Name:Class:

Unit I: Psychology’s History and ApproachesWhat is Psychology?

What are four questions early thinkers wondered?

Socrates and Plato concluded that:

Aristotle disagreed with Socrates and Plato. What did he say about knowledge?

According to Descartes, what was his conclusion in the relationship between the brain and muscles?

_________________________ was the English philosopher that believed the human mind at birth is a blank slate, or tabula rasa.

a. He also founded empiricism, which is:

Who founded the first psychological laboratory in 1879?_________________________________

Structralism

How is this related to introspection?

What were the criticisms of structuralism?

Functionalism

The first female president American Psychological Association was:__________________________

The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology was:______________________________

Define experimental psychologists:

1

Development of Modern Psychology

Identify the main focus of study of the following people:a. Ivan Pavlov –

b. Sigmund Freud –

c. Jean Piaget –

Define behaviorism (behaviorists): a. How did John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner define psychology?

Define humanistic psychology (humanism)

What was the humanistic emphasis of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow?

What is cognitive neuroscience?

Today, how is psychology defined?

What is behavior?

What are mental processes?

Contemporary Psychology What is the nature – nurture issue?

What is natural selection?

Who proposed this idea?

Define levels of analysis:

2

Describe the three levels:Biological influences:

Psychological influences:

Socio-cultural influences:

Describe the focus of the following approaches. How does each perspective attempt to study and explain human behavior? Biological- (Neuroscience)

Evolutionary

Psychodynamic- (Psychoanalytical)

Behavioral

Cognitive

Humanistic

Social-cultural- (Cross-cultural)

Jobs and Subfields

Biological psychologists –

Development psychologists –

Cognitive psychologists –

3

Educational psychologists –

Personality psychologists –

Social psychologists –

Industrial-organizational psychologists –

Human factors psychologists –

Counseling psychologists –

Clinical psychologists –

4

Psychiatrists –

5

Unit II – Research MethodsSection 1 – The Need of Psychological Science

Define hindsight bias and give an example.

a. How is hindsight bias related to intuition?

How does overconfidence affect our everyday thinking?

a. How does hindsight bias and overconfidence relate to intuition?

What are the 3 main components of the scientific attitude?

What is critical thinking?

Section 2 – How Do Psychologists Ask and Answer Questions?What is the scientific method?

What is a theory?

What is a hypothesis?

What are operational definitions? How do they keep biases in check?

What is replication? How is related to psychological research?

6

A theory is useful if:a.

b.

What is a case study?

a. What do they often suggest?

b. How can they sometimes be misleading?

What is a survey?

a. Explain the wording effect of a survey.

b. Describe random sampling in terms of the representative sample.

Define population –

Define random sample –

What are naturalistic observations?

Case studies, surveys, and naturalistic observations do not explain behavior, but rather

__________________ behavior.

What is correlation?7

a. What is a correlation coefficient?

b. What are scatterplots?

c. What is a positive correlation? A negative correlation? Give examples for each.

What is “the point to remember” in regards to a correlation coefficient?

What is an illusory correlation? Provide an example.

How do psychologists isolate cause and effect?

Explain random assignment.

How is an experiment different from correlational studies?

What is a double-blind procedure?

What is the placebo effectt

8

What is an experimental group?

What is a control group?

Why do researchers randomly assign people to these conditions?

In terms of experiments, define:

Independent variable

Confounding variable

Dependent variable

Section 3 – Statistical Reasoning in Everyday LifeWhat is “the point to remember” about statistics?

What is meant by measure of central tendency? a. mode

b. median

c. mean

9

What is meant by variation? What scores are more reliable – those with low variability or high variability?

Define range –

Define standard deviation

What is the normal curve?

What is statistical significance?

Section 4 – Frequently Asked Questions About PsychologyWhat is the purpose of an experiment?

Why do psychologists experiment/study animals?

What two issues emerge debating experimentation on animals?

a.

b.

What are the four ethical principles established when experimenting with people?

a.

b.

c.

10

d.

11

Unit III: Biological Bases of Psychology What is biological psychology?

Part 1 – Neural CommunicationWhy is it a benefit that there is not much difference between the brains of humans and animals?

Define neurons.

a. sensory neurons –

b. motor neurons –

c. interneurons -d. dendrite -e. axon –f. myelin sheath –

How is the myelin sheath related to multiple sclerosis?

g. action potential –

h. Using the terms ions, resting potential, and selectively permeable, describe the chemical events that allow neurons to fire.

i. How do the security parameters changes when a neuron fires (include the term depolarize)? How often can this process repeat?

j. What are excitatory signals and what are inhibitory signals? What is threshold?

What is a synapse?

Using the terms neurotransmitters and reuptake, describe the how neurons send information across the synaptic gap.

How can neurotransmitters influence our motions and our emotions?

What discovery was made by Candace Pert and Solomon Snyder in regards to neurotransmitters?

What are endorphins and give an example of what they can do?

12

What happens when the brain is “flooded” with opiate drugs such as heroin and morphine?

What is the difference between an agonist and an antagonist?

Part 2 – The Nervous SystemWhat is the nervous system?

What is the peripheral nervous system?

a. somatic nervous system –

b. autonomic nervous system –

sympathetic nervous system –

parasympathetic nervous system –

What is the central nervous system?

a. Approximately how many neurons in the central nervous system?b. What are neural networks?

c. Neurons that ____________ together ___________ wire together, helping learning occur.d. What is the spinal cord and how does it work?

e. How do spinal reflex pathways work?

g. What happens if the spinal cord is severed?

Part 3 – The Endocrine SystemWhat is the endocrine system?

a. What are hormones?

