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Course File On
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
By
G. JAYARAM
Assistant Professor,
Civil Engineering
K. G. Reddy College Of Engineering and Technology
2019-2020
HOD PRINCIPAL
CIVIL ENGINEERING KGRCET
COURSE FILE CONTENTS
PART-1
2019-20 : Academic Year
Civil Engineering : Department
IIND / IST : Year / Semester
R 18 / CV304ES : Regulation /Course Code
Assistant Professor : Designation
G. JAYARAM : Faculty Name
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY : Subject Name
COURSE FILE
COURSE FILE CONTENTS
S.No. Topics Page No.
1 Vision, Mission, PEO’s, PO’s & PSO’S
2 Syllabus (University Copy)
3 Course Objectives, Course Outcomes And Topic Outcomes
4 Course Prerequisites
5 Course Information Sheet (CIS)
a). Course Description
b). Syllabus
c). Gaps in Syllabus
d). Topics beyond syllabus
e). Web Sources-References
f). Delivery / Instructional Methodologies
g). Assessment Methodologies-Direct
h). Assessment Methodologies –Indirect
i). Text books & Reference books
6 Micro Lesson Plan
7 Teaching Schedule
8 Unit Wise Hand Written notes
9 OHP/LCD SHEETS /CDS/DVDS/PPT (Soft/Hard copies)
10 University Previous Question papers
11 MID exam Descriptive Question Papers
12 MID exam Objective Question papers
13 Assignment topics with materials
14 Tutorial topics and Questions
15 Unit wise-Question bank
1 Two marks question with answers 5 questions
2 Three marks question with answers 5 questions
3 Five marks question with answers 5 questions
4 Objective question with answers 10 questions
5 Fill in the blanks question with answers 10 questions
16 Course Attainment
17 CO-PO Mapping
18 Beyond syllabus Topics with material
19 Result Analysis-Remedial/Corrective Action
20 Record of Tutorial Classes
21 Record of Remedial Classes
22 Record of guest lecturers conducted
Part – 2
S.NO TOPICS
1 Attendance Register/Teacher Log Book
2 Time Table
3 Academic calendar
4 Continuous Evaluation – marks (Test, Assignments etc)
5 Status Report Internal Exams & Syllabus coverage
6 Teaching Dairy/Daily Delivery Record Micro lesson Plan
7 Continuous Evaluation – MID marks
8 Assignment Evaluation-marks/Grades
9 Special Descriptive Tests Marks
10 Sample students descriptive answer sheets
11 Sample students assignment sheets
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
1. VISION, MISSION, PROGRAM EDUCATIONAL OBJECTIVES (PEOs),
PROGRAM OUTCOMES (POs) & PROGRAM SPECIFIC OUTCOMES (PSOs)
Vision
To give the world new age civil engineers who can transform the society with their creative vibe for the
sustainable development by instilling scientific temper with ethical human outlook.
Mission
To make the department a centre of excellence in the field of civil engineering and allied research.
To promote innovative and original thinking in the minds of budding engineers to face the challenges
of future.
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
Program Educational Objectives (PEOs)
PEO 1 Graduates will utilize the foundation in Engineering and Science to
improve lives and livelihoods through a successful career in civil
Engineering or other fields.
PEO 2 Graduates will become effective collaborators and innovators, leading or
participating in efforts to address Social, Technical and Business
challenges.
PEO 3 Graduates will engage in Life-Long Learning and professional
development through Self-Study, continuing education or graduate and
professional studies in engineering & Business.
Program Outcomes (POs)
PO1 Fundamental engineering analysis skills: An ability to apply
knowledge of computing, mathematical foundations, algorithmic
principles, and civil engineering theory in the modelling and design
of to civil engineering problems.
PO2 Information retrieval skills: An ability to design and conduct
experiments, as well as to analyze and interpret data.
PO3 Creative skills: An ability to design, implement, and evaluate a
system, process, component, or program to meet desired needs,
within realistic constraints such as economic, environmental, social,
political, health and safety, manufacturability, and sustainability.
Graduates have design the competence.
PO4 Teamwork: An ability to function effectively on multi-disciplinary
teams.
PO5 Engineering problem solving skills: An ability to analyze a
problem, and identify, formulate and use the appropriate computing
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
and engineering requirements for obtaining its solution.
PO6 Professional integrity: An understanding of professional, ethical,
legal, security and social issues and responsibilities. Graduates
must understand the principles of ethical decision making and can
interpret the ASCE Code of Ethics. Graduates will understand the
proper use of the work of others (e.g., plagiarism, copyrights, and
patents). Graduates will understand the special duty they owe to
protect the public's health, safety and welfare by virtue of their
professional status as engineers in society.
PO7 Speaking / writing skills: An ability to communicate effectively,
both in writing and orally. Graduates are able to produce
engineering reports using written, oral and graphic methods of
communication.
PO8 Engineering impact assessment skills: The broad education
necessary to analyze the local and global impact of computing and
engineering solutions on individuals, organizations, and society.
PO9 Social awareness: Knowledge of contemporary issues. Students
are aware of emerging technologies and current professional issues.
PO10 Practical engineering analysis skills: An ability to use the
techniques, skills, and modern engineering tools necessary for
engineering practice.
PO11 Software hardware interface: An ability to apply design and
development principles in the construction of software and
hardware systems of varying complexity.
