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Horticulture 1-M. Harris
Unit A- Leadership, Careers and SAE
1.00 Examine Leadership Opportunities related to the Horticulture Industry
1:01 Discuss the organizations available for horticulture
The FFA Mission
FFA makes a positive difference in the lives of students by developing their
potential for _____________________________________________
__________________________________ through agricultural education.
What is FFA?
…an organization of high school students in agricultural education
students from all 50 states plus ________________________________
__________________________________________________________.
FFA History
1917 – __________________________________________________________
Named after a senator from Georgia.
Provided federal funding for ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
1920’s Future Farmer Clubs
_______________________________________________ was the first
_______________________________________________
North Carolina
____________________________________________________
1928 – __________________________________________________________
FFA was established
The 1st convention was held in the ________________________
_____________________________________________________
The first dues were ____________________________________
Current chapter dues are _______________________________
1930
FFA Creed is written by ______________________________________
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1935
___________________________________________________ formed
For black students studying agriculture
New Farmers of America
Organization for African-American males in high school agriculture classes.
Colors were ________________________________________________
Found mostly in ____________________________________________
1950
Public Law 740
Gave the FFA _________________________________________
The law said that each school teaching agriculture must have
_____________________________________________________
Created 3 integral components to an agricultural education program
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
_______________________________________________
1965
__________________________________________________________
1969
__________________________________________________________
1971
_______________________________________________ was founded
Founded for supporters of FFA, not necessarily former members
1988
Future Farmers of America changes its name to the ________________
___________________________________________________________
1989
National Future Farmer Magazine changes its name to ______________
___________________________________________________________
The 1990’s
National FFA Center moves to _________________________________
2006
The National FFA Convention moves to Indianapolis, Indiana
Structure of the FFA
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National Officer Team
Comprised of six student officers
President
Secretary
Four Vice Presidents
Zach Kinne
The current National FFA President.
He is from _________________________________________________
Dr. Larry Case
Currently the _______________________________________________
Employed by the Department of Education
2008 – 2009 State FFA Officers
Made up of six students from across North Carolina
President
Five Vice-Presidents
Southwest Regional FFA Officers
Composed of at least six members from the region
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At lease one officer is elected from each federation
Crest FFA Officers
President
_______________________________________
Vice President
_______________________________________
Secretary
_______________________________________
Treasurer
_______________________________________
Reporter
_______________________________________
Sentinel
_______________________________________
Parliamentarian
_______________________________________
The FFA Emblem
The Ear of Corn
Provides the foundation of the emblem, just as corn has historically served as the
foundation crop of American agriculture.
________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
The Eagle
A national symbol which serves as a reminder of ___________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
The Rising Sun
Signifies progress and holds a promise that _______________________
___________________________________________________________
The Plow
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_________________________________________________________, the
backbone of agriculture and the historic foundation of our country’s strength.
The Owl
Long recognized for its wisdom, it symbolizes the __________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Words of FFA & Agricultural Education
“Agricultural Education” and “FFA” are emblazoned in the center to signify the
combination of _____________________________________
__________________________________________________________
The FFA Official Colors
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
The FFA Motto
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
____________________________________________
FFA Code of Ethics
FFA has established guidelines for member actions and behavior
All FFA members should follow the code and should use it as a guideline to live
by.
This class uses the FFA Code of Ethics as its classroom rules.
FFA Officers and Stations
President
Stationed by _________________________________________
Vice President
Stationed by _________________________________________
Secretary
Stationed by _________________________________________
Treasurer
Stationed by _________________________________________
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Reporter
Stationed by _________________________________________
Sentinel
Stationed by _________________________________________
The Advisor
Stationed by _________________________________________
This office held by the __________________________________
Minimum of six officers
Additional officers may be established by the local chapter
Parliamentarian
Chaplin
Historian
Ceremonies
Rituals conducted at each meeting
Opening ceremony
Closing ceremony
Outlined in the FFA Student Manual
Opening Ceremony- “All in Unison”
President:
“FFA members, why are we here?”
All members say:
“To practice __________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
_______________________________
Closing Ceremony- The FFA Salute
“I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America and to to the republic for
which it stands, one nation under God, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all.”
FFA Official Dress
Males
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Females
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
FFA Degrees
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Types of FFA Membership
____________________________
Students in middle school, high school, and college (up to age 21)
____________________________
Former active members, parents of FFA members, and others interested
in and supportive of FFA
____________________________
____________________________
Local, state and national levels
FFA Programs of Activities (POA)
It is a plan that directs chapter activities
Activities are determined by the student membership of the local chapter
Committees are appointed to look at different areas of the POA
Voted on by the total membership
Career Development Events
Individual or team competitions covering several subjects in agriculture and
leadership
Examples
_________________________________________
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_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
Conventions
State FFA Convention
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
National FFA Convention
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
North Carolina FFA Center (White Lake)
_________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
FFA Websites
National FFA Organization
www.ffa.org
North Carolina FFA Association
www.ncffa.org
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PARLIAMENTARY PROCEDURE
1.02 Demonstrate parliamentary procedures and public speaking used in Horticulture business meetings..
What is Parliamentary Procedure?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________
Purposes of Parliamentary Procedure
• To focus on ________________________________________________
• Extends ___________________________________________________
• Observes __________________________________________________
• Ensures ___________________________________________________
The Gavel
• The president uses the gavel to _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________ determines the meaning.
Number of taps
One Tap
– Tells members ________________________________________
– used after ____________________________________________ a
main motion
– Used after the announcement that _________________________
_____________________________________________________
Two taps
_____________________________________________________
Three taps
symbol to _____________________________________________
Series of taps
_____________________________________________________
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Presiding Officer
• __________________________________________________________
• Must be ___________________________________________________
• Must ______________________________________________________ when
the president desires to discuss business
MotionsMain Motion
• ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Wording: __________________ NOT “I make a motion”
• Requires second
• Debatable
• Amendable
• Majority vote required
• Can be reconsidered
Amendments
• Used to ___________________________________________________
• 3 ways to amend: ___________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Wording: “I move to amend the motion”
• Requires second
• Debatable
• Amendable
• Majority vote required
• Can be reconsidered
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Adjourn
• __________________________________________________________
• Wording: “I move to adjourn”
• Cannot be debated
• Cannot be amended
• Cannot be reconsidered
• Requires second
• Requires majority vote
Appeal
• __________________________________________________________
• Wording: “I appeal the decision of the chair”
• Requires a second
• Debatable
• Can be reconsidered
• Not amendable
• Majority vote required
Point of Order
• Used when one believes a ____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Wording: “I rise to a point of order”
• Not debatable
• Not Amendable
• Does not require second
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• Cannot be reconsidered
• No vote required
Division of the House
• Calls for ___________________________________________________
• Wording: “I call for a division of the house.”