What happens when they act on the brain?

b. How is the endocrine system similar to the nervous system?

13

Different from the nervous system?

c. What are adrenal glands?

d. What aspects of our lives are influenced by the endocrine’s system of hormones?

e. What is the pituitary gland? Why is it the most influential endocrine gland?

The BrainSection 1 – The Tools of Discovery: Having Our Head Examined

What is a lesion?

How else can scientists observe brain functions?

What is an electroencephalogram (EEG) and for what purpose is it used?

Describe the purpose of the following neuroimaging techniques:

a. CT (computed tomography) scan

b. PET (positron emission tomography) scan

c. MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)

d. fMRI (functional MRI)

Section 2 – Older Brain StructuresWhat makes the brain of advanced mammals more complex?

14

Describe the location AND the function of the following older brain structures:

Brainstem

Medulla

Reticular formation

Thalamus

Cerebellum

Pons

What is the limbic system?

What is the amygdala? Is this the only area that controls rage and fear? Explain.

What is the hypothalamus?

- Why is it referred to as the reward center?

- What is reward deficiency syndrome?

Section 3 – The Cerebral CortexWhat is the cerebellum and what is its purpose?

Describe the cerebral cortex.

15

What happens to the cerebral cortex as we “move up the ladder of animal life”?

The ________________ ________________ supports the billions of nerve cells in the cerebral cortex, providing nutrients, insulating myelin, and guiding neural connections.

Describe the function of the four lobes located in each of the brain’s two hemispheres:

frontal lobe –

parietal lobe –

occipital lobe –

temporal lobe –

What is the motor cortex?

What body areas occupied the greatest amount of cortical space? Why?

Is it possible to move prosthetics just by thinking? Explain.

What is the sensory cortex?

What is the relationship between the sensitivity of a body region and the size of the sensory cortex area devoted to it?

What additional areas provide input to the cortex besides touch?

16

What are association areas?

How are association areas different than sensory and motor areas?

What do association areas in the frontal lobes enable?

What happens if there is frontal lobe damage?

What other mental functions are accomplished through association areas?

What is aphasia and what can cause it?

What is the “big point to remember” regarding language?

What is plasticity?

When are our brains most plastic?

Why is brain plasticity good news for those who are blind or deaf?

When is plasticity especially evident? Explain/give examples.

What is neurogenesis?

17

Section 4 – Our Divided BrainThe hemispheric specialization of the brain is called ___________________________.

What did neurosurgeons Vogel and Bogen speculate?

What is the corpus callosum?

What is a split brain? What happens when there is a split brain? (examples)

What happens when the “two minds” are at odds?

When is the left hemisphere more active? When is the right hemisphere more active?

Section 5 – Right-Left Differences in the Intact BrainIndicate various functions performed by each side of the brain.

right brain –

left brain –

Section 6 – The Brain and ConsciousnessWhat is consciousness?

What is the so-called “hard problem” in regards to consciousness?18

What is cognitive neuroscience?

What is dual processing?

What is the “big idea” in terms of consciousness?

Genetics, Evolutionary Psychology, and BehaviorSection 1 – Behavior Genetics: Predicting Individual Differences

Define behavior genetics:

Define environment:

What are chromosomes and how many do we have?

a. How many are donated by each parent?

What is DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)?

What are genes?

What is the difference between an active gene and an inactive gene?

What are genomes?

What are some examples of traits influenced by genes?

19

How are identical twins different from fraternal twins?

Shared genes can translate into ___________ _____________________.

Are identical twins more behaviorally more similar than fraternal twins? Explain.Who was the first researcher to study twins reared apart? What did he find through his continued research of twins reared apart?

What are some criticisms of Bouchard’s studies?

How does adoption create a second type of real-life experiment?

What is the effect of the adoptive families on the adoptees’ personality?

In what areas are adopted children influenced by their adoptive parents?

What is heritability? What point does Myers (the author) stress about heritability?

What would happen as environments become more similar?

How do genes and environment (nature and nurture) work together? (describe using the term self-regulating)

20

What causes human differences?

In terms of genes and experience, what is interaction? List an example.

Myers says forget nature v. nurture, instead think _____________ ____ ______________.

What is molecular genetics?

What is the goal of molecular behavior genetics?

Section 2 - Evolutionary Psychology: Understanding Human NatureWhat is the focus of evolutionary psychologists?

What is natural selection?What are mutations?

What does evolutionary psychologist Steven Pinker say about shared human traits?

What are five questions addressed by evolutionary psychologists? a. b. c. d. e.

In terms of mating preferences, what do men look for and why? What do women look for and why?

What are some criticisms of the evolutionary perspective?

21

Section 3 - Reflections on Nature and Nurture What is the “great truth” about human nature?

22

Unit VI: Sensation and Perception

Basic Principles of Sensation and Perception Sensation:

Perception:

Bottom-Up Processing:

Top-Down Processing:

Describe an example that illustrates the difference between sensation and perception:

A. Selective Attention Selective Attention:

o Example:

o Cocktail Party Effect:

o What does selective attention mean for how you should study? (or even do this reading guide?!)

o Inattentional blindness:

o Change blindness:

B. Transduction What are the 3 steps that are basic to all our sensory systems? All our senses…

Tranduction:

Psychophysics:

C. Thresholds

Absolute Thresholds

o Example:

Signal Detection Theory:

o Example: Subliminal:

23

Priming:

o Example:

Difference Threshold (just noticeable difference):

Weber’s Law:

D. Sensory Adaptation Sensory Adaptation:

o Example:

Why do we have sensory adaptation—what is its important benefit?

