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AIR POLLUTION
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Air pollution
Air pollution occurs when the air contains gases, dust, fumes orodor in harmful amounts.
It could be harmful to the health or comfort of humans and animalsor which could cause damage to plants and materials.
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Pollutants
The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. Pollutants that are pumped into our atmosphere and directly
pollute the air are called primary pollutants.
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Primary and Secondary pollutants
Primary pollutant examples include carbon monoxide from carexhausts and sulfur dioxide from the combustion of coal.
Pollution can arise if primary pollutants in the atmosphereundergo chemical reactions.
The resulting compounds are called secondary pollutants.Photochemical smog is an example of this.
Examples are gaseous discharges from industry and motorvehicles and wind-blown dust and smoke from fires.
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Historical explanation of air pollution
In the days before the proliferation of large cities and industry,nature's own systems kept the air fairly clean. Wind mixed anddispersed the gases, rain washed the dust and other easilydissolved substances to the ground and plants absorbed carbondioxide and replaced it with oxygen.
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Historical explanation of air pollution
With increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, humans startedto release more wastes into the atmosphere than nature could copewith.
Since then, more pollution has been added to the air by industrial,commercial and domestic sources.
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Main Pollutants in the Philippines
Motor vehicles comprises 80% of the pollution jeepneys, buses, and tricycles-inefficient emission systems
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Generally any substance that
people introduce into theatmosphere that has damagingeffects on living things and the
environment is considered airpollution.
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The largest amounts of air pollutioncome from human activity
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Air Pollution Causes:
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IndustriesSector Air Pollutants Emitted
Biofuel Combustion MostlyCO;
also SO2 and NOx
Industry & RefineriesMostly SO2 and NOx;
also CO
Power Generation
Mostly SO2 and NOx;
also CO
Residential and CommercialSector
Mostly SO2 and CO;also NOx
Road, Rail, Air & OtherTransport
Mostly NOx and CO;also SO2
Air pollutants are basically the wasteproducts generated by the above
mentioned economic sectors.
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Carbon dioxide
the main pollutant that is
warming Earth
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Widely considered to be a pollutant
when associated with:
cars
planes power plants human activities that involve theburning of fossil fuels such as gasolineand natural gas.
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Methane
comes from such sources as:
-swamps-gas emitted by livestock
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Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)
used in refrigerants and aerosolpropellants
they were banned because of theirdeteriorating effect on Earth's ozonelayer.
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Sulfur dioxide
a component of smog.
Sulfur dioxide and closely related chemicalsare known primarily as a cause of acid rain
Volcanic eruptions can spew massiveamounts of sulfur dioxide into the
atmosphere
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Power generation (public electricity & heatproduction) is by far the largest industry for global SO2emissions.
Power plantsCoal Burning
Industry (manufacturing industries & construction) isthe second biggest source of sulfur dioxide emissionsglobally.
Non-ferrous metals production is the third largestsource of SO2 emissions.
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Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
are produced by combustion of allfossil fuels including coal- and gas-fired power stations and motor
vehicles.
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Two main nitrogen oxides:
nitric oxide (NO) -colorless gas
nitrogen dioxide (NO2)-gas of reddish-brown color with a distinct sharp, bitingodor.
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Road transport is the biggestglobal contributor of nitrogenemissions produced by motor
fuel combustion.
Others: Power generation
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Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Deforestation by means of fires(plus other wildfires) - biggest source of
carbon monoxide emissions.
Others: road transport
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Other Air Pollutants
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Airborne Particles- are tiny fragments ofsolid or liquid nature suspended in the air(aerosols).
Inhalation of airborne particles may lead to
asthma, lung cancer and other problems.
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Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)
may include a wide range of organic airpollutants, from pure hydrocarbons topartially oxidized hydrocarbons to organic
compounds containing chlorine, sulfur, ornitrogen.
may affect human health directly (ex.,leukemia)
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Persistent Organic Pollutants
(POPs)
- compounds which are resistant todegradation and persistent in theenvironment, and may include
dioxins, furans, polychlorinatedbiphenyls (PCBs) andorganochlorine pesticides such as
DDT.