• Not debatable
• Not Amendable
• Does not require second
• Cannot be reconsidered
• No vote required
Lay on the table
• ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Motion must be taken from the table at the next meeting to be discussed
• Wording: “I move to lay this motion on the table”
• Requires second
• Not debatable
• Not amendable
• Cannot be reconsidered
• Majority vote
Previous question
• __________________________________________________________
• Wording: “I move to previous question”
• Second required
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• Not debatable
• Not amendable
• Can be reconsidered before vote
• 2/3 vote required
Refer to committee
• Used to ___________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Wording: “I move to refer this motion to a committee to report at our next
meeting.”
• Second required
• Debatable
• Amendable
• Can be reconsidered
• Majority vote
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CAREERS RELATED TO HORTICULTURE
2.00: Examine careers related to horticulture.2.01: Discuss careers and skills necessary in the Horticulture industry.
What is Horticulture?
• Horticulture comes from the Latin words _______________ which means
“__________________” and ________________ which means “__________________”.
• Horticulture is the cultivation, processing and marketing of ___________
___________________________________________________________
Divisions of Horticulture
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Floriculture
• Floriculture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, designing,
and marketing ______________________________________
Landscape and Nursery
• Landscape and nursery industry is the science and practice of propagation,
growing, planting, maintaining and using ________________
___________________________________________________________
Olericulture
• Olericulture is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing,
processing and marketing ______________________________________
Pomology
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Horticulture 1-M. Harris
• Pomology is the science and practice of growing, harvesting, storing, processing
and marketing ______________________________________
Importance of Horticulture
• Horticulture has three main areas of importance.
• _________________________________________
• _________________________________________
• _________________________________________
Economic Importance
• The horticulture industry puts over ______________________________ into the
U.S. economy annually.
• Provides __________________
• Produces _____________________________________________
• Increases value of homes through _________________________
Aesthetic value (appearance)
• Improves the appearance of homes and buildings through landscaping
• Improves the appearance of land from fruit, vegetable and ornamental crops
grown.
Environmental
• Includes health and comfort
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
What are some jobs in horticulture?Greenhouse Employee
• Grows vegetables and flowers including
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• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• Performs both ______________________________________________
__________________________________________ of plants
Nursery Employee
• Grows seedlings and plants for _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Garden Center Employee
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Grounds Maintenance Employee
• Cares for the land area and plants that surround a business, school, church,
industry or other public or private places that _________________
___________________________________________________________
Golf Course Employee
• Responsible for maintenance of:
• golf course including ____________________________________
• _____________________________________________________
• _____________________________________________________
• trees and shrubs
• buildings and equipment
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Park Employee
• Maintains plants, grounds, buildings, facilities, equipment and driveways in
_________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
What qualifications do I need to work in the horticulture industry?Skills vary from unskilled to highly skilled depending on the career in horticulture. A materials
handler needs few skills, but an inspector needs many skills to check for
______________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Personal Interests and Qualifications
• Before seeking a job one must consider:
• Work ________________________________________________
• Work ________________________________________________
• Work ________________________________________________
• Work ________________________________________________
• __________________________________________ to do the job
Educational Qualifications
• Educational qualifications vary depending on the careers
• High school graduate or less for ___________________________
_____________________________________________________
• _________________________________________ for skilled jobs
• Bachelors, masters or doctorate degree for most professional areas
because of _______________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Career Outlook
Outlook for the horticulture industry is expected to grow because of
_____________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________
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INTRODUCTION TO SAE
2:02: Implement an SAE.
What is SAE?
• Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) Programs consist of
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
___________________________________
How Does a SAE Help Me?
• Develop skills that can be used in getting a job
• Provides the opportunity to make money
• Develops skills that can be used in starting you own business
• Helps development management skills
• Learn record keeping skills
• Improves analytical and decision making skills
• Teaches responsibility
• Provides the opportunity to explore possible careers
• Develops knowledge and skills that could be helpful in college, as a hobby or for
recreation.
• Provides the opportunity to win awards: FFA proficiency awards are based on the
SAE program. In addition to winning awards, money can be won at regional, state and
national levels
• FFA degrees are partially based on the SAE. You must have a SAE program to
advance.
• In order to be a state or national officer, you first must have an advanced FFA
degree which is partially based on SAE.
• Could help the grade in Agriculture class.
• Help with your Graduation Project!
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Types of SAE
• Entrepreneurship
• Placement
• Research
– Experimental
– Non-Experimental
• Exploratory
• Improvement
• Supplemental
Entrepreneurship
• The student plans, implements, operates and assumes financial risks in a
farming activity or agricultural business. In Entrepreneurship programs, the student
_________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Entrepreneurship examples:
• Growing an acre of corn
• Operating a Christmas tree farm
• Raising a litter of pigs
• Running a pay-to-fish operation
• Growing bedding plants in the school greenhouse
• Owning and operating a lawn care service
• A group of students growing a crop of poinsettias
Entrepreneurship Records
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
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• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Placement
• Placement programs involve the placement of students on farms and ranches, in
agricultural businesses, in school laboratories or in community
facilities to provide a "learning by doing" environment. _______________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Placement Examples
• Placement in a florist shop
• Working after school at a farm supply store.