Influences on Perception Perceptual Set:

o Example:

Extrasensory perception(ESP):

Parapsychology:

After reading the section “Thinking Critically About ESP”, do you believe that ESP exists? Why/Why not?

Vision A. The Stimulus Input: Light Energy

Wavelength determines what? Hue:

Amplitude determines what? Intensity:

B. The Eye Cornea: Pupil:

Iris:

Lens:

Retina:

24

o Accommodation:

o Rods:

o Cones:

o Bipolar Cells:

o Ganglion Cells:

Optic Nerve:

Blind Spot:

Fovea:

C. Visual Information Processing After being processed in the retina, the optic nerve carries vision information to what part of the

brain?

Feature Detectors (Hubel & Wiesel):

Parallel Processing:

o Example:

D. Color Vision Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory:

o 3 colors our eyes are sensitive to:

o According to this theory, what causes colorblindness?

Opponent-Process Theory (by Hering):

o 3 sets of colors:

o Afterimages:

Visual Organization and Interpretation A. Visual Organization

Gestalt: What is the fundamental truth underlying all of the Gestalt principles?

Figure-ground:

Grouping:

25

aka. our brain is amazing!!

Gestalt Grouping Principle

Definition Draw an example

Proximity

Continuity

Closure

Depth Perception:

Visual Cliff:

What did the visual cliff experiments demonstrate—is depth perception learned or not?

Binocular Depth Cues:

o Retinal Disparity:

Monocular Depth Cues:

o Relative Height:

o Relative Size:

o Interposition:

o Relative Motion:

o Linear Perspective:

o Light and Shadow:

Phi Phenomenon:

Perceptual Constancy:

o Examples:

Color Constancy:

26

*comparisons govern our perceptions

Example of size constancy:

Example of shape constancy:

Perceptual Adaptation:

o Example:

Hearing Audition:

A. The Stimulus Input: Sound Waves Amplitude determines what? Frequency determines what? What is sound measured in?

B. The Ear Outer Ear: Eardrum:

Middle Ear: 3 bones in middle ear:

Inner Ear: cochlea:

Summary of hearing: Vibrations cause the cochlea’s membrane to shake. This causes ripples in the ____________, bending the ____________ lining its surface. Hair cells convert the messages into neurons that are then sent by the ____________ to the thalamus, then onto the _________ cortex in the _________lobe.

What is the difference between sensorineural hearing loss and conduction hearing loss?

Way to fix hearing problems: Cochlear implant:

How do we interpret loudness of a sound?

How do we perceive pitch?o Place Theory:

o Frequency Theory:

o Volley Principle:

How do we locate the source of sounds?

Module 21: The Other Senses

27

SOOOO many cool illusions with these 2!

A. Touch What are the 4 distinct skin senses that make up touch? (aka. Your body has receptors for these 4)

Why do you need to feel pain?

Pain= combination of sense of touch and your BRAIN!! Gate-Control Theory (for pain):

What are phantom limb sensations?

List 2 examples of psychological influences of pain.

List 2 examples of social-cultural influences of pain.

B. Taste What are the 4 basic tastes?

What is the newest 5th one? Describe it.

Taste is a chemical sense. What does that mean for how it works?

C. Smell What is the scientific name for smell? (hint: it starts with an O) Because it is a primitive sense, what part of the brain does smell bypass? Do we have a distinct receptor for each detectable odor? Smell’s have a huge power to trigger memories!

D. Body Position and Movement Kinesthesia:

Vestibular Sense:

o Where are the biological parts for your sense of equilibrium located?

E. Sensory Interaction Sensory Interaction:

o Example:

Embodied Cognition:

o Example:

28

Unit V: Consciousness

Understanding Consciousness and Hypnosis

Consciousness

Figure 22.1 States of ConsciousnessSpontaneous 1.

2. 3.

Physiologically Induced

1. 2. 3.

Psychologically Induced

1. 2. 3.

Hypnosis

Frequently Asked Questions about HypnosisQuestion Answer

Two Explanations for Hypnosis: As a social phenomenon

29

As Divided Consciousness

Figure 22.3: fill in appropriate information

Sleep Patterns Biological Rhythms

Circadian Rhythms

Sleep Stages REM Sleep

30

Alpha Waves (define and draw)

Sleep

Hallucinations

Delta Waves

NRem

Five Theories of Sleep 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

Sleep Deprivation, Disorders and Dreams

Effects of sleep loss

Figure 24.2: Effects of Sleep Deprivation (label and take notes) 31

Major Sleep Disorders:

Inso

mni

aN

arco

leps

y

32

Nig

ht T

erro

rs

Slee

p A

pnea

Dream Theories Theory Description Vocabulary

Freu

dian

Manifest Content

Latent Content

Info

rmat

ion

Proc

essi

ngN

eura

l Pa

thw

ays

Neu

ral

Stat

icC

ogni

tive

Dev

elop

men

t REM Rebound

33

Psychoactive Drugs

Table 25.1 When is a drug a disorder?

Impa

ired

Con

trol

Soci

al

Impa

irmen

tR

isky

Use

Dru

g A

ctio

n

Substance Use DisorderPsychoactive DrugsTolerance

Addiction

Withdraw

34

Please read this module and fill in the appropriate information for each drug: Drug Type Effects

Alc

ohol

B

arbi

tuat

esO

piat

esN

icot

ine

Coc

aine

35

Met

ham

phet

am

ine

Ecst

asy

(MD

MA

)LS

DM

ariju

ana

36

Unit VI: Learning

Classical Conditioning

How do we learn?

Learning

Aristotle’s original conclusion

Habituation

Associative learning

Two forms of conditioning

1.