PO12 Successful career and immediate employment: An ability to
recognize the importance of professional development by pursuing
postgraduate studies or face competitive examinations that offer
challenging and rewarding careers in Civil Engineering
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
Program Specific Outcomes (PSOS)
PSO DESCRIPTION
PSO 1 Educating students with fundamental mathematical, scientific, and engineering
knowledge to have a significant and positive long-term impact on the field of civil
engineering.
PSO 2 Emphasizing the importance of working in a team effectively and to
communicate properly within the team to achieve the desired outcome.
PSO 3 Motivate students in learning to learn and the ability to keep learning for a lifetime
to increase their professionalism, update and deepen their knowledge through the
development of the profession.
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
2. SYLLABUS (University copy)
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
G.JAYARAM, ASST PROFESSOR
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
3. COURSE OBJECTIVES, COURSE OUTCOMES AND TOPIC OUTCOMES
COURSE OBJECTIVES
a) Illustrate case histories of failures in civil engineering constructions due togeological drawbacks and importance of geology from civil engineering point of view about
structural geology, mineralogy and petrology.
b) Identify various types of minerals and rocks on the basis of their properties. c) Demonstrate about subsurface and groundwater potential sites throughgeophysical
investigations.
d) Apply the knowledge of geological principles for mitigation of natural hazardsand select sites for dams and tunnels
COURSE OUTCOMES
At the end of the course, the students will be able to:
CO1 Determine the role of geology in the design and construction process of underground
openings in rock.
CO 2. Classify and characterize intact mineral/rock mass properties.
CO 3. Identify subsurface information and groundwater potential sites through geophysical
investigations.
CO 4. Interpret mitigation of natural hazards and select sites for dams and tunnels.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Lectur
e no.
Topic to be covered Topic outcome
(at the end of this course, the student
will be able to)
1 Introduction geology from civil engineering point of
view and syllabus
Illustrate geology from civil
engineering point of view
2 Brief study of case histories of failures of
some civil constructions due to
geological draw backs
Summarize study of case histories of
failures of some civil constructions
due to geological draw backs
3 Importance of Physical geology Determine Importance of Physical
geology
4 Petrology and Structural geology. Classify Petrology and Structural
geology.
5 Meaning of Weathering of Rocks and
Weathering effects on Rock properties Summarize Weathering of Rocks and
Weathering effects on Rock properties
6 Importance of weathering with reference
of dams, reservoirs and tunnels Interpret of weathering with reference
of dams, reservoirs and tunnels
7 Weathering of common rock
like “Granite”
Identify Weathering of
common rock like “Granite”
8 Definition of mineralogy, importance of
study of mineralogy
Determine mineralogy, importance of
study of mineralogy
9 Different methods of study of minerals Classify methods of
study of minerals
10 Advantages of study of minerals by
physical properties
Summarize Advantages of study of
minerals by physical properties
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
11 Role of study physical properties of
minerals in the identification of minerals Elaborate Role of study physical
properties of minerals in the
identification of minerals
12,13,14,1
5
Study of physical properties of the
following common rock forming minerals:
feldspar, quartz, flint, jasper, olivine,
Augite, hornblende,Biotite, asbestos, talc,
chlorite, kyanite, garnet, calcite,pyrite, hematite, galena, magnetite.
Identify the physical properties of
minerals
16 Petrology: definition of rock Illustrate about Petrology
17 Geological classification of rocks into
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks
Classify rocks into igneous,
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
18 Dykes and sills. Determine Dykes and sills.
19 Common structures and textures of
igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic
rocks
Interpret Common structures and
textures of igneous, sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks
20,21 Distinguishing features of rocks
Megascopic & microscopic study of
granite, dolerite, basalt, pegmatite, laterite
, conglomerate, sandstone, shale,
limestone, gneiss, schist, quartzite, marble,
and slate.
Identify features of rocks Megascopic
& microscopic study of granite,
dolerite, basalt, pegmatite, laterite ,
conglomerate, sandstone, shale,
limestone, gneiss, schist, quartzite,
marble, and slate.
22 Introduction to structural geology Demonstrate structural geology
23 Out crop, strike and dip meaning Simplify Out crop, strike and dip
24 Study of common geological structures
associating with rocks such as folds,
faults, joints and unconformities and their
types
Distinguish common geological
structures associating with rocks such
as folds, faults, joints and
unconformities and their types
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
25 Introduction to ground water and Water
table and its types Determine ground water and Water
table and its types
26 Springs, cone of depression Interpret Springs, cone of
depression
27 Geological controls of ground water
movement and Ground water exploration
Examine Geological controls of
ground water movement and Ground
water exploration
28 Earth quakes, causes and effects Illustrate Earth quakes, causes and
effects
MID TERM-1 EXAMINATION
29 Shield areas and seismic belts. Identify Shield areas and
seismic belts.
30 Seismic waves, Richter scale and
Precautions to be taken for building
construction in seismic areas
Perceive Seismic waves
31 Landslides, landslide hazards Analyse
32 Water in landslides their causes and
effect and Measures to be taken to
prevent their occurrence
Evaluate water in
landslides their causes and
effects
33 Importance of study of ground water Importance
34 Earthquake and landslides Classify Earthquake and
landslides
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
35 Types of dams and bearing of geology of
site in their selection
Classify the types of dams
and their site selection
36 Geological considerations in the
selection of a dam site
Evaluate
37 Analysis of dam failure of the past Summarize of dam failure
of the past
38 Factors contributing to the success of a
reservoir
List contributing to the
success of a reservoir
39 Geological factors influencing water
tightness and life of reservoirs
Evaluate
40 Geo hazards, ground subsidence. Compare Geo hazards and
ground subsidence.
