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Course 2 Unit 4Introduction to anaerobic treatmentIntroduction to anaerobic treatment technologies

[Part C only ]

Part C Examples and case studies (inPart C Examples and case studies (in this file)

Lecturer: Mariska Ronteltapm.ronteltap@unesco-ihe.org

Course 2 Unit 4

Part C: Examples and case studies

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List of examples for Part C

Example 1: India public toilets (Navsarjan Trust, GTZ pilot project)

Example 2: China household and agricultural waste digesters (CAAE (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering)(CAAE (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering)

Example 3: Lesotho household biogas plants (NGO TED, now supported by BORDA, Germany)

Example 4: Durban household biogas plant, South Africa (pilot project)

Example 5: Rwanda prisons Example 6: Germany, Waldmichelbacher Hof (restaurant and

farm Example 7: Lbeck, Germany (residential area)Example 7: Lbeck, Germany (residential area) Example 8: Blackwater treatment in Sneek, the Netherlands

There are many, many more examples, world-wide!You may be able to send me project descriptions, files, powerpoint presentations from your own experiences?

Example 1: India public toilets

The following slides were provided by Christine Werner (GTZ), who gave a presentation about ecosan in India at the Advanced Sanitation Conference in Aachen, Germany (12-13 March 2007) Her complete presentation is provided under Assigned

Reading (pdf file of the paper) and Extra Materials (powerpoint presentation in two parts)

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location:Nani Devti Ahmedabad District Gujarat State India

Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project Dalit Shakti Kendra (DSK)

Nani Devti, Ahmedabad District, Gujarat State, Indiaimplementation period:2005/2006

vocational training institute Dalit Shakti Kendra (DSK)

sour

ce: M

artin

Waf

ler

proposed system for the DSK Campus

Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project

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source separating

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Navsarjan Trust ecosan pilot project -DSK

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ladies urinaltoilet block with biogas plant UDD as emergency toilets

sour

c

sour

sour

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Sketch map of the night-soil based biogas plant

22 toilet cabins arranged in 2 semi-circles supplie a biogas reactor locatet in the center

1biogas plant

towards greywater garden f f t

infiltration/evapotranspiration of wash-water in flowerbed

2: inlet chamber toilet water

1: mixing chamber for buffalo dung

3: outlet chamberpour-flush squatting pan with P-trap

2

(source: http://www.ruralsanitation.com/)

towards greywater garden for

reuse of water

for reuse of water

towards sludge drying beds

2

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Construction of the night-soil based biogas plant

ourc

e: e

sf

econ

inletchamber for toilet water

beginnig of construction

esf

s o

sour

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eebiogasreactor in the center

of the building

almost finished toilet center Feb. 2007sour

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Th lid f hi l id d b H i P M (h

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Example 2: China household and agricultural waste digesters

The slides for this example were provided by Heinz-Peter Mang (he is with CAAE (Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering))

I got them from him at the UNESCO-IHE Refresher Course in Nanjing, China (October 2005) I have asked him for an update, but have not received an answer yet

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China: Northern Four-in-OneComprehensive utilization

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Green housePig-pen, toiletkitchen

food

fertilizerbiogas

manure

China: Southern Pig-Biogas-FruitComprehensive utilization

Pig manure and

biogas

toilet wasteLiquid

sludge Biogas digester

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China: Northwest Five-MatchesComprehensive utilization

Water heatercooking

lighting

Warm house

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lighting

W t

Sand

sedimentation

orchard

Biogas digester

Water storage

Household biogas digester plants in China during 1973 2005 (total number, in 10,000)

1600

16,000,00016 million biogas plants

400600800

1000120014001600

0200

1973197

5197

7197

9198

1198

3198

5198

7198

9199

1199

3199

5199

7199

9200

1200

3200

5

How many are there in your country?

Year

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Course 2 Unit 4

Example 3: Lesotho household biogas plants

I got these slides from Mantopi Lebofa who works for the NGO TED, which is now also supported by BORDA, Germany

A more detailed presentation for this example is provided under Extra Materials

Feeding material.

G t k t th hIrrigation by gravity

Biogas system

Methane producing organisms produce gas

Gas taken to the house

Root Treatment SystemStorage for irrigation water H20 could be pumped or irrigate

gravity

Sketch of biodigester replacing a septic tank. Wastewater as well as kitchen and garden waste enter the digester and are broken down to biogas and fertile water.The advantages: No more emptying of septic tank. Reuse of all water in the garden. Less cost on cooking energy.

