Course Structures & Syllabus - Aligarh Muslim University · PDF fileGeology Main Students) ... Introduction to the petrological microscope and indentification of common rock ... Parts,

1

Course Structures & Syllabus

FOR THE SESSION

2016-2017

B.Sc. (Hons.) GEOLOGY

AND

M.Sc. (APPLIED GEOLOGY)

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY

ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY

ALIGARH.

2

Department of Geology, A.M.U. Aligarh Course Structure of B.Sc. (Hons.)

For Session 2016-2017

First Year First Semester

Type of Course C. No. Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact hours

Sessional Mid Semester

End Semester

Total L T P

Core B1 Earth System & Mineral Science

10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core GL1 Lab work for Geology paper 10 30 60 100 2 0 1 2

6

Second Semester



End Semester

Total L T P

Core B2 Elements of Petrology 10 30 60 100 4 48 8 0

Core BL2 Lab work for Geology paper 10 30 60 100 2 0 1 2

6

Second Year

Third Semester



End Semester

Total L T P

Core B3 Paleobiology and Stratigraphy 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core BL 3 Lab work for B3 & BAE1 Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2

AE (DC) BAE 1 Choose 01 of the following 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

a) Geological Field Techniques

b) Geo statistics

Total 8

Fourth Semester



End Semester

Total L T P

Core B4 Earh’s Processes and Resources 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core BL 4 Lab work for B4 & BAE2 Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2

AE (DC) BAE 2 Choose 01 of the following 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

a) Geological Lab Techniques

b) Oceanography 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Open Elective BOE (GL)

Fundamental of Geology (To be opted by other then

Geology Main Students)

10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Total 10

L= Lecture period, T= Tutorial, P= Practical Period

3

Paper/Code No. Title Max.Marks Sessional Exam. Total

Credit

B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology Part-III

Fifth Semester

Theory 5 GLB-001 Igneous Petrology & Dynamics of the Earth 5 GLB-002 Structural Geology

5 GLB-003 Natural Environment

Lab. Work 5 GLB-0L1 Lab work on papers V and VII 5 GLB-0L2 Lab work on papers VI

5 GLB-0L3 Field Geology

20

20

20

20

20

20

80

80

80

30

30

30

100

100

100

50

50

50

4

4

4

2

2

2

Total 120 330 450 18

Paper Title Max.Marks

Sessional Exam. Total Credits

B.Sc. (Hons.) Geology Part-III

Sixth Semester

Theory 6 GLB-001 Energy Resources & Mineral Exploration 6 GLB-002 Sedimentary Petrology & Metamorphic Petrology

6 GLB-003 Applied Geology

Lab. Work 6 GLB-0L1 Lab work on papers VIII & X. 6 GLB-0L2 Lab work on papers IX

6 GLB-0L3 Project/Seminar

20

20

20

20

20

20

80

80

80

30

30

30

100

100

100

50

50

50

4

4

4

2

2

2

Total 120 330 450 18

Semester V & VI-18+18=36 Credits Semester I to IV =32 Credit

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Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.) Session 2016-2017

First Semester

5

Core Credit – 4, Period – 56 Paper – I

Earth System and Mineral Science

Unit I: Introduction to various branches of Earth Sciences.

Convection in Earth’s core and Production of its magnetic field.

Formation of core, mantle, crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.

Concept of sea-floor spreading, plate tectonics and continental drift.

Geodynamic elements of Earth-Mid Oceanic Ridges, trenches, transform faults and island arcs.

Earthquake and earthquake belts

Volcanoes – types, products and their distribution.

Unit II:

Earth’s heat budget.

Soils-Processes of formation, soil profile and soil types.

Palaeobiology: Elementary idea about origin of life, Preservation potential of organisms, requirements of

fossilization, Fossils, processes of fossilization and different kinds of fossils.

Standard stratigraphic time scale and introduction to the concept of time in geological studies.

Introduction to geology and geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.

General concepts about geochemical cycles.

Unit III:

Elementary ideas about crystal morphology in relation to internal structures’ crystal parameters and indices

Crystal symmetry and classification of crystals into six systems and 32 point groups

Elements of crystal chemistry and aspects of crystal structures

Stereographic projections of symmetry elements and forms

Unit IV:

Minerals – definition and classification, physical and chemical properties

Composition of common rock – forming minerals

Silicate and non-silicate structures; CCP and HCP structures

Nature of light and principles of optical mineralogy

Introduction to the petrological microscope and indentification of common rock-forming minerals.

Suggested Readings: 1) Duff, P.M.D., & Duff, D. (Eds.) (1993), Holmes’ principles of physical geology. Taylor & Francis.

2) Emiliani, C. (1992). Planet earth: cosmology, geology, and the evolution of life and environment. Cambridge

University Press.

3) Gross, M.G. (1977). Oceanography: A view of the earth.

4) Klein, C., Dutrow, B., Dwight, J., & Klein, C. (2007). The 23rd Edition of the Manual of Mineral (after James

D.Dana). J.Wiley & Sons.

5) Kerr, P.F. (1959). Optical Mineralogy, MeGraw-Hill.

6) Verma, P.K. (2010). Optical Mineralogy (Four Colour), Ane Books Pvt. Ltd.

7) Deer, W.A., Howie, R. A., A., & Zussman. J. (1992). An introduction to the rock –forming minerals (Vol. 696)

London: Longman.

Core Credit – 2, Period - 36

Practicals:

A: Detailed study of topographic sheets and preparation of physographic description of an area. Laboratory

exercises for drawing geological maps. Study of some representative genera of different invertebrate phyla.

B: Observation and documentation on symmetry of crystals. Study of physical properties of minerals in hand

specimen amongst: Silicates: Olivine, Garnet, Baryl, Tourmaline, Augite, Hornblende, Serpentine, Talc,

Muscovite, Biotic, Quartz, Orthoclase, Plagioclase, Microcline, Quartz verities: Chert, Flint, Chacedony, Agate,

Jasper, Amethyst, Rose quartz, smoky quartz, Rock crystal.

6

Semester –II

Paper – II

Elements of Petrology


Unit-I

Introduction to common rock forming, ore forming and industrial minerals.

Radioactive minerals, Fuel minerals, Formation and types of mineral deposits, rock association.

Unit-II

Magma: Definition, physical properties and chemical composition, origin.

Crystallization of magma: Bowen’s reaction series, magmatic differentiation and assismilation.

Forms and structures of extrusive and intrusive igneous rocks.

Igneous textures: crystallinity, grain shape, size and mutual relationship of grains.

Bases of classification and types of igneous rocks.

Unit-III

Sediments: origin, transportation, deposition and lithofication.

Fabric and texture of sedimentary rocks.

Roundness of particles and its geological significance.

Classification of sedimentary rocks: terrigenous and chemical sedimentary rocks.

Important primary sedimentary structure-bedding, ripple marks, cross bedding and mud cracks.

Unit-IV

Introduction to Metamorphic rock and their significance.

Classification of Metamorphic rocks. Basic concepts of types of metamorphism.

Concepts of isograds and zones of metamorphism.

Relationship between matamorphism and deformation.

Physiographic subdivisions of Indian subcontinent-their physical, structural and geological features.

Brief account of constituent cratons of Indian shield.

Books Recommended:

1. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost.

2. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.

3. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.

4. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner.

5. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer.

6. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.

7. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar.

8. Principles of Geomorphology - Thornbury

Core

Credit – 2, Period - 36

Practical

Study of megascopic and microscopic characters of selected igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks.

7

Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)

P A R T-II

Session 2016-2017

8

Semester-III


Paper-III: Palaeobiology and Stratigraphy

Unit-I

Palaeobiology: Defination, branches. Fossils-defination and requirement of fossilization. Various steps involved

in the study of fossils.

Various processes of fossilization and types of fossils. Methods of fossil identification, description and illustration. Applciation of palaeontalogic studies in organic evolution, biostratigraphy, palaeoecology,

palaeogeography, and palaeoclimatology. Microfossils: definition, significance and a brief account of important groups. Brachiopoda: Morphology and geological distribution. Echinoidea Morphology and geological distribution. Trilobita: Morphology and geological distribution.

Unit-II Pelecypoda: Morphology and geological distribution.Gastropoda: Morphology and geological distribution Cephalopoda: Morphology and geological distribution of Nautiloidea and Ammonoidea. Origin of vertebrates and landmarks in vertebrate evolution.Evolutionary history of Equidae. Palaeobotany: Broad classification of plant kingdom and application of palaeobotanical studies. Morphology,

classification and geological range of important Lower and Upper Gondwana flora.

Unit-III Stratigraphy and its various branches. Stratigraphic classification and correlation. Classification, geographic distribution, lithologic characteristics, fossil content and economic importance of

Various geological divisions of Peninsular Shield: Cratons – Dharwar, Baster, Singhbhum, Bundelkhand, Aravalli, and Marwar. Mobile belts: Eastern Ghats, Pandyan and Satpura. Archean Basement Complex: Peninsular Gneiss of Karanata, Banded Gneissic Complex of Rajasthan, Older Metamorphics of Eastern India.

Unit-IV Greenschist belts of Karnataka: Sargurs (enclaves), Nuggihalli, Holenarsipur and Chitradurga Belts. Aravalli Supergroup, Delhi Supergroup, Vindhyan Supergroup, Cudappah Supergroup. Classification, geographic

distribution, lithologic characteristics, fossil content and economic importance of Haimanta System, Muth

Quartzite, Permo-Carboniferous rocks of Spiti. Gondwana Supergroup, Triassic of Spiti, Jurassic of Kutch,

Cretaceous of south east coast of India and Deccan Traps. Siwalik system. Evolution of Himalayas.

Books Recommended:

1. Invertebrate Palaeontology-Woods. 2. The Elements of Palacontology-Black

3. Introduction to Paleobotany-Arnold.

4. Essential of Paleobotany-Shukla and Misra.

5. Geology of India and Burma-Krishnan. 6. Fundamentals of Historicals Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar 7. Precambrian Geology of India-Naqvi and Rogers.

8. Geology of India by M.Ramakrishnan & R.Vaidyanadhan Vol. I & II, Geological Society of India,

Bangalore, 2008/2010.


Practical:

a) Study of morphological characters of important fossil phyla designated in theory paper. Exercises in

showing the major stratigraphic and litho tectonic units in hand drawn map of India.

b) Exercises on elective papers BAE 1 (a) and BAE 1 (b)

9

Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) BAE 1 Credit – 2, Period - 28

(a) Geological Field Techniques Unit-I Introducttion to field geology, Objectives of field work, Instruments used in field. Parts, functions and use of Compass-clinometer, GPS, Altimeter. Importance of field safety. Preparedness for field survey: base map, toposheets, web based satellite image display systems. Study of toposheets and contour maps.

Unit-II Observations made during field work. Recording of important field information. Establishment of relative ages: cross-cut relations, xenoliths. Recognition of faults and unconformities. Concept of dip and strike, Recording orientation of dipping planes, linear features, measuring thickness of inclined strata.

Unit-III Recording features of sedimentary, igneious and metamorphic rocks. Recording structural data, transferring data to base map, locating position in map by triangulation method, forward bearing, backward bearing, quadrant reading azimuth reading, calculation of true dip from apparent dip.

Unit-IV Sampling: selection, labeling, trimming, data collection, calibration of instruments, survey grids and photography. Importance of Field photographs. Oriented samples, Data formats: Sketches, graphic logs, cross section. Mapping techniques: traverse mapping, contact mapping, exposure mapping

10

(b) Geostatistics

Unit I

What is geostatistics? Characteristics of geological information, Scales of measuring and deviations. Laws and

randomness. Main statistical laws of distribution used in geology: Normal law of distribution. Standard normal

law of distribution. Binomial law of distribution. Poisson’s law of distribution.

Unit-II

Probability and Random Variables,:Concept of probability and basic axioms, Conditional probability and Bayes’

Theorem, Random variables, histograms, distributions. Mathematical prognosis, mode, median. Dispersion,

standard deviation. Range.

Unit-III

Uni-variate distributions: Covariance, correlation, Multi-variate distributions, Variance (one- and two-way

analysis), Kriging prediction variance, xi-square test, Coefficient of correlation: correlation coefficient for

quantitative data and its properties..

Unit-IV Linear regressive mode: Properties, equations and geometric interpretation. Non-linear regression: Types of non-linear regression. Interpolation, extrapolation, fitting. Principal component analysis.

Reference Books

1. Saals. E.A. and Srovastav. R.M. (1990) An Introduction to Geostatistics, Oxford University Press. 2. Pitman, J. (1993) Probability, Springer Verblag, (also Narosa Publishers). 3. Walpole, R.E. and Myers, R.H. (1982) Applied multivariate statistical analysis, Prentice Hall Inc., New

Jersey.

11

Semester-IV


Paper-IV: Earth’s Processes and Resources

Unit-I Renewable and non-renewable energy resources.

Hydroelectric power. Energy from the sun, wind, hot springs and sea waves.

Distrubution of mineral deposits in space and time.

Physiographics, mineralogical, stratigraphic, lithologic and structural guides to ore.

Mineral processing and beneficiation: methods of size reduction, screening and separation.

Environmental implications of exploration of mineral resources.

Unit-II

Rock forming minerals: Systematic classification of minerals, Chemical composition and physical properties of the

following classes of minerals.

Silicates, carbonates, oxides, sulfides, sulfates, halides.

Global tectonic and metallogeny trough geological time.

Geological setting, mineralogical characteristics and Indian distribution of metallic mineral deposits of iron and

manganese, chromium, copper, lead and zink, gold, and aluminum.

Unit-III

Ore forming minerals: metallic and non-metallic minerals.

Processes of ore formation.

Ore deposits related to magmatic activity. Hydrotheramal and skarn deposits. Ore deposits formed by

sedimentation. Weathering products and Residual deposits. Ore deposits formed by oxidation & supergene

enrichment. Ore deposits formed by replacement and biochemical activity, evaporation and metamorphism,

colloidal deposition.

Unit-IV

Geological setting, mineralogical characteristics and Indian distribution of non-metallic mineral deposits related to

and with examples from Indian stratigraphic records:

Materials for construction (building stones and cement), ceramics, refractories and fillers, organic chemicals and

synthetics, precious and decorative stones, fertilizers.

Books Recommended: 1. Economic Mineral Deposits-Jensen and Bateman.

2. Ore Deposits-Parks and Mc diarmid.

3. India’s Mineral Resources-Krishnaswami.

4. Ore Deposits of India-Gokkle and Rao.

5. Ore Petrology-Evans.

6. Industrial Mineral and Rocks-Deb.

7. Mining Geology-Arogyaswami.


Practical

a) Study of physical and optical properties of metallic and non-metallic minerals/resources. Preparation of

maps showing distribution of important ores and other economic minerals in India. Study of metallogenic

maps.

b) Exercises on elective papers BAE 2 (a) and BAE 2 (b)

c) Geological Lab Techniques: Geological mapping and visit to economic mineral deposits in some

appropriate area followed by laboratory processing of rock samples, ores and fossils collected during the

field work and preparation of report thereon.

12

Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) BAE 2 Credit – 2, Period - 36

(a) Geological Lab Techniques

Unit 1 Measurement of interfacial angle, Contact Goniometer, Reflection Goniometer, Crystal projections, Determination of Moh’s scale of Hardness, streak, piezoelectricity

Unit 2 Determination of Specific Gravity, Kraus Jolly balance, Barman Density Torsion Balance, Top pan Balance, Pycnometer, Heavy Liquids

Unit 3 Petrological Microscopes: Petrographic and Ore microscopes, Thin section preparation, impregnation of porous and friable rock, Adhesives, Sawing and Grinding, Refractrometer

Unit 4 Fluorescence and Phosphorescence analysis, Chatoyancy and asterism, Thermal analysis and Thermogram,

Determination of common ions, Calorimetry, Flame photometry

Books Recommended:

1.Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr. C.S., 1993: Manual of Mineralogy-John Wiley

2.Putnis, Andrew, 1992: Introduction to Mineral Sciences-Cambridge University Press

3.Phillips, Wm, R. and Griffen, D.T., 1996: Optical Mineralogy-CBS Edition

4.Hutchinson, C.S., 1974: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques-John Wiley

13

(b) Oceanograpy

Unit-I Physical Oceanography: TS diagrams; mixing processes in the oceans; characteristics of important water masses. Wind generated waves in the oceans; their characteristics; shallow and deep water waves. Propagation,

refraction, and reflection of waves. Wave spectrum, principles of wave forecasting.

Unit -II Tide producing forces and their magnitudes; prediction of tides by the harmonic method; tides and tidal currents in shallow seas, estuaries and rivers. Factors influencing coastal processes; transformation of waves in shallow water; effects of stratification; effect of bottom friction.

Unit-III Phenomena of wave reflection, refraction and diffraction: breakers and surf; littoral currents; wave action on sediments-movement to beach material; rip currents; beach stability, ocean beach nourishment; harbour, resonance; seiches; tsunami; interaction of waves and structure.

Unit -IV Estuaries: Classification and nomenclature: tides in estuaries; estuarine circulation and mixing; depth- averaged and breadth-averaged models; sedimentation in estuaries; salinity intrusion in estuaries; effect of stratification;

coastal pollution; mixing and dispersal of pollutants in estuaries and nearshore areas; coastal zone management

14

(Open Elective) Credit – 2, Period - 36

BOE (GL) - Fundamentals of Geology

Unit-I The Science of Geology, Scope and different disciplines of geology. Earth in relation to solar system. Origin of earth. Geological time scale. Internal structure of earth. Different layers of earth :Crust Mantle, Core. Lithosphere and Asthenosphere. Major discontinuities within the earth.