41 Importance of geophysical studies and
Principles of geophysical study by
gravity methods
Importance of geophysical
studies and Principles of
geophysical study by
gravity methods
42 Magnetic & electrical methods Compare
43 Seismic, radio metric &
geothermal methods
Compare Seismic, radio
metric & geothermal
methods
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
44 Special importance of electrical
resistivity methods, and seismic
refractive methods
Interpret the special
importance of electrical
resistivity methods, and
seismic refractive methods
45 Improvement of sites by grouting Improvement of sites by
grouting
46 Fundamental aspects of rock mechanics
and environmental geology
Discuss the fundamental
aspects of rock mechanics
and environmental geology
47 Purposes of Tunnelling Purposes of Tunnelling
48 Effects of tunnelling on the ground Analyse the effects of
tunnelling on the ground
49 Role of geological considerations in
tunnelling over break and lining in
tunnels
Discuss the role of
geological considerations
in tunnelling over break
and lining in tunnels
50 Tunnels in rock Classify the tunnels in rock
MID TERM-2 EXAMINATION
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
4. COURSE PRE–REQUISITES
Environmental Studies.
Engineering Chemistry.
Social studies.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
5. COURSE INFORMATION SHEET (CIS)
a) Course Description
PROGRAMME: B. Tech.
(Civil Engineering.)
DEGREE: B.TECH
COURSE: Engineering Geology YEAR: II SEM: II CREDITS: 3
COURSE CODE: CV404ES
REGULATION: R16
COURSE TYPE: CORE
COURSEAREA/DOMAIN:
Architecture/organization
CONTACT HOURS: 3+0 (L+T))
hours/Week.
b) Syllabus
Unit Details Hours
I
Introduction: Importance of geology from Civil Engineering point of
view. Brief study of case histories of failure of some Civil Engineering
constructions due to geological draw backs. Importance of Physical
geology, Petrology and Structural geology. Weathering of Rocks : Its
effect over the properties of rocks importance of weathering
with reference to dams, reservoirs and tunnels weathering of common
rock like “Granite”
08
II
Mineralogy: Definition of mineral, Importance of study of minerals,
Different methods of study of minerals. Advantages of study of minerals
by physical properties. Role of study of physical properties of minerals in
the identification of minerals. Study of physical properties of following
common rock forming minerals: Feldsper, Quartiz, Flint, Jasper,
Olivine, Augite, Hornblende, Muscovite, Biotite, Asbestos, Chlorite,
Kyanite, Garnet, Talc, Calcite. Study of other common economics
minerals such as Pyrite, Hematite , Magnetite Chrorite , Galena ,
10
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Pyrolusite, Graphite, Magnesite, and Bauxite. Petrology: Definition of
rock: Geological classification of rocks into igneous, Sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks. Dykes and sills, common structures and textures of
igneous. Sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. Their distinguishing
features, Megascopic and microscopic and microscopic study of Granite,
Dolerite, Basalt, Pegmatite, Laerite, Conglomerate, Sand Stone, Shale,
Limestone, Gneiss, Schist, Quartzite, Marble and Slate..
III
Structural Geology: Out crop, strike and dip study of common
geological structures associating with the rocks such as folds, faults
uncomfornities, and joints – their important types and case studies. Their
importance Insitu and drift soils, common types of soils, their origin and
occurrence in India, Stabilisation of soils. Ground water, Water table,
common types of ground water, springs, cone of depression, geological
controls of ground water movement, ground water exploration
11
IV
Earth Quakes: Causes and effects, shield areas and seismic belts.
Seismic waves, Richter scale, precautions to be taken for building
construction in seismic areas. Landslides, their causes and effect;
measures to be taken to prevent their occurrence. Importance of study
of ground water, earth quakes and landslides. Importance of Geophysical
Studies: Principles of geophysical study by Gravity methods. Magnetic
methods, Electrical methods. Seismic methods, Radio metric methods
and geothermal method. Special importance of Electrical resistivity
methods, and seismic refraction methods. Improvement of competence of
sites by grouting etc. Fundamental aspects of Rock mechanics and
Environmental Geology.
12
V
Geology of Dams, Reservoirs, and Tunnels: Types of dams and
bearing of Geology of site in their selection, Geological Considerations
in the selection of a dam site. Analysis of dam failures of the past.
09
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Factors contributing to the success of a reservoir. Geological
factors influencing water Lightness and life of reservoirs – Purposes of
tunneling, Effects of Tunneling on the ground Role of Geological
Considerations (i.e. Tithological, structural and ground water) in
tunneling over break and lining in tunnels.
Total No. of classes 50
c) Gaps in the Syllabus - To Meet Industry/Profession Requirements: Nill
d) Topics beyond Syllabus/ Advanced Topics: Nill
e) Web Source References
Sl. Name of book/ website
a. http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105106/
b. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTVDiRtRook
c. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvoYHzAhvVM
f) Delivery/Instructional Methodologies
CHALK & TALK STUD. ASSIGNMENT WEB RESOURCES
LCD/SMART
BOARDS
STUD. SEMINARS ☐ ADD-ON COURSES
g) Assessment Methodologies-Direct
ASSIGNMENTS
STUD.
SEMINARS
TESTS/MODEL
EXAMS
UNIV.