• Working on Saturdays at a riding stable
• Working in the school greenhouse after school and on weekends and holidays
• Placement on a general livestock farm
Placement Records
• ________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Research-Experimental
• An extensive activity where the student plans and conducts a ________
_______________________________________________________________________
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______________________________________________. The purpose of the
experiment is to provide students "hands-on" experience in:
– 1. ___________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
– 2. ___________________________________________________
– 3. ___________________________________________________
Research-Experimental Examples
• Comparing the effect of various planting media on plant growth
• Determining the impact of different levels of protein on fish growth
• Comparing three rooting hormones on root development
• Determining if phases of the moon have an effect on plant growth
• Analyzing the effectiveness of different display methods on plant sales in a
garden center
• Demonstrating the impact of different levels of soil acidity on plant growth
• Determining the strength of welds using different welding methods
Research-Experimental Records
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Analytical Research
• Students __________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________ The students gather and
evaluate data from a variety of sources and then produce some type of finished product.
Analytical Examples:
• A marketing plan for an agricultural commodity
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• A series of newspaper articles about the environment
• A land use plan for a farm
• A landscape design for a community facility
• An advertising campaign for an agribusiness
Analytical Records
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Exploratory
• Exploratory SAE activities are __________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________Exploratory SAE activities are
appropriate for beginning agricultural students but is not restricted to beginning students.
Exploratory Examples:
• Observing and/or assisting a florist
• Growing plants in a milk jug "greenhouse"
• Assisting on a horse farm for a day
• Interviewing an agricultural loan officer in a bank
• Preparing a scrapbook on the work of a veterinarian
• Attending an agricultural career day
Exploratory Records
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• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Improvement (minor component)
• Improvement activities include a series of learning activities that improves the
value or appearance of the place of employment, home, school or community; the
efficiency of an enterprise or business, or the living conditions of the family.
_______________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Improvement Examples:
• Landscaping the home
• Building a fence
• Remodeling and painting a room
• Overhauling a piece of equipment
• Building or reorganizing a farm shop
• Renovating and restocking a pond
• Computerizing the records of an agricultural business
Improvement Records
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
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Supplementary (Minor)
• A supplementary activity is one where the student performs one specific
agricultural skill outside of normal class time. This skill is not related to the major SAE
but is normally taught in an agricultural program, involves experiential learning and does
contribute to the development of agricultural skills and knowledge on the part of the
student. ___________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Supplementary Examples:
• Pruning a fruit tree
• Changing oil in a sod cutter
• Balling & burlaping a tree
• Helping a neighbor castrate pigs
• Cutting firewood with a chain saw
• Staking tomatoes
Supplementary Records
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Unit B- Plant Physiology
3.00 Summarize Plant Anatomy
3.01: Discuss biological terms used to describe plants
Plant Sciences
• _________________________________-the branch of science that deals with
both plant and animal organisms and life processes
– ____________________________-the part of biology that deals with
animals
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– ____________________________-the part of biology that deals with
plants
• Applied plant sciences are based on the purposes for which the plants are grown
– _________________________________
– _________________________________
– _________________________________
Agronomy
The science and practice of growing ___________________________
________________________________________________________
Forestry
The science and practice of __________________________________
_______________________ for building materials and other products.
Horticulture
The science and practice of growing, processing and marketing
________________________________________________________
Life Cycles of Plants
• __________________________________-a plant that completes its life cycle in
one year
• __________________________________-a plant that completes its life cycle in
two years
• __________________________________-a plant that lives more than two years
Leaf Retention
• __________________________________-loses leaves during the dormant
season
• __________________________________-keeps leaves and remains green
year-round
Plant Hormones
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• Several types of hormones are used to help plants work more efficiently.
– Inhibitors
– cytokinins
– gibberellias
– auxins
Inhibitors
• Inhibitors hasten fruit ripening, retain seed germination and stem elongation.
Cytokinins
• Hormones that work with auxins to stimulate cell division.
Gibberellias
• Hormones that stimulate cell elongation, premature flowering, and breaking of
dormancy.
Auxins
• Hormones that speed plant growth by stimulating cell enlargement
Moisture in Plants
• __________________________________-plant is swollen or filled with moisture
• __________________________________-plant is limp because it does not have
enough moisture
Plant Growth
Dormant-
Season Crops
Cool Season
Plants ____________________________________________________
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Example- ____________________________
Warm Season
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
Examples-
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
__________________________
3.02: Discuss the anatomy and functions of plants.
Leaves-External
• __________________________________-leaf stalk or part that connects the
leaf to the stem
• __________________________________-the large, flat part of the leaf
• __________________________________-the large center vein
• __________________________________-the structural framework of the leaf
• __________________________________-the edge of the leaf
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Leaves-Internal
• ______________________________________________________-skin of the
leaf that prevents the loss of too much moisture
• ____________________________________-small openings under the leaf for
breathing or transpiration
• ____________________________________-open and close stomates
• ____________________________________-small green particles that contain
chlorophyll
– gives leaves their _____________________________________
– necessary for ________________________________________
Functions of the leaf
Photosynthesis_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Respiration__________________________________________________________
Transpiration is the release of water vapor from the leaves of plants. It also cools the plant.
Leaves Additional
___________________ describes leaves without a petiole (example zinnia).
___________________ are modified leaves (example poinsettia).
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Needles and scales are modified leaves (example _________________)
Glabrous leaves or stems have a smooth non-hairy feel (example southern magnolia).
