Crimpro Transcript

7/31/2019 Crimpro Transcript

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The Fraternal Order of UtopiaAteneo de Manila University

School of Law

MANZANEROSERVICE SACRIFICE EXCELLENCE

PreliminaryConsiderations

Jurisdiction

Q:Indeterminingthejurisdictionofthecourtswhatmustyoubear

inmind?

A:Onlyonething:IMPRISONMENTPENALTY.

Q:WhenwilltheRegionalTrialCourthavejurisdiction?

A:Offenses with animprisonment penalty that exceeds 6 years,

regardlesstotheattachedaccessorypenaltiesandfines.

Q: Whenwill theMunicipal Trial Court, Municipal Circuit Trial

Court,orMetropolitanTrialCourt havejurisdiction?

A: Those offenses not exceeding 6 years for its penalty. Again,

regardlessofthefinesandaccessorypenaltiesattachedtoit.

Q: Dowe need to distinguish if the offense was committed in

ManilaoroutsideManila,oroutsideofManilainacharteredcity,

todeterminethejurisdictionofacourt?

A:Wedonotneedtodistinguish .

Q: When do you need to distinguish the place of

commission?

A:Itisonlyforthe institutionoftheaction,whichisfoundinRule110,Sec1.

Q:Whatifthepenaltyispurelyafine?Whatisthejurisdictionof

thecourts?

A:YouwillhavetoremembertheamountofP4,000.00.

1) For fines exceeding P4,000.00 The RTC hasjurisdiction

2) Forfines notexceedingP4,000.00 TheMTC,MCTC,MunTChasjurisdiction

Q:WhatdoesitmeanwhenitsaidthatVENUEisJURISDICTIONAL?

A: This means that the place where the crime was committed

determines not only the venue of the action but is also an

essentialrequisiteofjurisdiction. ManuelIcipv.People(2007)

Q:Incriminalcases,wherecanyouinstitutetheaction?

A:Intheplacewherethecrimewascommitted.

Q:IfthestabbinghappenedinPasig,wheredoyoufilean

actionagainsttheoffender?

A:InPasigandnotinanyotherplace

Q:IfthecrimehappenedinMandaluyong,buttheaction

wasinstitutedinQuezonCity,buttheaccusedkeptquiet

aboutthefiling.Doesthecourthavejurisdictionoverthe

case?

A:No.Venueisjurisdictional

Q:Whatconfersjurisdictionoverthecourts?

A:TheLAW.Withoutthelawtoconferjurisdiction,thecourtsare

withoutauthoritytohear,decide,andtryanycase.

Q:Whatdeterminesthejurisdictionofthecourts?

A:Theallegations inthe complaintorinformation.Butitcannot

conferjurisdictiontothecourtsbecauseonlytheLawcanconfer

jurisdiction.

Q:Howisjurisdictionacquiredoverthepersonoftheaccused?


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A:Intwoways:

1) ByArrest2) ByVoluntarySurrender

Q:TheRTCcansitasaSPECIALAGRARIANCOURT.Inwhichcase,

allcriminaloffensesunderRA No. 6657 are within itsfunctions.

Violationsofsucharetobeinstitutedwhere?

A:TheRTCsittingasaSpecialAgrarianCourt

Q:Canwetransferthevenueofatrial?

A: The venue is subject to the approvalof the Supreme Court,

whichcantransferthevenueofthetrial.

Q:Doesthisgoagainstthatvenueisjurisdictional?

A: No. The Constitution gives the SC the POWER to allow the

transferoftrialtoanothervenue ifthelivesofthewitnesseswillbe

endangered. Thus applied in the case of the Maguindanao

Massacre.

Q: Why was the Maguindanao Massacre trial transferred to

QuezonCityandnotMaguindanao?

A:IntheinterestofjusticeallowedbytheSC.

Q: The crimewascommitted inMaguindanao,but the trialwas

heldinQC.Isthisvalid?A:Yes.But ifwe follow the ruleson jurisdictionis basedon the

venue,thetrialmustbeinMaguindanao.Thatiswhythe inquest

proceedingswereheldthere(inMaguindanao).Itstickstotherule.

ThusthefilingofthecomplaintwasmadeinMaguindanao.Only

thevenueofthetrialwastransferred.

JurisdictionoftheSandiganbayan

Q:Whatdoyoucallthecounselwherethereisnoprivateoffended

party?

A:TheSpecialProsecutor

Q:ThejurisdictionoftheSBrestswhen?

A:Whentheoffenderisapublicofficerwhoisatleastwithinthe

Salary Grade 27 and the act was committed in relation to his

office.Peoplev.Sandiganbayan(2005).

Q:Are the only offenses falling within the jurisdictionof the SB

only thosein violationoftheAntiGraft and Corruption Law?Or

bribery?Isthejurisdictionlimitedtothesecrimes?

A: No. There can offenses like murder, rape, etc. Lacson v.

ExecutiveSecretary,Alarillav.SB.

Q:Whenwillotheroffensesbeincludedinthejurisdictionofthe

SB?

A:Whenthecrimewascommittedinrelationtohisofficeinwhich

that the crime would have notbeen committedif without the

office.

Q:Is the contention ofLacson in the famous Kuratong Baleleng

Casethattheywerenotprincipalsinthecrime,whichwouldnot

letthemfallunderthejurisdictionoftheSandiganbayantenable?

A:Foras longasyouhaveasalarygradeof27or higheryouareincluded, regardless if you are a principal, accomplice, or an

accessorytothecrime.

Q:CanprivateindividualsbeunderthejurisdictionoftheSB?

A:Yes.Republicv.CAthroughtheDPWHv.CA(2003).

Q:CanastudentregentbeundertheSB?


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A: Yes. Under the express provision of the law it states that

directorsof universitiesare subject tothe jurisdictionofthe SB.

Sec4(a)(1)(g)ofPD1606saysthatSBhasvestedjurisdictionover

Presidents, Directors or Trustees or Managers of GOCCs, StateUniversitiesoreducationalinstitutionsorfoundations.Sirenav.