Unit-II Erath materials: Minerals and rocks. Types of minerals: silicate and non-silicate minerals. Magmatism and formation of igneous rocks. Weathering, erosion and formation of sedimentary rocks. Formation of metamorphic rocks. Fossils and fossilization processes.

Unit-III Plate tectonic theory. Mantle convection and motion of plates. Types of plate boundaries: divergent, convergent and transform boundaries. Mid oceanic ridges. Subduction zone. Plate motion and earthquakes. Continental drift theory.

Unit-IV Economic resources of Earth. Conditions and suitability of formation of coal and petroleum. Ore forming processes. Metallic and non-metallic deposits. Formation of uranium deposits. Groundwater resources.

Books Recommended:

1. Physical Geology-S.Judson, M.E.Kauffman and L.D.Leet. 2. Physical Geology-Arthur Holmes. 3. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer. 4. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.

5. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar.

6. Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy-H.H. Read.

7. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.

8. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn. 9. Metamorphic Petrology-Turner. 10. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.

11. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte.

12. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance.

13. Mineral Economics-Husain.

14. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee

15

Syllabus of B.Sc. (Hons.)

P A R T – III

Session 2016-2017

16

Semester-V

Paper-V- Igneous Petrology and Dynamics of the Earth (5GLB-001)

Unit-I Mantle petrology: mineralogy and chemistry. Physical properties of magma, volatile contents.

Magmatic processes: fractional crystallization, magma mixing, crystal setting, liquid immiscibility, assimilation,

differentation. Trace elements and their significance in igneous petrology.

Classification of igneous rocks, basis of IUGS classification. General characteristics of the following Precambrian igneous rock assemblages:

(a) Komatiites (b) Anorthosites (c) Tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG)

Unit-II Basic principles of equilibrium thermodynamics. Concept of system, phase and component.

Chemical potential and phase rule. Phase equilibria of the following two and three component silicate systems: Binary system-Albite-Anorthite, Diopside-anorthite, Nepheline-silica. Forsterite - Silica

Rock association in space and time.

Concept of Rock Series.

Mineralogical characteristics and origin of the following rock types:

(I) Granite, granodiorite, diorite, rhyolite, (II) Basalt, dolerite, gabbro

(III)Syenite, nepheline-syenite, trachyte, (IV) Peridotites.

Unit-III Internal structure constitution and chemical composition of various layers of the earth. Geochemical evolution of the earth.

Geophysical conditions of the earth: gravity, magnetism, heat flow. Concept and theories of isostasy. Movements of the earth’s curst: orogenic and epeirogenic phases. Plate tectonics theory-the mechanism of plate tectonics. Nature and types of plate margins. Geometry and driving mechanism of plate motion.

Unit-IV Evolution of continents and oceans. Magnetic anomaly patterns in the ocean basins and sea-floor spreading.

Origin, significance and distribution of divergent margins, mid-oceanic ridges.

Island arcs and trenches.

Tectonics of continental rifts, continental margins, shelves, marginal basins and intracratonic basins.

Relationship of magmatism, metamorphism and metallogeny with orogeny. Neotectonics: Active fault systems. Indicators of recent tectonic activity. Causes of natural and man-made geohazards and their prevention.

Books Recommended: 1. Principles of igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Philpots 2. Magma and Magmatic Rocks-Middlemost. 3. Igneous and metamorphic petrology-Best.

4. Plate Tectonics and Crustal evaluation-Condie.

5. Aspects of Tectonics-Valdiya.

6. Global Tectonics-Kearey and Vine

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Paper-VI-Structural Geology

(5GLB-002) Unit-I Mechanical Principles: Definition of force, stress and strain, stages of rock deformation, stress-strain diagram. Effects of geological factors on mechanical behavior of rocks-confining pressures, temperature, time, solutions, pore pressure, anisotropy and inhomogeneity.

Unit-II Unconformities, their types and recognition in the fields and on geological maps. Geological significance of unconformities.Criteria for distinguishing faults from unconformities. Description and nomenclature of folds. Geometric and genetic classification of folds.Recognition and interpretation of folds in field and geological maps.

Unit-III Description and classification of faults. Normal faults, horst and graben, rifts, strike-slip-faults.

Reverse faults, thrusts, thrusts and overthrusts. Nappe, Klippe, Window. Criteria for recognition of faults, in the

field and on geological maps. Joints, their classification and significance.

Unit-IV Planar structures, their identification and description. Type of cleavage and schistosity and their origin, relation of cleavage and schistosity to major structures. Types of lineations, their origin and their relation to major structures.Geological criteria for determination of stratigraphic superposition, on the basis of biostratigraphy, fossil disposition, volcanogenic structures, cleavage bedding relationship and external form and internal organization of sediments.

Books Recommended: 1. Structural analysis of metamorphic Tectonics-Turner and Weiss. 2. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions-Davis

3. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-Ramsay.

4. An outline of Structural Goelogy-Rubbs, Mears and William.

5. A manual of problems in Structural Geology-Gokhle.

18

Paper-VII-Natural Environment

(5GLB-003)

Unit-I Definition of Environmental Geology. The interdisciplinary approach to environmental geology. Fundamental Concept: The earth as closed system, understanding hazardous earth processes.

Concept of natural ecosystems on the earth and their mutual relations and interactions (atmosphere, hydrosphere,

lithosphere

and biosphere): Cycles in earth system: carbon energy cycle, biogeochemical cycle, rock cycle,geochemical

cycle

Unit-II Soil: process of soil formation, classification of soil, soil degradation and mitigation. Landslides: slope stability, causes of land slides, prevention and mitigation.

Floods: causes, impact and mitigation. Earthquakes: causes, impact and mitigation.

Unit-III Environmental and Geological consideration in site selection of dams, and tunnels. Dams: foundation materials, structures causes of failure, siesmicity.

Tunnels: geology, structures, role of water table and seismicity.

Introduction to hydrogeology. Hydrologic cycle and its component.

Rock properties affecting groundwater. Vertical distribution of ground water.

Classification of aquifers. Darcy’s Law and its validity. Permeability and methods of its measurement.

Impact of mining activity on groundwater.

Unit-IV Basics of remote sensing, EMR, platforms, sensors. Types of aerial photographs, Framing and scanning systems. Types of satellites and images. Spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. Sensors and their characteristics on

board IRS,

Landsat and SPOT satellites

EMR interaction with atmosphere and earth surface.

Elements of image interpretation (photographic and geotechnical). Basic drainage pattern and their characteristics. Application of remote sensing in natural hazards. Examples from India.

Books Recommended: 1. Environmental Geology-Keller 2. Groundwater Hydrogeology-Todd.

3. Principles of Engg. Geology and Geotectonics-Krynine and Judd. 4. Engineering Geology-Kesavulu. 5. Remote Sensing-Principles and Interpretation-Sabins.

6. Environmental Geology-Montgomery.

7. Groundwater Assessment, Development and Management – Karanth

8. Remote Sensing and image interpretation – Lillesand and Keifer

9. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph 10. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen 11. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System by Anji Reddy

19

Practical Semester-V

(5GLB-0L1): croscopic study of major igneous rocks. Model mineralogy of some Plutonic and hypabassal rocks

and their nomenclature using Streckeisen’s approach. Study of sections across continental margins, island arcs

and plate tectonics

models. Study of geohazard maps and introduction to basic geophysical instruments used for understanding the

dynamics of the Earth.Morphometic analysis using sample watershades. Scale determination and conversion.

Exercises related to river basin water availability, drought assessment and flood prone regions. Spatial analysis

using multiple data sets. Exercise on land degradation and resource depletion. Drawing of hydrogeological cycle,

depth to water table map, measurement and presentation of rainfall data-arithmetic mean, isohytal map, isocones

and other methods of representation of chemical data . Preparation and interpretation of water table maps.

Identification and uses of water on the basis of quality (drinking, irrigation and industrial purpose).

(5GLB-0L2): Exercises on structural geology problems. Stereographic projections of structural data.

Geometrical problems

on folds and faults. Drawing and the interpretation of profile sections across the geological maps.

(5GLB-0L3): Geological Field Training: Field work including geological mapping of structurally complex

area. The field report should be based on the mapping as well as laboratory work on the rock samples collected

during the fieldwork

20

Semester-VI

Paper-VIII-Energy Resources and Mineral Exploration (6GLB-001)

Unit-I Petrology of coal. Peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. Gondwana and Tertiary coalfields of India. Geothermal energy provinces in India.

Source and reservoir rocks of hydrocarbons.Structural, stratigraphic and mixed oil

traps. Hydrocarbon exploration techniques-geological and geophysical methods.

Onshore and off-shore distribution of petroliferous basins in India.

Unit-II Radioactive minerals: mineralogy, geochemistry, origin and distribution of uranium and thorium deposits in India. Detection and measurement of radioactivity. Methods of prospecting for radioactive minerals.

Radioactive well logging. Nuclear waste disposal: problems and solutions.Surface and subsurface methods of mineral exploration. Application of remote sensing techniques in mineral exploration.

Unit-III Geophysical methods of mineral exploration-airborne versus ground surveys. Gravity, electrical, magnetic and seismic methods.Prospecting for economic

minerals. Methods of drilling, sampling, assaying and reserve estimation. Fundamentals of geobotanical and Geochemical methods of exploration.

Unit-IV Principles of mineral economics. Bore-hole logging and deviation testing. Strategic, critical and essential minerals.Mineral production in India.

Changing pattern of mineral consumption. National mineral policy of India including hydrocarbon

Mineral concession rules.Mineral resources of the sea and law of sea.

Books Recommended:

1. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart. 2. Text Book of Coal-Chandra, Singh and Singh.

3. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte.

4. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance. 5. Courses in Mining Geology-Arogyaswami. 6. Mineral Economics-Husain.

7. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee.

8. Techniques in Mineral exploration-Readman.

9. A text book of Petroleum Geology – Leverson

21

Paper-IX-Sedimentary Petrology and Metamorphic Petrology (6GLB-002)

Unit-I

Significance of grain size distribution in relation to

environments. Particle size of detrital rocks-grade scale

in mm and phi scales.

Shape and sphericity of clastic particles.

Zingg’s and Folk’s shape classes. Chemistry of weathering processes.

Concept of sedimentary facies. Basic principles of paleoenvironment and

paleoclimate analysis. Basic ideas about depositional environments and their

classification.

Morphology and occurrence of bedding plane structures, internal structures, soft sediment deformational

structures, biogenic structures and significance of ichno fossils.

Unit-II Sandstone: classification and origin. Petrography and geological significance of quartz arenite, arkose and greywacke. Conglomerates: origin and classification.

Heavy minerals and their geological significance. Diagenesis of terriginous and chemical

sediments. Petrography and geological significance of diamictite and tillite.

.Shale, types, their bedding characteristics and mineralogy. Classification and origin of carbonates with special reference of Folk’s classification. Tectonics and sedimentation. Cratonic and plateform basins and facies. Geosyncline basins and facies. Krynine’s cycle.

Unit-III Metamorphic processes and a detailed account of agents and their role in metamorphism. Types of metamorphism-contact, regional, cataclastic and metasomatism. Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks and their significance. Barrovian zones of regional metamorphism and principles of isograd

mapping. Rosenbusch’s zones of thermal metamorphism

Unit-IV Metamorphism in relation to plate tectonics. Paired metamorphic belts. Cataclastic metamorphism and its products. Contact metamorphism of carbonate rocks. Regional metamorphism of pelitic rocks. Metasomatism: types mass transfer and products, anatexis and granitisation. Petrology, origin and distribution (in India) of charnockites, khondalites and granulites.

Books Recommended: 1. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn 2. Palaeo current and Basin Analysis-Potter and Pettijohn. 3. Origin of Sedimentary Rocks-Baltt, Mid delton, Murray.


5. Petrology of Metamorphic Rocks-Mason.

6. Principles of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Philpots

22

Paper-X Applied Geology

(6GLB-003) Unit-I Introduction of Urban geology, geological and hydrogeological constrains in urban planning. Foundation problem, Impact of urbanization on landuse. Impact of urban waste disposal, liquid waste disposal their management and

control.Environmental legislation in India. Introduction to Medical geology and its future scope: geologic factors

of environmental health. Trace elements and human health, chronic diseases. Water borne diseases-cause and remedies. Food intake as sources of trace metals in humans.

Unit-II Maps: elements, scale of map.Concept of datum and coordinate system. Map projections: Conical, cylindrical and azimuthal projection. Basic concepts and applications of GIS in geosciences, functions of GIS, data structure, data input and

analysis in GIS.Global positioning system (GPS): components, operating principle, applications and limitations.

GIS applications in geosciences.

Unit-III Geochemical sampling: stream sediments, lake sediments, soil and water samples.Pathfinder elements in exploration. Geobotanical survey and biogeochemistry.Geochemical analysis: precision and accuracy. Introductory

knowledge about the principle andfunctioning of flame photometer, spectrometer, AAS (single beam & double

beam), XRF, XRD and ICP.

Ores and rock processing industries and their impact on human health.

Unit-IV Formation of minerals, basic qualities (beauty, durability, rarity), classification of gem materials, weight and measures, Physical character of gem stones: hardness, cleavage, fracture, parting, specific gravity optical characteristics.

Nature of light: electromagnetic spectrum, transparency, light reflection and refractive index and its

measurement.Colour and its causes, pleochroism, dispersion, absorption spectroscopy luminescence phenomenal

effects, chatoyancy, asterism, sheen, aventurescence, play of colour, change of colour etc.

Description and identification of precious, semi-precious gem stones. Description and identification of organic

gem stones. Gemstone cuts: basic and simple style of cut.

Books Recommended: 1. Environmental Geology-Montgomery. 2. Environmental Sciences-Miller. 3. Manual on environmental and Urban Geology of fast growing cities-ESCAE, United Nations Publications. 4. Techniques in Mineral Exploration-Readman.

5. Geochemical Exploration-Bjorklund.

6. Practical Gemmology-Webster.

7. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System-M.Anji Reddy.

8. Fundamentals of GIS- M. Demers 9. Datum Map Projection and Coordinate System – Survey of India (lecture notes) 10. Lecture notes on remote sensing GIS and map protection (reference Copy)

11. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System by A.M. Chandra

23

Practical

(6GLB-0L1) Semester-VI Hand specimen study of different types of coals, selected radioactive minerals and their host rocks. Exercises

in showing distribution of various mineral deposits, fuel resources and hydrocarbon resources on map of India.

Laboratory exercises in solving exploration related problems. Data representation & analysis of field resources.

Description and identification of rough and cut precious and semi-precious stones. Determination of R.I.,

specific gravity and optical properties. Grading of Gem stones. Industrial mineralogy: industrial

specifications of various minerals used in the refractory and ceramic industry, glass industry, cement industry,

Abrassive and fertilizer industry. Minerals used in various industries around Aligarh.

Case studies of environment related problems. Introduction to modern analytical techniques of geological,

geophysical

and geobotanical survey for environmental studies. Evaluation and interpretation of geochemical data for

exploration.

(6GLB-0L2) Study of important primary sedimentary structures in hand specimens. Microscope study of sedimentary

textures, mineralogy and diagenetic features in sedimentary rocks. Microscopic study textures and mineralogy

of metamorphic rocks. Laboratory exercises in graphic plots for petrochemistry and interpretation of paragenetic

diagrams.

(6GLB-0L3) – Project / Seminar

24

Course Structure &

Syllabus

M. Sc. (Applied Geology)

For Session 2016-2017

Department of Geology

Aligarh Muslim University

Aligarh

25

First Semester

Type of Course

Course No.

Course Title

Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours


End Semester

Total L T P

Core M 1 Ore Geology and Mining Geology 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M2 Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques

10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M3 Structural Geology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M4 Geotectonics 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M5 Hydrogeology - I 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core ML1 Lab work: Ore Geology, Mining Geology, Structural Geology, Geotectonics and Survey

Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 2 0 1 2

Core ML2 Lab Work: Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques and Hydrogeology-I


Elective(DC) ME 1 Choose 01 course amongst the following 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Coal Petrology

b) Oceanography

c) Glaciology AE (DE) MAE 1 Field Geology/Industrial/ Laboratory Training-

I 40 60 100 2

Total 24

Department of Geology A.M.U., Aligarh

Programme: M.Sc. (Applied Geology), Semester System (Total Four Semesters)

Session 2016-2017

Choice Based Credit System (CBCS)

Types of Courses: Core, Elective (Discipline Centric), Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) and

Open Elective (Ability Enhancement)

Second Semester

Type of Course

Course No.

Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours


End Semester

Total L T P

Core M6 Paleobiology and Indian Stratigraphy 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M7 Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M8 Remote Sensing in Geosciences 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M9 Geophysical Exploration 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M10 Hydrogeology - II 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Elective (DC)

ME 2 Choose 01 course amongst the following 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a)Geodynamic Processes and Crustal Evolution

b)Global Climate Change

AE (DE) MAE 2 Lab work: Paleobiology, Indian Stratigraphy , Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology

Continuous evaluation -40 60 100 2 0 1 2

AE (DE) MAE 3 Lab work: Remote Sensing in Geosciences Geophysical Exploration and Hydrogeology


Total 24

26

Third Semester

Type of Course

Course No.

