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Crane 101
An introduction to mobile cranes by
Anthony Crane USA
• Overview of recent rule changes
• Scope of new standards
• Crane operations and safety
Cranes & Derricks in Construction
Major changes:
• Ground conditions
• Certified operators
• Qualified riggers, signal persons
• Power line clearance
• Inspections
1b
Cranes & Derricks in Construction
• Equipment types
• Ground conditions
• Assembly/ disassembly
• Power lines, grounding
• Signal persons
• Riggers
• Operator certification/ qualification
• Warning signs, tags
• Fall protection
• Work area controls, hazards
• Inspections
1f
Equipment included
• Articulating cranes (knuckle-boom cranes)
• Crawler cranes
• Floating cranes
• Cranes on barges
• Locomotive cranes
• Mobile cranes (wheel-mounted, rough-terrain, all-terrain, commercial truck-mounted, and boom truck cranes)
2a
Equipment covered
• Multi-purpose machines when configured to hoist and lower (by a winch or hook) and horizontally move a suspended load
• Tower cranes
• Dedicated pile drivers
• Service/mechanic trucks with a hoisting device
• Derricks
2b
Equipment excluded
• Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader backhoes, track loaders. Also excluded when used with chains, slings, or other rigging to lift suspended loads
• Automotive wreckers/tow trucks used to clear wrecks/haul vehicles
2c
Equipment excluded
• Digger derricks used for augering holes for poles carrying electric and telecommunication lines
• Powered industrial trucks except when configured to hoist and lower (by means of a winch or hook) and horizontally move suspended load
2d
Equipment excluded
• Mechanic’s truck with a hoisting device when used in activities related to equipment maintenance and repair
• Machinery that hoists by using a come-a-long or chainfall
2e
Equipment excluded
• Certain material delivery equipment
– Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver material to a construction site when used to transfer materials from the truck crane to the ground, without arranging the materials in a particular sequence for hoisting
2f
Ground conditions
Definitions:
• Ground conditions
• Supporting materials
Problems:
• Lack of knowledge
• Lack of expertise
3a
Ground conditions
Safe ground conditions:
• Firm
• Drained
• Graded
• Crane’s “degree of level” is met
3b
Assembly/disassembly
Directed by a person who meets criteria for:
• competent person, and
• qualified person
Assembly/disassembly (A/D) director must understand applicable A/D procedures
4a
A/D training
Training before A/D operations begin
Crew members must understand:
• Their tasks
• Associated hazards
• Hazardous positions/locations to avoid
4b
Assembly/disassembly
When movement of the equipment (or load) could injure employees
Employees must inform the crane operator before they go
• In, on, or under the equipment or load
• Out of operator’s view
4c
A/D power line clearance
• Up to 350 kV
• Clearance distance —20 feet
• Unless using one of the options below
1. Deenergize and ground
2. Preventing encroachment
3. Follow table A clearance
7a
Table A minimum clearance
7b
Voltage (nominal, kV) Min. Clearance Dist. (feet)
Up to 50 10
Over 50 to 200 15
Over 200 to 350 20
Over 350 to 500 25
Over 500 to 750 35
Over 750 to 1,000 45
Over 1,000 Established by utility owner/operator or registered PE
Power line safety—during operation—up to 350 kV
Up to 350 kV, clearance distance—20 feet
Operating closer, use Options 1, 2, 3:
1. Deenergize and ground
2. Prevent encroachment
3. Follow table A clearance
8a
Recommended evacuation procedure
Crane operator should remain inside the cab until the lines have been de-energized.