_____________________ leaves or stems have a hairy feel (example African violet).
Stems-External
• _______________________________-breathing pores
• _______________________________-show where terminal buds have been
located
• _______________________________-show where leaves were attached
• _______________________________-bud on the end of a stem
• _________________________________________-bud on side of stem
Stems-Internal
• ________________________-tissue that transports water and nutrients
__________ from the roots to stems and leaves
• ________________________-tissue that transports food ____________ from
leaves to roots
• ________________________-thin, green, actively growing tissue located
between bark and wood and produces all new stem cells
• ________________________-old inactive phloem
• ________________________-old inactive xylem
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• ________________________-new active xylem
• _________________________-plant stems have vascular bundles that contain
both xylem and phloem in each bundle
– examples: ___________________________________________
• _________________________-plant stems have the phloem layer and xylem
layer separated by cambium
– example: ____________________________________________
Roots-External
• _______________________________-indicates growth of new cells
• _______________________________-absorb moisture (water) and minerals
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Roots-Internal
• Much like stems in that they have a _____________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Phloem-the outer layer that carries food down the root
• Xylem-the inner layer that carries water and minerals up to the stem
Layers of Roots
• _______________________________-many branched shallow roots
– ____________________________________________________
• _______________________________-long root with few branched ones
– ____________________________________________________
Flowers
• _____________________-Green parts that cover and protect flower bud before
it opens
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• _____________________-are really leaves that are modified to attract insects
for flower pollination, the pretty part that we call flowers
• _____________________-male part of the flower
• _____________________-female part of the flower
Parts of the Stamen
• ______________________-short stalk that holds up the anther
• ______________________-a sac-like structure that contains pollen, the male
sex cells
Parts of the Pistil
• ______________________-the eggs or female sex cells that become seeds
if fertilized
• ______________________-if fertilized becomes a fruit or seed coat
• ______________________-holds up the stigma and connects it to the ovary
• ______________________-sticky part on top of style where insects leave pollen
Complete-vs-Incomplete
• _________________________ flowers have both male and female parts
• _________________________ flowers have only male or female parts
What are the functions of these plant parts?Functions of Leaves
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Horticulture 1-M. Harris
• ____________________________________-manufactures food in green plants
which is the beginning of the food chain for all living things
• Photosynthesis is the process by which __________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
Functions of Stems
• _______________________________-moves water and minerals from roots up
to the leaves and move food from the leaves down to the roots
• Supports __________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Functions of Roots
• _______________________________-take water and nutrients from the soil and
conduct them to the stem
• ___________________________________________ and hold it upright
• _______________________________________________ for plant use
• _____________________________________________ in some plants
Functions of Flowers
• Produce ___________________________ used for sexual reproduction
• Attract insects for pollination (Pollination is _______________________
__________________________________________________________)
• Produce fruit to _____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
3.03: Discuss floriculture and landscape plants
Taxonomy-__________________________________________________________
-Scientific names are used because ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
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Karl von Linne-______________________________ that developed the ___________
________________ of naming plants using two Latin words to indicate the
_____________________________________.
-Linne changed his name to the Latin name ________________________
Scientific Names-____________________ is the language used for scientific classification.
-The first word is the ______________ and the second word is the
__________________. If there are additional words, they indicate a
______________________________________.
Genus vs. Species-Plants in the same genus have _________________________________
___________________________________.
-Plants in the same species consistently produce plants of the same type.
Scientific Classification-The broadest category of scientific classification is the _______________
___________________________________________
-The broadest category in the plant kingdom is _____________________
__________________________________
Divisions-The four most important divisions of the plant kingdom are:
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
_______________________________
-Spermatophytes
Contains ________________________________________
Two subdivisions are:______________________________
________________________________________________
Common Plant Genus-Pinus-______________________
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-Acer-_______________________
-Ilex-________________________
-Ficus-______________________
-Cornus-_____________________
-Rhododendron-__________________________
-Quercus-____________________
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PLANT GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
4.00: Examine Factors relating to plant growth and development.
4.01: Explain the growth process of plants.
Processes of plant growth
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
Photosynthesis
• The food and manufacturing process in ____________________________ that
combines _________________________ and _____________ in the presence of
____________ to make ___________________ and ___________________.
– Formula:
__________+__________+672Kcal ____________+__________
Respiration
• The process through which plant leaves, stems and roots consume
_____________ and give off _______________________________.
• Plants produce much more ________________ through __________________
than they use through respiration.
Absorption
• The process by which plant _________________ take in ___________ and
_____________
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Transpiration
• The process by which plants ___________________ from leaves and stems
through _________________________
Translocation
• The process by which _________________________________ are moved
within a plant from one plant part to another
Reproduction
• The plant process that increases plant numbers
– _________________________________
Stages of Plant Growth
• Juvenile-________________________________________________________
• Reproductive-____________________________________________________
• Dormant-________________________________________________________
Plant Cells
• __________________________________________________________
• A ___________________ and a mass of ____________________ contained
within a ____________________________________________
Parts of a Plant Cell
• Nucleus
– location of plant’s __________________ and ________________ make-
up
• Protoplasm
– the __________________________ of the cell
• Plasma Membrane
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Horticulture 1-M. Harris
– surrounds _______________________ and allows for exchange of
__________________________________________________ into and out of
cell
• Cell Wall
– ____________________________________________ for the cell and
thus the whole plant
• Other Structures
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
Plant tissue
• A group of _________________________________________________
• Classified according to _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Structure of permanent tissue
– simple-_____________________________________
– complex-____________________________________
Tissue origin and function
• ___________________________________-near tip of stems and roots where
cell division and enlargement occur
• ___________________________________-increase growth in diameter of
stems
Types of Tissues
• __________________________-one-cell thick, outer layer, protects and
prevents water loss
• ___________________________-have thickened cell walls and contain fibers to
give strength and support to plant structures
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• ___________________________-have thick cell walls that strengthen and
support plant structures
• ___________________________-fleshy part of plant that stores water and
nutrients
Phases of the asexual cycle
• Vegetative-________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
– ________________________________-stage when cells enlarge
– ________________________________-stage when cells specialize
• Reproductive or flowering-_____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Effects of Light, Moisture, Temperature and Nutrients on PlantsLight
• ____________________________________-response of plants to
different amounts of light regarding their flowering and reproduction cycles
• Necessary because of __________________________________
• Not enough light causes _________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Too much light will cause ________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Moisture
• Needed in large amounts because plant tissues are ___________
_____________________________________________________
• Not enough water causes ________________________________
_____________________________________________________
• Too much water causes small ____________________________
________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________
Temperature
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• Needs vary depending on type of plants
• __________________________________________________________
________________________________________________
Nutrients
• Essential for __________________________________________
• Has little effect on ______________________________________
Combining growth factors
• Ideal quantities and quality will give _____________________________
__________________________________________________________
• Each has an effect on the other factors
• Unfavorable environmental conditions for plant growth
__________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Hardiness Zones
Plants are categorized by zones based on the average ___________________ temperature.
North Carolina is zones ___________ to __________
Charlotte is zone ____________________
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PLANT PROPAGATION
4.02: Use sexual and asexual methods of propagation
Propagation
• ________________________________________________________________
______
• ________________________________________________________________
______
Sexual Propagation
• Propagation from ____________________________
• _______________ is transferred from the _________________ to the
______________
• ___________________ occurs and ________________ are produced.