SB(2008)

Q:Isonenotreceivinganycompensationfortheworkheisdoing

regardedasapublicofficial?

A:Yes.Thelawdoesnotmakeanydistinction.Sirenav.SB

Q:Whereoneofthecoaccusedisunderthesalarygrade27but

theotherishigher,doesSBhavejurisdiction?Evenifthepetitioner

MayorsaysheisnotwithinthejurisdictionoftheSB.

A:Yes.Esquivelv.Ombudsman

Q:AreallmunicipalmayorsundertheSB?

A:Yes.Binayv.SB

Q:WhichcourtcanissueaHoldDepartureOrder?

A:Itislimitedonlyto2nd

LEVELCOURTS(RTC).Mondejarv.Buban

Q:WheredoyougofromadecisionfromtheCourtofAppeals?

A:TotheSupremeCourtonapetitionforreviewoncertiorari .

Q:CantheCAissueadecisionenbanc?

A:No.Onlyondivisionsof3

Q:Awrongmodeofappealwillnotletorgivethecourtwhat?

A:Appellatejurisdiction.

Ombudsman

Q:Canthespecialprosecutoramendaninformation?

A:No.

Q:Isthedismissalofacriminalcasecarrywithitadismissalofthe

administrativecase?

A:No.Apublicofficercouldbecivillyliableifbyreasonofhisact

thegovernmentorsomeoneelsesuffereddamages.Hecouldbe

civilly,criminally,andadministrativelyliable.Tecsonv.SB

Q:WhatisthepoweroftheOmbudsman?

A: It was granted more than the usual powers given to

prosecutors. It was vested with the power to investigate

complaints against public office or public officers on its own

initiative.DOJv.Liwag(2005)

Q:DoyouneedaformalcomplaintfortheOmbudsman?

A:No.TheOBcaninvestigatewithoutaformalcomplaint.

Q: Can it inquire into acts of government agencies and public

servantsbasedonreportsinthemediaandthose,whichcometo

itsattentionthroughsourcesotherthanacomplaint?

A: Yes. Generallythe OB can perform functionsof a prosecutor

thatistoinvestigate,buttheprosecutorcannotinitiatethisonhis

own.

Q: A prosecutor can only act without a complaint in what

occasions?

A:Whentheaccusediscaughtinflagrantedelictoandincasesof

hotpursuit.


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Q:Shouldapublicofficerbecommittinganactin relationtohis

officefortheOBtohavejurisdiction?

A:No.AllthattheOBrequiresisanymalfeasanceormisfeasance

ofapublicofficer.

Q:IstheOBacourt?

A:No.Itisaninvestigativebody .

Q:Whichhas primaryjurisdictiontoinvestigatecasescognizable

intheSBtotheexclusionoftheDOJ?

A: TheOmbudsman hasprimary jurisdiction that gives himthe

powerto interfere atany stage ofthe proceeding. The DOJhas

generaljurisdictiontoconductpreliminaryinvestigationsofcases

involving violations of the RPC. The general jurisdiction cannot

diminishtheplenarypowerandprimaryjurisdictionoftheOBto

investigatecomplaintsspecificallydirectedagainstpublicofficers.

Q: Is the Officeof the Special Prosecutor the same level as the

OfficeoftheOmbudsman?

A: No. It ismerely a component thereof. Thus hemay only act

under the supervision and control of the OB. It cannot

superimposebeingundertheOfficeoftheOB.Lazatinv.Desierto

Q: Does the power to prosecute carry with it the power to

authorizethefilingoftheinformation?A: Yes, and that is the power of the OB, which has not been

delegatedtotheSpecialProsecutor.Perezv.SB

Q: In administrative cases where the OB imposes penalties of

public censure, reprimand, or suspension of not more than 1

month,wheredoyougo?

A: Nowhere. The decision of the OB is unappealable and

immediatelyexecutory.

Q:SowheredoyougofromadecisionfromtheOBnotincludingtheonesstatedabove?

A:PetitionforReviewonRule43.Butiftaintedwithgrave

abuseofdiscretion,totheSConapetitionforcertiorari

Q:Areallprosecutorsincasesinvolvingpublicofficialsdeputized

bytheOB?

A:Yes.SesbrenovAlugog

Q: Where will the resolutions of the prosecutors duly

deputizedbytheOBagainstpublicofficersbesubmitted?

A: To a provincial or city prosecutor. But it can still be

reviewed by a deputy OB of the area in which it was

submitted.

Q:IstherecommendationoftheDeputyOBfinal?

A:No.ItissubjecttoreviewoftheOB.

Q:CantheOBdismissacaseoutright?

A:Yes.Ongroundsofpalpablemerits.Thishighlightsthepowerof

theOB.PresidentialAdHocFactFindingCommitteev.Desierto

Q:Who has directcontrol and supervision of the decisions and

resolutionsoftheprosecutors?

A:TheSecretaryofJustice.Punzalanv.delaPena

Q:CantheOBprosecutewithinthejurisdictionofRegularCourts?


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A:Yes.Itis not excluded.Thepowersgivenby the Legislativeto

the OB is very broad and as stated earlier, over all acts of

malfeasance,misfeasance,ornonfeasance.

Q:WhorepresentsthePeopleintheSCandtheCA?

A:TheSolicitorGeneralandnottheProsecutor.

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Rule110

Venue

Q:If the crime iscommitted inthe City ofManila, orany other

charteredcity,wherewillyoufile?

A:TheOfficeof theProsecutor, regardless ofthe gravity ofthe

offense.

Q: If the crime is only suchas likeoral defamation, slander by

deed, etc. which do not require a preliminary investigation,

shoulditstillbefiledwiththeOfficeoftheProsecutor?

A:Yes,aslongasthecrimewascommittedwithinthechartered

city. The Prosecutor does not necessarily have to conduct a

PreliminaryInvestigation.

Q: If thecrimewas committedoutside a chartered city, dowe

need to distinguish if the crime requires a preliminary

investigation?

A:Yes,weneedtodistinguish.

Q: Can a Municipal Trial Court Judge conduct a preliminary

investigation?