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Natural Air Pollution Causes
-are mostly forest fires andvolcano eruptions but may alsoinclude vegetation (ex., forests),
oceans and decay processes insoil.
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Air Pollution Effects
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Sulfur Dioxide
Irritation of eyes, nose, throat; damage tolungs when inhaledAcute and chronic asthmaBronchitis and emphysema (as a resultof synergy between SO2 and suspended
particulate matter)Lung cancer
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Nitrogen Dioxide
Increased incidence of respiratory illnessIncreased airway resistance (due toinflammation)
Damage to lung tissueChronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD(narrowing of the airways)Emphysema (as part of COPD)Pulmonary edema (accumulation of excessivefluid in the lungs)Infant and cardiovascular death
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Carbon Monoxide
Toxicity of the central nervous systemand heart
Headaches, dizziness, nausea andunconsciousnessLoss of visionDecreased muscular coordinationAbdominal pain
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Severe effects on the baby of apregnant womanImpaired performance on simple
psychological tests and arithmetic; lossof judgment of timeIn cases of prolonged exposure to high
CO concentrations, unconsciousness,convulsions and death would occur
O Eff t
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Ozone Effects
Burning nose and watering eyesTightening of the chestCoughing, wheezing and throat irritation
Rapid, shallow, painful breathingSusceptibility to respiratory infectionsInflammation and damage to the lining of
the lungsAggravation of asthmaFatigue
Cancer
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Ammonia Effects
Livestock farming, animal waste and
fertilizer application are the biggestsources of atmospheric ammoniaemissions
On the respiratory system:
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On the respiratory system:
Nose & throat irritation and burns (their severity
increasing with the increased ammoniaconcentrations)Swelling of the throat and airways; airways
destructionPulmonary edemaChronic lung disease
CoughAsthmaLung fibrosisInhaling large amounts of ammonia can be fatal
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On the skin & eyes:
Skin burnsSkin conditions, ex. dermatitis
Burning sensation in the eyesUlceration & perforation of thecornea (can occur months afterexposure); blindnessCataracts & glaucoma
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Volatile Organic Compounds
Tiredness, vertigo, drowsiness,dizziness, nausea, confusion,unconsciousness
Tiredness
AnemiaBone marrow damage
Liver damage
Dysfunction of the central nervous system:
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Dysfunction of the central nervous system:Behavioral problems
Memory lossDisturbance of the circadian rhythmCardiovascular diseases
Cancer; specifically leukemiaAbnormal changes in fetus development,birth defects
VOCs also contribute to sick buildingsyndrome indoorsAs facilitators in ozone formation, VOCs may
indirectly contribute to respiratory problems
Ai b P ti l
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Airborne Particles
Increased respiratory symptoms (ex.
irritation of the airways, coughing, difficultybreathing)
Decreased lung functionAggravated asthmaChronic bronchitis
Irregular heartbeatNonfatal heart attacksPremature death in people with heart or lung
disease
Th g h ff t
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The greenhouse effect
- is a life-threatening global phenomenon thatis the creation of air pollutants. Thisphenomenon is the result of the trapped
greenhouse gases in the upper atmosphere.Accumulation of carbon dioxide gas, methane,nitrogen oxides, hydrofluorocarbons,
perfluorocarbons and chlorofluorocarbonshave brought on a major climate change,increased acidity of ocean waters and major
modifications in marine ecosystems.
Glob l W i g
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Global Warming
The main cause of global warming is the burning offossil fuels, especially petroleum, in automobileand plane engines, and coal, in the manufacturingof electricity and as an industrial fuel source.
The resulting gases, called greenhouse gases, riseinto the atmosphere, where they trap the sun's
heat.
A id R i
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Acid Rain
Acid rain is any precipitation that contains highlevels of nitric and sulfuric acid. Volcanoes androtting vegetation can cause acid rain, but the mainculprits, by far, are fossil fuels, especially coal andpetroleum.
When these are burned, they release sulfur
dioxide, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide into theatmosphere. Winds can spread these acidshundreds of miles. When they fall as precipitation,
they increase the acidity of lakes, rivers, streams
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Many marine animals cannot live inacidic conditions, which affects theentire food chain.