Water flowing into the expansion canal

pumped or irrigate gravitationally

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Fixed Dome Bio Digester, Size: z m3Gas storage capacity: xy m3All measurements in cmNot to scale

P i i l f d

Ventilation Pipe

Design details

Principle of dry toilet connection and additional inlet

Gas Outlet OverflowManhole

Note: digester outlet at the bottom

Radius

pipes of 1m length

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Example 4: Durban household biogas plant, South Africa (pilot project)

I took the photos on the following slide during the field trip organised as part of an international ecosan conference in Durban, South Africa (May 2005)

This installation was just a single pilot installed provided by an NGO (I cant remember the name of the NGO)

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Household biogas plant in rural Durban, South Africa

Digester receives toilet water, greywater and collected manure from 2-3 cows

Toilet & shower Kitchen

Storage and drying for digestate (used as fertiliser)

Left: Toilet (flush), connected to digesterMiddle: Digester with floating dome (biogas collection)Right: biogas pipe to house

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Example 5: Rwanda prisons

The information in the following slides was taken from the paper by Butare and Kimaro (2002) this paper is also provided under Extra Materials

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Biogas plant at Cyangugu Prison in Rwanda

Biogas plant treats toilet waste from prisoners by using fixed-g p p y gdome anaerobic digesters

Generation of biogas was achieved to generate energy for cooking - savings in kitchen fuel is around 80%

Sustainable solution for the treatment of waste from 6,000 prisoners

Source: Butare and Kimaro (2002)

Design details

Bioreactor is fed through two toilet-waste flows: one comes from 4,500 prisoners and the other from 1,500.

1 digester of V=150 m3 (divided in 2 shells to improve performance); a storage capacity ofimprove performance); a storage capacity of 28 m3; 2 holding tanks to further stabilize sludge.

Production of 75,000 CH4 L/day 30 m of gas line which feeds 4 stoves of

1200 L. Plant life time 30 years Effluent from biogas plant is reused as

fertilizer in crops inside prison (2 ha): bananas, coffee, soy, tomato, etc.

Bioreactor split into 2 shells

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The following slides are from a presentation I gave at the Durban

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Example 6: Germany, Waldmichelbacher Hof (restaurant and farm)

The following slides are from a presentation I gave at the Durban ecosan conference (May 2005)

More information: Separate presentation and paper under Extra Reading GTZ project datasheet: www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-

infrastruktur/wasser/9399.htm

Biogas plant with electricity generation at farm and restaurant in Germany

Description: Farm of 200 ha, with grazing land

and fodder crops

System components: Low flush toilets for all buildings Manure collection, and mixing

h l d th ttl h d

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280 hornless cattle Restaurant with 250 seats

(Waldmichelbacher Hof) Slaughterhouse processing one

cattle per week Four families live and work on/from

the farm & restaurant

channel under the cattle shed Heated, insulated and fully mixed

anaerobic digester with 280 m3volume (40-44C)

Anaerobic storage digester with 1500 m3

Two combined heat and power generator sets with 37 kW (electricity) and 74 kW (thermal(electricity) and 74 kW (thermal energy / heat) each

This is an example to show that conventional flush toilets (non-UD) can also be used in an ecosan project!

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Key results

Annual savings in operating costs in 2004: 20,000 /year for not needing to , y g

purchase fertiliser 23,400 /year due to electricity

produced on-site (more than 50% of the electricity demand covered)

Heat for all residential houses and restaurant, and hot water

5,300 /year is the income from

Gas bladder of anaerobic digester no. 2 (not heated, not mixed; floating cover)

* New German legislation forces energy companies to buy back 5,300 /year is the income from

selling excess electricity to the grid* Valuable liquid fertiliser (digested

manure) produced Sanitisation of sewage by mesophilic

digestion and long retention times

energy companies to buy back such green energy from decentralised production for a fair price

Concept schematic of this closed-loop system

Fertiliser ( di d

Barn and stable(in winter)

Cattle

Farmland Fodder Slaughter- house

M

E

F

F

DM

(digested manure)

Anaerobic digester (heated)

Restaurant, shop,

distillery

Collection channel: Manure and ww storage tank effluent

Horses Meat

ww storage

tank H + E

MW

W

WW

W

OSW

BG

DM

W

Ecosan- Biogas Plant

Biogas

Households Cogeneration

plant

Electricity exported to

the grid

H + E

E

BG

H: heat, E: electricity, F: fodder, DM: digested manure, BG: biogas, W: waste(water)

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Design drawingFloating cover

Gas withdrawalDigester

Digested manure

Stable/ cattle shed

St l

Combined heat and power plant

Heat to house

electricity

Storage vessel

Th i f i h f ll i lid k f h

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Example 7: Lbeck, Germany (residential area)

The information on the following slides was taken from the GTZ project datasheet on this project: http://www.gtz.de/de/dokumente/en-ecosan-pds-004-germany-

luebeck-flintenbreite-2005.pdf

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Housing estate with biogas plant in Lbeck-Flintenbreite(slide 1 of 2)

Integrated sanitation system using vacuumsystem using vacuum toilets and biogas plant = production of energy + saving of water