A:No.AsofAugust2005,Rule112,Sec.2,isnolongerincludedin

theRulesofCourt.WhichrefersastowhocanconductPreliminaryInvestigations.

Q: Can aMetropolitan Trial Court Judge conduct a preliminary

investigation?

A:No, becauseMetropolitanTrialCourtJudges are stationedin

chartered cities. To repeat, where do you filewhen a crime is

committedincharteredcities?OfficeoftheProsecutor.

Q:Whatkindofoffensesrequirespreliminaryinvestigation?

A:Crimeswithapenaltyofatleast4years,2months,and1day.

Q:Ifthecrimeofhomicidewerecommittedintheprovince,where

wouldyoufile?CanyoufilewiththeMunTCjudge?

A: No. The MunTC judge has no longer authority to conduct

preliminary investigation (penalty of homicide requires prelim.

investigation).Youshouldfilewiththeprovincialprosecutororthe

publicprosecutorintheprovincialoffice .

Q: What if the crime committed has the penalty lower than 4

years,2months,and1daycommittedintheprovince?Wheredo

youfile?CanyoudirectlyfilewiththeMunTC?Canyoufilebefore

theOfficeoftheProsecutor?

A:Yes,youcanfiledirectlybeforetheMunTCbecausethecrime

doesntneedapreliminaryinvestigation.

Andyes,youcanalsofilebeforetheOfficeoftheProsecutor,since

thereisnothingstoppingyoufromdoingso.

Q:Statethe2waysinwhichyoucaninstituteCriminalActionifthe

crime doesnt need preliminary investigation and committed

outsidethecharteredcities.

A: 1.GototheMunTCjudgeonadirectfiling

2. GototheOfficeoftheProsecutor

Prescription

Q:Whenwilltheprescriptiveperiodofcrimesbeconsideredtolled

orinterrupted?

A:IncrimesfallingundertheRPC, filingbeforetheOfficeofthe

Prosecutorisenoughtointerruptprescription.


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In crimes under special laws, Act 3326 says that prescription is

tolledwiththefilingincourt.

Q: In a BP 22 violation, does the filing with the Office of theProsecutorinterrupttheprescriptiveperiodoftheoffense?

A: Yes. Thefiling with the Officeofthe Prosecutorsignifiedthe

commencement of the proceedings for the prosecution of the

accused.Panaguitonv.DOJ.

Q: Is prescriptionof offenses involving violationsof the Revised

SecuritiesActinterruptedbythefilingbeforetheSEC?

A:InvestigationsbytheSECequatestoa preliminaryinvestigation

conductedby theDOJ incriminal cases.Thus validlyinterrupting

prescription.SECv.Interport.

ControlandSupervisionofaProsecutor

Q:WhatdoesRule110,Sec5define?

A:Thepowerandcontrolofthepublicprosecutor.

Q:Whohascontrolovertheprosecutionofacriminalcase?

A:ThePublicProsecutor

Q:Can the publicprosecutor stop the private prosecutor atany

pointofthetrial?A:Yes,becauseheisincontroloftheconductofthecriminalcase.

Q:WhatarethedutiesofthePublicProsecutor?

A: 1)Canconductpreliminaryinvestigation

2)Isinchargeorwillhavecontrolovertheprosecutionof

thecase.

3)Can conduct inquestproceedings, ifauthorizedbythe

cityorprovincialprosecutor.

Q:Isthepowerofthepublicprosecutorabsolute?A:No.

Q:Howcanthedecisionsofthepublicprosecutorbequestioned?

A:ByfilingapetitionforreviewintheDOJ.Chuav.Padillo.

Q:CanthedecisionsoftheDOJbereviewedbytheCourt

ofAppeals?

A:Yes.UnderRule65.

Q:CanthedecisionsoftheDOJbeelevated totheOfficeof the

President?

A: Yes. In a Circular passed by Corazon Aquino,

decisions/resolutionsbytheDOJmaybeelevatedtotheOfficeof

the President if the penalty for the offense is: death, reculsion

perpetua,orlife.

Q: Can aprivate prosecutorproceed with the trialwithout the

presenceofthepublicprosecutor?

A:No.Ifthepublicprosecutorisabsent,reset.

Q: When can the private prosecutor push thru with the trialwithoutthepublicprosecutor?

A:HemustobtainacertificationfromtheChiefoftheProsecution

Office or the Regional State Prosecutor or the Regional

Prosecutor.

Q:Ifaprivateprosecutorfailstoobtainsuchcertification,whatare

theconsequences?


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A:Thecasewouldberescheduled.

Q:Isntthisaviolationoftherighttoaspeedytrial?

A:Rule119.

Intervention

Q:IsthereasectioninRule110thatdealswith intervention?

A:Rule110,Sec16statesthatWhenaprivateprosecutorenters

hisappearanceforthecivilliabilityoftheoffendedparty,thatis

theconceptofINTERVENTIONinacriminalcase.

Q:CanyoufileamotionforinterventiondirectlytotheCAorthe

SC?

A:Yes,subjecttothediscretionoftheappellatecourt.

*Q:Isthereanyruleonfilingwiththeappellatecourts?

A:No.YouwillhavetoseekLEAVEOFCOURTforthismatter.

Q:Canyoufileamotionforinterventionforcivilcases?

A:Yes.Rule19

Q:Whencanyouintervene?

A:At any time before the renditionof the judgment inthe trial

court.

InstitutionofAction

Q:Cantheoffendedpartyinstituteanaction?

A:Yes.

Q:Canapoliceofficerinstituteanaction?

A:Yes.Justaslongasitisapublicoffense.

Q:Whatifitisaprivateoffense?

A:Onlytheoffendedpartymayinstituteanaction.

Q:Israpeaprivateoffense?

A:No.Apoliceofficermayinstitutetheaction.

Q:Howaboutadulteryandconcubinage?

A:Onlytheoffendedparty.

Q:Doyouneedtoimpleadthepartner?

A:Yes.Aslongashe/sheisal ive.

Q: In seduction, abduction, and acts of lasciviousness, who can

institutetheaction?

A: The offended party, parents, grandparents (successive and

exclusivelist)

Q:Canaminorinstituteanaction?