Germination Rates
• ________________________________________________________________
______
– _______________________________
• Rate is affected by
______________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________.
• Rates vary depending on plant and
_________________________________________
Seeds
• Plant depth depends on the ________________________________________
– larger seeds are planted ________________________
– water small seeds from
____________________________________________
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Seedlings (small plants)
• Transplant when
________________________________________________________
• Reduce _________________________ and _____________________ and
make environment more like outside to ___________________________________plants
Advantages of Sexual Reproduction
• ________________________________________________________________
____
• ________________________________________________________________
____
• ________________________________________________________________
____
Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction
• ________________________________________________________________
____
• ________________________________________________________________
____
Asexual Reproduction
• Uses growing plant parts other than seeds
• Types of asexual reproduction:
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
Rooting from Cuttings
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• Rooting media should be about
____________________________________________
• Best time of day is _______________________________________ because
plants have more _________________________________
• Types of cuttings:
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings
• Using a small piece of
____________________________________________________
• ________________________________________________________________
______
Stem Cuttings-Step 1
_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 2
_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 3
_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 4
_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 5
_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 6
_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 7
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_____________________________________________________________________________
Stem Cuttings-Step 8
_____________________________________________________________________________
Leaf cuttings
• Using small pieces of leaves to reproduce new plants
• ________________________________________________________________
______
• ________________________________________________________________
______
Root Cuttings
• Using small pieces of roots to reproduce plants
• should be _________________________________________________ in
rooting area
Layering
• ________________________________________________________________
______
– ___________________________________________
– ___________________________________________
Division or Separation
• ________________________________________________________________
______
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
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– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
Grafting
• Joining separate plant parts together so that they form a
_________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Grafting Terms
• ___________________-the piece of plant at the top of the graft
• ___________________________-the piece of the plant at the root or bottom of
the graft
Methods of Grafting
• If the scion and rootstock are the same size
– __________________________
– __________________________
– __________________________
– __________________________
• If the scion is smaller than the rootstock
– __________________________
– __________________________
– __________________________
– __________________________
Budding
• A form of grafting when a bud is used
– ______________________________________
– ______________________________________
– ______________________________________
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Tissue Culture
• Using a small amount of ________________________________________ to
grow in a __________________________________________________________
• The most plants in a short time
• _________________________________________________________
Notes on Asexual Production
• ________________________________________________________________
______
• ________________________________________________________________
______
• In trench layering, a plant forms at
__________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
• Some plants do not
_____________________________________________________
• ___________________________ are the same as the
__________________________
_______________________________________________________
Disadvantages of Asexual Reproduction
• Some require
__________________________________________________________
• Cuttings detach plant parts from
___________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
• Some plants are ______________________ making propagation
_________________
What is Biotechnology?
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• The use of
_____________________________________________________________ to produce
products or processes
Methods
• Tissue culture or ____________________________________
• __________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________
Tissue Culture
• Uses ______________________________________________ in a
_______________ ______________________________________________ on
______________________ or other nutrient-growing media to produce
____________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
Cloning
• Genetically generating offspring from
________________________________________
Genetic Engineering
• Movement of genetic information in the form
of______________________________ from one cell to another cell to modify or change
the genetic make-up
Benefits of Biotechnology
• Produce
______________________________________________________________
• Increase
______________________________________________________________
• Increase
______________________________________________________________
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• Increase -
______________________________________________________________
• Increase
______________________________________________________________
• Improve
______________________________________________________________
• Increase
______________________________________________________________
• Other genetic changes
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Unit C Soil, Nutrients and Fertilizers
5.00- Explain the properties of soils.
5.01- Discuss Horticulture soils.
SOIL PROPERTIES
Soils and growing media
• Soils and growing media are made up of two types of materials
– ____________________________________________
– ____________________________________________
Organic Matter
• __________________________________________________________
• contains ___________________________________________________
• usually has _________________________________________________
Types of organic matter
• ___________________________
• ________________-particles too large to use in seed germination media
• ________________-used to cover soil to help hold moisture and prevent weeds
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________
• ___________________________-high carbon to nitrogen ratio makes nitrogen
unavailable for plant use
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• ___________________________- high carbon to nitrogen ratio makes nitrogen
unavailable for plant use
Inorganic compounds
• Do not contain carbon
• usually __________________________
Types of inorganic compounds
• _____________________________________-artificial soil
• _____________________________________-mica mineral matter used to start
seeds and cuttings, helps hold moisture, has neutral pH
• _____________________________________-natural volcanic material that
helps aeration and water-holding capacity
Advantages of Horticultural soils
1. _______________________________________________________________________
2. The pH is neutral.
3. _______________________________________________________________________
4. It is good for starting disease sensitive seeds (tomato).
5. _______________________________________________________________________
6. _______________________________________________________________________.
7. It is easy to create a horticulture soil for particular plant needs.
Disadvantages of horticultural soils.
1. It is _______________________________
2. It is _______________________________
Additional materials used in soilless media.
1. ___________________________ has a high carbon to nitrogen ratio.
2. ____________________________________ have a high carbon to nitrogen ratio.
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Makes ________________________________ unavailable for plant use.
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5.02- Discuss the soil profile and soil sampling for surface and subsurface layers.
Soil Profile
• Layers of soil are called ___________________________
• Typical profile
– A Horizon-________________________________
• most _______________________________
• most ___________________________________
• top or first layer
– B Horizon-________________________________
– C Horizon-________________________________
Soil Structure
• How particles cluster together
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_________________ ___________________ ___________________
_________________ ____________________
• Soil structure is more important to producers who grow plants in
___________________________________________________________
• Producers of container grown plants _____________________________
___________________________________________________________
Soil Texture
• __________________________________________________________
• Types of textures
– ________________________________
– ________________________________
– ________________________________
Clayey Texture
• __________________________________________________________
• Has a high _________________________________________________
• most common texture in ______________________________________
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Loamy texture
• About equal parts of _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Ideal texture for most _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Sandy texture
• __________________________________________________________
• __________________________moisture-holding capacity
• Most common in ____________________________________________
Soil pH
1. Soil pH is a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of soils.
2. Soil pH ranges from 0-14.
_________________________ (low pH) is considered an acid soil
_________________________indicate a neutral soil
_________________________ (high pH) is considered an alkaline soil.
3. Lime will ______________________ the pH value in soils (make the soil less acidic).
4. Calcium or sulfur will ___________________ the pH value in soils (make the soil more acidic).
5. The ideal pH value for vegetable garden soils are ______________________________
______________________________ is the rate at which water moves through the soil.
_______________________________________ is the ability of a soil to hold water for plant use.
_________________________ is the amount of air space between soil particles.
50% of soil should be pore space25% water space 25% air space.
