha

Ab

ility

to

Pro

j Pw

r

Fre

edo

m o

f N

avig

atio

n

HA

Tu

rno

ver

Tu

rn o

ver

to H

N F

orc

es

Red

eplo

y

CFLCC X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X XCFMCC X X X X X X X X X X X XCFACC X X X X X X X X X X X XCSOTF X X X X X X XCPOTF X XCMOTF X X X X X XCCTF X X X X X

- Phase Main Effort/Task Supported Commander - Task Supported Commander - Task Supporting Commander

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PHASE I: Deployment (C+0 TO C+7)

TASKS

CCTF: Initiate IO, RSOI

CFLCC (ME): RRF Deploys, est FOB

CFACC: Deploy, BPT NEO, Initiate operations to establish Air and Maritime Superiority

CFMCC: Deploy, Initiate operations to establish Air and Maritime Superiority, BPT NEO

CSOTF: Deploy, Est HQ, SR w/in OA

CPOTF: Begin PSYOP

CMOTF: Coord w/ NGO/IO/HN, Est CMOC

RRFL

FOBFOBTROPICALTROPICAL

LIGHTNING LIGHTNING

CVOA 1

FOBFOBISR/AR ISR/AR

CSOTFCSOTFCPOTFCPOTFCMOTFCMOTFAEF(-)AEF(-) ARG

BLUE RIDGECCTF

CFACC

SAG

This phase starts with execute orders from Supported Strategic Cdr. The purpose is immediately deploy forces, establish lodgment and gain SA. The main effort is for CFLCC to establish FOB on Guppie. This phase ends when 1 CVBG and 1 AEF(-) are present, and FOBs are established.

Example Sketch

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Example Sketch

This phase completes the introduction of combat forces (Phase II) and begins offensive operations to evict all aggressors from the sovereign territory of Blueland. Operations will be conducted along two axes. Phase is complete upon restoration of territorial integrity of Blueland.

MARFOR:O/O conduct offensive operations to securenorthern approachesto City TARFOR:Deploy ACR to forwardAA. O/O conduct offensive operations to clear central and southernapproaches. Air Aslt/AbnBde est. opnl reserve andrear area defense.AFFOR:Maintain air superiority.Conduct AI and strat atkoperations.NAVFOR:No changeJSOTF:No change

PHASE THREE: Decisive Action

C+31 to C+60

City T

City G

XX

X

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Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



29

(Sample Format)

• C2– Updated CIPB– Enemy COAs

Most likely Most dangerous

• CPG– Updated facts and assumptions– Review Higher Mission and Intent– Review CTF Mission and Intent

Brief COAs to CCTF

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Brief COAs to CCTF

• CPG– COA statements (tasks) and sketches

Command and Control recommendations Summary of each COA Rationale for each COA Risks associated with each COA Summarize/emphasize distinction among COAs

• Others (C1/C4/C6)– Updated facts and assumption, if available

• CPG– Recommended COAs in priority for wargaming

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Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



32

CCTF Approves COAs

• Commander’s options• Approve COAs for further analysis• Direct revisions to COAs

– Combinations of COAs– Additional COAs

33

Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



34

Conduct Initial Staff Estimates

• Each staff element addresses each COA from its own perspective

• Staff prepares for COA analysis, COA comparison, and COA recommendation and selection

35

Task Steps

Brief COAsto CCTF

DevelopInitial COAs


DetermineC2 Means


CCTF ApprovesCOAs

StaffEstimates



36

Conduct Concurrent Planning

• Discuss (vertical and horizontal) planning status with counterparts, higher and lower