A:Yes

Q:Whatiftheminorisincapacitated?

A:Thestatemayinstitutetheactionfortheminor.

SufficiencyofInformation

Q:Wherecanwefindtherulesonsufficiencyofinformation?

A: Rule 110, Sec 6. (Salvador: If I were you, MEMORIZE this

provision. Sec 712 are sections simply discussing what was

enumeratedinSec6.)


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Q:Whatisthefirstrequirement?

A:Nameoftheaccused.

Q:If theaccusednameisnotknown?A:Anappellationor nicknamewouldsuffice. A fictitious

nameandastatementthathisnameisnotknownwould

alsosuffice.

DateofCommission

Q:Isitenoughthatthedateofcommissionis,Sometimeinthe

monthofAprilof1998?

A:Yes.

Q:OnoraboutMay1998?

A:Yes.

Q:Onorabout2004?

A: No. The possibilities are so huge. There should be some

limitation.

Q:ShouldtheexactdateofthecommissionofthecrimeofRape

beallegedintheinformation?

A: No. Because itis not amaterial element of the offense. It

requiresonlyanapproximation.

RemediesofInsufficientInformation

Q:Whatisyourremedyforaninsufficientinformation?

A: 1)AMotionforBillofParticulars.Thisisonlyforacademic

purposesbecauseinpractice,whywouldyouaskforthis

andteachtheopposinglawyerwhattodo?

2) A Motion to Quash for information that does not

purporttoanoffenseorthattheinformationisdefective.

Q: Do you need to allege aggravating and qualifyingcircumstances?

A:Yes.Evengenericaggravatingshouldbealleged.

Q:Whileallegingtheaggravatingandqualifyingcircumstances,do

youneedtousetheexactwordingofthelaw?

A:No. Causewhatdetermines the real nature and cause ofthe

accusationagainsttheaccusedistheactualrecitaloffactsstated

intheinformationandnotthecaptionorpreamble.Nombreciav.

People.

Q:Doyouneedtodesignatethelawviolated?

A:Notall.Ifthereisnodesignationbystatute,youdonotneedto

designateone.

Q: Is it absolutely indispensible to include the name of the

offendedparty?

A:It is not absolutely indispensiblebecause there are crimes in

whichdo not need toidentifytheoffended party.Citing Sec 12,

whichis a crimeagainst propertyand the offendedpartyis not

known, the property should be properly described. Eduardo

Ricarsev.CA

Q: Do you need to put the exact address where the crime was

committed?

A:No.Anapproximationorastatementwascommittedwithinthe

jurisdictionofacitywouldsufficeunlesstheplaceof commissionis

amaterialelementofthecommissionoftheoffense.(Violationof

Domicile,TrespasstoDwelling,Arson,etc.)


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Q:WhatdoesRule100,Sec9talkabout?

A:Thecauseofaccusation

Q:Whatistherequirementofthelaw?

A:Forthepurposeoftheunderstandingoftheaccused,itshould

bemadetolanguagethatiscomprehensiblebytheaccused.

Q:Cantheaccusedthatisabsentbearraigned?

A:No.He shouldbepresent especiallyduringthereadingof the

information.

DuplicityofOffenses

Q:Canwejoinoffensesinoneinformation?

A:No.TheGeneralRuleisthatforeveryoffense,thereshouldbea

separateinformationfiled.Theexceptionhoweveristhatasingle

punishmentforvariousoffenses,likeforexampleacomplexcrime.

Q: Can a court validly render a judgment if one information

containedmorethanoneoffense,notacomplexcrime?

A:Rule120,Sec3:Forasmanyoffensesasthereareifcontainedin

oneinformation and therewasno objection on thepart of the

accused,eachoftheoffenseestablishedandprovencanbetaken

againsttheaccused.

Q:Whatistheequivalentontheruleofduplicityofoffensesincivil

procedure?Canyoujoindifferentoffensesinoneinformation?

A:Generallyno.

Q:Canyoujoincausesofactioninonecomplaint?

A:Yes.Rule2,Sec5.Itiscalledjoinderofcausesofaction.

Q:Whatare the rules inwhichyoumayfile asmany causesof

actionasyouhave?

A: 1)Youcannotjointhosecoveredbyspecialrules.Exampleof which are: Adoption of sum of money, Petition for

certiorari and specific performance, Special proceedings

andcivilactions.

2)Multipleparties, you have tolookat Rule 3,Sec6. If

there is one partyonone side, it should arise from the

sametransactionorseriesoftransactions.

3) Incivi lcases, thereis thetotalityrule. Itisthesumofall

claims. Ifallof the claimsareclaims for sumsofmoney,

youcanjointhem.

Amendments

Q:Whatareyourreferencepoints?

A:Incriminalcases:plea.Incivilcases:answer.

Q:Whencanyouamendincivilcases?

A:Incivilcases,beforetheanswer,that isamatter ofright,but

afteranswer,itiswithleaveofcourt.(Subjecttothediscretionof

thecourt)

Q:Incriminalcases?A: Before the plea, you can amend both matter of form and

substance, as long as it would not prejudice the rights of the

accused.Aftertheplea ,onlyastoform.

Q:Whatistheruleonwhetheritisasubstantialamendmentofa

formalamendment?


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A: Substantial Amendment consists of the recital of facts

constituting the offense charged and determinative of the

jurisdiction of the court. All other matters are matters of form.

Ricarsev.CA.

Q:FormalAmendments:

A: 1)Newallegationwhichrelateonlytotherangeofpenalty

that the court might impose in the course of the

conviction.

2)Anamendmentwhichdoesnotchargeanotheroffense

differentordistinctfromthatchargeintheoriginalone.

3) Additional allegations which do not alter the

prosecutionstheoryandwillnotsurprisetheaccused.

4) An amendment which does not adversely affect any

substantialrightoftheaccused

5) An amendment that merely adds specifications to

eliminatevaguenessoftheinformation

Q:Canthecourtorderanamendmentwithoutamotiontoamend

inacriminalcase?