Course Title Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours


End Semester

Total L T P

Core M11 Fuel Geology (Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals)

10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

Core M12 Engineering Geology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M13 Geochemistry and Radiogenic Isotopes 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M14 Sedimentology 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M15 Environmental Geology- I 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core ML3 Lab work: Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals, Engineering Geology and Environmental Geology


Core ML4 Lab work: Geochemistry and Radiogenic Isotopes, Sedimentology and Computer

Applications


Elective (DC)

ME 3 Choose 01 course of the following: 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences - I

b) Exploration Geochemistry - I

c) Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- I

d) Micropalentology – I

e) Advance Ore Geology – I

f) Advance Hydrogeology – I

g) Impact of Geology on Environment – I

h) Petroleum Exploration – I

i) Gemmology – I

j) Engineering Geology and Geotechnics - I

k) Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-I

l) Galciology - I

AE(DC) MAE 3 Field Geology/ Industrial/ Laboratory Training- I Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 4

Total 24

27

Fourth Semester

Type of course

Course No.

Course Title

Marks distribution Credit Contact Hours


End Semester

Total L T P

Core M16 Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M17 Applied Sedimentation 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core M18 Environmental Geology- II 10 30 60 100 2 2 0 0

Core ML 5 Lab work: Geochemistry, and Computer Applications


Core ML 6 Lab work: Applied Sedimentation and Environmental Geology


Core ML 7 Project Oriented Dissertation (To be allotted after second semester exam or at the

beginning of third semester)


Core ML 8 Presentation and Viva – Voce on Project Oriented Dissertation

Continuous evaluation - 40 60 100 4

Elective (DC)

ME4 Choose 01 course of the following: 10 30 60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences - II

b) Exploration Geochemistry - 11

c) Sedimentary Environments and Sedimentary Basins- II

d) Micropalentology – II

e) Advance Ore Geology – II

f) Advance Hydrogeology – II

g) Impact of Geology on Environment – II

h) Petroleum Exploration – II

i) Gemology – II

j) Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-II

k) Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-II l) Galciology- II

Open

Electi

ve

OE(AE) Choose 01 course of the following: (For non Geology PG Students of the Faculty)

10 30

60 100 4 4 1 0

a) Global Change

b) Earth Systems

Total 24

Grand Total ( Ist+II

nd+III

rd+IV

th) Semesters 96

L= Lecture period, T= Tutorial, P= Practical Period

28

M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part - I

Semester - I


Paper M 1: Ore Geology and Mining Geology Unit-I Modern concepts of ore genesis. Spatial and temporal distribution of ore deposits- a global perspective.

Comparison between Earth’s evolutionary history and evolutionary trends in ore deposits. Ore deposits and

Plate Tectonics.

Mode of occurrence of ore bodies-morphology and relationship of host rocks.

Textures of ores and their genetic significance. Ore bearing fluids, their origin and migration. Wall-rock alteration. Structural, physico-chemical and stratigraphic controls of ore localization. Petrological Ore associations with Indian examples wherever feasible:

Unit – II Geothermometry of ore deposits. Fluid inclusion in ores: Principles, assumptions, limitations and applications. Inversion points, exsolution textures and stable isotopes as indicators of depositional temperatures. Geochemistry of ores- major, trace elements, REE and isotopic studies Ores of mafic-ultramafic association- diamonds in kimberlite; REE in carbonatites; Ti-V ores; chromite and PGE; Ni ores; Cu, Pb-Zn. Ores of silicic igneous rocks with special reference to disseminated and stock work deposits, porphyry associations.

Unit –III Ores of sedimentary affiliation-chemical and clastic sedimentation, stratiform and stratabound ore deposits (Mn, Fe, non-ferrous ores), placers and palaeoplacers.

Ores of metamorphic affiliations-metamorphism of ores, Ores related to weathering and weathered

surfaces laterite, bauxite. Contemporary ore-forming systems e.g., black smokers, mineralized crusts, Mn

nodules. Mineralogy, genesis and important Indian distribution of ore minerals related to: Mn, Au, Sn, W

and U.

Unit – IV Application of rock mechanics in mining.

Planning, exploration and exploratory mining of surface and underground mineral deposits involving

diamond drilling, shaft sinking, drifting, cross cutting, winzing, stoping, room and pillaring, top-slicing, sub-

level caving and block caving.

Cycles of surface and underground mining operations. Exploration for placer deposits. Open pit mining.

Ocean bottom mining.

Types of drilling methods. Mining hazards: mine inundation, fire and rock burst.

Books Recommended: 1.Craig, J.M. & Vaughan, D.J., 1981: Ore Petrography and Mineralogy-John wiley 2.Evans, A.M., 1993: Ore Geology and Industrial Minerals-Blackwell

3.Sawkins, F.J., 1984: Metal deposits in relation to plate tectonics-Springer Verlag

4.Stanton, R.L., 1972: Ore Petrography-McGraw Hill

5.Torling, D.H., 1981: Economic Geology and Geotectonics-blackwell Sci publ. 6.Barnes, H.L., 1979: Geochemistry of Hydrothermal Ore Deposits-John Wiley 7.Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J., 1977: Time and Strata Bound Ore Deposits-Springer Verlag

8.Guibert, J.M. and Park, Jr. C.F., 1986: The Geology of Ore Deposits-Freeman

9.Mookherjee, A., 2000: Ore genesis-a Holistic Approach-Allied Publisher

10.Mckinstry, H.E., 1962: Mining Geology. II Ed.-Asia Publishing House

11.Clark, G.B., 1967: Elements of Mining.III Ed.-John Wiley

12.Arogyaswami R.P.N., 1996: Courses in Mining Geology.IV Ed.-Oxford IBH

29


Paper M 2: Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques

Unit-I Indicatrix- concept and application. Orthoscopy- pleochroisom and absorption schemes, Interference colours, dispersion

Conoscopy- interference figures (uni- and biaxial) Determinative mineralogy – Refractive index, axiality, optic sign, and optic axial ange (2V) by microscope Description and function of microscopic aids- compensation plates and wedges, Universal stage. Sample - Definition, field samples, sampling methods. Sample preparation for geochemical analysis. Thin Section Studies-Etching and Staining techniques particularly for feldspars, carbonates, dolomite, paragonite and quartz Model analysis and techniques, Polished Section Studies-Reflectance (specular and diffusive) and reflactance spectrometry

Bireflactance and reflection pleochroism, Colour of opaques, Microhardness and determination

Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscope (SEM & TEM) :Principle, parts, function and

application. Diffraction and imaging

Electron Probe Microanalyser (EPMA) :Principle, parts, operation and application Principles, instruments and geological applications of Cathodeluminescence and thermoluminescence .

Unit-II Properties associated with bond types( ionic size, radius ratio, coordination principle, coordination number)

Polymorphism, polytypism, pseudomorphism Atomic structure, mineral chemistry, and mode of occurrence of following mineral groups (a) Nesosilicates-Garnet, Olivine, (b) Sorosilicates- Epidote

(c) Ionosilicates – Pyroxene, Amphibole (d) Phyllosilicates - Mica, Clay minerals

(e) Tectosilicates-Quartz, Feldspar, Feldspathoids, Zeolites, Spinel. P.T.

stability diagrams and their significance with suitable examples Unit-

III Chemical composition, crystal structure and mode of occurrence of following groups of non-silicate minerals.

Native elements: Gold, Silver, Copper, Platinum, Iron, Sulfides- Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn sulfides.

Sulfosalts-Ag, Cu and Pb sulfosalts , Oxides-simple and multiple oxides excluding SiO2

Hydroxides- Brucite, Gibbsite, Goethite, Limonite, Psilomelane, Carbonates-Calcite, Magnesite, Rhodochrosite, Dolomite, Siderite Mineral assemblages- Assemblages and phase rule, Assemblages and rock types Gem and Semi-precious minerals – identification, diagnostic properties, classification, important

deposits of India

Unit-IV Powdering Methods and tools-Conventional and Modern Contaminations (precautious and measures) Concept in analytical Chemistry-Terms & definitions, Units of measurement., Accuracy and precision.

Statistical tests of reliability. Detection limits. Contamination (analytical)

Calibration of Instruments, Elements and analytical techniques, Presentation of geochemical data

X-rays: Nature, generation and spectra of X-ray , Diffraction, Bragg’s law, X

– rays and Crystal structure X-ray Diffractrometry , X-ray diffractrometer (XRD) :Principle, parts, operation X-rays and Petrochemistry

XRF (wave length dispersive and Energy Dispersive): Principle, parts and function

Rock digestion through acid treatment, Rock digestion through fusion with alkali salts, Soil samples

digestion, Water samples.

Conventional analytical methods and Instruments: Classical, Photometric, Flame photometric and Titration (EDTA) Rapid methods and Instruments:

Determination of ferrous iron, Determination of water & CO2

30

Optical spectrometry- Principles, Nature of light, Absorption and emission of light

Instrumentation for optical spectrometry, Monochromaters, optical filter, slits, photon detectors etc

Principles, parts, operation mechanism, advantages and limitations of the following: Atomic Absorption Spectrometer- Single and double beam (AAS) Inductively Coupled Plasma - Atomic Emission Spectrometer (ICP-AES) HPLC ( for water analysis) Mass Spectrometry & Instruments: Principles and Types Theoretical working knowledge of the following instruments:

(a) ICP-Mass, (b) Thermal Ionization-Mass, (c) Gas Source-Mass

Books Recommended: 1.Deer, W.A., Howie, R.A. and Zussman, J., 1996: The Rock forming Minerals-Longman 2.Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr. C.S., 1993: Manual of Mineralogy-John Wiley

3.Putnis, Andrew, 1992: Introduction to Mineral Sciences-Cambridge University Press

4.Spear, F.S. 1993: Mineralogical Phase Equilibria and Pressure-Temperature-Time paths-Mineralogical 5.Society of America Publ. 6.Phillips, Wm, R. and Griffen, D.T., 1996: Optical Mineralogy-CBS Edition

7.Hutchinson, C.S., 1974: Laboratory Handbook of Petrographic Techniques-John Wiley

31


Paper M 3: Structural Geology

Unit-I Mechanical principles and properties of rocks and their controlling factors. (confining pressure, temperature, time, pore fluid pressure etc). Concept of stress.

Stress analyses of deformed objects in structural geology.

Unit-II Concept of strain. Homogeneous and inhomogeneous strain. The fundamental strain equation. Two dimensional strain analysis. Types of strain ellipses and ellipsoids, their properties and geological

significance. Strain marker in naturally deformed rocks.

Unit - III Description of componental parts of Folds. Mechanics of folding and buckling, Flexure folds; flexure flow folds. Distribution of strains in folds.

Unit - IV Genetic and geometric classification of faults. Casues and dynamics of faulting. Strike slip faults, Normal faults, Thrust fault.

Books Recommended: 1.Badgley, R.C. 1965: Structure and Tectonics-Harper and Row 2.Ramsay, J.G. 1967: Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-McGraw Hill

3.Hobbs, B.E., Means, W.D. and Williams, P.F. 1976: An Outline of Structural Geology-John wiley

4.Davis, G.R., 1984: Structural Geology of Rocks and Region-John Wiley

5.Ramsay, J.G. and Huber, M.I. 1987: Modern structural Geology, Vol. I & II Academic Press 6.Price, N.J. and Cosgrove, J.W. 1990: Analysis of Geological Structure-Cambridge University Press 7.Bayly B., 1992: Mechanics in Structural Geology: Springer Verlag

8.Ghosh S.K., 1995: Structural Geology Fundamentals of Modern Developments-Pergamon Press

9.Moores, E. and Twiss, R.J. 1995: Tectonics-Freeman

10.Keary, P. and Vine, F.J. 1990: Global Tectonics-Balckwell

11.Storetvedt, K.N. 1997: Our Evolving Planet: Earth’s History in New Perspective-Bergen (Norway), Alma Mater Fortag 12.Valdiya, K.S., 1998: Dynamic Himalaya-Universal Press, Hyderabad

13.Summerfield, M.A., 2000: Geomorphology and Global Tectonics-Springer Verlag

32


Paper M 4: Geotectonics Unit-I Historical perspective of the theory of plate tectonics: Continental drift, Sea-floor spreading and the birth of plate tectonics, Impact of plate tectonics. The framework of plate tectonics: plates and plate margins,

Distribution of earthquakes, Relative and absolute plate motions, Hotspots, Polar wander.

Unit-II Sea-floor spreading, Marine magnetic anomalies, geomagnetic reversals, Magnetostratigraphy, Dating the sea-dloor. Oceanic ridges: Ridge topography, structure of the upper mantle beneath ridges, Heat-flow and hydrothermal

circulation, transform faults and oceanic fracture zones.

Unit-III Continental rifts and rifted margins: Characteristics of narrow and wide rifts, Rift initiation and volcanic activity along rifts, Transition from rift to rifted margin, The Wilson Cycle. Continental transform and strike slip faults.

Unit-IV Subduction zones: Oceanic trenches, Morphology of island arc systems, Structure deciphered from earthquakes, Volcanic and plutonic activity, Metamorphism, Gravity anomalies of sunduction zones.

Orogenic belts:Ocean-continent convergence, Compressional sedimentary basins, Continent-continent collision,

Arc-continent collision

33


Paper M 5: Hydrogeology-I Unit-I Hydrologic cycle and its components Ground water origin, types, importance, occurrence, renewable and non-renewable ground water resources .Sub surface movement and vertical distribution of groundwater Hydrologic properties of rocks : porosity, permeability, specific yield, specific retention, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storage coefficient and methods of their measurements Hydrographs.

Unit-II Hydraulic properties of aquifer and aquitard and their controlling factors, transmissivity, storavity and specific yield, Well Hydraulics, Darcy’s law and its validity, confined, unconfined steady, unsteady and radial flow, Determination of permeability in the lab and field. Ground water flow equations

Unit-III Water table contour maps, hydrostratigraphic units of India. Artificial recharge of ground water, rain water harvesting. Water balance methods, water level fluctuations : causitive factors and their

measurement, Problem of over exploitation.

Ground water legislation.

Unit-IV Surface and subsurface geophysical and geological methods of ground water exploration. Hydrogeomorphic mapping using various remote sensing techniques.

Surface geophysical methods: resistivity, seismic, gravity and magenetic methods. Well logging for

delineation of aquifers and estimation of water quality, electrical resistivity and SP, radiation logging,

Gamma, Gamma Gamma, Neutron Caliper and temperature logging

Books Recommended: 1.Todd, D.K., 1980: Groundwater Hydrology-John Wiley 2.Davies, S.N. & De Wiest, R.J.M., 1966: Hydrogeology-John Wiley

3.Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A., 1979: Ground Water-Prentice Hall 4.Fetter, C.W., 1990: Applied Hydrogeology-Merill Publishing 5.Raghunath, N.M., 1982: Ground Water-Wiley Eastern

6.Karanth, K.R., 1987: Groundwater Assessment-Development and Management-Tata McGraw Hall

7.Alley, W.M., 1993: Regional Ground Water Quality-VNR, New York

8.Subramaniam, V., 2000: Water-Kingston Publ. London

34

Core Credit – 2, Period – 36

ML 1: Lab Work (Exercise related to Ore Geology, Mining Geology, Structural Geology, Geotectonics and

Survey)

(a) Megascopic study of structures and fabrics of different ores and their associations. Mineralogical

and textural studies of common ore minerals under ore-microscope and petrological study of other

industrial and non-metallic minerals. Exercises in the determination of relative hardness of common

ore minerals. (b) Diagrammatic representation of open cast and underground mining. Methods

of mining survey. Exercises on mine sampling and determination of tenor, cut-off grades and ore

reserves.

(c) Preparation and interpretation of geological maps and sections. Structural problems concerning

economic deposits. Recording and plotting of field data. Plotting and interpretation petrofabric data

and resultant diagrams.

(d) Study of large scale tectonic features of the

Earth.

(e) various methods and instruments of surveying including plane table, prismatic and theodolite

and

Telescopic

Aledade.


ML 2: Lab Work (Exercise related to Mineralogy, Instrumentation and Analytical Techniques, and

Hydrogeology)

(a) Microscopic study of rock forming minerals using optical accessories. Exercises on thin section and polished section making, etching and staining. (b) Exercises in sample dissolution, determination of elemental composition of minerals and rocks by flame photometer and AAS, sample preparation for powder diffraction by XRD and interpretation of X- ray diffractograms of common minerals and components of the bulk rocks. (c) Delineation of hydrological boundaries on water-table contour maps and estimation of permeability Analysis of hydrographs and estimation of infiltration capacity. Chemical analysis of water

35

Elective (Discipline Centric) ME 1 Credit – 4, Period - 56

(a): Coal Petrology

Unit I Coal Petrology- Definition, Formation of coal, varieties of coal. Coal rank - physico-chemical coalification, processes associated with rank change

Maturation concept: physico-chemical coalification – rank change

Origin and Indian distribution of coal, stratigraphy of coal measures. Methods of coal exploration

Unit II Petrographic composition of organic matter and types, Proximate analysis, Ultimate analysis Biochemical coalification : The maceral concept, Mceral groups and sub-groups, Vitrinite group and sub-groups, Inertinite macerals, Liptinite macerals, Telovitrinite Detrovitrinite subgroup, Gelovitrinite subgroup, Liptinite group, Sporinite Chemical affinities of the Liptinite macerals: cutinite , suberinite, resinite , liptodetrinite, alginite, bituminite,

exsudatinite. The inertinite group: fusinite, semifusinite, inertodetrinite, macrinite, micrinite, funginite,

secretinite, microlithotypes Organic petrological methods: vitrinite reflectance, optical properties of vitrinite

and their influence on measurements, relationship of reflectance to other optical properties Techniques for

measuring vitrinite reflectance: use of various immersion media, mean maximum reflectance, Random

measurements but with polar, Random reflectance carbonization: mesophase development in natural bitumen,

natural coke. little limestone coal, visean, meta-exsudatinite

Unit III Industrial application of coal- Coal carbonization, Hydrogenation, Liquification and gasification, underground coal gasification, Coal bed Methane, coal mining methods

Unit IV Coal hazards and mitigation measures- Environmental impact of coal mining, acid mine drainage, mine subsidence, groundwater inundation, spontaneous combustion of coal, environmental impact of coal based power plants,

disposal of coal ash, carbon sequestration.