2.

Cognitive learning

Observational learning

Classical Conditioning

Ivan Pavlov

John B. Watson

Behaviorism 37

Label the picture of Pavlov’s experiments with the US, NS, US, UR, CS, and CR. Define each term in the remaining space on the right.

Acquisition

Higher Order conditioning

38

Extinction

Spontaneous Recovery

Draw figure 26.6 and explain curve in the space to the right of the graph

Stimulus Generalization

Stimulus Discrimination

Module 27: Operant Conditioning Skinner’s Experiments

Thorndike’s law of effect

Operant chamber

Reinforcement

Shaping

39

Discriminative stimulus

Types of Reinforcers (table 27.1)Description Examples from your life

Positive Reinforcement

Negative Reinforcement

Primary Reinforcers

Conditioned Reinforcers

Reinforcement Schedules Schedule Definition Continuous reinforcement

Fixed ratio

Variable ratio

Fixed-interval

Variable- Interval

Table 27.2 Fixed Variable

Rat

io

40

Inte

rval

Punishment

Table 27.3 Type of Punishment Definition Examples from your lifePositive Punishment

Negative Punishment

What are the four major drawbacks of using physical punishment? 1.

2.

3.

4.

Module 29: Biology, Cognition and Learning

Explain John Garcia’s 1996 study on taste aversion

41

Cognition’s Influence on Conditioning

Cognitive map

Latent learning

Insight

Intrinsic motivation

The overjustification effect

Learning and personal controlLearned helplessness

The stages of learned helplessness

Internal Locus of Control External Locus of Control

Self control

Module 30: Learning by observationObservational learning

42

Modeling

Vicarious reinforcement & punishment

Please explain Bandura’s experiment

Mirror and imitation in the brain

Figure 30.4Pain Response in brain Empathy response in brain

What areas of the brain is this? What areas of the brain is this?

Mirror neurons

ApplicationsPro social effects

43

Behavior modeling

Anti social effects

Violence-viewing effect

Does viewing media violence trigger violent behavior?

44

Unit VII: Cognition

Module 31: Studying and Building Memories

Studying Memory

Memory

What are the two extremes of memory recall ability?

Memory Models

The Three Parts of an information-processing model:

1.

2.

3.

Parallel Processing

Connectionism

Atkinson and Shiffrin’s three stage model 1.

2.

3.

Figure 31.2 Copy the figure, label the parts and then explain in the space below

45

Working Memory

Building Memories: Encoding

Explicit memories

Effortful processing

Automatic processing

Implicit memories

Automatic Processing:

Procedural memory

Conditioned associations

What three things do we unconsciously automatically process? 1.

2.

3.

Effortful and Explicit Memories

Sensory memory 46

Iconic memory

Echoic memory

Capacity of short term and working memory

Effortful Processing Strategies Chunking

Mnemonics

Hierarchies

Spacing Effect

Testing Effect

Levels of Processing

Shallow processing

Deep processing

47

Module 32: Memory Storage and Retrieval

For this module, fill in the table and label the appropriate parts on the brain

Parts of the Brain

Role in Memory

Hip

poca

mpu

sC

ereb

ellu

mB

asal

G

angl

ia

Am

ygda

la

The Amygdala, Emotions and Memory

48

Flashbulb memories

Synaptic Changes

Long—term potentiation

Effects of electric current through the brain

Copy Figure 32.5 in the space below

Retrieval: Getting Information out What are three measures of retention? 1.

2.

3.

Retrieval Cues

Priming

49

Context dependent memory

State-dependent memory

Mood congruent

Serial position effect

Module 33: Forgetting, memory construction and memory improvement Forgetting

What is the difference?Retrograde Amnesia Anterograde Amnesia

Encoding failure

Storage Decay

Retrieval Failure

Proactive Interference

Retroactive interference

Motivated forgetting

Freud’s Memory Repression

Copy Figure 33.6 in the space below

50

Memory Construction Errors

Misinformation and imagination

The misinformation effect

Imagination inflation

Source amnesia

Déjà vu

Discerning true and false memories

Children’s eyewitness recall

Improving memory: seven suggestions

51

Module 34: Thinking, Concepts and Creativity

Thinking and Concepts

Cognition

Concepts

Prototypes

Creativity

Convergent thinking

Divergent thinking

Sternberg’s five components of creativity 1.

2.

3.

52

4.

5.

Module 35: Solving Problems and Making Decisions Problem Solving: Strategies and Obstacles

Algorithms

Heuristics

Insight

Confirmation Bias

Mental Set

Forming Good and Bad decisions

Intuition

Representativeness Heuristic

Availability Heuristic 53

Overconfidence

Belief Perseverance

Framing

Perils and Powers of Intuition

Module 36: Thinking and Language Language

Language Structure

Phonemes

Morphemes

Grammar

Language Development

Receptive language

Productive language

54

Babbling

One word stage

Two word stage

Telegraphic speech

Table 36.1 Summary of Language DevelopmentMonth Stage

Explaining Language Development

How do we acquire language

Universal grammar

Statistical learning

55

Critical period

The Brain and languageApsasia

What do each do? Broca’s Area Wernike’s Area

Label Broca and Wernike’s area on the brain

Language and ThoughtLanguage influences thinking

Linguistic determination

Thinking in Images

56

Unit VIII:Developmental Psychology

Module 45: Developmental Issues, Prenatal Development, and the Newborn Developmental Psychology:

3 major issues in developmental psych (name and define): 1.

2.

3.

A. Prenatal Development and the Newborn Zygotes:

Embryo:

Fetus:

Newborns prefer their mothers voice to their fathers immediately after birth. Why?