A:Instanceswherethecourtcanorderanamendment:

1) Ifthereis aMotiontoQuashonthegroundthattheinformation does not constitute an offense or is

defective.Rule117statesthatincasethecourtshould

dismiss the case, could order an amendment. Onlywhenfailuretoamendthenshouldbedismissed.

Q: In civil cases,what are the instances where the court could

amend?

A:

1) Upon a motion for Bill of Particulars. Instead ofdenying or granting such, the court could order an

amendment.

2) WhenyoufileaMotiontoDismissunderSec16.Exclusion

Q:Whatisexclusion?

A:Itmeanstoexcludeanaccused,evenbeforeanaccusedpleas.

Thisisdonewiththeconsentoftheoffendedpartyandwithleave

ofcourt

Q:WhenshouldaMotiontoExcludebeallowed?

A:Beforetheplea.

Q:Arethereotherthingsthatyouhavetofilebeforetheplea?

A: Yes. A Motion to downgrade the offense. (From Murder to

Homicide,FromRobberytoTheft,etc.)

Q:Dischargedoftheaccusedfromtheinformationanddischarge

asastatewitness,distinguished.

A:Dischargeoftheaccusedfromtheinformationisexclusion.

Q:Willdoublejeopardyattachtoapersonexcluded?

A:No.For double jeopardyto attach thereshouldbea courtofcompetent jurisdiction,complaintor information, validplea,and

there must be a conviction, acquittal, or dismissal without the

expressconsentoftheaccused.

Q:But whenwetalk ofdischarge and assuming thereis a valid

discharge,willdoublejeopardyattach?

A:Yes.


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Q:WhataretherequisitesfromtheDischargeoftheaccusedfrom

theWitnessProtectionProgram.

A:1)nodirectevidence

2)absolutenecessityoftheevidence

3)couldbecorroboratedinitsmaterialpoints

4)accusedappearstobenotthemostguilty

5) havent been convicted of a crime involving moral

turpitude.

Q:Cantherebemorethanonestatewitness?

A:Yes.

Q:Aretherequisitesthesame?

A:Yes.TheyarethesameunderRule119andundertheWitness

ProtectionProgram.Althoughtheydifferintheprocedure.

Q: What is the procedure for discharge under the Witness

ProtectionProgram?

A: It is filed before plea, that is applied to the DOJ which is

reviewedby the Secretary ofJusticeandendorsed tothecityor

provincialprosecutor.

SubstitutionofInformation

Q:Whencantheprosecutionconductasubstitution?

A:Whentheprosecutionfindsthatitwouldnotbeabletoconvict

or to cause the convictionof the accused, the prosecution can

causethesubstitutionofinformation.

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Rule111

Q: What are the exceptions to the rule that civil action is

simultaneouslyinstitutedwiththecriminalaction?A:

1. Unlessitisreservedforaseparatefiling.2. Waived.3. Institutedaheadofthecriminalcase.

Q:Whencanyoureserve?

A: You can reserve AT ANY TIME before the prosecution

commenceswiththepresentationofitsevidence.

Q: Can you file a crossclaim, counterclaim, or a thirdparty

complaintinacriminalcase?

A:No.TheSCruledthatyoucannotconsolidatecasesinvolvingthe

Sandigabayan and the action to recover an amount of money.

CauseSandiganbayanhasno jurisdictionover thesum ofmoney

and allowing it to recover would amount in allowing a counter

claimandacrossclaiminacriminalcase.DPWHv,CA(2003).

Q:Do you need filingfees for damagesclaimed or alleged in a

criminalcase?

A:Except for actualdamages, you are requiredto pay for filing

feesformoral,exemplary,nominalandtemperatedamages.

Q:IncasesunderBP22,areyourequiredtopayfilingfees?

A:Yes.

Q:Evenfilingfeesforactualdamages?

A:Yes!Youarerequiredtopayfilingfeesforallkindsofdamages

(exemplary,nominal,temperate,actual,andliquidated).ForBP22

cases,allmustbepaid.

Q: Does BP 22 cases fall under ordinary criminal procedure or

undertheruleofsummaryprocedure?

A:SummaryProcedure.

Q: What is the difference in claiming to be under the rule of

summaryprocedurethanbeinginanordinarycriminalprocedure.

A:Forinsummaryprocedure,thereisnodirectexaminationbut

onlycrossexaminationofjudicialaffidavits.

Q:WhatisthemostimportantreasonwhycasesofBP22hadbeen

downgradedtosummaryprocedure?

A: The judge may not issue warrants of arrest. Because in

summary proceedings unlike in ordinary ones, once the

informationisfiled, thecourtneednotissueawarrantofarrest.

Q:Thereasonbehindthenonissuanceofwarrantsofarrestsand

downgrade:

A:Sothatthefinancialinstitutionsmaynotusethecourtsinorder

torunaftertheirfraudulentclients.

Q:WhenisthewarrantavailableforthecasesunderBP22?A:Whenthecourthad notified thepersonrepeatedlyandfailed

toappearintheSummaryProceeding.

Q:DoyouneedtoreservethecivilaspectofaBP22case?

A:Youcannotreserve.


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Q:Scenario:civilactioninstitutedaheadfromthecriminalaction

arising from a delict and subsequent criminal action instituted

arisingfromthesamedelict,whathappenstothecivilcase?

A:Itwillbesuspended (thecivilaction)regardlessinwhatstageitisin.

Q:Canitbeconsolidated?

A:Yes.

Q:What if the criminal actionwas instituted ahead of the civil

case?Canyoufileacivilcasearisingfromthedelict?

A: No. You mustwait for the termination of the criminal case,

assumingthatyouhaveavalidreservation.

Q: Can a petition for aWrit of Amparobe consolidatedwith a

criminalcase?

A:Ifitinvolvesthesameviolation,yes.

Q:CanacivilcasebeconsolidatedwiththeWrit?

A:No.

Q:Canyouconsolidateitthenwithanadministrativecase?

A:No.

Q:Example:Youhaveaclient(theaccusedinthecase)andhedies,whathappenstothecriminalcase?

