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3 Multinational Operations “ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to describe military actions conducted by forces of two or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the structure of a coalition or alliance”
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Crisis Action PlanningCrisis Action Planning
21 January 2006
Forming the CTFForming the CTF
UNCLASSIFIED
CTF Training
Forming the Coalition/CombinedTask Force (CTF)
• Purpose: Familiarization with the fundamentals of establishing a COALITION/COMBINED Task Force (CTF)
– Terminology and Design– Command and Control– CTF Headquarters Staff and MNF Force Structure
Reference• MNF SOP
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Multinational Operations
“ ‘Multinational operations’ is a collective term to
describe military actions conducted by forces of two
or more nations. Such operations are usually undertaken within the
structure of a coalition or alliance”
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Key Terminology
• MNF: Multinational Force – “Broad Overarching Term”– Describes the “broader force” and includes
the participating Nation’s and Strategic Planning Headquarters (HQs).
– The entire organization of nations, participating forces, and support based upon “shared interests”.
• Two Types of MNF Operations:– Coalition: Ad-Hoc / Crisis Based (East Timor)– Combined: Alliance / Treaty Based
(Example: NATO or UNC - Korea)
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Key Terminology (cont)
• CTF: Coalition / Combined Task Force
– Coalition TF (CTF): Ad-Hoc / Crisis-Oriented
– Combined TF (CTF): Alliance / Treaty-Based (predetermined guidelines and / or contingency plans present)
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Strategic Guidance
• Effective Mission Accomplishment by a CTF requires clear and legitimate strategic guidance from a higher headquarters
• Sources of Guidance:– Multinational Regional Organization guidance
based upon alliance / treaty.– Coalition Multinational Organizational guidance
based upon crisis action coordination / collaboration and ad-hoc (non-treaty) actions.
– UN Security Council or General Assembly resolution and mandate for multinational military operations (UN authorized or UN lead).
– Unilateral Operations by a single country that evolves into a coalition operation or UN operation.
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Essential Strategic Guidance
• Essential Strategic Guidance:– Purpose for MNF Action (purpose for CTF
activation)– Broad Mission Statement MNF (CTF)– Broad Objectives for MNF (CTF)– Broad Criteria for termination and
transition of MNF Operations– Participating Nations and contribution– Lead Nation for effort and MNF SOP that
will be used– Agreement on Collective Security Interests
Involved– Specific Diplomatic, Economic,
Informational, or Military Limitations, Concerns, Sensitivities
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“The Realities” Essential Strategic Guidance
• Guidance may be initially incomplete or fragmentary due to the complex and rapidly evolving crisis situation
• Guidance will require ongoing refinements and adjustments as the crisis evolves
• Strategic and CTF commanders / staff need to continually press for updated / refined guidance as required by the situation (never-ending process)
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Command Relationships &Control / Coordination Relationships
• Foundation: Two Chains of Command Always Exist – Within the CTF command, each
nations’ forces are commanded by TWO separate chains of command:#1: The Respective “NATIONAL”
Chain of Command#2: The CTF “MULTINATIONAL”
Chain of Command
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Command Relationship Terms
• Command and Control Relationships / Concepts:– Operational Control (OPCON): Command authority to
organize and employ forces, assign tasks, designate objectives, and give authoritive direction necessary to accomplish the mission
– Tactical Control (TACON): A more restrictive command authority, limited to the detailed control of movements or maneuvers within a give operational area (AO) necessary to accomplish assigned missions or tasks.
– SUPPORT: Command authority for support relationships to assist in the coordination and direction of MNF logistical planning, coordination, and control / direction
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MOOTW / SSC is most likely scenario• Short Duration / Small Scale / No-Notice• Joint• Multinational / Interagency
MNF / CTF Missions
NEONEOPeacePeace
EnforcementEnforcementCMCM
HA/HA/DisasterDisaster
ReliefRelief
PeacePeaceKeepingKeepingSSCSSC MRCMRC
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Assigned Tasks CTF Mission
Required Capabilities Force Options
Force Options Component Structure
Component Structure C2 Structure
Basing Support Structure
Facts and Decisions AffectingMNF/CTF Structure
• CTF Staff Structure• MNF Force Structure
Facts Decisions
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• COMMON UNDERSTANDINGAll forces should understand the overall aim and the concept for its attainment. Simplicity of plan and organization are essential• COORDINATED POLICY AND PLANSNations should exchange qualified liaison officers at the earliestopportunity to improve interoperability and mutual understanding• TRUST AND CONFIDENCECommanders and their representatives must establish and maintain trust and confidence. Plain, objective communicationand common courtesy are essential.