Books recommended 1.Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R. and Robert, P., 1998: Organic 2. Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart

3. Chandra, D., Singh, R.M. and Singh, M.P., 2000: Textbook of Coal (Indian Context)-Tara

Book Agency, Varanasi.

4. Singh, M.P., (Ed.), 1998: Coal and Organic Petrology-Hindustan Publ. Corp., New Delhi 5. Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.T.H., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, M. and Teichmuller, R., 1982:

7.Stach’s Text Book of Coal Petrology- Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart

36

(b): Oceanography

Unit I General Circulation and climate Modelling:Observed zonally symmetric circulations, meridional circulation models, mean meridional and eddy transport of momentum and energy, angular momentum and energy

budgets; zonally asymmetric features of general circulation; standing eddies; eastwest circulations in tropics:

climate variability and forcings; feedback processes, low frequency variability, MJO (Madden Julian

oscillation), and sunsport cycles.

Unit II Basic principles of general circulation modeling; gridpoint and spectral GCMs; role of the ocean in climate modeling; interannual variability of ocean fields and its relationship with monsoon, concept of ocean-

atmosphere coupled models.

Unit-III The global wind system; action of wind on ocean surface’Ekman’s theory; Sverdrup, Stommel and Munk’s theories; upwelling and sinking with special reference to the Indian ocean. Inertial currents; divergences

and convergences; geostrophic relationship between density, pressure and dynamic topography; relative

and slope currents. Wind driven coastal currents; typical scales of motion in the ocean.

Unit IV Characteristics of the global conveyor belt circulation and its causes. Formation of subtropical gyres; western boundary currents; equatorial current systems; El Nino; monsoonal winds and currents over the North Indian Ocean; Somali current; southern ocean

37

(c): Glaciology

Unit -I Climatic and glacier: Snowline altitude in different mountains and continents, effect of precipitation effect of latitude, effect of solar radiation, terminal altitude of glaciers, Cirque and glacier development

Unit -II Spatial snow, ice and glaciers: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ice, Global Hydrological Cycle and snow and ice component, Water Inventory and snow and ice on earth, snow covered areas covered on the Globe

Unit- III Glacial Geomorphology : ice scoured basins , roche mountonnees , meltwater valleys cirque, arete , horn , hanging valley, glacial trough , truncated spur , glacial drift, till, outwash , glacio-lacturine sediments , glacio-tectonic drifto , moraines, eskers, kame , valley train and outwash plain

Unit -IV Climate change and glaciers: Snow cover evolution and glacier evolution, Causes of ice ages, Orbital parameters, Milutin Milankovitch cycle, role of CO2 and other green house gases, weathering, mountain building etc., Impact of

Climate change on Himalayan glaciers: The records of glacier retreat and advancement in centuries with spatial distribution

Readings: Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology by Bryn Hubbard and Neil F. Glasser, willey International The Physics of Glaciers, Fourth Edition Hardcover, 2010, Kurt M. Cuffey and W.

S. B. Paterson Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology Paperback 1993, P. McL.

D. Duff and Arthur Holmes Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Syed Iqbal Hasnain,

Allied Publishers Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Naseeuddin Ahmad and Sarwar Rais, Allied Publishers Snow and Glacier Hydrology, 2000, P. Singh, Vijay P. Sin

38

Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) MAE 1 Credit – 2

Field Geology/Industrial/Laboratory Training-I

39

M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part –I

Semester – II

Core Credit – 4, Period –56

Paper M 6: Paleobiology and Indian Stratigraphy

Unit I Origin of life, Pre-Cambrian fossil record and major events in the history of life. Organic evolution: evidence, causes, mechanism, and patterns; determining phylogenetic relationship. Species

concept in palaeontology: definition, origin, biologic and palaeontologic methods of species determination

species problem in palaeontology.

Ontogeny and growth of organisms: types of growth, isometric and anisometric growth, rates and causes,

interpretation of growth curves. Functional morphology: methods of functional morphologic analysis with

examples from the fossil record.

Taphonomy: taphonomic processes, types of fossil assemblages and their application.

Unit II Application of fossils in palaeoclimatic interpretations, climatic bioindicators, use of stable isotopes in palaeoclimatic studies.

Major groups of microfossils with special reference to morphology and geological applications of foraminifera.

Origin and evolution of early vertebrates: fishes and amphibians, major groups, general characters and geological

distribution.

Reptiles: general characters, major groups, their geological distribution, evolution and extinction of dinosaurs.

Aves and mammals: evolution, general features and geological distribution, adaptive radiation of Cenozoic

mammals. Evolutionary histories of Proboscideans and Homonidae.

Unit-III Lithostratigraphy, Codes units, correlation and contacts. Biostratigorphy- units, biogeographical acme zone provinces, controlling factors,zonation and their time significance. Basic principles of seismic

staratigraphy and sequence Stratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, event Stratigraphy.

Origin and composition of primitive crust, atmosphere & hydrosphere. Tectonic and crustal evolution, lithostratigraphy, age constraints of the following cratonic blocks: Dharwar, Aravalli-Bundelkhand, Singhbhum and Bhandara-Bastar.

Unit – IV Basin configuration, stratigraphy and sedimentary evolution of the following basins. Vindhyan, Chattisgarh and Cuddappah.

Paleogeographic and paleoclimatic conditions prevailing in Indian subcontinent during Paleozoic, Mesozoic and

Cenozoic eras. Igneous activity in Indian subcontinent in relation to break up of Gondwanaland.

Mountain building activities in Indian subcontinent during Cenozoic Era.

Archean-Proterozoic; Proterozoic-Cambrian,

Permian- Triassic and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary problems in Indian subcontinent.

Books Recommended: 1.Clarkson, E.N.K., 1998: Invertebrate Palaeontology and Evolution.IV Ed.-Blackwell 2.Stearn, C.W. & Carroll, R.L, 1989: Palaeontology-the Record of Life-John Wiley

3. Principles of Paleontology by David M. Raup and Steven M. Stanley. CBS Publishers and Distributers.

4. Evolution of Vertebrates by E.H. Colbert. Wiely Eastern Ltd.

5.Pomerol, C., 1982: The Cenozoic Era: Tertiary and Quaternary-Ellis Harwood Ltd

40

Core Credit – 4 Period-56

Paper M 7: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology Unit- I Mineralogy and chemistry of earth’ s mantle. Physics of magma generation in the mantle, their nature. Physical properties of magma: temperature,

density, viscosity, volatile components their nature, Factors affecting magma and evolution of magma. Norms - CIPW Criteria for classification of igneous rocks and IUGS classification. Introduction to igneous rock series. Rock suite: petrographic provinces and associations. Magmatism in relation to plate tectonics. Mantle plumes and associated magmatism.

Unit-II Phase equilibrium of the following silicate systems, its relation to magma genesis and crystallization in the light of modern experimental work:

Ternary Systems: Nepheline – Kalsilite - Silica, Forsterite – Anorthite - Silica, Diopside- Forsterite -

Silica. Quaternary system: Diopside- Nepheline-Forsterite – Silica.

Physico-chemical interpretation of igneous textures including spinifex, rapakivi, intergrowths, reaction

rims. Petrogenesis of the following igneous rock types: Ultramafic (Peridotite and Picrite, Komatiite), Basalts, Andesites, Granites, Syenite, Carbonatite,

Anorthosite

Unit-III Mineralogical Phase rule of closed and open systems. Factors and processes of matamorphism, diffusion, nucleation. Fabric of metamorphic rocks, mylonite. Metasonatism-types, principle of polarity. Metamorphic facies, detailed description of each facies of low pressure, medium to high pressures and very

high pressure with special reference to characteristic metamorphic zones and subfacies: albite- epidote

hornfels, hornblende - hornfels, pyroxene hornfels, sanidinite, greenschist, amphibolite, granulite, prehenite

- pumpellite, glaucophane-lawsonite (blue-schist), eclogite.

Unit-IV Nature of metamorphic reactions and pressure-temperature. Conditions of metamorphism. Isoreactiongrad, Schreinmakers rule and construction of petrogenetic grids. Graphical representation:

ACF, AKF, AFM.

Metamorphic differentiation.Anatexis and origin of migmatites in the light of experimental studies.

Regional metamorphism and paired metamorphic belts. Metamorphism and Tectonics. Metamorphic facies series. P-T-t paths and their implications. Ultra high temperature, ultra-high pressure and ocean-floor metamorphism. Partial melting during

granulite metamorphism.

Chemical zoning and its relation to tectonism.

Books Recommended: 1.Turner, F.J., 1990: Metamorphic Petrology, McGraw Hill, New York 2.Yardley, B.W. 1989: An Introduction to Metamorphic Petrology-Longman, 3.Bucher, K. and Frey,

M.1994: Petrogenesis of Metamorphic Rocks-Springer Verlag

4.Philipotts, A., 1992: Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology-Prentice Hall

5.Best, M.G., 1986: Igneous Petrology-CBS Publ.

6.McBirney, A.R., 1993: Igneous Petrology-John & Bartlet Publ. 7.Kretz, R., 1994: Metamorphic Crystallization-John Wiley 8.Bose, M.K., 1997: Igneous Petrology-World Press

9.Perchuk, L.L. and Kushiro, I.1991: Physical Chemistry of Magmas-Springer Verlag

41


Paper M 8: Remote Sensing in Geosciences

unit-I

Spectral Characteristics of solar radiation. Transmittance of the atmosphere. Spectral reflectance of land covers. RS Satellite characteristics-orbits and swaths. Sensors used in remote sensing. Types of satellite remote sensing data used in earth system studies. Image interpretation and analysis. Applications of Remote Sensing techniques in geological investigations-Mapping lithology, lineaments and minerals.

Unit-II Photogrammetry: and applications recent advances. Aerial photographs and their geometry. Errors in aerial photographs and their correction, swing, tilt,

ortho photographs. Classification of aerial photographs and aerial mosaics. Photomosaics and its types.

Stereoscopes: mirror and pocket stereoscope. Photogrammetric techniques Parallaxes: parallaxe bar, Prallax formula, height and slope determination. Scale determination of photographs on uniform and variable terrain.

Unit-III Geological studies: image characters and their relations with ground objects based on recognition elements (photographic and geotechnical elements). Convergence of evidence in interpretations of

lithology (igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rocks) Interpretation of topography and tectonic features and evaluation of ground water potential.

Unit-IV Geomorphological studies: geomorphic processes and resulting landorms. Morphometric analysis. Characteristics of various lansdforms in satellite images and aerial photographs. Terrain evaluation for

selection of dam, reservoir, industrial sites. Digital processing techniques, image registration and

correction, basic concept of geocoding, digital image classification and image enhancement, spatial

filtering, band ratioing, FCCs, principal component analysis, IHS and NDVI images, supervised and

unsupervised classification and its utility in land-cover mapping. Principles and application of GIS and

RS in geohazards monitoring (landslides, floods, droughts, cyclones, earthquakes). Examples and case

studies from India.

Books Recommended: 1.Millor, V.C., 1961 Photogeology. Mc Graw Hill 2.Sabbins, F.F.,1985 Remote Sensing-Principles and Applications. Freeman

3.Moffitt, F.H. and Mikhail, E.M., 1980 Photogrammetry-Harper and Row

4.Lillesand, T.M. and Kieffer, R.W., 1987: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation-John wiley

5.Pandey, S.N., 1987: Princdiples and Applications of Photogeology-Wiley Eastern 6. Thornbury, W.D. Principles of Geomorphology 7. Craig, R.G. and Craft, J.L Applied Geomorphology

8. Fundamentals of GIS – M. Demers

9. Encyclopedia of Applied Geology - Finkiel

10. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen 11. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph 12. Geomorphology by Bloom

42


Paper M 9: Geophysical Exploration

Unit-I Variations of gravity over the earth, Rock density, Gravity surveys. Corrections applied to gravity data. Derivation of Free-Air and Bouguer Gravity anomaly maps. Geological interpretation of gravity maps. Gravity signature of mineral

deposits. Recent development in gravity surveys.

Unit-II Rock magnetism, the geomagnetic field, Magnetic anomalies. Magnetic surveying instruments- Fluxgate magnetometer, Proton magnetometer, Optically pumped magnetometer, Magnetic gradiometers. Ground magnetic surveys.

Aeromagnetic and marine surveys. Reduction of magnetic observations-Diurnal variation correction,

Geomagnetic correction, Elevation and terrain corrections. Interpretation of magnetic anomalies-Direct

interpretation, Indirect interpretation. Applications of magnetic surveying.

Unit-III Resistivity methods: Basic principles, Various types of electrode configurations. Field procedures:Profiling and Sounding. Applications of electrical methods in groundwater prospecting and civil engineering problems.

Description of borehole environment, Brief outline of various well-logging techniques. Principles of electrical

logging and its applications in petroleum, groundwater and mineral exploration.

Unit-IV Seismic methods: Fundamental principles of wave propagation, Refraction and reflection surveys of single interface, Horizontal and dipping cases, Concept of seismic channel and multi-channel recording of seismic data, End-on

and split spread shooting techniques, CDP method of data acquisition, soring, gather stacking and record section.

Books Recommended:

1. Lowrie, W. (2007)-Fundamentals of Geophysics (Second Ed.) Cambridge University Press, 381p. 2. Keary, P., Brooks, M. and Hill, I. (2002)-An introduction to Geophysical Exploration (Third Ed.), Balckwell

Science, Oxford, 262 p.

3. Lowe, C. Thomas, M.D. and Morris, W.A. (Eds.) (1999)-Geophysics in Mineral Exploaration:

Fundamentals and Case Histories. Geological Association of Canada, Ontario-175P

43


Paper M 10: Hydrogeology-II Unit – I Methods of pumping test and analysis of test data. Evaluation of aquifer parameters using Theim, Theis, Jacob’s and Walton equations. Flow Net

Analyses.Interpretation of pumping test data for hydrogeologic boundaries : positive and negative

boundaries

Unit-II Water well technology, well types drilling methods, (cable tool, direct rotary, and reverse rotary), yield

tests, construction and design, development and maintenance of wells. Salt water intrusion in coastal

aquifers and their remedial measures.Electrical and Mathematical modeling, data requirement and

application of model; Finite difference and finite element method.

Unit-III Chemistry of natural water. Mineral stability in Eh-pH diagram. Types of chemical reaction in water, chemical activities, carbonate equilibrium, oxidation potential, SAR, CEC, major ionic species,

hydrochemical facies, major constituents, minor constituents, trace elements of natural waters.

Isotope hydrology: tritium, radio carbon dating of ground water. REE in sea and river water. Ground Water quality, estimation and methods of treatment for various uses.

Unit – IV Representations of hydrochemical data, Piper Trilinear diagram, Ground water facies analysis quality

criteria for different uses, drinking, irrigation and industrial uses, Use of Water quality in mineral

assessment. Ground Water contaminants and pollutants. Dispersion of pollutants.Evaluation of pollution

potential and monitoring of ground water quality.

Hydrochemical provinces of India.

Problem of arsenic and fluoride, radioisotopes in hydrogeological studies.

Books Recommended: 1.Todd, D.K., 1980: Groundwater Hydrology-John Wiley 2.Davies, S.N. & De Wiest, R.J.M., 1966: Hydrogeology-John Wiley

3.Freeze, R.A. & Cherry, J.A., 1979: Ground Water-Prentice Hall

4.Fetter, C.W., 1990: Applied Hydrogeology-Merill Publishing

5.Raghunath, N.M., 1982: Ground Water-Wiley Eastern

6.Karanth, K.R., 1987: Groundwater Assessment-Development and Management-Tata McGraw Hall 7.Alley, W.M., 1993: Regional Ground Water Quality-VNR, New York 8.Subramaniam, V., 2000: Water-Kingston Publ. London

44

Elective (Discipline Centric) ME 2 Credit – 4, Period –56

(a) Geodynamic Processes and Crustal Evolution

Unit-I Condensation of the Solar System: Evidence from astronomical observations, Cosmochemistry, meteorites. Chondrites and achondrites, Early Earth Systems, Nature of early Geological records, Archaean geological records, Geodynamic processes of Archaean Greenstone belts, Archaean granitegneiss terrains, oldest terrestrial material.