Foreseen for a community of 350 inhabitants

Area of 3.5 ha which was not connected to central sewerageBiogas sewerage

Separate treatment of grey, black and storm water

Digested anaerobic sludge is reused in agriculture

Biogas plant

Process schematic(slide 2 of 2)

vacuum toilet

Kitchen, shower

Storm water

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Biogas plant

Greywater

(56 L/cap/d)

Biogas

Kitchen residue

Blackwater

(4.8 L/cap/d)

wetlands

Effluent infiltration

Effluent

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Course 2 Unit 4

Example 8: Blackwater treatment in Sneek, The Netherlands

The next slide is from myself and the remaining slides for this examples are from Brendo Meulman, Landustrie, the project leader (provided in Sept 2007)

Neighbourhood UASB-septic tank for blackwater in Sneek, The Netherlands

The UASB-septic tank is located in this garage, together with storage tanks and other experimental process units It treats the blackwater from 80 persons (400 500 L/d; 5.6 L/cap/d; 1 L per flush) Digester is heated to 20 or 30C with hot water generated with biogas

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General view of the housing area

How to get a concentrated organic fraction? Vacuum toilets are used, they flush with 1L water and 100L

of air. Reduction of 36 L/cap/d water, is 25% of total water consumption

Vacuum toilet Vacuum station (pump)

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References

Butare, A and Kimaro, A (2002) Anaerobic technology for toilet wastes management: the case study of the Cyangugu pilot project, World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education, Vol.1, No.1. http://www.eng.monash.edu.au/uicee/worldtransactions/WorldTransAbstractsVol1No1/Microsoft%20Word%20-%2032 Butare pdf *

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ctsVol1No1/Microsoft%20Word%20 %2032_Butare.pdf Heeb, J., Jenssen, P., Gnanakan, K. & K. Conradin (2007): ecosan

curriculum 2.0. In cooperation with: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, ACTS Bangalore, Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation, German Agency for Technical Cooperation and the International Ecological Engineering Society. Partially available from www.seecon.ch and http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/oe44/ecosan/cb/en-m23-ecosan-human-dignity-lecture-2006.ppt

Tchobanoglous, G., Burton, F.L., Stensel, H.D. (2003) Wastewater Engineering, Treatment and Reuse, Metcalf & Eddy, Inc., McGraw-Hill, 4th edition This is a good book on conventional wastewater treatmentedition. This is a good book on conventional wastewater treatment

Zhang Wudi et al. (2001): Comprehensive utilization of human and animal wastes. Proceedings of the First International Conference on Ecological Sanitation in Nanning 2001,EcoSanRes, China

* Also under Extra Materials on the I-LE

Other organisations and websites for biogas plants BORDA (Bremen Overseas Research and Development Association):

www.borda-net.org - extensive experience with decentralised anaerobic wastewater treatment (mostly without source separation), e.g. Household biogas plants all over the world. See also their website to view the presentations at recent symposium Business Unusual Nov. 2006p y p

Biogas for Better Life, An African Initiative (www.biogasafrica.org) New initiative from May 2007, see next slide for more information

Agency for renewable resources: www.fnr.de (Fachagentur fr nachwachsende Rohstoffe; in German and English)

Fachverband Biogas: www.biogas.org (in German only) Internationales Biogas und Biomasse Kompetenzzentrum (IBBK)

(http://www.biogas-zentrum.de/ibbk/) in German only

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Some more information about the Biogas for Better Life Initiative

Pan African Biogas Initiative Launched : 31 May 2007A large-scale biogas initiative has been launched to bring renewable energy to 20 million households in some 25 African countries. The initiative was approved at a conference entitled 'Biogas for Better Life: Aninitiative was approved at a conference entitled Biogas for Better Life: An African Initiative', held in Nairobi, Kenya on 22 May 2007. The initiative is being supported by a consortium consisting of African countries (including Benin, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Mali, Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal and South Africa), implementing agencies, local NGOs and donors (including Finland, Germany, the Netherlands, Norway and the Shell Foundation).

Dutch partners in the initiative are the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and development organisations SNV and Hivos.

The first national biogas programme in Rwanda has already begun. Similar programmes in Ethiopia and Uganda will begin later this year. These national programmes aim to constr ct the initiati es first 50 000These national programmes aim to construct the initiatives first 50,000 biogas plants. Biogas programmes are already operational in various parts of the world. SNV has worked on several successful programmes in Asia, especially in Nepal and Vietnam.

A simple biogas plant can be operated by any family with at least two cows or four pigs. The family toilet can also often be connected to it. Such a plant will generate enough gas to power a stove and a lamp.A biogas plant costs from 300 to 400 euros (although in Africa it will initially cost more). But the expense can be recouped within a few years through savings on firewood. And the waste product can still be used as manure.