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Created by Ms. Susan M. PojerCreated by Ms. Susan M. Pojeredited by Ms. D. Tempelton, 2009edited by Ms. D. Tempelton, 2009
Russia TodayRussia Today
Former Soviet Region Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude & Compared in Latitude &
Area with the United Area with the United StatesStates
Topography of RussiaTopography of Russia
Themes Themes in Russian Historyin Russian History
Expansion by conquest.Expansion by conquest.
Need for warm-water Need for warm-water ports.ports.
The necessity of a The necessity of a strong, central strong, central government.government.
Early RussiaEarly Russia
Cyril and Methodius
Orthodox Christian
missionaries to the Slavs,
9th century
Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:
Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity
Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:
Orthodox ChristianityOrthodox Christianity
Early Byzantine Early Byzantine Influences:Influences:
Cyrillic AlphabetCyrillic Alphabet
NovgorodNovgorod
• Highest rank of feudal nobility in Medieval Rus, Bulgaria, Moldavia and Ukraine
• In Kievan Rus they formed a council (Duma) that advised the prince
• In Muscovy they chose the prince they served
• During the Middle Ages, they were a major power in Kievan Rus and Muscovy
Russian Russian BoyarsBoyars
RussianBoyars
Russian Russian BoyarsBoyars
Ivan IV restricted their power, curtailing their right to hold land without serving the Tsar
Russian ExpansionRussian Expansion
Alexander Nevsky: 1220-Alexander Nevsky: 1220-12631263
Battle on the IceBattle on the Ice(Neva River) (Neva River) Against the Against the
SwedesSwedes
TeutonicTeutonicKnightKnight
The Mongols Invade The Mongols Invade RussiaRussia
Ivan IV, “Grozny”Ivan IV, “Grozny”
(r. 1462-1505)(r. 1462-1505)
Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.Requesting More Tribute in 1480.
• Crowned as first “Tsar of All Russia” in 1547 at age of 16
• Revised the law code, established a standing army (the Streltsy), established a Council of Nobles and confirmed the position of the Russian Orthodox Church
• Introduced the first printing press to Russia• Defeated the Kazan Khanate in 1552 and the
Astrakhan Khanate in 1556• Built St. Basil’s Cathedral in Moscow to commemorate
the defeat of the Khans• Passed the first laws to restrict the mobility of the
peasants – leading to their eventual serfdom• Livonian Wars – attempts to expand Russian territory
westward. Lasted 24 years and devastated western Russia. Eventually defeated by alliance of Sweden, Poland and the Hanseatic League.
• Towards the end of his life, Ivan became mentally unstable
The Death of Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich
Ivan accidentally killed his son, causing a crisis over the succession
Russia in the Late 1500sRussia in the Late 1500s
The Time of TroublesThe Time of Troubles
• Ivan Grozny was succeeded by his mentally incompetent son, Feodor – the last Tsar of the Rurik Dynasty
• The period between his death in 1598 and the accession of Michael Romanov in 1613 is Russia’s “Time of Troubles”
• Famine from 1601 – 1603, dislocating large numbers of people
• Bands of armed brigands preyed on the population• The Government was unable to effectively rule• Russia was invaded by Poland (with the goal of forcing
the Russian rulers to become Catholic), and Lutheran Sweden in the west and the Tatars in the east
• Uprisings in the cities led to brutal repression and massacres
• Governmental crisis led Kuzma Minin Novgorod merchant, and Prince Pozharsky to lead an uprising of the Russian people that effectively defeated the Poles and established a new Russian government in Moscow
• National Assembly elected Michael Romanov as Tsar
• He was related, through his mother, to the first wife of Ivan IV
Michael Romanov Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)(r. 1613-1645)
Romanov DynastyRomanov Dynasty(1613-1917)(1613-1917)
Romanov Family Romanov Family CrestCrest
The Pendulum The Pendulum of Russian Historyof Russian History
Pro-WestPro-WestFor Progress & ChangeFor Progress & ChangeEncourage New Ideas,Encourage New Ideas,
Technologies, etc.Technologies, etc.