Unit-II Earth differentiation-the first earth system. Constraints on core formation: thermal constraints, geochemical constrants. Accretion history of the Earth. Evolution of the Earth’s mantle: evidence from

seismology, mantle xenoliths. Mantle convection, mantle plumes. Archaean mantle models: evidence

from Archaean basalts, komatiites, boninites.

Unit-III Origin of the continental crust: Crustal growth at destructive plate boundaries, arc magma sources,

Conditions of slab melting processes. Crustal growth through intraplate magmatism, Crustal growth

through time. Geochemical evidence for the secular evolution of the continental crust. Formation of

TTGs, adakites, sanukitoids. Accretionary orogens.

Unit-IV Origin of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. The rise of atmospheric oxygen: evidence from redox-sensitive detrital sediments, Fe-mobility in paleosols. Geological evidence for an early Co2-rich atmosphere:

Archaean weathering profiles. Controls on CO2 drawdown. Proxies for the nature of early oceans:

Archaean limestones, BIF.

Books Recommended:

1. Plate Tectonics and Crustal evaluation-Condie.

2. Aspects of Tectonics-Valdiya.

3. Global Tectonics-Kearey and Vine.

45

(b) Global Climate Change

Unit I Components of Earth Systems – Atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere and biosphere. Parameters of climate regime. Arid, semi-arid, polar, humid and sub-humid climatic regimes. Thronwaite system of climate classification.

Unit II Composition and structure of the atmosphere, Importance of atmosphere to human life, Change in atmospheric composition in the recent time. Burning of fossil fuel, deforestation, global land use/land cover changes. Green house gases and their effects.

Unit III Earth’s climate and its components. Change of climatic regimes in the earth’s history. Global climatic changes- causes, effects and adaptation measures. Impact of climate change on water resources, agriculture, forests and land use/land cover. Case studies and examples.

Unit IV Sea level rise- causes, impacts and adaptation measures. UNCCC-role, summits, declarations, and protocols on climate change and its mitigation. Role of IPCC in policy making.

Suggested books:

1. Kent Condie-Earth as an Evolving Planetary System-Academic Press (2004).

2. Lee R. Kump,James F. Kasting,Robert G. Crane-The Earth System-Pearson (2009).

3. Trewartha, G.T. , & Horn, L.A. , Introduction to climate, International Studies, 1990.

4. Hussain, Majid., Fundamentals of Physical Geography, Rawat Pub., Jaipur, 2001

46

Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) Credit – 2, Period –36

MAE 2: Exercise related to

(a) Recognition of fossil groups in an assorted assemblage and identification of their

classes.Study of important fossils from Indian stratigraphic horizons. Measurement of

dimensional parameters and preparation of elementary growth-curves and scatter-plots.

(b) Exercises on stratigraphic classification and correlation. Exercises on interpretation of

seismic records for staratigraphy study of palaeogeographic maps of all geological periods

(c) Megascopic and microscopic study of igneous lithotypes. Calculation of CIPW

Norms, Preparation of variation diagrams. (d) Megascopic and microscopic study of metamorphic rocks of different facies. Time relationship between deformation and recrystallisation. Graphic construction of ACF, AKF and AFM diagrams. Estimation of pressure and temperature from important models of geothermobarometry. Interpretation of reaction textures.

Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) Credit – 2, Period –36

MAE 3: Exercise related to

(a) Delineation of gulley erosion and drainage pattern. Photointerpretation and identification of major lithounits in aerial photographs. Morphometric analysis using aerial photographs based on watershed and water divide. Scene identification of IRS and Landsat data using NRSA website. Cultural details on images, landuse and land cover mapping using IRS data. Mapping of geomorphological features in remote sensing data.

Display and inspection of multispectral data in individual bands and various FCCs. Calculating image statistics. Combining separate image bands into a single multispectral image file.

Subsetting image data. Querying spectral reflectance and geographic coordinates of pixels in

georeferenced images. Image enhancement for increased interpretability of landcoverfeatures-

linear contrast stretch. Classifying imagery using supervised and unsupervised methods. Ground

truth verification using GPS navigation. Integrating ground truth with results of classification.

Viewing satellite imagery in 3D. Mapping structural, geological and geomorphological features

using satellite imagery.

Drainage analysis of basin watershed on linear, aerial and shape aspect. Slope suitability

analysis based on SOI toposheet, characterization and prioretisation of watershed on the basis of

standard methods. Profiles of water valleys and their interpretation. Geomorphological mapping

based on remote sensing data. Study and interpretation of varios types of drainage pattern.

(b) Study of gravimeter, magnetometer and seismographs. Resistivity survey. Interpretation of underground structure on the basis of seismic data.

(c) Pumping test: time-drawn down and time-recovery tests and evaluation of aquifer parameters.

Step drawn down tests, Electric resistivity sounding for delineation of fresh and saline aquifers.

Study of geophysical well logs resistivity and SP logs. Estimation of TDS. Exercises on

groundwater exploration using remote sensing techniques

47

M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part - II

Semester - III


Paper M 11: Fuel Geology (Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals)

Unit-I Definition, origin, rank, and types of coal. Classification: Indian and International.

Physical and petrographic characters: concept of Lithotypes, microlithotypes, and macerals.

Chemical characterization: proximate and ultimate analyses.

Utilization of coal: preparation of coal, carbonization, gasification and hydrogenation. Application of coal

petrology in solving geological problems and in hydrocarbon exploration. Sedimentology of coal bearing

strata, coal forming epochs in geological past, coal deposits of India and their distribution

Case study of some coal fields of India, prospecting and reserves estimation, and production

Coalbed Methane: generation and exploration, coal as reservoir of methane.

Unit-II Nature of petroleum: chemical composition and physical properties of organic matters and hydrocarbon. Origin of petroleum: organic and inorganic theories.

Migration of oil and gas: evidence of migration, primary and secondary migration. Transformation

of organic matter into Kerogen, organic maturation, thermal cracking of kerogen. Diagenesis,

ketagenesis and metagenesis.

Formation of petroleum in relation to geological processes: temperature, time, and pressure. Timing of oil and gas generation. Petroleum exploration- surface indication of oil and gas, sequence of exploratory steps, wellsite geology. Role of sedimentology in oil exploration, subsurface interpretation of sedimentary environments from curves, cutting and well log.

Unit – III Methods of subsurface geological mapping. Reservoir rocks: sandstone reservoirs, carbonate reservoirs and fractured reservoirs. Trapping mechanism for oil and gas, characteristic of structural, stratigraphic and combination traps.

Oil fields- water, oil and gas occurrence.

Formation evaluation: well-logging, types of well logs, interpretation of lithology, quality and quantity of

formation fluids from well logs.

Sedimentary basins: mechanism of sedimentary basin formation, oil bearing basins of India and the world. Geology of productive oil fields of India, position of oil and gas in India, future prospects and the economic scenario.

Unit-IV Physico – chemical behaviour of U and Th, classification of radioactive minerals. Mode of occurrence and association of atomic minerals in nature, atomic minerals as source of energy. Methods of prospecting and productive geological horizons of India. Geology, geochemistry and origin of hydrothermal, syngenetic, pegmatitic and carbonatitic deposits of U and Th

Placer deposits of Th : origin and distribution.

Nuclear power stations of the country and future prospects.

Books Recommended: 1.Taylor, G.H., Teichmuller, M., Davis, A., Diessel, C.F.K., Littke, R. and Robert, P., 1998: Organic 2.Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart 4.Chandra, D., Singh, R.M. and Singh, M.P., 2000: Textbook of Coal (Indian Context)-Tara Book Agency, Varanasi.

48

5.Singh, M.P., (Ed.), 1998: Coal and Organic Petrology-Hindustan Publ. Corp., New Delhi

6.Stach, E., Mackowsky, M.T.H., Taylor, G.H., Chandra, D., Teichmuller, M. and Teichmuller, R., 1982:

7.Stach’s Text Book of Coal Petrology- Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart 8.Holson, G.D. and Tiratsoo, E.N., 1985: Introduction to Petroleum Geology-Gulf Publ. Houston, Texas 9.Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984: Petroleum Formation and Occurrence-Springer Verlag

10.Selley, R.C., 1998: Elements of Petroleum Geology-Academic Press

11.Durrance, E.M., 1986: Radioactivity in Geology. Principles and Application-Ellis Hoorwool

12.Dahlkamp, F.J., 1993: Uranium Ore Depostis-Springer Verlag

13.Boyle, R.W., 1982: Geochemical Prospecting for Thorium and Uranium Deposits-Elsevier

49


Paper M 12: Engineering Geology

Unit – I Development of Engineering Geology, Important Geo-engineering failures. Engineering Geology vs Geology, Role of engineering geology in civil construction and mining industry, various stages of engineering geological investigation for civil engineering projects. Surface and sub-surface investigations for site selection. Geological causes for mishaps and failures of engineering structures. Engineering properties of rocks, rock discontinuities.

Unit – II RQD, engineering classification of rock mass. Terzaghi’s rock mass classification, coates, C-factor, Q-system and geochemical classification. Improvements of properties of rock mass: grouting, gnuting, rock bolting, cable anchorage. Active faults, features of active faults, Earthquakes and seismicity, seismic zones of India, Paleoseismic indicators.

Unit – III Engineering properties of soil, Atterberg limits, cohesive and noncohesive soils. Soil classification: textural classification, unified soil classification systems, American Association of State Highway and Transport Officials (AASHTO) classification system. Quick clay, quick sand, thixotrophy, soil liquefaction, Physical characters of building stone, metal and concrete aggregates, size and gradation, shape, surface fearures and coating of aggregates. Alkali aggregate reactions, artificial aggregate.

Unit – IV Mass movements with special emphasis on landslides and causes of hill slope instability. Geological consideration for evaluation of dams and reservoir sites, dam foundation rock problems.

Geotechnical evaluation of tunnel alignments and transportation routes, methods of

tunneling, classification of ground for tunneling purposes, various types of support. Geotechnical

investigations for bridges and coastal barriers. Case history of the following engineering projects: (a) Sardar Sarovar hydroelectric project (b) Tehri hydroelectric project

Books

Recommended:

1. Sharma, P.V. (1986)-Geophysical Methods in Geology-elsevier

2. Sharma, P.V. (1997)-Environmental and Engineering Geophysics-Cambridge University Press. 3. Vogelsang, D. (1995)-Environmental Geophysics-A Practical Guide-Springer Verlag. 4. Dobrin, M.B. (1976)-Introduction to Geophysical Prospecting-McGraw Hill

5. Parasnis, D.S. (1975)-Principles of Applied Geophysics-Chapman and Hall

6. Stanislave, M. (1984)-Introduction to Applied Geophysics-Reidel Publ.

7. Krynine, D.H. and Judd. W.R. (1998)-Principles of Engineering Geology-CBS Edition

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Paper M 13: Geochemistry and Radiogenic Isotopes

Unit-I Origin and abundance of elements in the solar system and in the Earth, and its constituents. Nucleosynthesis, Meteorites. Atomic structures and properties of elements in the periodic table. Special properties of transition and rare earth elements. Geochemical classification of elements, major elements trace elements, compatible, incompatible, HFSE, LILE, Low field strength elements, PGE.

Unit-II Behaviour of trace elements including REE in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks. Distribution of elements during crystallization of magma. Partition coefficient : general principle and determination in natural and experimental systems. Trace elements modeling of partial melting, crystal fractionation.

Unit-III Radioactive decay law, radiogenic isotopes. Radioactive decay schemes of U-Th-Pb. Geochemistry of U and Th, their decay series, growth of daughter isotopes U, Th, Pb methods of dating, U-Pb concordia, analytical methods of zircon dating, dating of individual zircons. Decay scheme of Sm-Nd, growth of daughter isotopes, geochemistry of Sm and Nd, age determination, CHUR, epsilon and model dates.

Unit-IV Geochemistry of Rb, Sr, decay scheme and growth of daughter isotopes. Dating of minerals and whole rock, isochron dates, errorchrons, initial ratio.

Principles and methodology of K-Ar dating.

Books Recommended: 1.Mason, B. and Moore, C.B., 1991: Introduction to Geochemistry-Wiley Eastern 2.Krauskopf, K.B., 1967: Introduction to Geochemistry-McGraw Hill 3.Faure, G., 1986: Principles of Isotope Geology-John Wiley

4.Hoefs, J., 1980: Stable isotope Geochemistry –Springer Verlag

5.Marshal, C.P. and Fairbridge, R.W., 1999: Encyclopaedia of Geochemistry-Kluwer Academic

6.Govett, G.J.S. (Ed.), 1983: Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry-Elsevier

7.Nordstrorm, D.K. and Munoz, J.L., 1986: Geochemical Thermodynamics-Blackwell

8.Henderson, P., 1987: Inorganic Geochemistry-Pergamon Press

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Paper M 14: Sedimentology

Unit-I Earth surface systems: Liberation and flux of sediments. Fundamentals of fluids laminar and turbulent flow.

Reynodls number, Froude number, velocity profiles and bed roughness. Flow regimes- Idealized sequence of structures in lower and upper flow regimes. Hyulstroms diagram. Particle transport by sediment gravity flow. Boumas ideal sequence.

Unit-II Processes of transport and generation of sedimentary structures, Controls on the sedimentary rock records, Geometry and significance of sedimentary bodies.

Facies definition, Facies association, Walther’s law of Facies and Application. Sedimentary cycles and cyclotherms

Unit-III Classification of sedimentary environments. Facies Models of alluvial-fluvial, lacustrine, desert-aeolian and glacial sedimentary systems.

Shallow coastal clastics, Marine and continental evaporates

Unit-IV Deep sea basins. Modern carbonate sediments- shallow water carbonates, deep sea carbonates, fresh water carbonates,

evaporitic carbonates, Eolian carbonates, Mineralogy and chemical composition of carbonate minerals.

Genetic concept of classification of limestone. Petrography and genesis of carbonate rocks.

Dolomite: mineralogy, occurrence and mechanism of formation. Limestone Facies: stromatolitic (Tidal Flat), biohermal, cross-bedded winnowed shelf, nodular limestone, chalk (Pelagic) and evaporitic carbonatic facies.

Books Recommended: 1.Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation-George Allen & Unwin 2.Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes-Blackwell 3,Nichols, G., 1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-Blackwell 4.Reading, H.G., 1996: Sedimentary Environment-Blackwell

5.Davis, R.A. Jr., 1992: Depositional System-Prentice Hall

6.Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins-Springer Verlag

7.Relneck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980: Depositional Sedimentary Environments-Springer Verlag

8.Miall , A.D., 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis-Springer Verlag 9.Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sandstone-Springer Verlag 10.Bhattacharya, A. and Chakraborti, C., 2000: Analysis of Sedimentary Successions-Oxford-IBH

14.Boggs Sam Jr., 1995: Principles of Sedimentary and Stratigraphy-Prentice Hall

52


Paper M 15: Environmental Geology - I Unit-I Spectrum of environmental geology, global changes in the Earth system and climate Anthropogenic impacts on the atmosphere, local impacts changing the landscape, role of geology in understanding atmospheric changes

Unit-II Thermal inversion, suspended particulate matter, heavy metals, carbon mono oxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, volatile organic compounds, ground level ozone, natural sources, smog and tropospheric

ozone.

Impact of circulation in atmosphere and oceans on climate, rainfall and agriculture, wind system, global circulation, Coriolis effect Thermal interactions between oceans and atmosphere, advective and convective processess, Heat budget of ocean, ocean ecosystem, ocean currents, general pattern of oceanic circulation.

Unit -III Structure and evolution of atmosphere, recent structure, chemical evolution of atmosphere, role of volcanism, volcanism and recent atmospheric changes, Global warming in present atmosphere due to indiscrete exploitation of fossil fuel, volcanic eruptions and deforestation. Global climatic changes, causes impacts, assessment. Examples and case studies. Climate change impacts on water resources and agriculture.

Unit – IV Nitrogen oxide and ozone layer, cycling of carbon, records of paleotemperature in ice cores of glaciers, palaeo-temperature changes during the glacial ages, glacial ages, last ice age, causes of glaciation, limestone deposits in geological sequence. Cenozoic climate extremes, evolution of life especially the impact on human evolution.

Books Recommended: 1.Valdiya, K.S., 1987: Environmental Geology-Indian Context-Tata McGraw Hill 2.Keller, E.A., 1978: Environmental Geology-Bell and Howell, USA 3.Bryant, E., 1985: Natural Hazards-Cambridge University Press

4.Patwardhan, A.M., 1999: The Dynamic Earth System-Prentice Hall

5.Subramaniam, V., 2001: Textbook in Environmental Science-Narosa International

6.Bell, F.G., 1999: Geological Hazards-Routledge, London

7.Smith, K., 1992: Environmental Hazards-Routledge, London

53


ML 3 (Exercise related to Coal, Petroleum and Atomic Minerals, Engineering Geology, Environmental Geology

and Computer Applications)

(a) Maps and exercises related to coal geology . Study of geological maps and sections of important oilfields of India. Exercises and maps related to petroleum geology. Study of geological sections of U-Th bearing rocks of the country.