EXAMINATIO
N
☐ STUD. LAB
PRACTICES
☐ STUD. VIVA ☐ MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS
☐
CERTIFICATIO
http://nptel.ac.in/courses/105105106/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aTVDiRtRookhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fvoYHzAhvVM
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
NS
☐ ADD-ON
COURSES
☐ OTHERS
h)Assessment Methodologies-Indirect
ASSESSMENT OF COURSE
OUTCOMES
(BY FEEDBACK, ONCE)
STUDENT FEEDBACK ON
FACULTY (TWICE)
☐ ASSESSMENT OF MINI/MAJOR
PROJECTS BY EXT. EXPERTS
☐ OTHERS
i) Text/Reference Books
T/R BOOK TITLE/AUTHORS/PUBLICATION
Text
Book
N. Chennkesavulu, Engineering Geology, Mc Milan India Ltd., New Delhi,
India, 12th Edition 2009.
Text
Book
Venkat Reddy ,Engineering geology, Vikas Publications, New Delhi,
India,2nd Edition 2011.
Referenc
e Book
K. V. G. K. Gokhale , Principles of engineering Geology, BS Publications,
New Delhi, India,3rd Edition ,2012.
Referenc
e Book
F.G. Bell, Fundamental of Engineering geology butterwoths, Publications,
New Delhi, 3 rd Edition, 1992.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
6. MICRO LESSON PLAN
S.NO. Topic Schedule data Actual Date
UNIT-I
1 Introduction geology from civil engineering point of view and syllabus
24/12/2018
2 Brief study of case histories of failures of some civil constructions due to geological draw backs
28/12/2018
3 Importance of Physical geology 29/12/2018
4 Petrology and Structural geology. 2/01/2019
5 Meaning of Weathering of Rocks and Weathering effects on Rock properties
4/01/2019
6 Importance of weathering with reference of
dams, reservoirs and tunnels
5/01/2019
7 Weathering of common rock like “Granite” 8/01/2019
UNIT-II
8 Definition of mineralogy, importance of study of mineralogy
9/01/2019
9 Different methods of study of minerals 11/01/2019
10 Advantages of study of minerals by physical properties
16/01/2019
11 Role of study physical properties of minerals in the identification of minerals
18/01/2019
12 Study of physical properties of the following common rock forming minerals: feldspar,
quartz, flint, jasper, olivine, Augite, hornblende
19/01/2019
13 Study of physical properties of the following
muscovite, Biotite, asbestos, talc, chlorite,
kyanite, garnet, calcite
22/01/2019
14 Study of other common economic minerals: pyrite, hematite, galena, magnetite, chlorite,
23/01/2019
15 Study of other common economic minerals: pyrolusite, graphite, magnesite, and bauxite
25/01/2019
16 Petrology: definition of rock 29/01/2019
17 Geological classification of rocks into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
30/01/2019
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
18 Dykes and sills. 1/02/2019
19 Common structures and textures of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks
2/02/2019
20 Distinguishing features of rocks Megascopic & microscopic study of granite, dolerite, basalt,
pegmatite, laterite ,
5/02/2019
21 Distinguishing features of rocks conglomerate,
sandstone, shale, limestone, gneiss, schist,
quartzite, marble, and slate.
6/02/2019
22 Rock excavation 8/02/2019
23 Stone aggregation. 12/02/2019
Unit III
24 Introduction to structural geology 13/02/2019
25 Indian Stratigraphy and Geological Time Scale 15/02/2019
26 Out crop, strike and dip meaning 16/02/2019
27 Study of common geological structures associating with rocks such as folds, faults,
joints and unconformities and their types
19/02/2019
28 Introduction to ground water and Water table and its types
20/02/2019
29 Springs, cone of depression 22/02/2019
30 Geological controls of ground water movement and Ground water exploration
23/02/2019
Unit IV
31 Earth quakes, causes and effects 25/02/2019
32 Shield areas and seismic belts. 26/02/2019
33 Seismic waves, Richter scale and Precautions to
be taken for building construction in seismic areas
28/02/2019
34 Landslides, landslide hazards 1/03/2019
35 Water in landslides their causes and effect and
Measures to be taken to prevent their
occurrence
2/03/2019
36 Importance of study of ground water 5/03/2019
37 Earthquake and landslides 6/03/2019
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Unit V
38 Types of dams and bearing of geology of site in their selection
8/03/2019
39 Geological considerations in the selection of a dam site
12/03/2019
40 Analysis of dam failure of the past 13/03/2019
41 Factors contributing to the success of a reservoir
15/03/2019
42 Geological factors influencing water tightness and life of reservoirs
16/03/2019
43 Geo hazards, ground subsidence. 19/03/2019
44 Importance of geophysical studies and
Principles of geophysical study by gravity
methods
20/03/2019
45 Magnetic & electrical methods 22/03/2019
46 Seismic, radio metric & geothermal methods 23/03/2019
47 Special importance of electrical resistivity methods, and seismic refractive methods
26/03/2019
48 Improvement of sites by grouting 27/03/2019
49 Fundamental aspects of rock mechanics and
environmental geology
29/03/2019
50 Purposes of Tunnelling 30/03/2019
51 Effects of tunnelling on the ground 2/04/2019
52 Role of geological considerations in tunnelling over break and lining in tunnels
3/04/2019
53 Tunnels in rock 5/04/2019
54 Subsidence over old mines 6/04/2019
55 Mining substances 9/04/2019
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
7. TEACHING SCHEDULE
Subject ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Text Books (to be purchased by the Students)
Book 1 N. Chennkesavulu ,Engineering Geology, Mc Milan India Ltd., New Delhi, India,12th Edition 2009.
Book 2 Venkat Reddy ,Engineering geology, Vikas Publications, New Delhi, India,2nd Edition 2011.
