Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

Ms. Susan M. PojerMs. Susan M. PojerHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NYHorace Greeley HS Chappaqua, NY

http://people.pppst.com/andrew-jackson.html

Essential Essential Question:Question:Essential Essential Question:Question:

Champion of Champion of the the

“Common “Common Man”?Man”?

““King”King”Andrew?Andrew?

OROR

Jackson is often referred to as the first Jackson is often referred to as the first “modern” president. Explain why this is “modern” president. Explain why this is

the case.the case.

Voting Requirements Voting Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voting Requirements Voting Requirements in the Early 19cin the Early 19c

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Voter Turnout: Voter Turnout: 1820 - 18601820 - 1860

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

Why Increased Why Increased Democratization?Democratization?

3 White male suffrage (?) increasedWhite male suffrage (?) increased

3 Party nominating committees (Replaced Party nominating committees (Replaced caucus)caucus): Put forth better “qualified” : Put forth better “qualified” candidatescandidates

3 Voters chose their state’s slate of Voters chose their state’s slate of Presidential electorsPresidential electors: People felt they : People felt they actually made a differenceactually made a difference

3 Spoils systemSpoils system: More incentive to help and be : More incentive to help and be involvedinvolved

3 Popular campaigning Popular campaigning (parades, rallies, floats, (parades, rallies, floats, etc.)etc.)

3 Two-party system returned in the 1832 Two-party system returned in the 1832 electionelection::

Dem-Reps Dem-Reps Natl. Reps.(1828) Natl. Reps.(1828) Whigs Whigs (1832) (1832) Republicans (1854) Republicans (1854)

Democrats (1828)Democrats (1828)

Democrats• After the War of 1812, the party's chief

rival, the Federalist Party disbanded. Democratic-Republicans split over the choice of a successor to President James Monroe, and the party faction that supported many of the old Jeffersonian principles, led by Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren, became the Democratic Party

Democrats• Dominated American politics during the

Second Party System, from 1832 to the mid-1850s, with such leaders as presidents Andrew Jackson, Martin Van Buren, James K. Polk, and Senator Stephen Douglas, who usually bested the opposition Whig Party by narrow margins, as both parties worked hard to build grass-roots organizations and maximize the turnout of voters.

The Donkey• When Andrew Jackson ran for president in 1828, his

opponents tried to label him a "jackass" for his populist views and his slogan, "Let the people rule." Jackson, however, picked up on their name calling and turned it to his own advantage by using the donkey on his campaign posters. During his presidency, the donkey was used to represent Jackson's stubbornness when he vetoed re-chartering the National Bank.

• http://www.bearkatdemocrats.com/partyhistory.htm

• Thomas Nast will make it more widely know when he used the donkey in a political cartoon (although it is doubtful he had previous knowledge of the use of the donkey as a symbol of the Democratic Party

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage ResidenceHermitage Residence

Jackson’s First Jackson’s First Hermitage ResidenceHermitage Residence

From backwoods of Carolinas: Was known to fight and kill men in duelsLess wealthy and educated than previous presidents: Opened White House for his inauguration party- chairs thrown out of window

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

First Known First Known Painting Painting

of Jackson, 1815of Jackson, 1815

General Jackson General Jackson General Jackson General Jackson

-Gained attention in Battle of New Orleans during the War of 1812

-Only President to serve in both American Revolution and War of 1812

During the Seminole WarsDuring the Seminole Wars• The Seminole Wars, also known as the Florida Wars, were

three conflicts in Florida between the Seminole — the collective name given to the amalgamation of various groups of native Americans and Black people who settled in Florida in the early 18th century — and the United States Army.

• The First Seminole War was from 1814 to 1819 (although sources differ), the Second Seminole War from 1835 to 1842, and the Third Seminole War from 1855 to 1858.