Teratogens:

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome:

Rooting reflex:

Habituation:

Module 46: Infancy and Childhood: Physical Development Maturation:

o Example: 57

By when do you have most of your brain cells?

Where is brain growth most rapid from ages 3-6?

What are the last areas of the brain to develop?

When is the average age of people’s earliest memories?

Module 47: Infancy and Childhood: Cognitive Development Who is the most famous developmental psychologist?

Cognition:

According to Piaget, what is the driving force behind our intellectual progression?

Schemas:

o Assimilate:

Example:

o Accommodate:

Example:

Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development1. Sensorimotor Stage:

Age Range:

Object permanence:

o Example:

58

2. Preoperational Stage:

Age range:

Conservation:

o Example:

Symbolic thinking:

Egocentrism:

o Example:

Theory of mind:

3. Concrete Operational Stage:

Age range:

4. Formal Operational Stage:

Age range:

Vygtosky’s Scaffolding Theory of Cognitive Development According to Vygotsky, why do children increasingly think in works and use words to solve

problems by age 7?

What is the difference between Piaget’s and Vygtosky’s emphasis on children’s cognitive development?

59

Zone of Proximal Development:

Module 48: Infancy and Childhood: Social Development Stranger Anxiety:

Attachment:

Summarize Harry Harlow’s study of attachment on monkeys.

Besides body contact, what else is important in forming an attachment?

Critical period:

Lorenz’s imprinting:

o Do human children imprint?

Describe Mary Ainsworth’s types of attachment o Secure attachment:

o Insecure attachment:

Temperament:

Erikson’s Basic Trust:

Explain 2 different effects on a child if they are deprived of attachment.

60

Self-concept:

What is the difference between self-concept and self-esteem?

A. Parenting Styles

Authoritarian:

Permissive:

Authoritative:

According to Baumrind, what kinds of parents do kids who have a high self-esteem tend to have?

Module 49: Gender Development Gender:

What is the difference between sex and gender?

Which gender tends to be more aggressive?

Explain the power differences people perceive between genders.

What did Carol Gilligan find about gender and social connectedness?

61

Which gender prefers working with people?

Gender roles:

Role:

What is the expected gender role of men vs. women in the US?

o Is that the same in other cultures?

Gender Identity:

Social Learning Theory:

o Example:

Gender Typing:

Transgender:

Module 50: Parents, Peers, and Early Experiences What is the general conclusion about which is more influential on development—nature or nurture?

62

How much credit or blame do you think your parents deserve for the person you are today? Why?

Module 51: Adolescence: Physical and Cognitive Development Adolescence:

A. Physical Development Puberty:

What are the psychological effects on boys who mature early?

What are the psychological effects on girls who mature early?

What happens to your neurons in your brain during adolescence?

What lobe of the brain matures during adolescence?

B. Cognitive Development During early teens, what is reasoning like?

Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral DevelopmentLevel Focus Example

What happens to children who learn to delay gratification?

Module 52: Adolescence: Social Development and Emerging Adulthood According to Erikson, what is the main crisis during adolescence?

Identity: 63

Social Identity:

Why is the first year of college such a challenge to many adolescents?

Erik Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages of Development *Erikson’s stages ALWAYS comes up on the AP Test, so make sure you understand these!

Issue of Stage Age Range Description of Task

Trust vs. Mistrust

Autonomy vs. Shame/Doubt

Initiative vs. Guilt

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity vs. Role Confusion

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Generativity vs. Self-Absorption

Integrity vs. Despair

Intimacy:

In Western cultures, what happens to the child-parent relationship as adolescents form their identity?

What goes hand in hand with positive parent-teen relationships?

Emerging Adulthood:

Module 54: Adulthood: Physical, Cognitive, and Social Development What are the names and age ranges of the three different types of adulthood?

64

Menopause:

What happens to strength and stamina as you age?

Why is physical activity important for older adults?

What happens to senses as you age?

What happens to your immune system as you age?

What happens to neural processing as you age?

Describe how older people remember meaningful information as compared to younger people.

Cross-sectional studies:

Longitudinal studies:

What is terminal decline of mental abilities?

Is there really a midlife crisis for most people?

Social Clock:

Does living together before marriage lead to less divorce?

Is there a such thing as “empty nest syndrome” for most couples when they children go off to college?

65

Unit IX: Motivation, Emotion and Stress

Module 37: Motivational Concepts

Motivations:

    Instinct theory

        Drive-Reduction Theory

    Arousal Theory

Instincts and Evolutionary Psychology     Instinct

    The underlying assumption of evolutionary psychology

Drives and Incentives     Drive reduction theory

    Drive

    Homeostasis

Figure 37.1: label each part of the figure and explain how this process works if the need is water

Optimum Arousal

    Yerkes-Dodson law

66

A Hierarchy of Motives     Abraham Maslow

Figure 37.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: Label, explain and give a real life example for each of the six levels

67

Table 37.1

Theory Strength Weakness

Instinct Theory and Evolutionary Psych

Drive Reduction Theory

Optimal Arousal Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Module 38: Hunger MotivationExplain Ancel Key’s Study

Physiology of Hunger     Cannon & Washburn 1912

Body Chemistry and the Brain     Role of the brain

    Glucose

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    How does a normal hypothalamus function?

What happens when the hypothalamus is damaged?

    Set point

    Basal metabolic rate

    Why do some psychologists use the term set range instead of set point?

Figure 38.4: Label the digestive system showing where each hormone is produced

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Where does each hormone originate and what is its role in appetite?