Unified Action in Multinational Ops
Principles of MultinationalUnity of Effort
Coordination and Consensus: Key elements for MNF operationsUnity of Command is desired -- Unity of Effort is required
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A MNF/CTFA MNF/CTF that can:that can:
“The” Goal
• Rapidly plan in a complex setting• Develop a plan which supports national and
strategic theater goals• Continuously integrate logistics • Orient on the threat/enemy’s center of
gravity• Efficiently execute a plan based on the
commander’s concept• Achieve synergy in the employment of all
military and inter-agency capabilities
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Lead Nation Concept
• A Lead Nation is designated by the participating nations within the MNF effort
• Lead Nation is responsible for the strategic consultation / coordination for the MNF effort – Among nations – With UN channels– With other Non-Governmental or
International Organization (NGO / IO)• Lead Nation acts as the “single channel” of
MNF strategic direction / guidance to military forces within the MNF effort based upon collaboration and agreements with participating nations
• Provides for “unity of effort”
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Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd Support
National Command National Command, Theater
Lead Nation NCA(Nation #1)
(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Supported Strategic Commander
(CDF)
Participating Nation #2
(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Participating Nation #3
(NAT AUTHORITIES)
Supporting Strategic Commander
Supporting Strategic Commander(AFP JCS)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
Participating US Forces
ParticipatingAS Forces
ParticipatingAFP Forces
Consultation /Coordination
Collaboration/ Support
NationalCommand
Element (NCE)
NationalCommand
Element (NCE)
Lead Nation Command Structure(Provides for Integrated Command and Control – Unity of Command & Effort)
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Legend:Strategic Guidance OPCON or TACONAnd Support
National Command National Command,
CoordinationCoordination
CCTF
Participating Nation #2
ParticipatingNation #3
ParticipatingNation #1
Commander
Participating Nation #1
Lead Nation
Supported Strategic Commander
Nation #1
Supporting Strategic Commander
Consultation / Coordination
Collaboration/ Coordination
Tailored Lead Nation Command Structure(Parallel Command -- Foreign Command of Nation’s Forces is an Issue)
Coalition Coordination Center
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CTF Component Structure (Service)
Supported Strategic Cmdr
CCTF
CAFFOR CARFOR
Simplicity in aTime Compressed
Environment
Capabilities or functions
do not overlap
CMARFORCNAVFOR CSOTF
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Lead Nation(NAT AUTH)
Supported Strategic Commander
Supporting Strategic Commander(s)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
CAFFORAir
Forces
CARFORArmy
Forces
CNAVFORNavy
Forces
CCC
CSOTF
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
CMOTF(Civil Military)
CPOTF(Psychological)
Legend:Strategic GuidanceAnd Support
OPCON or TACON
National Command Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.
Coordination, Supportand Consultation
Supporting Nation (s)(NAT AUTH)
Coalition Coordination Center (used in coalitions)
CMARFORMARINEForces
CCC
Lead Nation CTF Component OrganizationService Component & Task Force
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CTF Component Structure (Functional)
CINC
CCTF
Unity of
Effort
Organize by capabilities or functions
CFMCC CFACC CSOTFCFLCC CCMOTFCPOTF
Supported StrategicCommander
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Legend:
Lead Nation(NAT AUTH)
Supported Strategic Commander
Supporting Strategic Commander(s)
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
CFACCAir
Component
CFLCCGround
Component
CFMCCMaritime
Component
CCC
CSOTF
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
National Forces
CCMOTFCPOTF
Strategic GuidanceAnd Support
OPCON or TACON
National Command Tentative, This componentmay or may not be activated due to nature ofthe crisis.
