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7/26/2019 Cp 1 History of Microbiology -2
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PowerPointLecture
Presentations prepared by
Mindy Miller-Kittrell,
North Carolina
State University
C H A P T E R
!"# Pearson $ducation, %nc&
' (rie) *istory
o) Microbiolo+y
1
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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
.hat /oes Li)e 0eally Loo1 Li1e2
'ntoni van Leeuwenhoe1
(e+an 3a1in+ and usin+ si3ple 3icroscopes
4)ten 3ade a new 3icroscope )or each speci3en $5a3ined water and visuali6ed tiny ani3als, )un+i, al+ae,
and sin+le-celled proto6oa7 8ani3alcules8
(y end o) "9th century, these or+anis3s were called
3icroor+anis3s
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Figure 1.1 The structure of nucleic acids.
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Lens Specimen holderFigure 1.2 Reproduction of Leeuenhoe!"s microscope.
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Figure 1.# The micro$ial orld.
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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'
Carolus Linnaeus developed ta5ono3ic syste3 )or na3in+ plants
and ani3als and +roupin+ si3ilar or+anis3s to+ether
Leeuwenhoe1:s 3icroor+anis3s now +rouped into si5 cate+ories
as )ollows;
(acteria
'rchaea
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7/54 !"# Pearson $ducation, %nc&
he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'
(acteria and 'rchaea
Unicellular and lac1 nuclei
Much s3aller than eu1aryotes
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Pro!ar(otic
$acterial cells)ucleus of
eu!ar(otic chee! cell
Figure 1.* Cells of the $acterium Streptococcus +dar! $lue, and to human chee! cells.
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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'
4btain )ood )ro3 other or+anis3s
Possess cell walls
%nclude
Molds ? 3ulticellular7 +row as lon+ )ila3ents7reproduce by se5ual and ase5ual spores
easts ? unicellular7 reproduce ase5ually by buddin+7
so3e produce se5ual spores
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SporesH(phae &udding cellsFigure 1.- Fungi.
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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'
Proto6oa
Sin+le-celled eu1aryotes
Si3ilar to ani3als in nutrient needs and cellular structure
Live )reely in water7 so3e live in ani3al hosts 'se5ual =3ost> and se5ual reproduction
Most are capable o) loco3otion by
Pseudopods ? cell e5tensions that )low in direction o) travel
Cilia ? nu3erous short protrusions that propel or+anis3s
throu+h environ3ent
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Pseudopods)ucleus Cilia
Flagellum
Figure 1. Locomoti/e structures of proto0oa.
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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'
'l+ae
Unicellular or 3ulticellular
Photosynthetic
Si3ple reproductive structures
Cate+ori6ed on the basis o) pi+3entation and co3position
o) cell wall
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Figure 1. The structure of nucleic acids.
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he $arly ears o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can %icro$es &e Classified'
4ther or+anis3s that 3icrobiolo+ists study
Parasites
@iruses
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Red $lood cellFigure 1. An immature stage of a parasitic orm in $lood.
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3irus
&acterium
3irusesassem$linginside cell
Figure 1.4 A colori0ed electron microscope image of /iruses infecting a $acterium.
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Scientists searched )or answers to )our Buestions
%s spontaneous +eneration o) 3icrobial li)e possible2
.hat causes )er3entation2
.hat causes disease2
*ow can we prevent in)ection and disease2
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'
So3e philosophers and scientists o) the past thou+ht
livin+ thin+s arose )ro3 three processes
'se5ual reproduction
Se5ual reproduction
Nonlivin+ 3atter
'ristotle proposed spontaneous +eneration
Livin+ thin+s can arise )ro3 nonlivin+ 3atter
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'
0edi:s e5peri3ents
.hen decayin+ 3eat was 1ept isolated )ro3 )lies,
3a++ots never developed Meat e5posed to )lies was soon in)ested
's a result, scientists be+an to doubt 'ristotle:s theory
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Figure 1.17 Redi"s e8periments.
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'
Needha3:s e5peri3ents
Scientists did not believe ani3als could arise
spontaneously, but believed 3icrobes could
Needha3:s e5peri3ents with bee) +ravy and in)usions o)
plant 3aterial rein)orced this idea
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'
Spallan6ani:s e5peri3ents
Concluded that
Needha3 )ailed to heat vials su))iciently to 1ill all 3icrobes or
had not sealed vials ti+htly enou+h
Microor+anis3s e5ist in air and can conta3inate e5peri3ents
Spontaneous +eneration o) 3icroor+anis3s does not occur
Critics said sealed vials did not allow enou+h air )or
or+anis3s to survive and that prolon+ed heatin+ destroyed
the 8li)e )orce8
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Figure 1.11 Louis Pasteur.
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'
Pasteur:s e5peri3ents
.hen the 8swan-nec1ed8 )las1s re3ained upri+ht, no
3icrobial +rowth appeared
.hen the )las1 was tilted, dust )ro3 the bend in the nec1
seeped bac1 into the )las1 and 3ade the in)usion cloudy
with 3icrobes within a day
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Figure 1.12 Pasteur"s e8periments ith 9san:nec!ed flas!s.9
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
5oes %icro$ial Life Spontaneousl( 6enerate'
he scienti)ic 3ethod
/ebate over spontaneous +eneration led in part to develop3ent
o) scienti)ic 3ethod
4bservation leads to Buestion
uestion +enerates hypothesis
*ypothesis is tested throu+h e5peri3ent=s>
0esults prove or disprove hypothesis
'ccepted hypothesis leads to theoryDlaw
/isproved hypothesis is reEected or 3odi)ied
Fi 1 1# Th i tifi th d hi h f f ! f i tifi h
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Figure 1.1# The scientific method; hich forms a frameor! for scientific research.
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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Figure 1.1* Ho Pasteur applied the scientific method in in/estigating the nature of fermentation.
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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h A ld ' ) Mi bi l
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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Figure 1.1- Ro$ert =och.
h A ld ' ) Mi bi l
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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Figure 1.1 &acterial colonies on a solid surface +agar,.
&acterium 1
&acterium 2
&acterium #
&acterium *
&acterium -
&acterium &acterium
&acterium
&acterium 4
&acterium 17
&acterium 11
&acterium 12
h A ld ' ) Mi bi l
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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Figure 1.1 Results of 6ram staining.
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6ram:positi/e 6ram:negati/eFigure 1.1 Results of 6ram staining.
he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+
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he Aolden '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Ho Can nfection and 5isease'
Se33elweis and handwashin+
Lister:s antiseptic techniBue
Ni+htin+ale and nursin+
Snow ? in)ection control and epide3iolo+y
Fenner:s vaccine ? )ield o) i33unolo+y
$hrlich:s 83a+ic bullets8 ? )ield o) che3otherapy
Figure 1.1 Florence )ightingale.
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g g g
Figure 1.14 Some of the man( scientific disciplines and applications that arose from the pioneering or! of scientists
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g ( p pp p g
?ust $efore and around the time of the 6olden Age of %icro$iolog(.
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Ho 5o 6enes
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Ho 5o 6enes
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Ho 5o 6enes
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Ho 5o 6enes
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
Ho 5o
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Fungus colon(+Penicillium,
@one of inhi$ition
&acteria
+Staphylococcus,
he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y
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he Modern '+e o) Microbiolo+y