Reference Books
Book 3 K. V. G. K. Gokhale , Principles of engineering Geology, BS Publications, New Delhi, India,3rd Edition ,2012.
Book 4 F.G. Bell, Fundamental of Engineering geology butterwoths, Publications, New Delhi, 3 rd Edition,1992
Unit Topic Chapters Nos No of
classes Book 1 Book 2 Book 3 Book 4
I
Introduction: Importance of geology
from Civil Engineering point of
view.
1
1
2
Brief study of case histories
of failure of some Civil
Engineering constructions
due to geological draw
backs
1
8
2
Weathering of Rocks 2 3 7 3
II
Mineralogy 3 2 1 6
Petrology 5,6,7,8
1
1,2,3
7
III
Structural Geology
Ground water
9,10
1,2 4 6
11,12
7,11
6
5
IV
Earth quakes 13,14
10
3
Geophysical studies 15,16
6
6
V
Geology of Dams and Reservoirs
Tunnels
18,19,20
9
6
Contact classes for syllabus coverage 50
Tutorial classes 0
Total No. of classes 50
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
8. UNIT WISE HAND WRITTEN NOTES
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
9. UNIT WISE PPT
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
10. UNIVERSITY PREVIOUS
QUESTION PAPERS
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
11. MID EXAM DESCRIPTIVE QUESTION PAPER WITH KEY
MID EXAM – I
K. G. Reddy College of Engineering &Technology (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)
Chilkur (Vil), Moinabad (Mdl), RR District
College Code
QM
Name of the Exam: I Mid Examinations Marks: 10
Year-Sem & Branch: III-I & CIVIL ENGINEERING Duration: 60 Min
Subject: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Date & Session
13/09/17 & FN
Answer ANY TWO of the following Questions 2X5=10
1) (a) Define a mineral?
(b) Define streak? (c) Define luster? (d) Define cleavage?
2) (a) Describe the different types of rocks. Give the classification, texture and structure of igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks?
(b) Write different methods of study of Minerals?
3) (a) What is meant by weathering of rocks? (b) Explain in detail different geological agents responsible for weathering of rocks?
4) (a) Discuss the relationship between the Engineering Geologists and Civil Engineers? (b) Describe the importance of Engineering Geology in Civil Engineering?
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
MID EXAM – II
K. G. Reddy College of Engineering &Technology (Approved by AICTE, Affiliated to JNTUH)
Chilkur (Vil), Moinabad (Mdl), RR District
College Code
QM
Name of the Exam: II Mid Examinations, SEP - 2017 Marks: 10
Year-Sem & Branch: III Year I CIVIL ENGINEERING
Duration: 60 Min
Subject: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Date & Session
FN
Answer ANY TWO of the following Questions 2X5=10
1. a) What is a tunnel? Explain the terms that are used in tunnels with neat sketches. Also
explain the purpose of tunneling?
b) Write a short note on over break
2. a) Explain in detail about radiometric method? b) Explain in detail about Magnetic method?
3. a) What are the Geological Considerations necessary in the selection of a Dam Site? b) Explain in detail the role of electrical methods of subsurface investigation in civil
engineering practice?
4. a) What is a water table and what are the types of ground water which occurs in the zone
of aeration and saturation?
(b) Classification and Causes of Earthquakes?
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
12. MID EXAM OBJECTIVE QUESTION PAPER
MID- I
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
13. ASSIGNMENT TOPICS WITH MATERIALS
UNIT-I
a. Define engineering geology?
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY:
The principles and methods of geology is adopted for the purpose of civil engineering operations. Broadly
speaking, engineering geology has two divisions:
(1) The study of raw materials
(2) The study of the geological characteristics of the area where engineering operations are to be carried out such as
Groundwater characteristics
The load bearing capacity of rocks
The stability of slopes; excavation
Rock mechanics etc for civil engineer
GEOLOGY (in Greek, Geo means Earth, Logos means Science)
Is a branch of science dealing with the study of the earth . It is also known as earth science. The study of the earth as a whole, its origin, structure, composition and the nature of the processes which have
given rise to its present position is called as geology. Geology comprises the following
Branches:
1. Crystallography 2. Mineralogy 3. Petrology 4. Geophysics 5. Geochemistry 6. Structural Geology 7. Stratigraphy 8. Physical Geology 9. Geomorphology
10. Paleontology 11. Hydrogeology 12. Engineering Geology 13. Photo Geology 14. Economic Geology 15. Mining Geology
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
b. Write case histories of failures of some civil engineering construction due to geological draw back?
BRIEF STUDY OF CASE HISTORIES OF FAILURES OF SOME CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION DUE TO GEOLOGICAL DRAW BACK
CAUSES FOR FAILURE OF DAMS
The most common causes of dam failures includes the following considerations:
1. Failure due to earthquake
2. Failure due to landslide
3. Failure due to chemical weathering of foundation rocks ( Alkali-Silica Reaction , Sulfate & Chloride on concrete)
4. Failure due to physical weathering (temperature variations, or by heavy rain, or by physical breaking).
5.Failure due to increase of fractures in geological structures (fault, folds & unconformities).
DAM FAILURES
1. The St. Francis Dam was a concrete gravity-arch dam, designed to create a reservoir.
The dam was built between 1924 and 1926 under the supervision of William Mulholland The dam Height is 195 feet (59 m) & its length is 608 feet (185 m). The dam was constructed on the foundation of Schists and conglomerates and in turn, separated by a
distinct fault. In addition, conglomerates also had veins of gypsum, a soluble mineral and hence both
Schists and conglomerates are unsuitable to serve as a foundation to such a dam. Several temperature
and contraction cracks appeared in the dam when the reservoir had reached full capacity.