Coordination, Supportand Consultation
Supporting Nation)s)(NAT AUTH)
Coalition Coordination Center (used within coalitions)
CCC
Lead Nation CTF Component OrganizationFunctional Component & Task Force
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Unity of
Effort
Geographic or
Mission Specific
CTFTRANS
CTFMED
TF SecurityTF Eng
CCTF
CINCCINCSupported Strategic
Commander
CTF Component Structure (Subordinate TFs & CTFs)
TFWEST
TFEAST
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The CTF Staff
•Task Organized to the Specific Mission
•Capable of Rapid Information Processing
•Organized for Efficiency
•Shortened Plan-Decide-Execute Cycle
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CTF
Lead Nation NAT AUTHThe Leap to the
Operational Level
TACTICAL LEVEL
A formidable challenge,building an operational staff
from single service tactical HQs.A leap from the
“Comfort Zone”
Supported Strategic Cmdr
CNAVFOR CPOTFCARFOR CAFFORCMARFOR CSOTF
MPAT& MNF
SOP
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CTF Staff Process
OperationalLevel Focus
MinimalTime
Philosophy StructureProcedures
Not BusinessAs Usual
Plans
Pers Log
Intel
Ops
Cellular Staff
Structure Comm
Conducted by a “New” Staff
Crisis Action Planning
Phase I: Situation Development
Phase II: Crisis Assessment
Phase III: COA Development
Phase IV: COA Selection
Phase V: Execution Planning
Phase VI: Execution
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Single Service HQ Staff
COMMANDER
G1 G2 G6G3 G5G4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
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CTFHQ
C1/Personnel C2/ Intel C3/ Ops C4/ Log C5/ Plans C6/ Comms
Lead Nation CTF Headquarters
SOPs CulturalDynamics
InfrastructureDifferences
CommunicationsTTPs Operational
Level focus
Add’l MPAT SMEs:
PSYOP,Civil Affairs,
Legal, Medical,Pol-Mil, etc.
LNOs from Supporting Commands
MPAT
Forming the CTF Staff (MNF Ops)
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CTF Staff Structure
CCTF
C1 C2 C6C3 C5C4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
LIAISON
• Command Group
• Battle Staff
• Integrated Staff Cells
• Routine Support
• Liaison
How Does It Work?
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
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Command Group• Decision Makers
– Intent– Guidance– CCIRCCTF
C1 C2 C6C3 C5C4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
LIAISON
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Battle Staff
• Chief of Staff Direction
• Staff Cognizance over Integrated Cells
• Represents all Key Battlefield Operating Systems
• Deals with Processed Data
CCTF
C1 C2 C6C3 C5C4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
LIAISON
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
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Integrated Staff Cells• Cross Functional
Representation
• LNO Representation
• Information Management
• Battle Rhythm
• Plans Handover
CCTF
C1 C2 C6C3 C5C4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
COALITION / COMBINED PLANNING GROUP (CPG)
INFORMATION OPERATIONS CELL
COALITION / COMBINED OPERATIONS CENTER (COC)
FORCES DEPLOYMENT / TPFDD WORKING GROUP
LIAISON
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Routine Staff Support
• More Closely Aligned with Normal Staff Organization
• Representatives on Integrated Cell
• More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm
• Linkage to staffs higher and lower
CCTF
C1 C2 C6C3 C5C4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
LIAISON
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
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Liaison
• Liaison supporting, higher and lower staffs
• Liaisons to CTF staff become key members of Integrated Cells
• More meetings than Bodies: Battle Rhythm
• Rank/Experience critical: Must be able to speak for the commander
CCTF
C1 C2 C6C3 C5C4
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
LIAISON
“They are crucial to success, and you have to pick your best people. They have to have the moxie to stand up in front of a two or four star general, and brief him on what their commander is thinking, their unit’s capabilities, and make their recommendations.”
LTG Stiner, USACdr, JTF South, Operation Just Cause
FUNCTIONAL
STAFF
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Standardized CTF HQs
MNF REL = MULTINATIONAL FORCE RELEASABLE LIAISON & COORD =
Commander Coalition / Combined
Task Force(CCTF)
DCCTF
Personal StaffCivil-MilitaryOperations
Center(CMOC)
Coalition / Combined Logistics Coordination Center(CLCC) Secret – MNF REL
CTF PLANNING PROCESS(PLANS, FOPS, AND COPS)
Red Area “ Shared Top Level Classification Info Area
Special Access
Ops(SOF)
Classification:Secret – MNF REL
Classification:Case by Case
Multinational and CTF Media Support Staffs (Coalition / Combined Media Pools)
COS
C1PERS
C2INTEL
C3OPNS
C4LOG
C5PLANS
C6COMMS
C7CIV-MIL
CoalitionCoordination
Center(CCC)
3512
Command GroupPrioritize/Task CTF Planning Efforts & Provide Direction/Guidance
CTF: 0-96 Hrs
Issues Orders, Drafts Pertinent Messages Monitor, Assess, Direct & Control
Execution. Maintain SA.