• The first conflict arose out of tensions relating to General Jackson's attack and destruction of Fort Gadsden (AKA: Negro Fort) in Florida in 1816. Jackson also attacked the Spanish at Pensacola. Ultimately, the Spanish Crown ceded the colony to United States rule

The “Common The “Common Man’s”Man’s”

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

The “Common The “Common Man’s”Man’s”

Presidential Presidential CandidateCandidate

Nickname of “Old Hickory” because of his toughness

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Jackson’s Jackson’s Opponents in 1824Opponents in 1824

Henry ClayHenry Clay[KY][KY]

John Quincy John Quincy AdamsAdams[MA][MA]

John C. John C. CalhounCalhoun

[SC][SC]

William H. CrawfordWilliam H. Crawford[GA][GA]

The Corrupt Bargain

• Election of 1824 ended the “Era of Good Feelings”

• There was no clear winner in the There was no clear winner in the electoral college, so the election went electoral college, so the election went to the House of Representativesto the House of Representatives

• Henry Clay threw his support towards J.Q. Adams- not uncommon, but when Adams made Clay his Sec. of State Jackson and his supporters were up in arms- this became known as the Corrupt this became known as the Corrupt BargainBargain

http://bill.ballpaul.net/iaph/main.php?g2_itemId=426

Results of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 ElectionResults of the Results of the 1824 Election1824 Election

AA

““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin?”?”

AA

““CorrCorrupt upt

BargaBargainin?”?”

Election of 1828• Possibly the “dirtiest” election

• Considered first National Election

• Moral Issues: Adams was said to have arranged prostitutes for a Russian Ambassadors / Jackson married his wife before she was divorced

• Jackson: Common Man vs. Adams: “Educated Elite”

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

1828 Election 1828 Election ResultsResults

Rachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel JacksonRachel Jackson

Final Divorce DecreeFinal Divorce Decree

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

Jackson in Jackson in Mourning for His Mourning for His

WifeWife

SPOILS SYSTEM

• Introduced the “Spoils System”

• “To the victory belong the spoils”

• Gave friends and supporters jobs in exchange for their help

• Ensured loyalty to President

• Increased party support = More democratic participation

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

The The “Peggy Eaton “Peggy Eaton Affair”Affair”

•Petticoat Affair•Eventually led to Jackson asking for and

receiving his Cabinet’s resignation•Prior to the mass resignations, he would consult

other friends in what became known as Jackson’s “Kitchen Cabinet”

•Led to the “promotion” of Martin Van Buren

The Center of The Center of Population in thePopulation in theCountry Moves Country Moves

WESTWEST

The Center of The Center of Population in thePopulation in theCountry Moves Country Moves

WESTWEST

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

The New The New “Jackson “Jackson Coalition”Coalition”

3 The Planter Elite in the The Planter Elite in the SouthSouth

3 People on the FrontierPeople on the Frontier

3 State Politicians – State Politicians – Spoils systemSpoils system

3 Immigrants in the Immigrants in the cities.cities.

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”

Jackson’s Faith Jackson’s Faith in the in the “Common “Common

Man”Man”3 Intense distrust of EasternIntense distrust of Eastern“establishment,” “establishment,” monopolies, & special monopolies, & special privilege.privilege.

3 His heart & soul was with His heart & soul was with thethe“plain folk.”“plain folk.”

3 Belief that the common man Belief that the common man was capable of uncommon was capable of uncommon achievements.achievements.

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

The Reign of “King The Reign of “King Mob”Mob”

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Andrew Jackson as Andrew Jackson as PresidentPresident

Indian Policy• For many years, Jackson had protested the practice

of treating with Indian tribes as if they were foreign nations. Jackson did not hate Indians as a race. He was friendly with many individual Indians and had taken home an Indian orphan from the Creek campaign to raise in his household as a companion to his adopted son. But Jackson did believe that Indian civilization was lower than that of whites, and that for their own survival, tribes who were pressed by white settlement must assimilate as individuals or remove to the west out of harm's way.

