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Creating a Republican Culture1790-1820
Chapter 8
Entrepreneurial Spirit
• Factors of Production:
“If movement and the quick succession of
sensations and ideas constitute life, here one lives a hundred
fold more than elsewhere; here, all is
circulation, motion, and boiling agitation.”
“Experiment follows experiment; enterprise follows enterprise, riches and
poverty follow.”
Banking
– Government sponsored land banks and credit from suppliers
• – Bank of North America (1781)
• – Bank issued notes– Commercial loans
• – 1816 – $68m in banknotes in circulation– – 1821 - $45m in banknotes in circulation
Another Revolution Affects America
• Manufacturing moved from – Power-driven machinery– Specialized workers
• Industrial Revolution– Social and economic reorganization
• Started in Great Britain
Transportation
• – 1816 – 1831
• – – –
The Commonwealth System
• The American state legislatures passed measures they thought would be “of great public utility” and increase the “common wealth.”
• Was this republican?
Cumberland (National Road)
Conestoga Covered WagonsConestoga Covered Wagons
Conestoga Trail, 1820sConestoga Trail, 1820s
Erie Canal, 1820sErie Canal, 1820s
Begun in 1817; completed in 1825Begun in 1817; completed in 1825
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
Robert Fulton & the Steamboat
1807: The 1807: The ClermontClermont
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
Inland Freight RatesInland Freight Rates
Be careful reading the Y axis!
"The American System"
• 1815 Madison urged Congress to develop a plan to unify the country
• Henry Clay’s American System:– A strong banking system, to provide
easy and abundant credit– A protective tariff (20-25%)
• The Tariff of 1816– 1st protective tariff
– A network of roads and canals • Funded from tariff
*President Madison vetoed the bill to give states aid for infrastructure– Felt intrastate projects were unconstitutional
Would unite the US and make it self-sufficient
The Missouri Compromise
• introduced the compromise that decided whether or not Missouri would be admitted as a slave state. Congress decided to: – Admit as a in 1820– , which was a part of Massachusetts, was
to be admitted as a separate, – Therefore, there were slave states and free
states• The Missouri Compromise by Congress
banned slavery in the remaining territories in the Louisiana Territory north of the line of , except for Missouri.
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
• Amendment
And provided, That the further introduction of slavery or involuntary servitude be prohibited, except for the punishment of crimes, whereof the party shall have been fully [duly] convicted; and that all children born within the said State, after the admission thereof into the Union, shall be free at the age of twenty-five Years.
The Missouri Compromise
The Second Great AwakeningThe Second Great Awakening
“Spiritual Reform From Within”
[Religious Revivalism]
Social Reforms & Redefining the Ideal of Equality
In France, I had almost always seen the spirit of religion and the spirit of freedom pursuing courses diametrically opposed to each other; but in America, I found that they were intimately united, and that they reigned in common over the same country… Religion was the foremost of the political institutions of the United States.
-- Alexis de Tocqueville, 1832
The Rise of Popular ReligionThe Rise of Popular Religion
The ranges of tents, the fires, reflecting light…; the candles and lamps illuminating the encampment; hundreds moving to and fro…;the preaching, praying, singing, and shouting,… like the sound of many waters, was enough to swallow up all the powers of contemplation.
Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1875)
Charles G. Finney(1792 – 1875)
“soul-shaking” conversion
Converted had a duty to spread the word about personal salvation
Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
Second Great AwakeningRevival Meeting
“The Benevolent Empire”1825 - 1846
“The Benevolent Empire”1825 - 1846
Second Great Awakening• 1790 into 1840s• Rejection of
Calvinist idea of predestination
• Emphasized individual responsibility for salvation