All personnel should keep away from the crane, ropes, and load
Operator should remove the crane from contact by reversing direction
15a
Signal person
Needed when:
• Load is not in full view of operator
• Equipment is traveling (obstructed view)
• Operator determines necessary
Only one person gives signals
16a
Signal person
• Evaluated by:
– Third party qualified evaluator—portable
– Employer’s qualified evaluator—not portable
• Pass oral or written test and practical test
• Documentation needed:
– Type of signaling qualified in
16b
Signal person
• Know/understand type of signals used:
– Hand signals—standard method
• Competent in use
• Understand equipment operation:
– Limitations
– Swinging/stopping loads
– Boom deflection
16c
Signal person
• Signals must be continuous
• Operator must obey signal to stop
• Voice signals must be agreed upon in advance
• Post hand signal charts on equipment or nearby
16d
Stop/emergency signal
Anyone aware of safety problem must alert operator or signal person
Operator must obey stop or emergency signal
Operator has authority to stop operation
17a
Qualified riggers
• For assembly/disassembly work
• When workers are within fall zone
– Hooking
– Unhooking
– Guiding a load
– Doing initial connection of load
18a
Qualified riggers
• Meets qualified person criteria
– Recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing
– Extensive knowledge, training, experience
– Demonstrates ability to solve load rigging problems
18b
Qualified riggers
• NOT required to be certified or assessed by third party
• Employers determine qualification
• Qualification is not portable
• No documentation required
18c
Qualified/certified crane operator
• State/government licensing was effective Nov. 8, 2010
• Other certification/qualification effective Nov. 10, 2014*
19a
Qualified/certified crane operator
• Except
– Sideboom cranes
– Equipment capacity 2,000 lbs. or less
– Derricks (unless digger derrick used for installing electric line poles)
• Must meet minimum expertise criteria in subpart CC
19b
Qualified/certified crane operator
• Certification
– Written exam
– Practical exam
• Certified for type and capacity of crane
• Valid for 5 years
19d
Qualified/certified crane operator
Four qualification/certification options
1. Certification from accredited crane operator testing organization
2. Qualification from employer through audited employer program
3. Qualification from US military
4. Licensing by state/local government (meets minimum OSHA requirements)
19e
Warning signs or tags
• Tagging out-of-service equipment
– Tag placed on cab
• Tagging out-of-service function
– Tag placed conspicuously near switch, knob, lever
20a
Fall protection
• Falls occur
– During assembly/disassembly
– During access to/from work stations
– On tower crane walkways
21a
Fall protection
• Types of fall protection
– Fall protection equipment
– Fall restraint system
• Same type of fall protection equipment required under other OSHA standards
21b
Fall protection
• Exceptions
– Operators moving to and from cab
– Employees on decks
21c
Fall protection
During A/D operations:
• Use fall protection on walking/working surface 15 feet or more above lower level
• Except
– Near draw works (equipment running)
– In cab
– On the deck
21d
Fall protection
During non-A/D operations:
• Use fall protection equipment
– When moving point-to-point on
• Non-lattice booms
• Lattice booms, not horizontal
• Horizontal lattice booms when fall is 15 ft or more
– At work station,
• Except near draw works (equipment running), in cab, on the deck
21e
Work area control
Struck by or pinch/crush hazards:
• Struck by the rotating superstructure
• Crushed against another part of the crane or against another object by rotating superstructure
22a
Work area control
• Install control lines, warning lines, railings
• “Danger-Swing/Crush Zone” warning
• Train employees
22b
Work area control
Inform the crane operator before you go:
• In, on, or under the equipment or load
• Out of operator’s view
22c
Crane inspection
• Prevent injuries, fatalities
• Done by “competent person” and/or “qualified person”
23a
Crane inspection
1. Modified equipment
2. Repaired/adjusted equipment
3. Post-assembly
4. Each shift
5. Monthly
6. Annual
7. Wire rope/safety devices/operational aids
23b
Crane inspection—each shift
Each shift:
• Begin visual inspection prior to each shift the equipment will be used
• Must be completed before or during that shift
• Consist of observation for apparent deficiencies
23c
Crane inspection—monthly
Monthly:
• Identical in coverage to the shift inspection
• Document the inspection/retain for 3 months
• Documentation must show the:
– Items checked/results of inspection
– Name/signature of person
– Date it was done
23d
Crane inspection—annual
• Ensures thorough, comprehensive inspection
• Detect/address deficiencies that might not be found in each shift/monthly inspections
• Performed by a qualified person
• Disassembly of equipment may be needed
23e
Crane inspection—wire rope
• Wire rope
• Safety devices
• Operational aids
24a