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal3 Jackson’s GoalJackson’s Goal??

3 1830 1830 Indian Removal Act: Controversial / Indian Removal Act: Controversial / Supported in South / Wanted Cherokee land Supported in South / Wanted Cherokee land in GAin GA

3 Cherokee Nation v. GACherokee Nation v. GA (1831)(1831) ** “domestic dependent nation” “domestic dependent nation”

3 Worcester v. GAWorcester v. GA (1832): (1832): The Supreme Court upheld the tribes' independence from state authority.

3 Legal victories pointed out no practical course of resistance for the tribe to take. Tacitly encouraged by Jackson, Georgia ignored the rulings.

3 Jackson: JJackson: John Marshall ohn Marshall (Chief Justice) “(Chief Justice) “has has made his decision, now let him enforce it!”made his decision, now let him enforce it!”

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

The Cherokee The Cherokee Nation After 1820Nation After 1820

Indian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian RemovalIndian Removal

Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Trail of Tears Trail of Tears (1838-1839)(1838-1839)Name given to forced removal Name given to forced removal

of Indians from land East of of Indians from land East of Mississippi to Oklahoma Mississippi to Oklahoma TerritoryTerritory

Between 15,000 - 17,000 Indians Between 15,000 - 17,000 Indians removed – 4,000 killed (Close to 25 removed – 4,000 killed (Close to 25 %) %)

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

Jackson’s Jackson’s Professed “Love” Professed “Love”

forforNative AmericansNative Americans

The The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne DebateThe The Webster-Webster-Hayne DebateHayne Debate

Sen. Daniel Sen. Daniel WebsterWebster

[MA][MA]

Sen. Robert Sen. Robert

HayneHayne[SC][SC]

The Webster–Hayne debate Webster–Hayne debate was a famous debate in the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs.regarding protectionist tariffs.

1830183018301830 WebsterWebster::

Liberty and Union, now Liberty and Union, now andand forever, one and forever, one and inseparable.inseparable. JacksonJackson:: Our Federal Union—it must Our Federal Union—it must bebe preserved. preserved.

CalhounCalhoun:: The Union, next to our The Union, next to our liberty,liberty, most dear. most dear.

Nullification CrisisNullification Crisis• Jackson supports Tariff (Tax) in 1828: “Tariff of “Tariff of

Abomination” Abomination” and 1832 that angered Southerners:

• South Carolina passed a law “nullifying” (ignoring tariff) and said law was invalid in South Carolina

• Jackson issued a presidential proclamation to S.C. and Congress passed tariff

• Caused rift between Jackson and V.P John C. Calhoun and would foreshadow what was to come- Calhoun will be first VP to resign

• In late February both a Force Bill, authorizing the President to use military forces against South Carolina, and a new negotiated tariff satisfactory to South Carolina were passed by Congress. The South Carolina convention reconvened and repealed its Nullification Ordinance on March 11, 1833.

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

Jackson’s Use of Jackson’s Use of Federal PowerFederal Power

VETOVETOMore than all Presidents More than all Presidents

before him combinedbefore him combined1830 1830 Maysville RoadMaysville Road projectproject in KY [state of his in KY [state of his political rival, Henry political rival, Henry Clay]- He stated using Clay]- He stated using

federal funds for a project federal funds for a project entirely in KY project entirely in KY project

(Lexington (Lexington to Ohio River) was to Ohio River) was unconstitutionalunconstitutional

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

The National Bank The National Bank DebateDebate

NicholasNicholasBiddleBiddle

PresidentPresidentJacksonJackson

BANKWAR

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

Opposition to the Opposition to the 22ndnd B.U.S. B.U.S.

“Soft”(paper) $

“Soft”(paper) $

“Hard”(specie) $

“Hard”(specie) $

3 State bankers State bankers feltfeltit restrained it restrained theirtheirbanks from banks from issuingissuingbank notes bank notes freely.freely.