On land, soils are affected, in turnaffecting trees and plants, making it
harder for them to take up water andwithstand cold, disease and insects.
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Smog-comes from mixing the words
smoke and fog.
It is that darkish, lingering cloud that
can be seen in big cities, especially insummer. It is a mixture of ozone fromburnt fossil fuels, water vapor and
airborne particles.
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Smog forms when these chemicals mixwith heat and sunlight.
In winter, the smog is thicker, as the
cooler winter air holds the particles andgases lower to the ground. This type ofsmog killed 4,000 people in a five-day
period in London in 1952.
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PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a
balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm andharmony of nature
The State shall promote and protect the global environment to
attain sustainable development while recognizing the primaryresponsibility of local government units to deal with environmentalproblems.
The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitatand environment is primarily area-based.
The State also recognizes the principle that polluters must pay.
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PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 19. Pollution From Stationary Sources.- The Department shall,
within two (2) years from the effectivity of this Act, and every two(2) years thereafter, review, or as the need therefore arises, reviseand publish emission standards, to further improve the emissionstandards for stationary sources of air pollution.
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PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 20. Ban on Incineration.- Incineration, hereby defined as the
burning of municipal, biomedical and hazardous waste, whichprocess emits poisonous and toxic fumes is hereby prohibited
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PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 21. Pollution from Motor Vehicles.- a) The DOTC shall
implement the emission standards for motor vehicles set pursuantto and as provided in this Act. To further improve the emissionstandards, the Department shall review, revise and publish thestandards every two (2) years, or as the need arises. It shall
consider the maximum limits for all major pollutants to ensuresubstantial improvement in air quality for the health, safety andwelfare of the general public
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PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999
Type of Vehicle CO (g/km) HC+Nox (g/km) Pma (g/km)Light 2.72 0.97 0.14Light Commercial (1250 but 1700)) 6.9 1.7 0.25Heavy 4.5 9.1 0.36
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PHILIPPINE CLEAN AIR ACT OF 1999 SEC. 24. Pollution from smoking.- Smoking inside a public building
or an enclosed public place including public vehicles and othermeans of transport or in any enclosed area outside of ones private
residence, private place of work or any duly designated smokingarea is hereby prohibited under this Act. This provision shall be
implemented by the LGUs.
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WATER POLLUTION
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Environmental pollution is the contamination of the physicaland biological components of the earth/atmosphere system tosuch an extent that normal environmental processes areadversely affected.
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Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into theenvironment that cause harm or discomfort to living organisms,or that damage the environment which can come in the form ofchemical substances, or energy such as noise, heat or light.
Pollutants can be naturally occurring substances or energies, butare considered contaminants when in excess of natural levels.
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History
Throughout history, the quality of drinking water has been afactor in determining human welfare.
Fecal pollution of drinking water has frequently causedwaterborne diseases that have decimated the populations of
whole cities
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Currently, waterborne toxic chemicals pose the greatest threatto the safety of water supplies in industrialized nations.
In some areas, the quality of groundwater is subject to a numberof chemical threats.
Since World War II, there has been a tremendous growth in themanufacture and use of synthetic chemicals. Many of thechemicals have contaminated water supplies.
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CAUSES OF WATER
POLLUTION
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ELEMENTAL POLLUTANTS
Trace element is a term that refers to those elements that occurat very low levels of a few parts per million or less in a givensystem.
heavy metals are among the most harmful of the elemental
pollutants and are of particular concern because of theirtoxicities to humans. These elements are, the transition metals,and some of the representative elements, such as lead and tin, inthe lower right-hand corner of the periodic table
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Metalloids, elements on the borderline between metals and non-metals, are significant water pollutants. Arsenic, selenium, andantimony are of particular interest.
Inorganic chemicals manufacture has the potential to
contaminate water with trace elements.
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HEAVY METALS
Cadmium
cadmium in water may arise from industrial discharges and miningwastes.
The effects of acute cadmium poisoning in humans are veryserious. Among them are high blood pressure, kidney damage,destruction of testicular tissue, and destruction of red bloodcells.