Megascopic study of some uranium and thorium bearing minerals and rocks. (b) Study of properties of common rocks with reference to their utility in engineering projects. Study of maps and models of important engineering structures as dam sites and tunnels. Interpretation of geological maps for landslide problems. (c) Study of seismic and flood-prone areas in India. Analyses for alkalinity, acidity, pH and conductivity (electrical) in water samples. Classification of ground water for use in drinking, irrigation and industrial purposes. Presentation of chemical analyses data and plotting chemical classification diagram. (d) Computer applications in petrology, geochemistry, hydrogeology, structural analysis and other branches of geology using different software packages

Core Credit – 2, Period – 36 ML 4 (Exercise related to Geochemistry and Radiogenic Isotopes, Sedimentology)

(a) Rock/Soil/sediments/water analysis. Calculation of mineral formulae from concentration of various

oxides in minerals. (b) Study of Primary, secondary and biogenic sedimentary structures in hand specimens, in photographic atlases, field photographs and wherever possible on the outcrops. Exercises related to palaeocurrent data from different environments. Tilt corrections of palaeocurrent data.

54


a. Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences – I

Unit-I Types and geometry of aerial photograph, tilt and relief distortion, elements of photogrammetry, digital photogrammetry, types of mosaics and its uses, scale variation on aerial photographs, vertical exaggeration, height and slope rectification of aerial

photographs.

Unit-II Aerial photo-interpretation techniques, recognition of photo-elements and terrain elements like tone, texture, pattern, size, shape, terrain elements like drainage pattern, density, type, landform characteristics, erosion behaviour of rocks and soil

material, vegetation characteristics, landuse and land cover classification.

Unit –III Photo-interpretation of sedimentary, igneous and metamorphic rocks. Photo-interpretation of structural, denudational, Aeolian and volcanic landforms. Hydrogeomorphic mapping for ground water potential zones. Geomorphologic mapping and terrain evaluation.

Unit-IV Hyperspectral remote sensing-Imaging spectrometry, Characteristics of hyperspectral data, reflection and absorption processes, causes of absorption, spectral signatures and spectral libraries, atmospheric corrections applied to hyperspectral data,

Data analysis software, Methodology, Availability of data, Application of hyperspectral remote sensing for geological mapping

and exploration.

Books Recommended:

1.Millor, V.C., 1961 Photogeology. Mc Graw Hill 2.Sabbins, F.F.,1985 Remote Sensing-Principles and Applications. Freeman

3.Moffitt, F.H. and Mikhail, E.M., 1980 Photogrammetry-Harper and Row 4.Lillesand, T.M. and Kieffer, R.W., 1987: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation- John wiley 5.Pandey, S.N., 1987: Princdiples and Applications of Photogeology-Wiley Eastern


7. Encyclopedia of Applied Geology – Finkiel


9. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System by A.M. Chandra 10.Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen 11.Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph

55

b. Applied Geochemistry - I

Unit-I Historical background and developments. Geochemical cycle, planning- oriented surveys.

Geochemical data analysis- evaluation of quality of data, presentation and statistical treatment of data.

Interpretation of data Advanced analytical methods- AAS, XRF, ICP-ES, ICP-MS, NAA, IDMS, SSMS, Ion microprobe, EPMA.

Unit-II Distribution of elements, primary dispersion, secondary dispersion. Geochemical exploration methods-lithogeochemical, hydrogeochemical, atmogeochemistry.

Formation of soil, soil types, soil survey, pedochemical methods, overburden geochemistry.

Drainage survey, stream sediment survey-bed sediments, flood plain geochemistry, lake sediments.

Unit-III Geochemistry of petroleum- paraffins, napthenes, aromatics, heterocomponnds. Chemical composition of crude oil, chemistry of kerogen.

Sulfur, carbon and nitrogen and their isotopes in petroleum.

Unit-IV Geochemistry of coal. Cellulose and lignocellulose, resins, fats, salts, organic, acids, paraffins, sulfur, phosphorus, silica. Sulfur

carbon and nitrogen and their isotopes in coal.

Books Recommended: 1.Pacal, Z. (ed), 1977: Geochemical Prospecting Methods-Ustrendi 2.Brooks, A.R., 1972 : Geobotany and Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration-Harper & Row

3.Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.A. 1979: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration-Academic Press

56

c. Sedimentary Environment and Sedimentary Basins – I

Unit –I Silisiclastic sediments-classification, description of major types and their analysis in relation toprovenance. Volacniclastics- formation and general characteristics, types of pyroclastics, transportation and deposition, ignimbrite, tuffs, epiclastic deposits,

methods used in studying modern pyroclastic deposits.

Unit –II Carbonate grains-sketal and nonskeletal, mineralogy and chemical composition of carbonate minerals. Dolomite-mineralogy, control of dolomitization, occurrence and mechanism of formation.

Unit-III Clay deposits-physical properties, mineralogy, chemistry and genesis. Evaporites-mineralogy, physico-chemical controls on precipitation and dissolution. Phosphorites- mineralogy, occurrence. origin of various types of cement.

Unit- IV Trace fossils- occurrence, association and petrographic characteristics, use of trace fossils, stromatolites,thrombolites and related structures in paleoenvironment analysis, methods of paleocurrent determination and basin analysis. Sedimentation and

plate tectonics-basic model concept, basin classification, basin models, clastic petrofacies.

Books Recommended:

1.Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation-George Allen & Unwin 2.Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes-Blackwell

3,Nichols, G., 1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-Blackwell

4.Reading, H.G., 1996: Sedimentary Environment-Blackwell

5.Davis, R.A. Jr., 1992: Depositional System-Prentice Hall 6.Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins-Springer Verlag 7.Relneck, H.E. and Singh, I.B., 1980: Depositional Sedimentary Environments-Springer Verlag

8.Miall , A.D., 2000: Principles of Sedimentary Basin Analysis-Springer Verlag

9.Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sandstone-Springer Verlag

10.Bhattacharya, A. and Chakraborti, C., 2000: Analysis of Sedimentary Successions-Oxford-IBH


57

d. Micropalaeontology - I Unit-I History of micropalaeontological research with special reference to India Surface and subsurface collection of samples for micropaleontological analysis

Treatment of samples, separation of microfossils, picking, mounting and preparation of microfuanal slide,

sectioning storage & repository of microfossils

Unit – II Illustration of microfossils: use of Camera lucida microphotography and scanning electron microscope Environmental significances of microfossils and their use in interpretation of paleoenvironments

Applied micropaleontology: use of microfossils in exploration of petroleum.

Unit-III Foraminifera: living animal, life cycle and dimorphism Test morphology of smaller foraminifera: composition, evolution of different test types, sutures, apertures and their modifications Test ultrastructures: Lamellar characters, pores and canals Significance of variation studies in foraminiferal taxonomy with reference to Jurassic nodosariids

Ecology and palacoecology of foraminifera

Stratigraphic distribution of foraminifera Use of foraminifera as indicators of marine pollution

Unit-IV Outline of modern foraminiferal classification Larger foraminifera: living cell and test morphology, brief classification

Major groups of larger foraminifera their morphological features and geological distribution Ecology paleoecology and evolutionary trends larger foraminifera Biometrics of important larger foraminifera and their significance

Books Recommended 1.Haq, B.V. and Boersma, A., 1998: Introduction to Marine Micropalaeontology- Elsevier 2.Haynes, J.R., 1981: Foraminifera-John Wiley 3.Bignot, G., 1985: Elements of Micropalaeontology-Graham and Trotman

58

e. Advance Ore Geology – I

Unit- I Ore-genesis: Ore bearing fluids. Depositional environment. Control of Mineralization. Detailed Study of Principal Mineral groups: Sulfide group of minerals. Oxide group of minerals.

Carbonates group of minerals.

Textures and structures of ores:

Unit –II Physiographic divisions of the ocean and their potential mineral deposits. Mineral deposits in the continental shelf regions-phosphorite, shell, placer and sand & gravel deposits.

Subsurface sea-bed deposits-petroleum, methane hydrate.

Heavy metal deposits on the deep-seafloor-ferromanganese nodules.

Exploitable mineral and petroleum resources of the Indian Ocean. Ore mineral assemblages in extraterrestrial environments-meteorites and lunar rocks.

Unit –III Paragenesis and zoning of ores and their significance. Textures of ore minerals and their significance.

Textures formed due to deposition in open spaces.

Textures formed due to crystallization from melts.

Textures formed due to replacement.

Unit-IV Ore deposits related to mafic intrusives Ore deposits related to intermediate intrusives

Ore deposits related to felsic intrusives Ore deposits related to submarine volcanism Ores of vein association-Origin, kinds of veins, zoning in veins.

Books recommended:

1. Wolf, K.H., 1976-81. Hand book of strabound and stratiform ore deposits, Elsevier.

2. Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J. , 1977. Time and strata bound deposits –Springer Verlag.

3. Ramdhor, P., 1969. The ore minerals and their intergrowths-Pergamon Press.

and books given in Paper I.

4. Park, Jr. C.F. and MacDiarmid, R.A., 1975: Ore deposits-Freeman 5. Klein, C. and Hurlbut, Jr. C.S., 1999,: Manual of Mineralogy (after James D. Dana) Revised 21

st Edition-John

Wiley.

59

f. Advanced Hydrogeology - I

Unit-I Hydrologic cycle: precipitation, infiltration, runoff, evaporation and evapotranspiration and their measurement. Ground water in hydrologic cycle. Distribution of water in the earth crust. Hydrographic

analyses: hydrograph separation, baseflow recession, storm hydrograph. Gaining and losing streams.

Water balance studies. Spring (including thermal): type, origin and movement of water. Methods of

identification of groundwater reservoir properties.

Unit-II Forces and laws of groundwater movement: Forces acting on groundwater, Water table, infiltration, soil moisture, theory of unsaturated flow water Table recharge, aquifer characteristics, homogeneity and

isotropy. Principle of groundwater flow: mechanical energy, hydraulic head, force potential and

hydraulic head, Darcy Law in terms of force potential.

Unit – III Step draw down test (SDT) and its application in evaluation of well performance. Aquifer performance

test (APT), determination of aquifer parameters using Theis recovery, Boultons and distance draw down

methods. Hydrogeological boundaries; recharge boundary condition and barrier boundary. Determination

of aquifer boundaries.

Environmental impact of ground water extraction: Lowering of water table, compaction and surface

subsidence

Unit-IV Geology of groundwater occurrence with special reference to India: crystalline rocks, volcanic rocks, lithified clastic sediments, limestone terrain including karst terrain, fluvial deposit, eolian deposit, coastal deposit and lacustrine deposits, their hydraulic characteristics, aquifer distribution and yield.

Books Recommended: 1.Chow, V.T., 1988: Advances in Hydroscience-McGraw Hill 2.Walton, W.C., 1988: Ground Water Resource Evolution-McGraw Hill 3.Black, W. and Others (Ed.), 1989: Hydrogeology-Geol. Soc. Of America Publ. 4.Mahajan, G., 1990: Evolution and Development of Ground Water-D.K. Publisher

5.Singhal, B.B.S., 1986: Engineering Geosciences-Savita Prakashan

60

g. Impact of Geology on Environment- I

Unit-I Concept of Ecosystem; Ecology, Ecological perspective of Environment, Biotic communities, Biological

Diversity. Values of Indian Biodiversity, Indian Biodiversity under serious threat. Concept of

sustainable development- sustainable living and non-living resources. Environmental priorities in India

and sustainable development. Mineral Resources and Environment.

Unit-II Environmental impact on mineral development, remedial measures. Impacts of mining activities on the Environment and remedial measures. Dumping of ore, fly ash and mine waste, source of hazardous waste,

waste disposal, radioactive waste management

Unit - III The nature of earth resources. Renewable and non renewable resources, alternative sources of energy. Energy from solar radiation,

geothermal energy, tapping geothermal energy, Energy from Biomass, Alternative fuel, Nuclear energy

options.

Unit-IV Impact of Human settlement, population, urbanization, global warming and climatic changes, Anthropogenic Impact of Environment, Depletion of Stratospheric ozone, ozone layer, chemistry of

ozone layer, ozone hole, effects of ozone depletion.

Books Recommended: As given for Paper-XIII

61

h. Petroleum Exploration- I

Unit-I Physico-chemical properties of natural hydrocarbon Important factors controlling petroleum occurrence

Identification and characterization of petroleum source rocks

Formation of petroleum in relation to geological processes-temperature, time and pressure Timing of oil and gas generation Amount and type and maturation of organic matter

Unit-II Oil and source rock correlation- correlation parameters, oil-oil correlation, oil and source rock correlation Locating petroleum prospects based on principles of petroleum generation and migration-Geological

modeling

Unit – III Quantitative evaluation of oil and gas prospects through geochemical studies Reconstruction of the ancient geothermal gradient

Migration modeling

Geological setting of oil and gas reserves, age distribution of petroleum reserves

Unit-IV Direct oil finding methods Geological exploration methods

Elements of geophysical methods of exploration: magnetic, gravity and seismic

Interpretation of seismic data in basin analysis and preparation of subsurface geological maps

Application of Remote Sensing techniques in basin analysis

Books Recommended: 1.North, F.K., 1985: Petroleum Geology-Allen and Unwin 2.Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984: Petroleum Formation and Occurrence-Springer Verlag

3.Selley, R.C., 1998: Elements of Petroleum Geology-Academic Press

62

i. Gemology-I

Unit-I Historical background and scope of gems and gemstones. Formation of minerals, basic qualities and classification of gemstones, nature of light, electromagnetic spectrum) units of measurement.

Unit-II Nature of crystals: distinction between crystalline and amorphous material, crystal symmetry, Twinning, parallel growth, crystal form, crystal habit, seven crystal system. Identification of rough stones.

Unit-III Physical properties including optical properties Hardness, cleavage, Fracture, parting, specific gravity, Estimation of Hell of a gem material.

Unit – IV Optical properties: laws of reflection importance in gemology; lusture, sheen chatoyancy, asterism. Laws of refraction, Refractive Index and measurement of R.I; colour and its causes pleochroism and

dichroism singly and doubly refractive gems. Absorption spectroscope, luminescence aventure scence,

play of colour, change of colour etc. use of Chelsea filter, Infra-red ultraviolet and x-rays in gem

identification.

Books Recommended:

1. Gemmology 2nd

Ed.-Peter Read (1991) Butter worth-Heinemanu Ltd.Lundu. 2. Gems 5

th Ed. Peter Read. Buurerworth, London

3. Hand book of gem idendification-Richard Laddicoat (1987), G.I.A. Santa Monica. 4. Photo Atlas of Including in Gem Stones-Edward Gubelin 1986 ABC Edition Zurich. 5. Gem Testing 10

th Ed. B.W. Anderson (1990) Butterworth Scientific London.

6. Gemstone Enhancement 2nd

Edition, K.Nassan. 1994 Butterworths London. 7. Gems 5

th Ed. Webster Butterworths London.

63

j. Engineering Geology and Geotechniques-I

Unit-I Site Investigation and exploration. Geotechnical Investigations-targets and techniques. Surface and subsurface Investigations. Geophysical techniques for near surface studies. Gravity survey-acquisition and correction analysis and interpretation of gravity data, Geological

applications.

Magnetic Survey-data acquisition and interpretation, engineering applications.

Unit – II Seismic Survey-Reflection and Refraction, application in mapping fracture zones, shallow faults and cavities, depth to bed rock, dam site investigations. Resistivity Survey-Profiling and sounding, Apparent resistivity, electrode configurations, applications in engineering geology. Ground Probing Rader-basic principles and engineering application. Tomography in geophysical geotechnical applications.

Unit-III Seismicity- Active faults, Fractal distribution of faults and earthquakes, Gutenberg-Richter Relationship, Seismic Investigations, Dynamic analysis, concept of seismic factor, Induced seismicity, Engineering use

of accelerogram, spectrum of an earthquake, aseismic design. Compaction and Liquifaction.

Slope Stability-Stability analysis, Terzaghi’s theory, critical slope, slope control, stabilization,

Reinforcement.

Unit – IV Failure of Rock-Griffith’s theory of fracture initiation in rock mass, failure propagation of jointed rock mass.

Discontinuities-Geometry, surface features, roughness, JRC, Rock Quality Indices, RQD, fracture

frequency, C-factor, mass factor, velocity ratio, strength of discontinuity.

Book Recommended: 1. Environmental and engineering geophysics-P.V. Sharma. 2. Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-D.P. Krynine and W.R.Judd

3. Fundamentals of Engineering Geology-F.G. Bell.

4. Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-F.G. Bell.

5.Rock Mechanics-W.Wittke 6. Rock Mechanics and Engineering-C.Jeger

64

k. Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-I

Unit-I Dynamic analysis. Concept of stress analysis. Computing axial stress. Stress vector and its computation. Computation of total state of stress. The Mohr stress diagram. Role of confining pressure temperature, time, solutions in rock deformation.

Microstructural behavior of rocks.

Unit-II Kinematic analysis. Concept of Kinematic analysis and strain. Ground rules for strain analysis. Computing changes in line lengths, changes in angles between lines, Shear strain. Strain ellipse and its calculation. Calculating the variations in strain. The

Mohr circle strain diagram. The strain ellipsoid and its application. Some practical constraints in strain analysis. Finite and

infinitesimal strain.

Unit-III Fold shape classifications and projection techniques of fold orientations. Mechanism of single layer and multilayer folds and associated structures. Superposed folds. Pi and beta diagrams.

Unit-IV Study of various types of fractures. Application of fracture analysis. Significance of fractures and brittle and shear zones. Determination fabrics in deformed rocks and interpretation.