Anti-WestAnti-WestIsolationistIsolationistXenophobicXenophobic
Ultra-ConservativeUltra-Conservative
Most TsarsMost Tsars
Russian Orthodox Russian Orthodox ChurchChurch
MilitaryMilitary
BoyarsBoyars
peasantspeasants
A few TsarsA few Tsars
Intellectual elitesIntellectual elites
Merchants/Merchants/businessmenbusinessmen
Young members of the Young members of the middle class.middle class.
REFORM-MINDEDREFORM-MINDEDLEADERLEADER DEMAGOGUEDEMAGOGUE
Peter the Great Peter the Great (r. 1682-(r. 1682-1725) 1725)
Early Reign• Inherited after the death of his older half-brother, Alexis
I in 1682• Regent was his half sister, Sophia, who ruled for him
until 1689 when she led a rebellion against him and was overthrown
• Reorganized the Russian army – making it more modern• Put down a rebellion of the streltsy• Required nobility, army officers and government officials
to adopt Western dress and customs• War against the Ottoman Empire – not very successful
“The Grand Embassy”• Peter traveled to Europe in an attempt to gain support
for a war against the Ottomans• European rulers not interested – most were involved
with The War of the Spanish Succession at the time• Peter visited Holland and spent time learning how to
build ships by working in a Dutch shipyard• In England he met with King William III and reviewed
the English Royal Navy• Visited Manchester and where he learned techniques of
planning a new city which he later used in the planning and building St. Petersburg
• Visited Leipzig, Dresden and Vienna, where he met the HRE
• In 1698, Peter was forced to return to Russia to put down a rebellion of the streltsy
Peter in the Netherlands learning shipbuilding
Contemplating the Building of St. Petersburg
Founded in 1703 to be the capital of Russia
The Great Northern War• Seeking to control the Baltic Sea, Peter declared war
on Sweden• Battle of Narva – 1701 – Russians defeated during a
snowstorm• Swedes turn their attention to Poland, giving Peter time
to reorganize the Russian army• Swedish king Charles XII invaded Russia in 1706 and
attempted to conquer the Ukraine• Battle of Poltava – major defeat for the Swedes
resulting in the abdication and exile of Charles XII• Peter continued to build his navy, enabling him to
conquer much of Finland by 1714• 1721 Treaty of Nystad ends Great Northern War –
Russia acquires Ingria, Estonia, Livonia and Karelia but returns most of Finland to Sweden
• As a result of this war, Russian has acquired a warm-water port for the Navy
The Taking of Narva, 1704
Peter pacifies his troops and stops the looting and murder
Russia & Sweden After the Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern WarGreat Northern War
Later Years of Peter’s Reign• Proclaimed “Emperor of All Russia” in 1721• Reformed Russian Orthodox Church by establishing
the Holy Synod to rule the church in place of the Patriarch of Moscow – makes Church subservient to State
• Law – no man could enter a monastery before the age of 50 – to encourage enlisting in the military
• Had his wife, Catherine, crowned as Empress in 1724• Executed his son and heir, Alexei, for opposing Peter’s
policies (the son of his first wife, Eudoxia)• 1725 construction completed on the Peterhof Palace
(Peter’s Court”) near St. Petersburg• Summer of 1724 Peter had surgery to alleviate
uremia – blockage of the bladder. The problems were alleviated but returned the next year.
• Died on Feb. 8, 1725 of gangrene in the bladder at the age of 52
Peterhof PalacePeterhof Palace
East Chapel at Peterhof
Throne room
Accomplishments of Accomplishments of Peter the GreatPeter the Great
• Modernized Russia, transforming it into an empire• Discontinues use of the Old Russian Calendar, which
had dated events from the “beginning of the world” and implements the Julian Calendar
• Established the “Table of Ranks” in 1722 which determined precedence among the nobility was determined by service to the State, not by birth
• Decree on Compulsory Education (1714) – children of nobility required to have a basic education in math and science
• Abolished taxes on land and introduced a “head tax” on everyone
• Professional army – into which both nobles and serfs can be conscripted
• Expanded the Navy
• Established School of Navigation and Maths, School of Medicine, School of Engineering and School of Science
• Made education a top priority for members of the upper and middle classes
• Created a state-run newspaper• Fixed prices on many items• Mercantilism• Encouraged the adoption of Western customs and the
French language among the upper classes