Hormone Production Area and Role Insulin

Ghrelin

Orexin

Leptin

PYY

The Psychology of Hunger     Taste Preferences by Culture

Situational Influences in Eating

    Social Facilitations

    Unit Bias

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    Food variety

Obesity and Weight control     Physiology of Obesity

        Set point and metabolism

        Genetic factors of obesity

        Food and activity factors             Sleep loss

            Social influence

Close Up: Waist Management

1.2.3.4.5.6.7.8.9.10.

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Module 39: Sexual Motivation

Physiology of Sex

Sexual Response Cycle : Please label the different stages of the cycle

    Sexual Dysfunctions and Paraphilias

        Erectile disorder

        Premature ejaculation

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        Female orgasmic disorder

        Paraphilias

    Hormones and Sexual Behavior

        Two side effects of sex hormones:

        1.

        2.

        estrogens

        testosterone

            testosterone in women versus other mammals

Psychology of Sex

Figure 39.1 : Explain the role of each influence    

External Stimuli

Imagined Stimuli

Module 40: Social Motivation, Affiliation Needs

Benefits of Belonging

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    Autonomy

    Competence

    Self esteem

    Disruption of attachments

Pain of Being Shut Out

Module 41: Theories and Physiology of Emotion

Cognition and Emotion

    Emotions

    Two big questions of Emotion Theories

Historical Emotion Theories

    James-Lange Theory

    Cannon-Bard Theory

Schachter and Singer

    Two Factor Theory

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Figure 41.1 Please Label the brain figure and explain the pathways of emotion

Table 41.1 Summary of Emotion Theories

Theory Explanation of Emotions Your own Example

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Module 42: Expressed Emotion

    Detecting Emotion in Others

   Gender and Emotion

    Culture and Emotional Expression

Label each of the basic emotions in the pictures below, compare to figure 42.4

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Effects of Facial Expressions

    Facial Feedback Effect

    Behavior Feedback Phenomenon

Module 43: Stress and Health

    Stress

    Stressors

        Catastrophes

        Significant life changes

   

        Daily hassles

The Stress Response system

    Fight of flight

   

General adaption syndrome

   

Cortisol

Telomeres

    Tend and befriend 77

   

    Oxytocin

Module 44: Stess and Illness

    Psycho-physiological illness

    Psychoneurommunology

    Lymphocytes

Stress and Heart Disease

    Coronary Heart Disease

    Type A

    Type B

   

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Unit X: Personality

Module 55: Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspective

Psychoanalytic Theory’s Core Ideas Sigmund Freud

Free association

Psychoanalysis

Unconscious

Preconscious

Repress

Figure 55.1 Please label the iceburg structure and explain in the space below

Manifest content of dreams

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Latent content of dreams

Personality Structure Freud’s View of human personality

Id

Ego

Superego

Personality Development Psychosexual stages

Erogenous zones

Table 55.1 Freud’s Psychosexual Stages Stage Focus

Oedipus Complex

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Electra Complex

Identification

Gender identity

Fixate

Defense Mechanisms

Repression

Table 55.2 Seven Defense Mechanisms Repression

Defense Mechanism Unconscious Process Example

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Evaluating Freud’s Psychoanalytic Perspectives Modern research

Slips of the tongue

Challenges to Repression

Module 56: Psychodynamic Theories Psychodynamic

NeoFreudian and Psychodynamic Theoriests Neofreudian

In the Venn Diagram below, please show the differences and similarities between Psychoanalytic (Freudian) and Psychodynamic (neo-Freudian)

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In the table below, please incluide the biographical information of the top three psychodynamic psychologists.

Alfr

ed

Adl

erK

aren

H

orne

yC

arl

Jung

Collective unconscious

Assessing Unconscious Processes Projective tests

Thematic apperception test

Rorschach inkblot test

Validity and reliability of projective tests

The Modern Unconscious Mind Modern understanding of the unconscious includes (6 things)

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False consensus effect

Terror-management theory

Module 57: Humanistic TheoryHumanistic theory

Abraham Maslow’s Self actualizing person Hierarchy of needs Self actualization

Self transcendence

Characteristic s of healthy, creative people

Peak experiences

Carl Roger’s Person Centered Perspective Three conditions of growth

Self concept 84

Assessing the self

Evaluating humanistic theories Influence in pop psychology

Criticism

Module 58: Trait Theories Traits

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Factor Analysis

Eysenck Personality Questionnaire

Biology and Personality

Brain arousal

Autonomic nervous system reactivity

Assessing traits Personality inventories

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Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

Empirically derived

The big Five Factors

Three main questions of the big five factors

Evaluating trait theories Person-situation controversy

Module 59: Social Cognitive Theories and Exploring the Self

Social Cognitive Perspective

Behavioral approach

Reciprocal influences

Figure 59.1 Please copy the figure and explain it in the space below

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Three ways that individuals and the environment interacts

Optimism versus pessimism Personal control

Attributional style

Excessive optimism

Blindness to one’s own incompetence

Assessing behavior in situations

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Evaluating Social Cognitive Theories

Table 59.1 Please copy the table Personality Theory Key Proponents Assumptions View of Personality

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Table 59.2 Please copy the table Research Method

Description Perspectives Benefits Weaknesses

Exploring the Self Self

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Spotlight effect

Benefits of self esteemSelf esteem

Self efficacy

Effects of low self esteem

Self serving bias

Narcissism

Culture and self Individualism

Collectivism

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Unit XI: Testing and Individual Differences

Module 60: Introduction to intelligence Intelligence

Intelligence test

One Ability or several? Charles Spearmen

General intelligence (g)