• Coordinate planning with staff counterparts from other functional areas

• Permits adjustments in planning

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IdentifySequencing

Identify Main and

Supporting Effort

IdentifyComponent

LevelMission/Tasks

DevelopIO/IW

Support

• Simultaneous• Sequential• Combination

• Phase• Purpose• Key supporting/• Supported relationships

Determine Operational

Phasing

Planning CellsDevelop Essential

Tasks

BrainstormInitial COAs

Integrate & Synchronize

Essential Tasks

• Who• What• When• Where• How

• Land• Maritime• Air• Space• Special Ops

Example:I. Pre-hostilitiesII. LodgmentIII. Decisive combatIV. Follow ThroughV. Post-Hostilities & Redeploy

• Focus on COG&decisive points• Use joint architecture

• Maneuver• Fires• C2• Force protection• Support

1. Who will execute (type of forces)?2. What type of action or major tasks are contemplated?3. Where will tasks occur?4. When will tasks begin?5. How? Don’t usurp CTF/Component prerogative.6. Why - For what purpose will each force conduct its part of the operation?

COA Development

Test Validity

• Suitability• Feasibility• Acceptability• Variety• Completeness

Determine Command

Relationships

Refine Battlespace

ConductLift Analysis

Initial COA Sketches

COA Analysis

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Summary of COA Development, Analysis, Comparison & Selection

• Enter deployment requirements into JOPES database• Identify infrastructure• Conduct Gross Transportation Feasibility Estimate• Sequencing of forces• Develop movement C2 architecture

COA Deployment COA Deployment ConsiderationsConsiderations

• Statements, sketches & task organization• Warning Order• Evaluation Request Message

+

• Advantages & disadvantages• Wargame record• Staff estimate updates

• Determine comparison criteria

• Construct comparison method

• Conduct COA comparison

• Determine recommended COA

COA AnalysisCOA Analysis

•Gather tools, material, and data•List assumptions, critical events, decision points •Select wargame method•Select technique to record and display wargame results•Conduct wargame

Updated Staff Updated Staff EstimatesEstimates

Component Component InputInput

COA DevelopmentCOA Development

• Review tasks, guidance, intent, and mission• Brainstorm • Test draft COAs• Determine C2• Prepare COA statement and sketch• Brief HHQ•Staff estimates are ongoing

Staff EstimatesStaff Estimates

Component Component InputInput

Mission and Mission and TasksTasks

Commander’sCommander’sGuidanceGuidance

COA ComparisonCOA Comparison • Evaluated COAsEvaluated COAs• Staff’s / DHHQ/ Staff’s / DHHQ/ Recommended COARecommended COA

• Evaluated COAsEvaluated COAs• Staff’s / DHHQ/ Staff’s / DHHQ/ Recommended COARecommended COA• Receive deployment estimate

• Conduct TPFDD refinement

COA Deployment COA Deployment ConsiderationsConsiderations+

Commander’sCommander’sOwn Analysis & Own Analysis &

ComparisonComparison

ComponentComponent Parallel Parallel PlanningPlanning

• Review recommendations• Review CJCS/NCA guidance• Apply own analysis, judgment, and experience• Select COA / make appropriate modifications

COA COA SelectioSelectio

nn

• Commander’s Commander’s EstimateEstimate

• Warning OrderWarning Order

• Provide Recommended COA•Receive deployment estimate

•Conduct TPFDD refinement

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39

Crisis Action Planning Process

CRISIS

ISituation

Development

IICrisis

Assessment

IVCourse of

ActionSelection

VExecutionPlanning

AND/OR

IIICourse of

ActionDevelopment

IMission Analysis/Restated Mission

IIIAnalysis of Opposing

Courses of Action

IICourse of Action

Development

Commander’s Estimate Process

OPORD

Deployment Data Base

VIExecution

PlanningOrder

AlertOrder

WarningOrder

ExecuteOrder

IVComparison of OwnCourses of Action

VCommander’s

Decision

Questions?

CTF Training

Enhancing Multinational OperationsEnhancing Multinational Operations

UNCLASSIFIED

Documents

Crisis Action Planning 01 January 2006 CTF Course of Action Development UNCLASSIFIED CTF Training