A:Ifhediesafterarraignment,thecriminalcaseincludingthecivil

arisingfromthedelictwouldbe extinguished. Butif theaccused

diesbeforearraignment ,thecasecanproceedagainsttheestate.

Q:Cantherebeasubstitutionoftheaccusedinacriminalcase?

A:Ofcourse,no.Butincasesofwhicharisesfromanindependent

civil action, substitution can be done by a legal representative.

RefertoRule111,Sec4,Par2.andRule3,Sec16.

Q:Doyouneedtoreserveanindependentcivilaction?

A:Today,it isnomoreneeded. Itis aBIGNOthatyouneedto

reserveanindependentcivilactiontoday.

Q:Whentheclaimarisesfromothersourcesofobligation.

A: Substitution of the accused wherein a legal

representativewillbenamedwillcomeintoplayalsowhen

theclaimarisesfromothersourcesofobligation.

PrejudicialQuestion

Q:WhencanyoufileforaMotionofSuspensiononthegroundof

aprejudicialquestion?

A:Therearetwoinstances:

1) Before the prosecutor conducts preliminaryinvestigation

2) Incourt,beforetheprosecutorrests its case(beforetheprosecutorstopspresentinghisevidenceincourt).

Q:Whatissuspended?Isitthecriminalcaseorthecivilcase?

A:Thecriminalcase.

Q:Shouldthecivilcasebeinstitutedbeforeorafterthecriminal

case?

A:Before.Thecivilcaseshouldhavebeeninstitutedaheadofthe

criminalcase.


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Q: In theprejudicialquestionscene, thereare twocases namely

thecivilandcriminal.The issueinthecivilcaseshould:

A:Bedeterminativeoftheguiltorinnocenceoftheaccused.

Q:CantherebeaprejudicialquestionwhenoneisanNLRCcase,a

laborcase,andforoneacriminalcaseforviolationofSSSLawfor

nonremittanceofthe SSSpremium obviously thisis a criminal

case.But,isthelaborcaseacivilcase?

A:No.Sothereshouldbeno prejudicialquestion. Itshouldbe a

civilcaseandacriminalcase.Notanythingelse.CocaColaBottlers

v.SSS(2008)

Q:Whatarethetworequirementsofaprejudicialquestionbased

onthe207caseofMajestradov.People?

A:

1) Thefactsshouldnotonlybeintimatelyrelated2) Should establish the guilt or the innocence of the

accused.

Acquittal

Q:Doesacquittalbarcivilactionagainsttheaccused?

A:No.

Q:Whatarethecasesinwhichtheaccusedcouldstillbesubjecttocivilactionafteracquittalinacriminalcase?

A:

1) Theacquittal is based on reasonable doubt, as onlypreponderanceofevidenceisrequiredincivilcases

2) Wherethecourtdeclaredthattheaccusedsliabilityisnot criminalbut only civil.Thatbydeclarationof the

courtsaysthattheliabilityisonlycivilandnotcriminal

3) Wherethecivilliabilitydoesnotariseorisnotbasedupon the criminal act of which the accused was

acquitted

oOo


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Rule112

Q:WhatwasdeletedinRule112on2005AmendmentoftheRules

ofCourt?A:Sec.5

Q:Whatdoesitsayandwhatappliesnow?

A: Sec 5 of the old code says that a required review of the

resolution of a municipal trial court judge by a provincial

prosecutorisneeded.Now,sincethe municipaltrialcourtjudge

could no longer conduct preliminaryinvestigations, there is no

useofthisSection.

Q:Whatispreliminaryinvestigation?

A:thatwillengenderawellfoundedbeliefthatthecrimehas

beenprobablycommitted

Q:Whenyou talkaboutpreliminaryinvestigations,what

wouldapply?

A:TheentireSec3ofRule112

Q: When you say it does not require prel iminary

investigation,whatprovisionwillapply?

A:OnlySec3(a)ofRule112

Q:When you talk of fallingunder therule on Summary

Procedure?

A:Sec3(a)ofRule112also

Q: When is the cut off when you talk about preliminary

investigations?

A:Crimespunishablewithpenaltiesatleast4years,2months,and

1day.

Q: Is it expected that the RTC would always conduct

preliminaryinvestigations?

A: Yes. The RTC has jurisdiction for crimes punishable

exceeding6years.

Q:WillallcasesintheMTCgothroughpreliminaryinvestigations?

A:Notall.Crimeswithin4 years,2months,and1dayto6 years

willneedpreliminaryinvestigationsundertheMTC.

Q:Intheprovinces,wherewillyoufileyourcaseforpurposesof

preliminaryinvestigation?

A:Theprosecutororifitinvolvesapublicofficer,theombudsman

Q:Ifitdoesnotneedpreliminaryinvestigation,wherewill

youfile?

A: You have an option to file it with: the provincial

prosecutororbeforetheMTConthebasisofdirectfiling.

Q:Based ontherules ofsummaryprocedure,wherewill

youfileinacharteredcitylikeManila?

A:Prosecutor

Q:OutsideofMetroManila?

A:ProsecutorortheMTCondirectfi ling

Q:Wheredoesapreliminaryinvestigationstart?

A:Itstartswiththefilingofanswornaffidavitcomplaint.

Q:Towhommusttheaffidavitcomplaintbeswornto?


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A:Beforeapublicprosecutororapublicofficerauthorized

toadministeroaths

Q:Canonesubscribeittoanotarypublic?A: Yes. In the absence or unavailability of a public

prosecutor.

Q:Whatfollowsthefilingtheaffidavitcomplaint?

A:Thepublic prosecutorcan eitherdismiss itoutrightorissuea

subpoena

Q: Is a subpoena an indispensable requirement for the

public prosecutor or assistant prosecutor to acquire

jurisdictionoverthepersonoftherespondent?

A:No.Ifasubpoenahadbeenissuedandnotreceivedor

refusedtobereceived,thepublicprosecutorcanalready

render a resolution.The receipt ofthe subpoena is not

necessary for the court to have jurisdiction over the

person.Sec3(d)ofRule112.

Q:Whyusethewordrespondent?

