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Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Issues & Trends in Law Enforcement
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Professionalism
Solutions to whatever ails law enforcement The preoccupation with professionalism related
to comparison of salaries, education, and status in relation to other professions.
Law enforcement perceive themselves at bottom of the professional pole. Compared to judges, lawyers, and expert witnesses
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Agency Accreditation
Attempt to develop and implement recognized accreditation standards
Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. Formed in 1979 to develop standards and to administer
voluntary accreditation Formed through combined efforts of IACP, NOBLE, NSA, and
PERF
Accreditation is a process of improvement and change. Benefits are numerous
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Higher Education
Formal education is key to self-improvement and increased status
Omnibus Crime Bill (1968)Public funds to police to pursue college
degree Due to this federal assistance, today’s
officers are much better educated than thirty years ago
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Rationale for Education
Difficulty in assessing “better” officers Education about social conflict or human
behavior aids in conflict resolution and order maintenance.
College educated individuals are more able to cope with role conflict
Broader base of information for decision making
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Police Misconduct
Actions by a public servant that are outside the standards of conduct
Breach of public trust. There are many ways to breach trust
Misuse of funds Unauthorized disclosure of information Excessive use of force Corruption
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Solutions
Ethics course Department administration
Chiefs and sheriffs providing leadership in requiring ethical and honest behavior
Recruiting, selection, training Accountability for all police activity Proactive internal affairs
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Employment of Minorities
Increases effectiveness of the force Assigning officers of the same ethic background provides
understanding of unfamiliar cultures Alternative is to train in cross-cultural communication
Recruitment of minorities Innovations in recruitment
Ideological and procedural Cadet programs Community service officer (CSO)
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Employment of Women
Carefully selected and trained females are as effective as carefully selected and trained males.
Block and Anderson (1973) study “Report on the Status of Women in Policing”
published by the Police Foundation Affirmative action and evolving law has led to growth
of females in policing. Several potential policies for agencies to
consider
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Officer Health
Police work is highly stressful with consequences. Stress may be measured by Sewell’s law enforcement
critical life events scale Female police officers have gender-specific stress in
addition to regular job stress Alcoholism
“character flaw” theory Drug use by officers Suicide Coping with health problems
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Contact with the Public
Attention has been paid to police-citizen interactions.
Media focus on negative contact. The Bureau of Justice Statistics finds that “most
people, of any race, who have a contact with police, most often through a traffic stop, evaluate the stop as having been appropriate.”
Less than one percent of police-citizen contacts involved police use of force.
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Use of Deadly Force
Few argue right to use deadly force to protect lives or lives of innocent people
Historically, some states allow officers discretion that goes beyond self-defense or the defense of others in the use of deadly force. Based in English common law where virtually
all felonies were punishable by death
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Managing Use of Deadly Force
Shooting control techniquesPolicy-orientedEquipmentTrainingTennessee v. Garner (1985)
Track officers who are “chronic offenders” Use of pepper spray
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Police – Prosecutor Cooperation
Emerging trend is teamwork through every step of the process
Pursuing common goal of protecting society from crime and violence
Police want to make arrests that lead to punishment.
Prosecutors want to build strong cases. Teamwork improves quality of cases
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Private Security
Interactive role with law enforcement Increased reliance on private security due to
police workload and tax limitations Traditionally relied on police for prevention and
control of crime. More recently, private security plays a major
protective role. Employs more persons and expends more
dollars than public law enforcement
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Technological Trends
Computer-aided dispatch (CAD) Radio dispatcher is aided by a high speed digital computer
Fingerprint automation Automated latent system model
Use of laptop computers Automated police reports
DNA profiling To identify or eliminate potential suspects
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) Combines map images with other spatially referenced
information
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Citizens Role in Crime Prevention
Peace-keeping system in the early days of law enforcement emphasized citizen role
With specialization, citizens delegated responsibility to paid officials
Effectiveness of crime prevention depends on willingness to report suspicious activity.
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Neighborhood Watch Programs
Frequently implemented under community oriented policing
Developing and maintaining program is a difficult leadership challenge.
The most successful programs recruit new members a few times a year.
Success is related to departments commitment to establishing a strategic plan, train participants, and encourage communication.
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Fear of Crime
Some fear crime more than they need to Sings of crime are both social and physical
Social signs include prostitution, drug dealing, rowdy teenagers, panhandling, and mentally ill.
Physical signs include broken windows, garbage, broken bottles, and abandoned cars programs.
Programs share the goal of “breaking down the barriers”
Others address disorder and fear of crime
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Crime Prevention Programs
Key findings of NIJ review of state and local prevention programs include: Neighborhood watch programs are often ineffective. Community meetings between the police and the
public do not prevent crime Police storefront operations have no impact on crime
but did result in positive evaluations of police The use of newsletters had no effect on victimization
rates.
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) Made popular by Oscar Newman in “Defensible
Spaces” Proper design and effective use of the physical
environment can produce behavioral effects that will reduce the incidence and fear of crime, thereby improving the quality of life.
Environmental design is rooted in the design of the person/environmental relationship.
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Applications of CPTED
Convenience Business Security Act Rooted in analysis of convenience store robberies in
Gainesville, FL. Adopted ordinances that required strong security
steps. Act embraces CPTED principles including
unobstructed views, security cameras, and lighting. The Safe Neighborhood Program
Florida legislation provided planning grants to communities willing to adopt the program.
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
CPTED and Community Policing
Combination of two strategies benefits crime prevention
Relies on police, residents, and local officials for success
Specific crime prevention activitiesSecurity in parksBuilding regulationsCivil remedies
Crime and Justice in America, 6th edition.Territo, Halsted, and Bromley
©2004 Pearson Education, Inc.Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458
Citizen Involvement in Crime Prevention The McGruff Campaign
“Take a Bite Out of Crime” The CAT Program
“Combat Auto Theft” The Watch Your Car Program Campus crime prevention programs Community Anti-Drug Efforts