Books recommended:

1. Structural analysis of metamorphic Tectonics-Turner and Weiss.

2. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions-Davis.

3. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-Ramsay. 4. An Outline of Structural Geology-Rubbs, Mears and William. 5. A Manual of Problems in Structural Geology-Gokhle

65

l. Glaciology - I

Unit I Climatic regimes and glacier: Snowline altitude in different mountains and continents, effect of precipitation effect of latitude, effect of solar radiation, terminal altitude of glaciers, Cirque and glacier development

Unit II Spatial and temporal distribution of snow, ice and glaciers: Physical and Chemical Properties of Ice, Global Hydrological Cycle and snow and ice component, Water Inventory and snow and ice on earth, snow covered areas covered on the Globe,

Northern Sea Ice, Southern Sea Ice, Permafrost, present ice volume, Ice Volumes in Distant Past, Present-Day Antarctica,

Present-Day Greenland, Alaskan Ice, Ice in Western USA, Distribution of the snow and ice in Himalaya.

Unit III Glacial Geomorphology : Types of ice body: niche, cirque, alpine, piedmont, floating , ice cap, ice sheet, glacier mass balance, equilibrium (firn) line, glacier process: abrasion plucking (quarrying) , sediment load: subglacial, englacial, supraglacial, landforms: ice scoured basins , roche mountonnees , meltwater valleys cirque, arete , horn , hanging valley , glacial trough , truncated spur , glacial drift, till, outwash , glacio-lacturine sediments , glacio-tectonic drifto , moraines, eskers, kame , valley train and outwash plain

Unit IV Ice Ages: Causes of ice ages, Orbital parameters, Milutin Milankovitch cycle, role of CO2 and other green house gases,

weathering, mountain building etc., Reconstructions of the ice volume, inferring ice volume in the past using isotopes, SPACEMAP ice volume in the past, Rate of change of ice volume, ice cores, Ice ages in Himalaya, ice cores study in

Himalayan glacier.

Readings:

Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology by Bryn Hubbard and Neil F. Glasser, willey International

The Physics of Glaciers, Fourth Edition Hardcover, 2010, Kurt M. Cuffey and W. S. B. Paterson

Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology Paperback 1993, P. McL. D. Duff and Arthur Holmes

Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Syed Iqbal Hasnain, Allied Publishers Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Naseeuddin Ahmad and Sarwar Rais, Allied Publishers Snow and Glacier Hydrology, 2000, P. Singh, Vijay P. Singh

66

Ability Enhancement (Discipline Centric) MAE 3 Credit – 4

Field Geology –2

67

M. Sc. (Applied Geology): Part – II

Semester - IV

Core Credit 2, Period - 28

Paper M 16: Geochemistry and Stable Isotopes Unit-I Geochemical characteristics of different mantle geochemical components: HIMU, EM – 1, EM- 2, PREMA and DUPAL.

Isotopes as petrogenetic indicators.

Stable isotopes: nature, abundance and fractionation.

Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in water and water vapour, SMOW.

Unit-II Carbon isotopes in modern biosphere and in sediments, fossil fuels, marine and non-marine carbonates. Nitrogen-isotopic fractionation, nitrogen isotopes of igneous, meteorite and lunar rocks, nitrogen on the

surface of the earth, fossil fuels.

Sulfur-biogenic fractionation, sulfur isotopes in recent sediments, petroleum and coal.

Unit-III Laws of thermodynamics, concept of free energy, activity, fugacity and equilibrium constant, thermodynamics of ideal, non-ideal and dilute solutions. Principles of ionic, substitution in minerals, element partitioning in mineral/rock formation. Concept of simple distribution co-efficient and exchange reaction distribution coefficients.

Elements partitioning in mineral assemblages and its use in P-T estimation.

Unit-IV Rock weathering and soil formation. Elementary mobility in surface environment.

Soil geochemistry, sediment geochemistry.

Concept of geochemical-biogeochemical cycling and global climate.

Identification and evaluation of geochemical anomalies.

Atmosphere composition, evolution of atmosphere and differentiation of elements through geological times.

Books Recommended: 1.Mason, B. and Moore, C.B., 1991: Introduction to Geochemistry-Wiley Eastern 2.Krauskopf, K.B., 1967: Introduction to Geochemistry-McGraw Hill

3.Faure, G., 1986: Principles of Isotope Geology-John Wiley 4.Hoefs, J., 1980: Stable isotope Geochemistry –Springer Verlag 5.Marshal, C.P. and Fairbridge, R.W., 1999: Encyclopaedia of Geochemistry-Kluwer Academic

6.Govett, G.J.S. (Ed.), 1983: Handbook of Exploration Geochemistry-Elsevier

7.Nordstrorm, D.K. and Munoz, J.L., 1986: Geochemical Thermodynamics-Blackwell

8.Henderson, P., 1987: Inorganic Geochemistry-Pergamon Press

68


Paper M 17: Applied Sedimentation Unit-I Textural and mineralogical maturity of clastic rocks. Sandstone classification.Volcaniclastic: on-land and marine.

Diagenesis and fluid flow: diagenesis of mudstones, sandstones and carbonate rocks: changes in

mineralogy, fabric and chemistry. Classification of conglomerate. Chert: occurrence and petrographic

characteristics.

Unit-II Evaluation of sedimentary basins: tectonics and sedimentation; craton facies, geosyncline and related

facies.Sedimentary basins and plate tectonics: intraplate basins, divergent margin basins, Rifts, failed rifts

aulacogens, convergent margin basins, trench, subduction complex, fore arc, back arc, and inter arc

basins

Unit – III Clastic petrofacies: paleoclimate and paleoenvironment analysis. Application of trace element, rare earth element and stable isotope geochemistry to sedimentological

problem.Field and laboratory techniques in sedimentology: recording of sedimentary structures,

preparation of lithologs, rocks and thin section staining, cathodoluminescence

Unit-IV Paleocurrent and basin analysis: use of various sedimentary structures like ripple marks, cross bedding, sole marks in reconstruction of paleocurrents, Impact of paleocurrents on size shape, roundness, fabric

and bed thickness, Distribution of paleocurrents in space and time and usefulness in paleogeographic

reconstruction and basin analysis.

Books Recommended: 1.Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation-George Allen & Unwin 2.Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes-Blackwell

3,Nichols, G., 1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-Blackwell

4.Reading, H.G., 1996: Sedimentary Environment-Blackwell 5.Davis, R.A. Jr., 1992: Depositional System-Prentice Hall 6.Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins-Springer Verlag


8.Prothero, D.R. and Schwab, F., 1996: Sedimentary Geology-Freeman


10.Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sandstone-Springer Verlag 11.Biatt, H., Murray, G.V. and Middleton, R.C., 1980: Origin of Sedimentary rocks 12.Bhattacharya, A. and Chakraborti, C., 2000: Analysis of Sedimentary Successions-Oxford-IBH


14.Sengupta, S., 1997: Introduction to Sedimentology-Oxford-IBH

69


Paper M18: Environmental Geology - II

Unit-I Pollutants and contaminants. Behaviour of contaminants in environment. Point and non-point sources. Assessment and impact of contamination for surface and ground water quality due to industrialization and urbanization. Induced pollution, water quality criteria for different uses.

Unit-II Water logging, problems of water logging due to indiscrete construction of canals, reservoirs, dams, water logging problem in India, Floods, causes of floods, flood hazarad, management of floods

Unit –III Soil formation and their classification, soil nature, soil profile, soil types of India, soil erosion by running water, wind, soil deterioration by agricultural and engineering practices. Soil pollution and soil amendments, effects of fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides

Unit-IV Natural hazards: Concepts of environmental security. Influence to neotectonic in seismic hazards assessment. Significance of seismic hazard maps. Distribution, magnitude, intensity and geological

effects of earthquakes. Seismicity condition in and remedial measures in India. Sea level rise: impacts

and risks. Desertification: causes, impact and assessment. Application of remote sensing & GIS in natural

hazards. Examples & Case studies.

Books Recommended: 1.Valdiya, K.S., 1987: Environmental Geology-Indian Context-Tata McGraw Hill 2.Keller, E.A., 1978: Environmental Geology-Bell and Howell, USA 3.Bryant, E., 1985: Natural Hazards-Cambridge University Press

4.Patwardhan, A.M., 1999: The Dynamic Earth System-Prentice Hall

5.Subramaniam, V., 2001: Textbook in Environmental Science-Narosa International

6.Bell, F.G., 1999: Geological Hazards-Routledge, London

7.Smith, K., 1992: Environmental Hazards-Routledge,

London.

8. Vulnerability, threats and analysis-Case Studies from

India,TERI, The Energy & Resources Institute, New Delhi.

70


ML 5: LAB WORK Exercise related to Geochemistry, and Computer Applications

(a) Calculation of weathering indices in soil and sediments .Presentation of analytical data.

(b) Computer applications


ML 6: LAB WORK Exercise related to Applied Sedimentation and Environmental Geology

(a) Exercises related to analysis and interpretation of depositional sedimentary environments using actual

case histories from the Indian stratigraphic records. Determination of porosity in clastic and carbonate

rock. Staining and mineral identification in carbonate rocks. Petrography of clastic and chemical

sedimentary rocks. Detailed study of diagenetic features in thin sections. Microscopic study of heavy

minerals. Exercises on mineralogical and geochemical data plots for environmental interpretations

(b) Evaluation of environmental impact of air pollution groundwater, landslides, deforestation,

cultivation and building construction in specified areas

Core Credit – 2, Period – 36

ML 7: LAB WORK

Project Oriented Dissertation (To be allotted after second semester exam or at the beginning of

third semester)

Core Credit – 4

ML 8: LAB WORK Presentation and Viva-Voce on Project Oriented Dissertation.

71


a. Advance Remote Sensing in Geosciences – II

Unit-I Remote sensing applications in geosciences: visual interpretation of satellite images for geological, geomorphological and structural features. Techniques of image interpretation using spectral, spatial and temporal information. Spectral signatures of

natural objects, interpretation of lithology, rock types landuse/landcover under different climatic conditions and physical setup.

Unit-II Terrain classification, terrain mapping, applications of remote sensing techniques in study of geomorphology, soil types mapping, hydrogeology, engineering geology, land use and land cover mapping, forest types, their distribution and relationship of vegetation to rock types. Watershed characterization and mapping. Groundwater targeting in various terrains. Case studies from India.

Unit- III Digital image processing. Various image processing softwares their environments and working principles of data interpretation.

Digital image processing techniques:data formats, enhancement, filtering, preparation of false colour composite image,

unsupervised and supervised classification, preparation of training sets, extraction of information, HIS, PCA and vegetation

indices and their utility in image interpretation.

Unit-IV Digital elevation models, Types of DEMs, Methods for obtaining elevation data used to create DEMs, Use of DEMs in topographic and geologic mapping, mineral exploration, morphometric analysis, Floodplain mapping and analysis, Watershed management, Erosion control, Commercial applications of DEMs, Availability of global elevation data.

Books Recommended:

1.Millor, V.C., 1961 Photogeology. Mc Graw Hill 2.Sabbins, F.F.,1985 Remote Sensing-Principles and Applications. Freeman

3.Moffitt, F.H. and Mikhail, E.M., 1980 Photogrammetry-Harper and Row 4.Lillesand, T.M. and Kieffer, R.W., 1987: Remote Sensing and Image Interpretation-John wiley 5.Pandey, S.N., 1987: Princdiples and Applications of Photogeology-Wiley Eastern


7. Encyclopedia of Applied Geology – Finkie


9. Remote sensing and Geographic Information System by A.M. Chandra 10. Fundamentals of Remote Sensing by George Joseph 11. Remote Sensing of Environment by A.R. Jensen

72

b. Applied Geochemistry - II

Unit-I Geobotanical survey, biogeochemical survey Radon as a geochemical exploration tool-generation, migration, radon measuring methods, applications in exploration Fission tract plateao dating Thermoluminiscence dating Marine and Lacsturine sediments dating with

210 Pb

Unit-II Radionuclides and their use in geochemical exploration Cosmogenic radionuclides in ground water Production of

10Be

26Al, Residence times in ocean, Dating sediments with cosmogenic radionuclides:

marine sediments, Mn nodules, biogenic silica, continental sediments and soils

Unit-III Oxygen and hydrogen isotopes in hydrosphere and atmosphere-fractionation, applications to exploration. Carbon isotopes in modern biosphere and sediments and their use in geochemical exploration Carbon isotopes in hydrothermal ore deposits

Unit-IV Nitrogen isotopes-fractionations, nitrogen on the surface of the earth and applications.

Sulfur- biogenic fractionation, sulfur in recent sediments, sulfur in the environment and its implications to

exploration Sulfur isotopic evolution of marine sulphate Sulfur isotpe fractionation among sulfide minerals

Books Recommended: 1.Pacal, Z. (ed), 1977: Geochemical Prospecting Methods-Ustrendi 2.Brooks, A.R., 1972 : Geobotany and Biogeochemistry in Mineral Exploration-Harper & Row 3.Rose, A.W., Hawkes, H.E. and Webb, J.A. 1979: Geochemistry in Mineral Exploration-Academic Press

73

c. Sedimentary Environment and Sedimentary Basins-II

Unit –I Sedimentary cycles, rythms and cyclothems. Analysis of sedimentary facies and preparation of facies maps. Lithofacies, biofacies, dynamics and primary structures associated with the environments- desert,

alluvial fan, river plains, glaciers, deltas, estuaries, clastic shoreline, clastic shelves, marine evaporite

basins, carbonate platforms, deep sea and ocean bottoms, deep sea trench and rise.

Unit –II Sedimentation pattern and depositional environment of selected undeformed sedimentary basins of India representing Precambrian, Phenerozoic and contemporary basins.

Unit-III Sequence stratigraphy-historical perspective, concepts and principles, sequence stratigraphic tools, application to depositional system.

Unit –IV Modern laboratory techniques in sedimentological studies. Thin section studies-types of specimen, etching technique, staining techniques particularly for feldspar and carbonates, modal analysis and

techniques. Photomicrography-requirement, technique (choice of objective and eyepiece) scale of

photograph. Important common photographic cameras. Scanning electron microscope (principle, parts,

function and application). X-ray diffractrometer (XRD)-principle, parts operation. Mineral composition

with particular reference to clay and carbonates.

Books Recommended: 1.Allen, J.R.L., 1985: Principles of Physical Sedimentation-George Allen & Unwin 2.Allen, P., 1997: Earth Surface Processes-Blackwell

3,Nichols, G., 1999: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy-Blackwell 4.Reading, H.G., 1996: Sedimentary Environment-Blackwell 5.Davis, R.A. Jr., 1992: Depositional System-Prentice Hall

6.Einsele, G., 1992: Sedimentary Basins-Springer Verlag



9.Pettijohn, F.J., Potter, P.E. and Siever, R., 1990: Sand and Sandstone-Springer Verlag 10.Bhattacharya, A. and Chakraborti, C., 2000: Analysis of Sedimentary Successions-Oxford-IBH 14.Boggs Sam Jr., 1995: Principles of Sedimentary and Stratigraphy-Prentice Hall

74

d. Micropalaeontology-II

Unit-I Ostracoda: Appendage and body morphology Detailed carapace morphology of ostracoda

Ecology and Palacoecology of Ostracoda

Evolution and biostratigraphy of ostracoda

Outline classification of ostracods

Unit – II Conodonts: Soft parts, origin, morphology of skeletal elements Brief classification of conodonts Mode of growth and function of skeletal apparatus Paleoecology, evolutionary trends and biostratigraphy of conodonts

Unit-III Calcareous nanofossils: morphology of coccolithophores Outline classification of coccoliths

Ecology and biogeography of coccolithophores Biostratigraphy of coccolithophores Radiolaria: morphology of hard parts and outline classification

Ecology and biostratigraphy of radiolaria

Unit-IV Palynology: branches and application in various disciplines Palynofossils: morphology of spores and pollens Use of palynofossils in paleoclimatic and paleogeographic interpretation

Biostratigraphic use of palynofossils with special reference to Indian stratigraphy

Stable isotope studies on foraminifera and their paleoecologic and paleoclimatic significance

Books Recommended 1.Haq, B.V. and Boersma, A., 1998: Introduction to Marine Micropalaeontology-Elsevier 2.Haynes, J.R., 1981: Foraminifera-John Wiley

3.Bignot, G., 1985: Elements of Micropalaeontology-Graham and Trotman

75

e. Advance Ore Geology- II

Unit- I Detailed study of ore deposits formed as: Chemical precipitates: Sedimentary Iron Ore deposits. Sedimentary Manganese deposits. Sedimentary Phosphorite deposits.

Mechanical accumulations: Placer deposits. Ore deposits formed by weathering: Bauxite deposits, Laterite deposits. Significance of stratiform and stara bound ore deposits of sedimentary affiliation and those of metamorphic affiliation.

Unit-II Mineral economics and its concept. Mineral legislation in India-Major and minor minerals, mineral concessions, claim system and reyalty.

Production and marketing of major minerals in India-taxes and duties, imports and exports. Some important world resources of minerals. Mineral conservation and evolution of National Mineral Policy.

Unit – III Quantitative methods in ore microscopy-Reflectance and microindentation hardness. Methods of fluid inclusion studies and their applications.

Textures formed due to cooling. Textures formed due to deformation and annealing. Transformation Textures. Applications of textural characteristics to ore dressing.