Factor analysis

L.L. THurstone

Satoshi Kanazawa

Theories of Multiple Intelligence Howard Gardner

Savant syndrome

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Kim Peak (Rain Man)

Multiple intelligences

Grit

Sternberg’s Three Intelligences Robert Sternberg

Analytical Intelligence

Creative Intelligence

Practical intelligence

Emotional Intelligence Social intelligence

Emotional intelligence’s four components

Is Intelligence neurologically measurableBrain size and complexity

Brain function

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Table 60.1 Comparing Theories of Intelligence Theory Summary Strengths Other

Considerations

Module 61: Assessing Intelligence The origins of Intelligence Testing

Francis Galton

Alfred Binet:

Mental age

Lewis Terman

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Stanford-Binet Test

Intelligence Quotient

Modern Tests Achievement tests

Aptitude tests

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

Principles of Test construction Standardization

Normal curve

Flynn effect

Reliability

Test retest reliability

Split half scores

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Validity

Content validity

Predictive validity

Module 62: Dynamics of Intelligence Aging and Intelligence

Cross sectional evidence

Longitudinal evidence

Crystallized intelligence

Fluid intelligence

Stability over life span

Life spans of more intelligent people

Extremes of Intelligence The low extreme

Intellectual disability Criterion for intellectual disability

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Down syndrome

The high extreme

Talented and gifted

Module 63: Studying genetic and environmental influences on intelligence Twin and adoption studies

Heritability

Environmental Influences Early environmental influences

Tutored human enrichment

Baby Einstein

Schooling and intelligence

Head start programs

Growth mindset 96

Module 64: Group Differences and the Question of Bias Group Differences in Intelligence test scores

Racial and Ethnic Similarities and Differences Considerations in environmental differences accounting for race differences (six)

The Question of Bias Two meanings of bias

Test Takers Expectations Spencer 1997

Stereotype Threat

Obama Effect

Steele 1995

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Unit XII: Abnormal Behavior (Psychological Disorders)

Module 65: Introduction to Psychological Disorders Psychological Disorder:

Maladaptive:

o Example:

A. Understanding Psychological Disorders Causes In earlier times, what did people think the cause of disorders were?

Medical Model:

What do psychologists who believe in the biopsychosocial approach believe is the cause of disorders?

o What is the evidence of this belief?

B. Classifying Psychological Disorders Diagnostic and Statistical Manuel of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5):

o What is this used for?

What disorders have changed in the new edition of the DSM?

What do critics say against the DSM?

C. Labeling Psychological Disorders Summarize the layout of the Rosenhan study.

What can happen when we label a person with a disorder? (read this whole section before answering!)

What are the benefits of diagnostic labeling?

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D. Rates of Psychological Disorders What percentage of adults in America suffer from a mental disorder in a given year?

What are 5 risk factors for mental disorders? (see Table on pg. 658)

Module 66: Anxiety Disorders, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder, and Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Anxiety Disorders:

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD):

o What does it mean that the anxiety of GAD is free-floating?

Panic Disorder:

Phobia:

Social Anxiety Disorder (social phobia):

Agoraphobia:

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):

When does OCD cross the line between normal and disorder?

Post-traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):

What were old names for PTSD?

What determines whether a person suffers PTSD after a traumatic event?

Posttraumatic Growth: A. Understanding Anxiety Disorders, OCD, and PTSD—Causes Explain how we learn fear from the learning perspective.

Give an example of how an anxiety disorder might have been passed down from our biological ancestors.

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What 2 neurotransmitters might be involved in anxiety?

Module 67: Mood Disorders Mood Disorders:

What could be some biological reasons to developing depression after traumatic events?

Major-Depressive Disorder:

What are the 6 symptoms of depression?

Mania:

Bipolar Disorder:

What is disruptive mood dysregulation disorder?

Give some examples of behaviors someone would have during their manic phase.

Who is more at risk for depression—men or women?

What neurotransmitter is scarce during depression and overabundant during mania?

What second neurotransmitter is also probably involved in depression?

Why does excessive alcohol use correlate with depression?

What kinds of thought patterns do people with depression have? Give at least 3 examples.

Module 68: Schizophrenia Schizophrenia:

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Psychosis:

Delusions:

o Example:

What is word salad?

Hallucinations:

o Example:

Explain what it means that disorganized thoughts may result from a breakdown in selective attention.

What is a flat affect?

What are positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

What are negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

What neurotransmitter is linked to schizophrenia? Too little or too much?

What parts of the brain are effected by schizophrenia?

Module 69: Other Disorders A. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders

Somatic Symptom Disorder:

Conversion Disorder:

Illness Anxiety Disorder (Hypochondria):

B. Dissociative Disorders Dissociative Disorders:

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID):

What was the old name for DID?

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Why do some people believe that DID is NOT a real disorder?

What evidence is there that DID IS a real disorder?

C. Eating Disorders Anorexia Nervosa:

Bulimia Nervosa:

Binge-Eating Disorder:

Give 2 examples of how the family environment might play a role in eating disorders.

Who is most vulnerable to eating disorders?

D. Personality Disorders Personality Disorders:

What does each cluster of personality disorders focus on?

Antisocial Personality Disorder:

Why do most criminals not have Antisocial Personality Disorder?

Is there a genetic link for Antisocial Personality Disorder?

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Unit XIII:Treatment of Abnormal Behavior

Module 70: Introduction to Therapy, and Psychodynamic and Humanistic Therapies Psychotherapy:

Biomedical Therapy:

Eclectic Approach:

What are the 4 types of “talk therapies”?

A. Psychoanalysis and Psychodynamic Therapy Psychoanalysis:

o Founder of this therapy:

What does psychoanalytic therapy presume?