50% of soil should be soil particles which include 45% mineral matter and 5% organic matter.
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Soil Sampling
1. Create a visual grid of the area to be planted.
• For gardens and landscapes, take 5-10 sub-samples
• Sample before the growing season.
2. Use a stainless steel soil-sampling probe.
3. Take the surface sample to tillage depth
• about 4inches for lawns
• 6-8 inches for crops
4. Mix the soil samples together.
5. Remove any grass, rocks or other material besides soil.
6. Avoid unusual spots
• Problem areas need to be sent in a separate box.
7. Place soil samples in a box
• Obtain from the County Extension Office along with Soil Sample Information
sheet
8. Send the box and information to:
• Agronomic Division Soil Test Lab in Raleigh for a free soil test.
NUTRIENTS AND FERTILIZERS6.00 Explain the role of nutrients and fertilizers.
6.01 Discuss macro and micro nutrients and the role they play in plant deficiencies.
Macro vs Micro Nutrients
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• Macro nutrients are __________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Micro nutrients are required ____________________________________
– ____________________________________________________
Macro nutrients
• Non-mineral elements
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
• Primary Nutrients
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
• Secondary Nutrients
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
– _______________________________________
Micro nutrients
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
• _________________________________
Nitrogen
• Promotes growth of _________________________________________
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• Gives ______________________________________________ and improves
__________________________________________________
• Necessary to develop ________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Deficiency symptoms
– ____________________________________________________
– short stems, small leaves, _______________________________
_____________________________________________________
– slow and dwarfed plant growth
Phosphorus
• Stimulates _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
• Provides for ________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Stimulates _________________________________________________
• Necessary for the ___________________________________________ of many
plant processes
• Deficiency symptoms
– ____________________________________________________
– ____________________________________________________
– older leaves are _______________________________________
Potassium
• Used to form _______________________________________________
• Formation and transfer of _____________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Increases disease resistance, __________________________________
• Deficiency symptoms
– ____________________________________________________
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– ____________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Calcium
• Improves plant vigor
• Influences intake and synthesis of other plant nutrients
• Important part of cell walls
• Deficiency symptoms
– small developing leaves
– wrinkled older leaves
– dead stem tips
Magnesium
• Influences the intake of other essential nutrients
• Helps make fats
• Assists in translocation of phosphorus and fats
• Deficiency symptoms
– Interveinal chlorosis-yellowing of leaves between green veins
– leaf tips curl or cup upward
– slender, weak stalks
Sulfur
• Promotes root growth and vigorous vegetative growth
• Essential to protein formation
• Deficiency symptoms
– young leaves are light green with lighter color veins
– yellow leaves and stunted growth
Iron
• Functions of Iron
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– Essential for chlorophyll production
– Helps carry electrons to mix oxygen with other elements
• Deficiency symptoms
– mottled and interveinal chlorosis in young leaves
– stunted growth and slender, short stems
Copper
• Functions
– Helps in the use of Iron
– Helps respiration
• Deficiency symptoms
– young leaves are small and permanently wilt
– multiple buds at stem tip
Zinc
• Functions
– plant metabolism
– helps form growth hormones
– reproduction
• Deficiency symptoms
– retarded growth between nodes (rosetted)
– new leaves are thick and small
– spotted between veins, discolored veins
Boron
• Functions
– affects water absorption by roots
– translocation of sugars
• Deficiency Symptoms
– short, thick stem tips
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– young leaves of terminal buds are light green at base
– leaves become twisted and die
Manganese
• Functions
– plant metabolism
– nitrogen transformation
• Deficiency symptoms
– interveinal chlorosis
– young leaves die
Molybdenum
• Functions
– plant development
– reproduction
• Deficiency symptoms
– stunted growth
– yellow leaves, upward curling leaves, leaf margins burn
Chlorine
• Functions
– essential to some plant processes
– acts in enzyme systems
• Deficiency symptoms
– __________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________
6.02- Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of various fertilizers.
Fertilizers
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Types of Fertilizers
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
• ___________________________________________
Complete vs. Incomplete
• Complete has _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
– Examples: _____________________________________
• Incomplete DOES NOT have all three primary nutrients
– Examples: _____________________________________
Organic Fertilizers
• Comes from __________________________________________ and
contains __________________________________________
• Examples: ___________________________________________
_____________________________________________________
Advantages of Organic
• _____________________________________________________
• Not easily ____________________________________________
• Add organic components to ______________________________
Disadvantages of Organic
• _________________________________________________
• _________________________________________________
• Low nutrient content
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• _________________________________________________
Inorganic Fertilizers
• Comes from sources other than animals or plants
• _____________________________________________________
Advantages of Inorganic
• Can make the _________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
• ______________________________________________
Disadvantages of Inorganic
• No __________________________________________________
• possible _____________________________________________ up in
growing media
Soluble Fertilizer
• Dissolve in ________________________________ and are applied as a
___________________________________________
• Fertigation
– fertilizing through _________________________________
– big advantage
Insoluble Fertilizer
• Includes _____________________________________________
applied to the growing media
Granular vs. Slow Release
• Granular
– _______________________________________________
– _______________________________________________
• Slow Release
– more expensive because it is________________________
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– more __________________________________________ over
time period
Fertilizer Analysis
• Fertilizer analysis expresses ___________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• For Example
– A 100 pound bag of fertilizer has an analysis of 15-5-15. How many
pounds of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium are in the bag?