CAP Products
CTF: 168 Hrs / Next PhaseTransition,
or Termination
Initial & Campaign PlanFollow-on
Phase - Plans
What’s Next?
CTF: 96-168 Hrs
Refines, Adjusts & Modifies
OPORDs-OPLANs (Based upon Current
Situation)
“Hand-Off”of Plan
• OPORD-OPLANS / Campaign Plan• Sequel plans for future phases
–Concept of operations–Draft Cmdr’s Intent
• Initial Cmdr’s guidance• Wargaming results• Pol-Mil Issues
• Branch plans with triggers• Draft Commander’s Intent• Commanders Estimate• Orders (WARNO, FRAGO, Etc.)• Recommend CCIR, ROE• CCIR & ROE
• Situational Awareness (SA / COP)• Monitor Plan Execution • Briefings • SITREP/ near-term FRAGOs• Message Release• Track Actions / Suspenses
CAP Products
“Hand-Off”of Plan
C3 Future Operations(FOPS)
C3 Current Operations
(COPS)
C5 Future Plans
(PLANS)
CollaborationTools
CTF Battle Staff
CAP Phase VI ExecutionPlans and Operations Synchronization
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Coalition/Combined Planning Group (CPG)
C-4Staff
C-5Staff
C-6Staff
PAStaff
SJAStaff
MedicalStaff
JTFComp
C-3Staff
C-2Staff
C-1Staff
C-3
Reps
C-5 Reps
C-6 Reps
C-4 Reps
PA RepsSJA R
eps
Med Reps
LNOs
C-2 RepsC-1 RepsDeployment Cell
IO C
ell IM
Cell
Orders Cell
CPG
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Lesson Learned:• Clearly define command relationships between components (especially “supported” and supporting relationships)
Summary: Lessons Learned- Forming
Lesson Learned:• Augmentation “cells” (i.e. MPAT) clearly provide a “jump start” to the processes of forming and planning during a crisis.
Lesson Learned:• Keep the number of cells/boards/agencies/centers to a minimum, but if the function is required, forming them is usually beneficial.
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Lessons Learned - Planning
Lesson Learned:• “Master the mechanics & techniques; understand the art and profession; and be smart enough to know when to deviate from it.” GEN Zinni, CINCCENT
Lesson Learned:“Leaders should use the military decision-making processto expedite or facilitate planning, but should not let it hinder their efforts to understand the complex issues that lay beneath the operation’s surface.”
LTC D. Scalard, Military Review, 1998
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Lessons Learned - Deploying
Lesson Learned:A CCTF should almost daily ask the following question: “What are we doing to ensure that CTF personnel & their equipment arrive at the PODs at approximately the same time?”
Lesson Learned:CCTFs must balance combat vs. support forces in the deployment process. When inadequate support forces are deployed, backlogs of personnel & equipment at the PODs will occur (I.e., adequate RSOI is on-hand).
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Lessons Learned - Employing
• Deter…• Fight to win...
Lesson Learned:A CCTF should always seek to gain & maintain the initiative -- this applies not only to conventional combat operations, but to the information domain as well.
Lesson Learned:There is no replacement for the application of overwhelming force at the proper time & place. Seek or create enemy weakness and attack it quickly, decisively, and relentlessly.
Lesson Learned:Keep your logisticians abreast of the operational situation -- only with full situational awareness can they anticipate future requirements as operations unfold.
Lesson Learned:Always maintain a reserve ready for immediate employment to reinforce success, capitalize on unanticipated opportunities, or to address unforeseen exigencies.
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Lessons Learned - Transition
Lesson Learned:Transition may occur between the CTF with a UN command, with another military command with host nation forces, or to civilian control. Regardless, the command must prepare for and coordinate the transition to ensure an orderly change of authority and responsibility.
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Lessons Learned - Redeploying
Lesson Learned:Redeployment is essentially the reverse of deployment. Redeployment can begin at any point during CTF operations and planning for it should begin as soon as possible.
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Multinational Force SOP“A Journey Starts with a first step”
•MNF SOP – “ A Step in the Right Direction”– A “Guide” for Operational Start Points and CTF
procedures Not prescriptive, binding, or directive
– Focus on Operational Level – CTF HQs and Command– Purpose:
Speed of Initial Response Interoperability Overall Mission Effectiveness
– Is a Multinational Product 31 Nations -- Multinational Planning Augmentation Team (MPAT)
Questions?
CTF Training
Enhancing Multinational OperationsEnhancing Multinational OperationsUNCLASSIFIED