What is the goal of this therapy?

Techniques of Psychanalysis Free association:

Resistance:

Interpretation:

Transferring:

Why is this type of therapy not really used anymore?

Psychodynamic therapy:

B. Humanistic Therapies Insight therapies:

How is psychoanalytic therapy different from humanistic therapy?

Client-Centered Therapy:

o Founder of this therapy:

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What 3 characteristics do therapists have to exhibit? Active listening:

Unconditional positive regard:

Module 71: Behavior, Cognitive, and Group Therapies A. Behavior Therapy

Behavior Therapy:

How is behavior therapy different from psychodynamic and humanistic therapies?

Explain an example of how classical conditioning techniques can be applied to getting rid of unwanted, learned behaviors.

Counterconditioning:

Exposure therapy:

Systematic desensitization:

o Person who created both techniques (important to know!!):

Explain an example of how you would use both of these therapies with a social anxiety.

Virtual reality exposure therapy:

Aversive conditioning:

o Example:

Does aversive conditioning work? (be sure to explain show vs. long run)

How does behavior modification work?

Token economy:

B. Cognitive Therapies104

Give examples of disorders that are best treated by cognitive therapy.

Cognitive Therapies:

Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT):

o Person who created this (important to know!!):

Explain how Aaron Beck would treat depression.

Stress inoculation training:

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT):

What types of disorders are best treated by CBT?

C. Group and Family Therapies Group Therapy:

Family Therapy:

What is one of the most famous self-help groups?

Module 72: Evaluating Psychotherapies and Prevention Strategies What 3 reasons make psychologists skeptical about client testimonials of therapies effectiveness?

After doing meta-analysis studies, what is the general conclusion about the effectiveness of therapy?

Evidence-based practice:

What does a therapist do during eye movement desensitization and reprocessing therapy (EMDR)?

What are the 3 benefits of all forms of therapy?

Therapeutic alliance:

Why are minorities more likely to not use mental health services? 105

Resilience: What is the alternative viewpoint to disorders, instead of dismissing the person as “crazy”?

Module 73: The Biomedical Therapies A. Drug Therapies

Psychopharmacology:

What needs to be used when testing a new drug to make sure it is actually effective and people are not just getting results due to the placebo effect?

Antipsychotic drugs:

o Example name of antipsychotics:

Antianxiety drugs:

o Example names of antianxieties:

What is the criticism of antianxiety drugs?

Antidepressant drugs:

What other disorders are antidepressants used for?

What neurotransmitters do antidepressants effect?

What does SSRI stand for?

What disorder are mood stabilizing drugs mostly used to treat?

What is the name of the salt that is a mood stabilizer?

B. Brain Stimulation Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT):

What is ECT used to treat today?

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS):

What disorder is rTMS used to treat today?

C. Psychosurgery Psychosurgery:

Lobotomy:

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What happened to people who had a lobotomy?

107

Unit XIV: Social Psychology

Module 74: Attribution, Attitudes, and Actions Social Psychologists:

Attribution Theory:

Fundamental Attribution Error:

o Example:

What cultures do not make the fundamental attribution error as much?

Self-serving bias (rewrite definition here because it belongs here too!):

Attitudes:

Give an example of how your attitude effects your actions.

Peripheral route persuasion:

o Example:

Central route persuasion:

o Example:

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Foot-in-the-door phenomenon:

o Example:

Role:

Summarize Zimbardo’s Stanford Prison Experiment.

Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Theory:

o Example:

Module 75: Conformity and Obedience What is the chameleon effect?

Conformity:

Summarize Asch’s Conformity Experiments.

List 4 reasons that make people more likely to conform.

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Normative Social Influence:

Informative Social Influence:

Summarize Milgrim’s Obedience Experiments.

Explain how the foot-in-the-door effect explains Milgrim’s experiment results.

Module 76: Group Behavior Social Facilitation:

Why do we perform better when other people are there?

Social Loafing:

What 3 things cause social loafing?

Deindividuation:

o Example:

Group Polarization:

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Groupthink:

What is the difference between social control and personal control?

What is minority influence?

Culture:

Norms:

o Example:

Module 77: Prejudice and Discrimination Prejudice:

Prejudice is a 3 part mixture of:

Stereotypes:

Ethnocentrism:

Discrimination:

Give an example of how subtle prejudice lingers even though overt prejudice might be gone.

Just-world phenomenon:

o Example: 111

Ingroup:

Outgroup:

Ingroup Bias:

Scapegoat Theory:

o Example:

Other-race effect:

Hindsight bias (look up definition if have to):

Module 78: Aggression Aggression:

What are the 3 levels of biology involved in aggression?

What parts of the brain are involved in human aggression?

What chemical influences aggression?

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Frustration-aggression principle:

o Example:

Social scripts:

o Example:

Explain the social script example of the rape myth.

After reading about violent video games, what do you believe—do violent video games cause teenagers to become more violent?

Module 79: Attraction Mere Exposure Effect:

List 4 different aspects to attractiveness in all of the studies the book describes.

What does the reward theory of attraction say?

Passionate Love:

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Companionate Love:

Equity:

Self-disclosure:

Altruism, Conflict, and Peacemaking Altruism:

Explain what happened to Kitty Genovese.

Bystander Effect:

Social Exchange Theory:

Reciprocity Norm:

Social-Responsibility Norm:

Conflict:

Social Traps:

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Mirror-image perceptions:

Self-fulfilling prophecy:

o Example:

When does it help to put conflict parties into close contact?

Way to promote cooperation: Superordinate goals:

GRIT strategy:

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