• Nitrogen: 100lbs X 15%=_____________________
• Phosphorus: 100lbs X 5%=___________________
• Potassium: 100lbs X 15%=___________________
Fertilizer Ratios
• A fertilizer with a 10-10-10 analysis would have a _______________ratio
• A fertilizer with a 24-8-16 analysis would have a ________________ ratio
Application Procedures
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
• __________________________________________
Banding
• Placing a band of fertilizer about ______________________________
_________________________________________________________
• DO NOT place below the seeds because _______________________
_________________________________________________________
Sidedressing
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• Placing a band of fertilizer near the soil surface and to the sides ______
__________________________________________________________
Topdressing
• ________________________________________________ into the top
____________________________________ of growing media around the plant.
Perforating
• Placing fertilizer in ______________________________________
______________________________________________________ Cover the holes and
fertilizer slowly dissolves.
Broadcasting
• Spreading fertilizer to cover the _________________________________
___________________________________________________________
Foliar Spraying
• Spraying _______________________________________ in a solution
__________________________________________________.
• Quickly corrects ____________________________________________
• Fertilizer concentration should not be ___________________________
__________________________________________________________
Fertigation
• Incorporating ______________________________________________ into the
__________________________________________________ of greenhouse and
nursery crops.
• Concentrated solutions usually pass through ______________________
___________________________________________________________
– _______________________________________________
– _______________________________________________
Venturi-type
• ___________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________
• depends on _________________________________________ in the hose and
in the ______________________________________________
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• Example: ____________________________________
Positive-displacement
• _______________________________________________
• _______________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________ of
concentrated solution and water
• Examples: commander proportioners and Smith injectors
Rules for applying fertilizers
• Method used should be _______________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Method used affects _________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
• Fertilizer must be ____________________________________________
___________________________________________________________
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PLANNING A GARDEN
7.00 Apply a procedure to plant a garden.
7.01 Plan a garden.
Plan the best location
Items to consider
Sun
Shade
Water
Air
Types
1- Raised Beds
Typically made of ______________________
at least ______________________ inches in height
Convenient for watering and harvesting
The gardener can create a good quality _____________________________
Allow the gardener to grow more crops in a given area
Less soil ________________________________ than flatbed plantings
Can be set up on any surface such as concrete or porches
Can be built to make it accessible to elderly or handicapped individuals
2- Flat Beds
Flat bed is the most tradition way to plant vegetables is in rows
Usually a ___________________ foot gap is left between each row for
easy watering and harvesting
One disadvantage of flatbed planting is it
_____________________________________.
Container gardens are easy to make, manage and add beauty to any area.
Examples of containers
Whiskey barrels
Washtubs
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Plastic or clay pots
Wooden crates
Baskets
Make sure your containers have holes in the bottom for
________________________.
Container garden takes up a small amount of space.
3- Roof Tops
Roof top gardens make good use of unused or wasted space
They are _________________________________________ to establish.
Check local ordinances before you begin for rules and regulations
Enlist the assistance of an architect or landscape contractor
___________________________________________________________
Incorporate windbreaks into the garden design
Consider ease of watering and harvesting plants from your roof top garden
4 Vertical Gardens
Saves valuable garden space
Vertical structures have a tendency to cast ___________________________.
Watch the sun’s movement for several days before planting.
Examples of vertical gardening structures:
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
________________________________________
Cages
Soils
Soil needs determined by what plants you select
Soil amendments are determined by what plants you select
Soil less mixes are determined by what plants you select
Plan
Season
_________________________
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Winter
_________________________
Summer
Type of plants
_________________________
_________________________
_________________________
Flower
7.01 Establish a garden.
Establishment from Seeds Fall vegetable seeds-
o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________ o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________
Winter vegetable seeds (mid-February through early March) o Carrotso Onionso Peaso Potatoeso Turnipo Lettuceo Radish
Spring vegetable seeds such as:o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________o _________________________________________________
Summer vegetable seedso Brusselo Sproutso Okra
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o Beanso Cucumberso Kaleo Radish
Transplanting.
Fall vegetable plants such as broccoli, cabbage, lettuce and onions (sets) are examples of cool season crops.
Winter vegetable plants such as lettuce and spinach are examples of cool season crops.
Spring vegetable plants such as tomatoes, peppers, squash and cucumbers are examples of warm season crops.
Summer vegetable plants such as okra, cauliflower, cucumbers and kale are examples of summer crops
Maintaining a Garden
1. ___________________________ plants as needed
2. Control pest Keep clean
Remover debris and dead plants Check pest problems and maintain non chemical methods of control
3. Harvest plants as they ___________________________
4. Do not let plants _________________________ or _____________________.
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Unit D- Pest Management8.00 Compare distinguishing characteristics of pest.8.01Discuss the anatomy and life cycle of pest
What is an insect?
• Small animals that have ______________________________________ and
__________________________________ equaling __________ legs
• Body regions
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
– ______________________________
Types of Insects
• The five types of mouthparts are important in identifying and controlling insects.
– ___________________________________
– ___________________________________
– ___________________________________
– ___________________________________
– ___________________________________
Chewing Insects
• Insects ______________________________________________ food
• Examples
– _____________________________
– _____________________________
Piercing Insects
• Punctures plant and _________________________________________
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Rasping insect
• Rasps or ______________________________________ and sucks sap
• Example
– _____________________________________
Siphoning insects
• Have a ____________________________ they dip into _____________
__________________ such as _______________________and draw it in
• Example
– _____________________________________
Sponging Insects
• Have two ______________________________________ that collect
________________________________ and move it into the food canal
• Example
– __________________________________
Life Cycles
• Complete metamorphosis has four stages
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
– ________________________________________________
• Incomplete metamorphosis has three stages
– ___________________________
– ___________________________
– ___________________________
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Chewing Insects
• Parts of leaves are eaten away
– beetles
– cutworms
– caterpillars
– grasshoppers
• Beetles
– eat leaves, stems, flowers, fruit and nuts
• Cutworms
– usually attack stems, but may eat other plant parts
• Caterpillars
– larva of moths and butterflies
– fuzzy or hairy
– eat young leaves and stems
– roll up in leaves making leaves curl
• Grasshoppers
– eat all parts of plants
Sucking Insects
• Aphids
• Leaf bugs
• Mealy bugs
• Scale
• Thrips
• Whiteflies
Aphids
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• Pierce and suck juices
• known as plant lice
• cause stunted growth and yellow spotted leaves
• causes sticky substances and black mold
• will attract ants
Leaf Bugs
• Cause plants to look unhealthy
• plants will lose their normal color and wilt
Mealy Bugs
• Pierce and suck from underside of leaves and in leaf axils causing yellow
appearance and sticky secretions
Scale
• Appear as black or brown raised lumps attached to stems and underside of
leaves causing yellow leaves and stunted growth
Thrips
• Chew and then suck causing plant tissue to become speckled or whitened, leaf
tip to wither, curl up, or die
Whiteflies
• Feed on underside of young leaves causing yellowing
• will look like flying little white specks when plants are shaken
Mites
• Attack underside of leaves causing gray to grayish-green spots
• severe infestations cause webbing
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Plant DiseasesDiseases
• A disease is a plant disorder caused by an infectious pathogen or agent
• There are 3 conditions necessary for diseases in plants
– host plant
– disease causing organism or pathogen must be present
– favorable environment for disease organism to develop
Pathogens
• There are four groups of pathogens
– bacteria
– fungi
– viruses
– parasitic plants (attach to plants)
• mistletoe
• dodder
• lichens
Bacteria
• _____________________________ celled microorganisms
• Examples of common bacteria diseases:
• Leaf _____________________
• Rings of different shades of brown, green or yellow spots on
leaves.