Enormous leakage of stored water occurred through the conglomerate and the dam failed by sliding in 1928 resulting more than killing of 450 people
Huge concrete block from the west abutment of the dam was carried out by dam water
The block is approximately 63 feet long, 30 feet high, and 54 feet wide. It was concluded that the disaster was primarily caused by the landslide on which the western abutment of the dam was built.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Before failure After failure
2. Kaila Dam, Gujarat, India: The Kaila Dam in Kachch, Gujarat, India was constructed during 1952 - 55 as an earth fill dam with a
height of 23.08 m above the river bed and a crest length of 213.36 m.
The storage of full reservoir level was 13.98 million cubic mts. The foundation was made of shale. The spillway was of ogee shaped and ungated. The depth of cutoff was 3.21 m below the river bed. In spite of a freeboard allowance of 1.83 m at the normal reservoir level and 3.96 m at the maximum
reservoir level the energy dissipation devices first failed and later the embankment collapsed due to
the weak foundation bed in 1959.
4. Kodaganar Dam, Tamil Nadu, India:
This dam was constructed in 1977 on Cauvery River as an earthen dam with regulators. The dam was 15.75 m high above the deepest foundation, having a 11.45 m of height above the river
bed.
The storage at full reservoir level was 12.3 million cubic mts. The dam failed due to overtopping by flood waters which flowed over the downstream slopes.
There was an earthquake registered during the period of failure although the foundation was strong. Water gushed over the rear slopes, as a cascade of water was eroding the slopes. Breaches of length
20 m to 200 m were observed. It appeared as if the entire dam was overtopped and breached.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
5. Tigra Dam, Madhya Pradesh, India, 1917: This was a masonry gravity dam of 24 m height, constructed for the purpose of water supply. A depth of 0.85 m of water overtopped the dam over a length of 400 m. This was equivalent to an
overflow of 850 m3s-1(estimated).
Two major blocks were bodily pushed away. The failure was due to sliding. The dam was reconstructed in 1929.
BRIDGES FAILURE
Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse:
The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, completed in 1940, probably stands as the greatest civil engineering failure in history.
When constructed, it was to be the third longest suspension bridge in the world. Narrow and graceful, the bridge would connect the Kitsap Peninsula to Tacoma, Washington
The bridge failed on November 7th of 1940, a mere four months after opening. Fortunately, the only life lost in its spectacular failure was that of a cocker spaniel named Tubby. Structural engineers were
left with the question of analyzing how the bridge failed. As with any civil engineering failure, a
thorough analysis is a necessary part of avoiding similar catastrophes in the future.
One long-term result of the lessons which were learned from the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster is that modern structural engineers now use computer simulations of wind flow programs to better
understand and design for the natural resonance of bridges, buildings and other structures. This helps
reduce greatly the possibility of another disaster like this in the future.
Koror–Babeldaob Bridge:
The original Koror–Babeldaob Bridge was a balanced cantilever pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge with a main span of 240.8 m and total length of 385.6 m (1265 ft).
It was designed by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG and Alfred A. Yee and Associates. It was constructed by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG, contractor was Palau based Korean company, Socio Construction
Co.
It was the world's largest bridge of its type, until its record was broken by the 260 m span of the Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, Australia, finished in 1985
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
The 18-year old, Koror-Babeldaob bridge (KB bridge) collapsed abruptly and catastrophically
Before failure After failure
TUNNELS FAILURE
Ramganaga diversion tunnel (Himalayas)
Umiam-Baraoani stage I tunnel(Meghalaya)
Koyna iii stage tail race tunnel(Bombay)
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Unit II
1) Define mineral? Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous substance, inorganically formed with a definite chemicalcomposition, with a certain physical properties and crystalline structures Under favorable conditions, the internal atomic structure
of minerals result in the development of a definite external geometrical shape ie crystal form
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid
A mineral is Inorganically formed
A mineral has definite (but not necessarily fixed) chemical composition
A mineral has definite atomic structure
A mineral is a homogeneous substance
2) What are the different methods of study of minerals?
Different methods of study of minerals
According to the mineral definition, every mineral has its own chemical composition and atomic structure and it is unique for every mineral. This fact facilitates the study of mineral in different ways. Common methods of study
and identification of minerals based on their
(i) physical properties
(ii) chemical properties
(iii) optical properties and
(iv) x-ray analysis.
(i) Study of Physical properties: Physical properties like Color, Form, lustre, Hardness (resistance toscratching), Density (Specific Gravity), cleavage etc., can be studied with simple observations. These properties are dependent
on chemical composition and atomic structure i.e., if the atomic structure and chemical composition remains the same, the resulting properties should also be similar. This principle is the basis for the study of minerals.
For example, any galena mineral irrespective of its place of occurrence, size, shape, association consistently
exhibits lead grey colour, metallic shine, opaque character, high Sp gr (density = 7.4 – 7.6), tendency to break
easily along three different directions and is scratched easily by knife. This set of physical properties is never exhibited by any other mineral .Therefore, if such properties are observed an unknown mineral it must be only
galena.
(ii) Study of Chemical composition: According to the definition, every mineral which is expected to have its own individual chemical composition, which is not to be found in any other mineral. Therefore, by chemical analysis if
composition is known it should be possible to identify the mineral.