Unit –IV Geological modeling for mineral exploration. Geochemical modeling of ore deposits.

Books recommended: 1. Wolf, K.H., 1976-81. Hand book of strabound and stratiform ore deposits, Elsevier. 2. Klemm, D.D. and Schneider, H.J. , 1977. Time and strata bound deposits –Springer Verlag.

3. Ramdhor, P., 1969. The ore minerals and their intergrowths-Pergamon Press.

and books given in Paper I.

4. Park, Jr. C.F. and MacDiarmid, R.A., 1975: Ore deposits-Freeman

76

f. Advanced Hydrogeology-II

Unit-I Water and aqueous solutions internal structure of water molecule, structure of liquid water, isotopic composition of water. Chemical characteristics of groundwater in relation to various uses-domestic,

industrial and irrigation purposes. Water quality standards. Groundwater contamination: septic tank and

cesspools, landfills, chemical spills and leaking underground tanks, mining and other sources of

groundwater contamination.

Unit – II Groundwater pollution and treatment. Microbiology of drinking water: Bacteriological analyses, faecal coliform bacteria, ecological classification of water, biological factor of self purification. Trace elements: source, trace element and health hazards. Trace elements as Nutrients: Sources and impact on water quality.

Unit-III Isotope hydrology: tritium, radiocarbon dating of groundwater, stable isotope of oxygen and hydrogen and other isotope. Fossil water and its significance. Salt water intrusion, Ghyben – Herzberg relation

between fresh and saline water shape of fresh and salt water interface, control of saline water intrusion

Unit-IV Groundwater modeling: Physical scale model, analog models; their principal characteristic application and limitations. R-C analog model Mathematical models: analytical and numerical approaches.

Numerical model: finite difference and finite element models.

Conceptualization including defining the aquifer system and its boundaries. Discritization and data requirement. Groundwater contamination and modeling: Principles and concepts. Classification of groundwater contamination models.

Books Recommended: 1.Chow, V.T., 1988: Advances in Hydroscience-McGraw Hill 2.Walton, W.C., 1988: Ground Water Resource Evolution-McGraw Hill 3.Black, W. and Others (Ed.), 1989: Hydrogeology-Geol. Soc. Of America Publ.

4.Mahajan, G., 1990: Evolution and Development of Ground Water-D.K. Publisher

5.Singhal, B.B.S., 1986: Engineering Geosciences-Savita Prakashan

77

g. Impact of Geology on Environment -II

Unit-I Sediment pollution, siltation, contamination of sediment, sources of contamination of water, ground water contamination, pattern of marine water, urbanization and climate of cities, disposal of solid wastes.

Unit-II Geotechnical consideration and Environmental implication of Roads and Canal construction, Dams and Reservoirs. Landslides and related phenomeno.

Unit – III Flood and Flood Management, Causes, flood hazards in India, Management of Flood, Coastal hazards, Hazards on Indian coasts, Cyclones and their mitigation methods.

Unit-IV Environmental laws, Implementing the Environmental Laws. Indian Laws, Environmental Policy matters, pollution prevention and control. Environmental Impact Assessment. Hazardous substances management. Environment Education, Information and awareness.

Books Recommended: As given for Paper-XXV

78

h. Petroleum Exploration-II

Unit-I Rig and their components Elements of well drilling-cable tool drilling, rotary drilling, directional drilling, dyna drilling and

horizontal drilling Various types of drilling units, Types of drill bits, drag bit, tricone bit, diamond bit and reamer

Unit – II Formation with the help of geological systems, Standard geo logging system- Offline, Online Drilling fluids-types and system,

Types of pressure surges in the well kick, blow out: causes and control, well completion

Unit-III Applied Micropalaeontology-palaeoecologic, biostratigraphic, and palaeogeographic significance of microfossils

A brief account of major groups of microfossils used in petroleum exploration with special reference to

Foraminifera, Ostracoda, spore & pollens, and nannoplanktons

Sampling procedure and preparation of samples in commercial micropalaeontological labs, preparation of

microfaunal slides for study, identification of microfossils and preparation of range and oscillation charts

Use of microfossils in dating and correlation, determination of paleofacies and paleotectonism,

palaeogeography and source rock maturation.

Significance of organic reefs as petroleum reservoir, types of modern fossils reefs and their hydrocarbon

potential

Unit-IV Reservoir characterization, reserve calculation and production methods, preliminary volumetric reserve calculation and post discovery reserve calculation, water drive gas cap device, dissolve gas device,

artificial lift and enhanced recovery

Nonconventional petroleum resources-plastic and solid hydrocarbon, tar sand, oil shale, shale gas, coal

bed methane

Further prospects and probabilities of petroleum prospects appraisal, geological and economic aspects, assessment of basin and global aspects Application of logs in petrophysical and facies analysis

Books Recommended: 1.North, F.K., 1985: Petroleum Geology-Allen and Unwin 2.Tissot, B.P. and Welte, D.H., 1984: Petroleum Formation and Occurrence-Springer Verlag 3.Selley, R.C., 1998: Elements of Petroleum Geology-Academic Press

79

i. Gemology-II Unit-I Synthetic, Composite and limitation Gemstones; methods of synthesis, stones synthesized, identification techniques, characteristics, manufactures and trade name.

Gem Enhancement methods and their identification: colourless/coloured impregnation, heat treatment,

coating irradiation, Diffusion treatment Foiling and Laser drilling.

Unit-II Description and methods of identifications of all gem varieties of the following INORGANIC : Apatite, Beryl, Chrysoberyl, Corundum, Epidote, Enstatite, Fluorite, Feldspar group

Unit – III Diamond, Grarnet group, Jadeile, lolite, Lapis Lazuli, Opal, Peridot, Sillimanite Quartz group, Spinel, Tanzanite Topaz, Tourmaline Turquiose, Zircon. ORGANIC : Amber, Coral, Jet, Pearl (Natural cultured, imitation), Ivory; Varieties, species, occurrence and recovery of the above gem materials.

Unit-IV Fashioning of gem stones, Description of the following gemstones cuts including diagrams: Brilliants (with proportion for diamond) Cabochons, mixed, rose, step (Emerald) cut, Scissors or cross cut

etc. Importance of Orientation and Valuation.

Books Recommended: 1.Gemmology 2

nd Ed.-Peter Read (1991) Butter worth-Heinemanu Ltd.Lundu.

2.Gems 5th

Ed. Peter Read. Buurerworth, London 3.Hand book of gem idendification-Richard Laddicoat (1987), G.I.A. Santa Monica. 4.Photo Atlas of Including in Gem Stones-Edward Gubelin 1986 ABC Edition 5.Gem Testing 10

th Ed. B.W. Anderson (1990) Butterworth Scientific London.

6.Gemstone Enhancement 2nd

Edition, K.Nassan. 1994 Butterworths London. 7.Gems 5

th Ed. Webster Butterworths London.

80

j. Engineering Geology and Geotechniques-II

Unit-I Rock mass fabric-Geotechnical description and classification of rock masses. Classifications based on unconfined compressive strength, modulus ration, Rating concept, RMR, Total Rating, Rock mass quality

classification. Rock mass reinforcement.

Rock Mechanics-Intact rock strength, Compressive, Tensile, Shear Strenth, Safety Factor, Modulus of

elasticity, Poisson’s Ratio, Residual Stress, Heim’s hypothesis. Viscoplastic behaviour.

Unit-II Soil- grading, consistency limits and their measurements, shear strength of soil, sessitivity of clay, Bearing capacity, Fill stability. Foundations for Buildings-Stress distribution, foundation failure,

settlement, subsidence, Mitigation of subsidence.

Geotechnical Classification of soil.

Geotechnical issues related to foundations in problematic soils eg gravels, sands, silts, Loess, Clays, tills, fills. Foundation structures-footings, Rafts, Piers, Piles. Ground treatment methods.

Unit-III Dams-Geotechnical requirements, Forces on dam, Sliding failure, Settlement and Rebound problems. Reservoirs- geotechnical investigations, leakage, sedimentation in reservoir. Reiver engineering-River control, Flood Regulation.

Unit-IV Beach engineering-Erosion, Shoreline Investigations, Protective barriers. Bridges and pavements-abutment and Piers of a bridges, bridge foundations.

Tunnels-Technical classification, Pressure Relief phenomena, Payline and overbreak, Rock and Soft ground tunnel.

Book Recommended: 1. Environmental and engineering geophysics-P.V. Sharma. 2. Principles of Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-D.P. Krynine and W.R.Judd

3. Fundamentals of Engineeing Geology-F.G. Bell. 4. Engineering Geology and Geotechnics-F.G. Bell. 5.Rock Mechanics-W.Wittke

6. Rock Mechanics and Engineering-C.Jeger

81

k. Rock Deformation and Structural Analysis-II

Unit-I Stress strain relationship. Two and three dimensional strain and stress analysis and its application in deformed rocks. Brittle failure and ductile deformation.

Unit-II Folding mechanism and fold geometry. Classification of folds based on layer shape. Buckling, oblique shear and flow folding. Kinking and formation of chevron folds.

Unit-III Shear stress and brittle failure. Fault orientation in relations to stress and strain axes. Thrust systems. Strike slip fault systems. Shear zones.

Unit-IV Types of cleavage and lineation. Geometric relationship of cleavage to folding. Strain significance of cleavage. Tectonites and their significance. Descriptive and geometric analysis of tectonites.

Books recommended:

1. Structural analysis of metamorphic Tectonics-Turner and Weiss.

2. Structural Geology of Rocks and Regions-Davis.

3. Folding and Fracturing of Rocks-Ramsay.

4. An Outline of Structural Geology-Hubbs, Mears and William. 5. A Manual of Problems in Structural Geology-Gokhle

82

l. Glaciology - II

Unit I Glacier variations and Climate: Response to Climate Changes; Mass Balance study of glaciers, Glacier Advance and Retreat, Linear-Systems Model for a Glacier, Surging glacier. Impact of Climate change on Himalayan glaciers: The records of glacier

retreat and advancement in centuries with spatial distribution

Unit II Glacial Hydrolology and Hydrochemistry: Glacial hydrological system, meltwater process, mechanism of water discharge, characterstics of glacier runoff, diurnal and annual cycle, longterm variation, process of solute acquisition two component

mixining model, chemical weathering process, meltwater character of Himalayan glacier

Unit III Glaciological Techniques: Reconstructing Pleistocene climate based on landforms, glacier mass balance determination, Glacier runoff measurements, Glacier ice core studies, palynology, Lichenometry, Tree rings studies, optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) use in glacier dating, GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar) for thickness determination.

Unit IV Application of Remote sensing and GIS and GPS in Himalayan Glaciology: Snow cover evolution, Inventory and mapping of glaciers, glacier evolution, velocity, Snow/ice differentiation, Determination of TSL and ELA on glacier surface, Mass balance

and snowmelt runoff, Temporal change in glacier DEMs and climate change, LIDAR, and SAR technology and glacier study.

Readings: Field Techniques in Glaciology and Glacial Geomorphology by Bryn Hubbard and Neil F. Glasser, willey International

The Physics of Glaciers, Fourth Edition Hardcover, 2010, Kurt M. Cuffey and W. S. B. Paterson

Holmes' Principles of Physical Geology Paperback 1993, P. McL. D. Duff and Arthur Holmes

Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Syed Iqbal Hasnain, Allied Publishers

Himalayan Glaciers, 1999, Naseeuddin Ahmad and Sarwar Rais, Allied Publishers

Snow and Glacier Hydrology, 2000, P. Singh, Vijay P. Singh

83

Open Elective (Ability Enhancement) OE Credit – 4, Period- 56

The Preamble: Planet Earth is undergoing a constant change through an ever increasing resource consumption, population growth, urban sprawl development, technological advancement and consequent disturbance of the natural systems. Human intervention has been changing the global climate and environment in an unprecedented manner over Earth’s history. The greatest question for society in the 21

st century is whether these changes to Earth’s life-support systems

sustainable?

This course, Global Change is aimed at providing a broad understanding of complex issues involved in global change

and global sustainability. It investigates the causes and potential impacts of global changes using a combination of

traditional lecture-based and modern web-based teaching methodologies. The course draws on the fundamental principles

of science to establish the sustainability of human activity on Earth. It surveys the evolution and interaction of

physical, chemical, and biological processes; how past changes on Earth help us predict the future. After the course,

students will become better equipped to contribute to the debates on global environmental change, resource management

and societal adaptation strategies. They should be able to discern sound science from biased claims and will have a

foundation for making informed decisions about sustainable practices in their own lives.The course content is also

expected to provide opportunities to students to conduct research on topics of interest in their disciplines accruing from an

understanding of the Earth systems.

84

(a) Global Change

Unit-I

Global change: An overview; Time dimension of global change; Big bang and fundamental laws; Evolution of the solar

system; Age and evolution of the Earth; Earth’s energy balance; Changing Earth-Sun relationship; Factors that make

Earth a habitable planet;Major components of the Earth’s climate system;Evolution of the Earth’s atmosphere,

greenhouse gases and climate; Ozone in the Atmosphere – Aspect related to the dynamics of atmospheric ozone;

Unit-II

Earth’s magnetic field - Changing geomagnetic field and its environmental effects;The dynamics of Earth’s

hydrosphere; Atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions; Water cycle and global energy transfer;Ocean observation in

relation to global change; Sea level changes and global climate change; Sensitivity of inland surface waters to global

change; Water cycle information for decision making; Monitoringterrestrial snow and ice for global change studies.

Unit-III

Land-Cover and Land-Use Dynamics – Land-use and land-cover mapping, Land-use Land-cover change and climate;

The biosphere – processes of evolution and natural selection; Evidence of natural selection; Biogenic processes and

changing atmospheric composition; Agricultural practices and global change; Lithosphere and Plate

tectonics;Terrestrial impacts and their role in global change; Global deforestation; Human impacts on global change;

Unit-IV

Biomass Burning – Role of fire in global change analysis; Fire monitoring and burn area mapping; International Efforts

on global Change Research; Global observing systems; NASA Earth observing agenda; Review of NASA EO

Missions;Role of the European Space Agency in global change observations; International collaborative programmes;

Monitoring networks and databases.

BOOKS

RECOMMENDED:

Emilio Chuvieco (2008) Earth Observation of Global Change. Springer Science

O’Neill B.C., Mackellar F.L. and Lutz W. (2001) Population and climate change.

CambridgeUniversity

William L. Steffen and Susannah Eliott (2004). Global change and the earth system: a planet under pressure,

International

Geosphere-Biosphere Program (IGBP) Secretariat, 40 pages

Al Gore (2013), Six Drivers of Global Change, Random House, 554

pages.

David C Cuff and Andrew S Goudie (Eds) (2009). The Oxford Companion to Global Change. Oxford University Press,

683 pages

Frank Biermann and Bernd Siebenhuner (Eds) (2009). Managers of Global Change: The Influence of International

Environmental Bureaucracies. Massachusetts Institute of Technology,

Turner B.L., Clark W.C., Kates R.W., Richards J.F., Matthews J.T., and Meyers W.T. (1991). The Earth as transformed by

human action: Globaland regional changes in Biosphere over the last 300 years. Cambridge University Press,New York

Parkinson C. L., Ward A., & King M. D. (Eds.) (2006).Earth science reference handbook.A guide to NASA’s Earth science

program and earth observing satellite missions. Washington, DC: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.

85

b) Earth Systems

Unit 1 Origin of earth, Formation of solar system, Cosmic abundance and neucleosynthesis, Meteorites, Interior of earth (major divisions and discontinuities), Movements of earth (Plate tectonic theory, Isostasy, Sea floor spreading). Supercontinents and

Continental drift theory, Fossils: Important landmarks of evolution of life, Major extinction events and their causes

Unit 2 Physical processes inside the earth, magmatism: mechanism and causes, Earthquakes at plate margins, Stable Continental Region (SCR) Earthquakes, Mountain building activities, gravity and magnetic properties of earth. Magnetic polarity reversals.

Radioisotopes and age determination, Formation of various rock types (Igneous, sedimentary and Metamorphic)

Unit 3 Economic resources of earth, mineral deposits and exploration, ore forming processes, Geophysical techniques and

prospecting (Well Logging instrument and techniques), Geology of fuels (Coal and Petroleum), Hydrocarbons, Radioactive minerals

Unit 4 Natural Hazards (floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunami)- Preventive/ precautionary measures. Nuclear waste disposal, Environment protection- legislative measures, Ground water chemistry, problems and management. Glacial and inter-glacial

periods. Major Ocean currents and their effects. Composition and structure of atmosphere.

Books Recommended:

1. Physical Geology-S.Judson, M.E.Kauffman and L.D.Leet. 2. Physical Geology-Arthur Holmes.

3.. Basic Concepts of Historical Geology-E.H. Spencer.

4. Structural Geology-M.P. Billings.

5. Fundamentals of Historical Geology and Stratigraphy of India-Ravindra Kumar. 6. Rutley’s Elements of Mineralogy-H.H. Read. 7. Igneous and Metamorphic petrology-Best.

8. Sedimentary Rocks-Pettijohn.


10. Coal Petrology-Gebruder Borntraeger, Stuttgart.

11. Petroleum formation and occurrence-Tisot and Welte. 12. Radioactivity in Geology-Principles and Application-Durrance. 13. Mineral Economics-Husain.

14. Mineral Economics-Chatterjee

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