• Blight
• ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
______
Fungi
• Cannot make their own food
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• They develop hyphae, structures that grow and absorb nutrients from the
host plant
• Many fungi are spread by spores.
• Examples of common fungi diseases:
• _________________________
• Causes young plants and seedling to rot off at the soil level.
• _________________________
• Causes small spots on the leaves that resemble yellow, orange,
brown or red rust mainly on the underside of leaves.
• ____________________________
• Grows on the upper and lower leaf surface as white or gray
powdery substance. It is a common disease of houseplants
• Galls
• ___________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________
_____.
Viruses
• Pathogens with an extremely narrow host range
• Examples of common viruses:
• ___________________________________ virus which attacks
tomatoes, peppers, poinsettias and tobacco.
• Can be transfer from ___________________________ hands of a
smoker
• Be sure to wash your hands before working with plants to control the
spread of this virus
• Cause leave to have _______________________________________
with patterns ranging from dark to ________________________________ and
yellow to white,
Other Diseases
Canker
• Causes open wounds on woody plants
Rots
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• Cause plant to decay and die
Smut
• A black, powdery disease that causes blisters that burst open releasing
black spores
Wilt
• A disease that blocks the uptake of water in plant stems causing plants
to wilt
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INTERGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
9.00 Explain Integrated Pest Management and Pesticides.9.01Discuss Integrated Pest management Strategies
Intergraded Pest management (IPM)
Most effective and environmentally friendly method approach to control
Focuses on pest prevention
________________________________________________________________
Least amount of danger to the environment.
Steps to Intergraded Pest management (IPM)
1. ___________________________________
2. Prevention of pests
Controlled by using cultural methods such as ___________________________,
pest resistant varieties and planting pest-free rootstock
3. __________________________________________________________________
4. Traps may be used to check pest population
5. Use the less risky pest control first
Including ___________________________________ that will disrupt pest
mating
Mechanical controls including traps.
6. If these methods are not effective, additional control methods
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Biological Control
_______________________________________________________________
Both adults and larva feed
Soft bodied insects (aphids), mites and eggs.
Parasitic __________________________
Caterpillar
Butterfly or moth egg or pupa
Beetle egg
Other insects in the egg, larva or pupa stage
_________________________________________
Will eat just about any pest
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Green lacewing larvae
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
Predatory mites
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
SAFELY USING AGRICULTURE CHEMICALS
9.02 Examine the agricultural chemical manual and its uses
Pesticide
• Any material used to control pests ______________________________
___________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________
Key Signal Words
Danger
Has a skull and crossbones symbol and the word POISON in red on the label
It is highly toxic
Orally
Dermally
Inhalation
Causes severe eye or skin burn
Warning
_____________________________________________ orally, dermally, through
inhalation and moderate eye and skin irritation
The word WARNING will be written on the label
Caution
Is _______________________________________________________ orally,
dermally or through inhalation or causes slight eye and skin irritation
The word CAUTION will be written on the label.
Reading a Pesticide Label
1. Includes the name and address of manufacturer
2. Includes the trade, brand or product name
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Horticulture 1-M. Harris
a. Example is Ortho
3. Classification
a. ________________________________ pesticides
i. Purchased and applied by the general public
b. ________________________________ pesticides
i. Purchased by a licensed certified applicator only.
1. It may be applied by or under the direct supervision of a licensed
certified applicator
4. Active ingredients
5. _____________________________________________________
6. Chemical name
7. Type of pesticide
a. Insecticide—kills insects.
b. Herbicide—kills unwanted plants.
i. Selective herbicides kill specific weeds or plants.
ii. Non selective herbicides kill all plants with which they come in contact.
c. Fungicide controls fungi
8. Form of substance
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
______________________________________________
Liquid
______________________________________________
9. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency) registration number.
10. Establishment number—(EPA Est. No.111-NC-1)
1. which appears on the pesticide label or container identifies the facility that
produced the product
11. Storage and disposal precaution
12. Hazard statement including
“______________________________________________________________________”
13. Net contents
14. Statement of practical treatment
What to do if a person swallows or is poisoned
15. _________________________________________l Hazard
Indicates that the product may have undesirable effects in the environment
Especially to wildlife such as bees, fish and birds
16. General Environmental Statement
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Horticulture 1-M. Harris
____________________________________________________
____________________________________________________
Keep pesticides out of storm water sewer drains
17. Physical or Chemical Hazard
Informs individuals of specific fire or explosion hazards
18. Worker protection procedures
PPE-personal protective equipment
1. __________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________
5. __________________________________________________
6. __________________________________________________
19. _______________________________________ (REI)
The time that must past before reentering a treated area
20. First aid statement
21. Storage and disposal
22. Directions for use including mixing and application
• The most important rule in pesticide safety is:
Choosing Pesticides
• North Carolina Agricultural Chemicals Manual
– May be purchased from _________________________________
– May be viewed online at:
_____________________________________________________
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