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Lead
Inorganic lead arises from a number of industrial and mining sources.
In addition to pollutant sources, lead-bearing limestone contribute leadto natural waters in some locations.
Acute lead poisoning in humans may cause severe dysfunction ofthe kidney, reproductive system, liver, brain, and central nervoussystem leading to sickness or death.
Mild lead poisoning causes anemia. The victim may haveheadaches and sore muscles, and may feel generally fatiguedand irritable.
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Mercury
Mercury enters the environment from the human use of the element.These include discarded laboratory chemicals, batteries, brokenthermometers, amalgam tooth fillings.
The toxicological effects of mercury are neurological damage,including irritability, paralysis, blindness, or insanity;chromosome breakage; and birth defects.
The milder symptoms of mercury poisoning such as depressionand irritability have a psychopathological character.
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INORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Cyanide
Cyanide is widely used in industry.
It is also one of the main gas and coke scrubber effluent pollutants fromgas works and coke ovens.
Cyanide is widely used in certain mineral-processing operations.
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Ammonia
Excessive levels of ammoniacal nitrogen cause water-quality problems.
Itis the initial product of the decay of nitrogenous organic wastes, andits presence indicates the presence of such wastes.
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Hydrogen sulfide
a product of the anaerobic decay of organic matter containing sulfur.
produced in the anaerobic reduction of sulfate by microorganisms andis evolved as a gaseous pollutant from geothermal waters.
Wastes from chemical plants, paper mills, textile mills, and tanneriesmay also contain H2S
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carbon dioxide
is frequently present in water at high levels due to decay of organicmatter.
It is also added to softened water during water treatment as part of a
recarbonation proces. Excessive carbon dioxide levels may make water more corrosive,
therefore, damaging to water distribution systems, and may be harmfulto aquatic life.
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ORGANIC POLLUTANTS
Sewage
From domestic, commercial, food-processing, and industrial sourcescontains a wide variety of pollutants, including organic pollutants.
Some of these pollutants, particularly oxygen-demanding substances
oil, grease, and solidsare removed by primary and secondary sewage-treatment processes.
Salts, heavy metals, and refractory (degradation-resistant) organics, arenot efficiently removed.
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Waterborne diseases caused by polluted water
Rashes, ear ache, pink eye
Respiratory infections
Hepatitis, encephalitis, gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, vomiting, andstomach aches
Conditions related to water polluted by
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Conditions related to water polluted bychemicals
Cancer, incl. prostate cancer and non-Hodgkins lymphoma
Hormonal problems that can disrupt reproductive anddevelopmental processes
Damage to the nervous system
Liver and kidney damage Damage to the DNA
Exposure to mercury (heavy metal):
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Water pollution may also result from interactions between waterand contaminated soil, as well as from deposition of aircontaminants (such as acid rain)
Damage to people may be caused by fish foods coming from
polluted water (a well known example is high mercury levels infish)
Damage to people may be caused by vegetable crops grown /washed with polluted water.
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DOH Policies
Republic Act 9275: The Philippine Clean Water Act
Enacted in 2004
The Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004 aims to protect thecountrys water bodies from pollution from land -based sources(industries and commercial establishments, agriculture and
community/household activities).
It provides for a comprehensive and integrated strategy toprevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral andparticipatory approach involving all the stakeholders
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Other policies
AO 18A s. 1993 Standards of quality and Requirements for theProvision, Packaging and Labeling of Bottled Water
AO 2007 0012 Philippine National Standards for Drinking Water
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DOH Programs and Projects
Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig Para sa Lahat (Salintubig) Project
In December 2010, the DILG entered into a Memorandum ofAgreement (MOA) with DOH and NAPC for the implementation
of the Provision for Water Supply, also known as the Sagana atLigtas na Tubig Sa Lahat Program.
The Program is designed to provide water supply systems for the455 waterless municipalities, waterless barangays, waterlesshealth centers, and waterless resettlement sites; and enhancethe capacity of the LGUs/water service providers in the planning,implementation, and operation of water supply facilities
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Other Programs and Projects
Water and Sanitation Programs
Water Safety Plan Project
Household Water Treatment and Safe Storage