A:Thepersonisnotyetanaccusedinthisstage.Heonly

becomes an accused when the information is filed in

court.

Q:Canpreliminaryinvestigationbedispensedwith?

A:Yes.It isnota constitutional right,butonlya statutoryright.

That is why; absence thereof will not render the information

defective.

Q:Forthepurposesofaninquest,cananarrestedperson

decidenottoaskforapreliminaryinvestigation?

A:Yes.Again,becauseitisonlyastatutoryright.

Q:Istheconstitutionalrightofhavingaspeedytrialandaspeedy

dispositionofcasesapplyinpreliminaryinvestigation?A: No. But there could be what? Inordinate Delay. People v.

Anonas(2007)

Q:WhatisanInordinateDelay?

A:Itissaidtobeaviolationoftheconstutionalrightofapersonto

dueprocess.Thus,inPeoplev.Anonassaidthat:

The preliminary investigation of the respondent for the

offense charged took more than 4 years. He was also

arrestedwithoutawarrantandnothavingbeenaffordeda

formalinvestigation,heprayedfor reinvestigationofthe

case. The trial court in an order, ordered for

reinvestigation. In fact, the Solicitor general admitted it

took sometime for the city prosecutor to terminate and

resolvethereinvestigation.Thiskindofdelayiscalledan

InordinateDelay.

Q:Once,asubpoenaisreceived,therespondentshouldfilewhat?

A:Acounteraffidavit

Q:Doesthefilingofthecounteraffidavitendtheprocess

ofpreliminaryinvestigation?A: Yes. The next step is the resolution of the assistant

prosecutor/prosecutor

Q:Foryoutohaveavalidpreliminaryinvestigation,thereshould

be:

A:

1) Anaffidavitcomplaint


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2) The dismissal or issuance of a subpoena by theprosecutor/assistantprosecutor

3) Incase,theprosecutordoesnotdismissitandissuesasubpoena, there should be counteraffidavit filed bytheotherpartywithin10days.

Q:DoyouneedtogotothisprocesswhenyoutalkaboutSec3(a)

ofRule112?

A: No. It only says that an affidavitcomplaint is f iled duly

subscribedbeforetheprosecutor.Oncetheaffidavitcomplaintis

filed,aninformationwillbefiledincourt.

Q:Whatis thedifferencebetween thearrestin Rule 112 and

Rule113?

A:Rule112speaksofaWarrantofArrestwhileRule113speaksofWarrantlessArrests

Q:WhencantheRTCissueaWarrantofArrest?

A:IntheRTC:

1) When theProsecutor determines the existence of aprobablecause inthepreliminaryinvestigation

2) After the preliminary investigation, thus the filing oftheinformationincourt

3) Thecourtcouldeithera.

Issue awarrantofarrest ifit determines theexistenceofprobablecause,

b. Dismiss the information if probable cause isnotfound,or

c. Call for a hearing for further presentation ofevidence

Q:Onceawarrantofarrestisissued,canthecourtdismiss

itforlackofprobablecause?

A:No.Themereissuanceofthewarrantalreadysaysthat

therehasalreadybeenadeterminedprobablecause.

Q:Aftertheissuanceofthewarrantofarrest,whatisthe

nexttodo?

A:Arraignment.

Q:IntheMTC,doesitfollowthesameprocedureaswiththeRTC

whenitcomestotheissuanceofawarrantofarrest?

A:Yes.Butonlyforthosecasesthathaveundergonepreliminary

investigations.

Q:Whatisthebasisoftheprocedureontheissuanceofawarrant

ofarrest?

A:ItistheexistenceofaPreliminaryInvestigation

Q: Now, how about those cases that dont require preliminary

investigations?Whatprocedureapplies?

A:Sec8ofRule112.

Q:When can theMTCissuea Warrant ofArrestfor crimesnot

requiringpreliminaryinvestigation?

A:IntheMTC:1) Wheninformationisfileddirectlytothecourt2) Thecourtcouldeither

a. ThecourthasDISCRETIONwhethertoissueawarrantofarrest(Theprocessisbasicallythe

sameexceptforthisone)

b. Dismiss the information if probable cause isnotfound,or


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c. Call for a hearing for further presentation ofevidence

Q:Ifthecourtdoesnotwanttoissuewarrants,whatcould

theyissue?

A: Summons. This is the only instance where a criminal

courtcouldissuesummons.

Q: Can the MTC issue a warrant of arrest under the Rule on

Summary Procedureand theinformationwas already filedin his

court?

A:No.BasedonRuleonSummaryProcedurecourt

Q:IsthereanyexceptionsthattheMTCcouldissueawarrantof

arrest?A:Yes.Ifthepersonrepeatedlyabsentshimselfdespiterepeated

noticesofappearance.

Q:Canaprosecutorissueawarrantofarrest?

A: No. Issuance is a judicial function and could not one of the

Executivebranch

Q: Is the approval of the city or provincial prosecutor of the

recommendationofanassistantprosecutorneededtoissueavalid

resolution?A:Yes. Thecity/provincial prosecutor couldevendismiss itif he

doesnotagree.

Q:Canthecityprosecutorpreparetheinformationonhis

own?

A:Yes

Q: Can he require another prosecutor to prepare the

informationwithoutneedofapreliminaryinvestigation?

A:Yes

Q:Now,wheredoyougofromadecisionofacityorprovincial

prosecutor?

A:YoucouldgototheDOJonaPetitionforReviewwithinaperiod

of15days

Q:In the case whentheOfficeof theOmbudsmandeputizes an

assistant prosecutor, does it still need approval of the city

prosecutor?

A: Yes. This is also to be further reviewed by the Deputy

Ombudsman of the area. And of course, subject to the final

approvaloftheOmbudsman.

Inquest

Q:Whatistheroleofaninquestprosecutor?

A: It is incumbent in him to order whether a person who was

arrestedistobedetainedortobereleasedforfurtherpreliminary

investigation .

Q: If the person is released for further preliminary

investigation,whatdoesthatmean?A:Itdoesnotmeanthatyouarefreeorcouldwalkaway

or that you will be dismissed. Thismeans that you are

temporarily released but subject to a preliminary

investigation that will subsequently take place. Thus

subjectingthepersonunderSec3ofRule112


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Q: Can the preliminary investigation take place validly?