For example, if the composition of an unknown mineral is found to be lead sulphide (PbS), then that must be only
galena because galena always has the composition lead sulphide and no other mineral has this composition.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
(iii) Study of optical properties: In this method of study, the minerals are made very fine (0.03 mm ) and fixed over glass slide by means Canada balsam such skillfully prepared slides are called thin sections. They are studied under petrological microscope. Different optical properties such as interference colours, their order, interference
figures, optic sign, twinning, alteration etc., are studied under crossed nicols with help of some other accessories, if
necessary. The optical properties of every mineral are also distinctive and hence helpful in the identification of minerals.
For example, quartz is characterized by: anhedral shape, clourless, no cleavage, transparent, low relief, non-
pleochroic, grey or yellow, interference colours of first order, positive uniaxial interference figure, positive
elongation, no alteration etc,.
(iv) Study of X-ray analysis: When a beam of x-rays falls on a crystal, it is diffracted by the layers of the atoms within the crystal. In making an x-ray analysis of atomic structure of the crystal, the diffracted x-rays are allowed to fall on the on photographic plate and resulting photograph shows a series of spots or lines which form more or
less symmetrical pattern. From measurements made on the photograph, the arrangement of the atoms in the crystal
can be deduced and also the distances between them. The results of x-ray analysis of minerals reveal their atomic structure, which is distinctive, for each mineral. This enables the accurate identification of minerals.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Unit III
1) Write the classification of igneous rocks?
CLASSIFICATION OF IGNEOUS ROCKS:
Igneous rocks are the first formed rocks in the earth’s crust and hence these are called PRIMARY ROCKS, even though igneous rocks have formed subsequently also.
Igneous rocks are the most abundant rocks in the earth crust and are formed at a very high temperature directly as a result of solidification of magma since magma is the parent material of igneous rocks.
The temperature increases proportionately with the depth this is one of the reasons for the formation ofigneous rocks.
Igneous rocks are formed out of hot magma or lava. The lava on solidification over the earth’s surfacegives rise to Extrusive igneous rocks
While the magma on solidification below the earth’s surface gives rise to intrusive igneous rocks
Forms of intrusive Igneous Rocks
Dykes and sills
Igneous intrusions occur in different sizes and forms depending on the conditions during the formationof intrusion. eg: Dykes and Sills are the common forms.
If the intrusion is parallel to the layering in the host rock, it is called as a sill where as the intrusion cutting across the trend of the host rock, it is called as a Dyke.
Dykes are the common form of igneous rocks and are vertical or inclined intrusive igneous bodies.
Dykes occur cutting across the bedding planes of the country rocks in which they are found. Due to forceful pressure, magma intrudes through the fractures, cracks, joints, shear zones, weak planes and subsequent solidification of this gives rise to dykes
Sills
Are similar to dykes but are formed due to penetration of magma into bedding planes of country rocks.
The spreading capacity depends on the viscosity of magma, its temperature and the weight of the overlying rocks.
Sills which spread over large areas are generally thin with uniform thickness. Eg: 1 The great whin soil of England spreads over 3900 sq.kms
Eg: 2 Karroo sills (dolerite composition ) spreads over 510000 sq kms in South Africa.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Sills act sometimes as mineralizing bodies. eg: Barytes, Asbestos deposits of cuddapah.
Sills occur as horizontal and inclined bodies.
Lava flows may resemble sills closely because both are relatively thin, horizontal sheet like igneous bodies spreading over large areas. But they can be distinguished from one another as follows:
Lava flows show an irregular lower surface whereas sills have more or less flat on both sides.
Lava flows shows vesicular character on the upper surface, whereas sills present no such characters.
Lava flows undergo quite cooling producing fine grained rocks whereas sills cool slowly causing coarse to medium grained rocks.
Sills give out tongues (minor intrusions) into the overlying rock masses, Whereas lava flows do not.
Laccoliths
If the intrusion takes place forcibly in stratified rock, resulting a mushroom shaped (reverse bowl) intrusive in the host rock, it is termed as Laccoliths.
Phaccolith
In the folded rocks, if the intrusion takes place at a later stage, it occupies theopenings at the crest (in case of anticlines) and trough (in case of synclines) of folds, the resulting form of intrusive is denoted as Phaccolith.
Lopolith
Large igneous intrusions of several kilometers in extent having a form which is the top in nearly flat and the bottom is convex downwards is known as Lopolith
Batholiths
The term is applied to any large intrusive mass of igneous rock (eg granite). Batholiths, occupy a large areaof out crop extending to greater depths with the presence of Roof Pendants and Xenoliths.
Batholiths occur usually in mountain regions and are parallel to the folded regions. Compositionally, batholiths are either granites or granodiorites.
Eg: British Colombia batholiths of 1250 miles extension and a width of 50 miles.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Unit-IV
1) Explain different Terminology of an earthquake? Terminology of an earthquake: • Focus: Place of origin of the earthquake in the interior of the earth. • Epicenter: A point on the ground surface, which is vertically above the focus. • Seismic waves: The enormous energy released from the focus at the time of earthquake is transmitted in alldirections in the form of waves. • Elastic waves: A wave propagated by a medium having inertia and elasticity in which displaced particles transfer momentum to neighboring particles and are themselves restored to original position.
• Isoseismic: The imaginary line joining the points of same intensity of the earthquake.
• Hodograph: time - distance curve • Seismograph: an instrument is used to detect/ record the seismic waves • Seismogram: Recorded data in seismic method
2) Discuss classification and causes of earthquakes?
CLASSIFICATION AND CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES:
Earthquakes are grouped based on their depth of origin, and described as shallow or intermediate or deeper
earthquakes.