3 Supported rapid Supported rapid

economic economic growth growth & speculation.& speculation.

3 Felt that coin Felt that coin was was the only safethe only safecurrency.currency.

3 Didn’t like any Didn’t like any bankbankthat issued bankthat issued banknotes.notes.

3 Suspicious of Suspicious of expansion &expansion &speculation.speculation.

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is Destroyed!Destroyed!

The “Monster” Is The “Monster” Is Destroyed!Destroyed!3 ““Pet banks”Pet banks”??

3 1832 1832 Jackson vetoed Jackson vetoed thethe extension of the 2 extension of the 2ndnd National Bank of National Bank of thethe United States. United States.

3 1836 1836 The charter The charter expiredexpired..

3 1841 1841 The bank went The bank went bankrupt! bankrupt!

The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”The Downfall of The Downfall of “Mother Bank”“Mother Bank”

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndrew”w”?: ?: Clay’s Clay’s

supportersupporters called s called him this him this because because

of his of his vetoesvetoes

An An 1832 1832 CartoCartoon:on:

““KingKingAndreAndrew”w”?: ?: Clay’s Clay’s

supportersupporters called s called him this him this because because

of his of his vetoesvetoes

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

1832 Election 1832 Election ResultsResults

MainMainIssueIssue??

WHIGSWHIGS• Considered integral to the Second Party System and

operating from 1833 to the mid-1850s,the party was formed in opposition to the policies of President Andrew Jackson and his Democratic Party. In particular, the Whigs supported the supremacy of Congress over the presidency and favored a program of modernization and economic protectionism. This name was chosen to echo the American Whigs of 1776, who fought for independence and because "Whig" was then a widely recognized label of choice for people who identified as opposing tyranny. The Whig Party counted among its members such national political luminaries as Daniel Webster, William Henry Harrison, and their preeminent leader, Henry Clay of Kentucky. In addition to Harrison, the Whig Party also nominated war heroes generals Zachary Taylor and Winfield Scott. Abraham Lincoln was the chief Whig leader in frontier Illinois.

The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1836) (1836)

The The Specie Specie CircularCircular (1836) (1836)

3 ““Wildcat banks”: Wildcat banks”: Wildcat banking refers to the unusual practices of banks chartered under state law during the periods of non-federally regulated state banking between 1816 and 1863 in the United States, also known as the Free Banking Era.

3 Buy future federalBuy future federalland only with gold orland only with gold orsilver.silver.

3 Jackson’s goalJackson’s goal??

Results of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie CircularResults of the Results of the Specie CircularSpecie Circular$ Banknotes loose their Banknotes loose their value.value.

$ Land sales plummeted.Land sales plummeted.

$ Credit not available.Credit not available.

$ Businesses began to fail.Businesses began to fail.

$ Unemployment rose.Unemployment rose.

The Panic of 1837!The Panic of 1837!

The 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResultsThe 1836 Election The 1836 Election ResultsResults

Martin Van Martin Van BurenBuren

(Former Vice (Former Vice Pres. & Sec. of Pres. & Sec. of

State)State)““Old Old

Kinderhook”Kinderhook”[O. K.][O. K.]

The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!The Panic of 1837 The Panic of 1837 Spreads Quickly!Spreads Quickly!

Albany Regency• Albany Regency, name given, after 1820, to the leaders

of the first political machine, which was developed in New York state by Martin Van Buren. The name derived from the charge that Van Buren's principal supporters, residing in Albany, managed the machine for him while he served in the U.S. Senate. During the Jacksonian period the Regency controlled the Democratic party in New York.

• It was one of the first effective political machines, using the spoils system and rigid party discipline to maintain its control

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Andrew Jackson in Andrew Jackson in RetirementRetirement

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

Photo of Andrew Photo of Andrew Jackson in 1844Jackson in 1844

(one year before his (one year before his death)death)

1767 - 18451767 - 1845