Wherewilltheaffidavitcomplaint come from?Howcan

thepreliminaryinvestigationtakeplacewithoutsuch?

A: The affidavit of the arresting officer will serve as theaffidavitcomplaint. This makes the preliminary

investigationavalidone.

Q:Isthecasedismissedonceyouarereleasedforfurther

preliminaryinvestigation?

A:No.Youaretobereleasedbecausetheevidenceagainst

youis not strongenough. Thus,you shouldreturn for a

preliminaryinvestigation.

Q:Areallcasessubjecttoinquestproceedings?

A:No.Onlythosethataremadethruwarrantlessarrests

Q:Ifacasewasfiledwiththefiscalagainstaperson,isheentitled

toaninquestproceeding?

A:No.Becausethisisnotawarrantlessarrest

Q: Are offenses that need preliminary investigation, when the

violatorisvalidlyarrestedwithoutawarrant,subjecttoaninquest

proceeding?

A:Yes.Onlyoffensesthatwouldrequirepreliminaryinvestigation

willhavetogothroughinquest.

Q:Example:

Apersonwalkingatnightwasarrestedbyapoliceofficer

forvagrancy.HewillbethenbroughttothenearestPoliceStation

and hewillstaytherefora whilethepoliceofficerprepares his

arrestreport and his affidavit. Once these are ready, will hebe

presentedtoaninquestprosecutor?

A:No.Vagrancydoesntrequirepreliminaryinvestigation.Thus,he

isnotsubjecttoaninquest.

Q:Whatwillhappentothepersonarrestedwhenheisnotsubjecttoaninquest?

A:Hewillimmediatelybedetained.

Q:Whatistheremedyofthepersonarrestedwhenheis

detainedbecauseheisnotsubjectedtoaninquest?

A:Bail. Healreadysuffers adeprivationof liberty atthis

point.

Q:Whocanconductaninquestproceeding?

A:Apublicprosecutor.Intheabsenceofsuch,thecasecouldbe

fileddirectlyincourt.

Note:ThisveryunlikelytohappeninManilaorQCwhereinthere

are hundreds of prosecutors. Although it may happen in the

province

Q:Willtherecordsofpreliminaryinvestigationformapartofthe

recordsincourt?

A:No.Youcouldapplyforanordertoelevatetherecordstothe

criminalcourtthough.

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Rule113

WarrantlessArrests

Q:Whatarethe3instanceswhereinapeaceofficermaylawfully

arrestapersonwithouttheuseofanarrestwarrantissuedbythe

courts?

A:

1) Whenitwascommittedinflagrantedelicto2) Whenthepeaceofficerhaspersonalknowledge that

theoffensehasjustbeencommitted .(hotpursuit)

3) Anescapedfelon Q:Whatisthemeaningofinflagrantedelicto?

A:Ifapersonwascaughtwhilecommitting,attemptingtocommit,orcommittedanoffenseinthepresenceofapeaceofficerSec

5(a),Rule113

Q:IshasjustbeencommittedSec5(b)ofRule113thesameas

hadcommittedofSec5(a)ofRule113

A:No.TheacthasjustbeencommittedreferredtoinSec5(b)

tookplacenotinthepresenceofthepeaceofficer

Q:Whatistobedeterminedbythepeaceofficersincehedidnot

seeitwhenthecrimetookplace?A:Itshouldbebasedonhispersonalknowledgeofthefactsand

circumstances thatthereisprobablecausetobelievethatthe

persontobearresteddidinfactcommittheoffense.

Q:Example:

OnboardanFX,Mr.Awasheldup.Theholdupperstook

thevaluablesofMr.AthenlefttheFX.Mr.Aimmediately

rantowardsapoliceofficertoexplainwhatjusthad

happened.Thepolicewentaftertheholduppers.Canthe

policeofficerarrestthemsincethecrimewasnot

committedwithinhispresence?A:Yes.Eventhoughitwasnotinhispresence,basedon

thefactsandcircumstances, therewasreasonableground

tobelievebasedonprobablecausethatthepersontobe

arresteddidcommitthecrime.

Q:Doesthelawmakeadistinctionaboutanescapedfelon

whetherhewaspermanentlydetainedorwasheonlytemporarily

detained?

A:No.Thelawtreatsthemthesame.

Q:Arethereotherinstanceswhereinthelawallowswarrantless

arrests?

A:Yes.

1) Sec13,Rule113Whenthearrestedpersonescapesorisrescued,hecouldbearrestedwithoutawarrant

2) Sec23,Rule114ApersononbailiscannotdepartfromthePhilippinesunlessuponthecourtsapproval.

Ifincasehedeparts,hecanbevalidlyarrestedwithout

awarrant.

3) CitizensarrestQ:Whatisthedutyoftheindividualconductinganarrest?

A:Iftheindividualisaprivatepersonhehastostatehisintention

andthecauseofthearrest.

Ifitwereapublicofficer,hewouldhavetostatehisauthorityand

thecauseofthearrest.

Ifitisapublicofficerwithawarrantofarrest, thearrestingofficer

willonlyhavetosaythathesarrestingwithawarrantwithout


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necessarilypresentingthewarrantofarrestnorthecauseofthe

arrest.

Inallofthesethreecases,thereisnoneedtostatethecauseifby

statingsuchwouldimperilthearrestandwouldallowtheaccusedtofleeortoescape.

Q:Howlongisawarrantofarresteffective?

A:Itiseffectiveuntilsetasidebythecourtoruntilithasbeen

servedtotheindividualwhoissoughttobearrested.Itisvalid

untilserved.

Q:Whatisthemeaningofthe10dayperiodstatedintheRule?

A:Itisthetimeperiodinwhichtheofficertocomplywiththe

serviceofthewarrantofarrest.

Q:Isthisthesameforasearchwarrant?Validuntilserved?

A:No.Asearchwarrantslifeisonlyfor10days,thereafterithas

nolongeranyeffect.

oOo

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