If the depth is < 60 kms shallow
If the depth is > 60 kms but < 300 kms, they are called intermediate earthquakes.
Other which have a focus depth > 300 kms are called deeper earthquakes.
Earthquakes originating at depths > 700 kms are extremely rare.
3) Explain landslides and their causes?
LANDSLIDES
The term landslide refers to the downward sliding of huge quantities of land masses. Such sliding occurs along
steep slopes of hills or mountains..
It may be sudden or slow in its occurrence. Also, in magnitude, it may be major or minor.
Often, loose and unconsolidated surface material undergoes sliding. But sometimes, huge blocks of
consolidated rocks may also be involved. If landslides occur in places of importance such as highways, railway
lines, valleys, reservoirs, inhabited areas and agricultural lands leads to blocking of traffic, collapse of
buildings, harm to fertile lands and heavy loss to life and property. In India, landslides often occur in Kashmir,
Himachal Pradesh and in the mountains of Uttar Pradesh.
CLASSIFICATION OF EARTH MOVEMENTS: All movements of land masses are referred to as landslides
and grouped them under “earth movements”. The classification of earth movements us as follows:
EARTH MOVEMENTS
EARTH FLOWS Solifluction,Creep
Rapid flows
LANDSLIDES
Debris slides and
slump Rock slides,Rock falls
SUBSIDENCE Compaction Collapse
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Unit-V
1) Explain parts of dam? Parts of a Dam:
Heel: It is the part where the dam comes in contact with the ground on the upstream side.
Toe: It is that part where the dam comes in contact with the ground on the downstream
side
Free board: It is the difference in level between the top of the dam wall and the high
storage level
Galleries: These are small rooms left within the dam for checking operations
Spillway: An arrangement is made in a dam near the top or inside to allow excess water of
the reservoir to the downstream side
Sluice: It is an opening in the dam near the ground level. It is useful in clearing the silt
of the reservoir
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Cut-off wall: It is an underground wall-like structure of concrete in the heel portion.
It is useful in preventing leakage under the foundation
Terminology
Tunnel: An underground passage for vehicles or pedestrians, especially one which is created
by digging into earth.
Axis: The lengthwise course of a tunnel, especially along the center line.
Cross section: The shape of a tunnel for eg: horseshoe, round or square.
Excavation: The process of digging or the hole which results.
Muck: Debris removed during excavation.
Grouting: Unstable rock and soil is strengthened by the injection of chemicals, cementious
materials.
Lining: Materials used to finish the inside surface of the tunnel.
Overburden: The soil and rock supported by the roof of a tunnel.
Portal: The open end of a tunnel. Usually includes a wall to retain the soil around the
opening.
Adit: Main entrance location of a tunnel
Profile: A side view of the tunnel.
Shaft: A vertical, underground passage from the top to the bottom where there is initially
noaccess to the bottom.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
16. Unit wise-Question bank
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
UNIT-I
Two marks of questions with answers
Q1. Define geology
GEOLOGY (in Greek, Geo means Earth, Logos means Science)
Is a branch of science dealing with the study of the earth . It is also known as earth science.
The study of the earth as a whole, its origin, structure, composition and the nature of the
processes which have given rise to its present position is called as geology.
Q2. Define Mineralogy
The study of the characters of minerals ( eg: quartz, pyroxene, amphibole, mica,
chlorite, garnet) is known as Mineralogy. A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous
substance, inorganically formed with a definite chemical composition, with a certain physical
properties and crystalline structures
Q3. Define Petrology
The study of rocks in all their aspects including their mineralogies, textures, structures
(systematic description of rocks in hand specimen and thin sections); origin and their
relationships to other rocks
Q4. What is WEATHERING OF ROCKS? Ans The process by which rocks are broken down and decomposed by the action of external agencies such as wind, rain, temperature changes etc is called as weathering.
Weathering is a process involving disintegration and decomposition of rocks. If these materials are transported from the site with the help of natural agencies such as wind,
running water etc, the process is called as erosion. Weathering is categorized as a
1) Mechanical or physical weathering 2) Chemical 3) Biological
Q5. Define Structural Geology
Ans The study of rock structures such as folds that have resulted from movements and
deformation of the earth’s crust.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Three marks of questions with answers
Q1. Write the importance of geology from civil engineering point of view
Ans: Before constructing roads, bridges, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs and buildings, selection of
site is important from the point of stability of foundation.
Geology provides a systematic knowledge of construction materials and their properties.
The knowledge about the nature of the rocks in tunneling and construction of roads.
The foundation problems of dams, bridges and buildings are directly related with geology of the area where they are to be built.
The knowledge of ground water is necessary in connection with excavation works, water supply, irrigation and many other purposes.
The knowledge of Erosion, Transportation and Deposition (ETD) by surface water
helps in soil conservation, river control.
Geological maps and sections help considerably in planning many engineering
projects.
If the geological features like faults, joints, beds, folds are found, they have to be
suitably treated. Hence, the stability of the rock structures is important.
Pre-geological survey of the area concerned reduces the cost of planning work. .
Q2. Write the importance of physical geology?
Ans:
It deals with the geological processes which bring about changes in the crust and upon the
surface of the earth.
It also deals with the surface features of the earth (land forms) or its topography. The earth is concentrically divided into a number of spheres
(1)Atmosphere
(2) Hydrosphere and
(3) Lithosphere
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Deposition : The material is transported mechanically and deposit (eg: sand )
Earth movements include the uplift and depressions of land areas & sea floors.
Igneous activity includes emission of lavas, gases, other volcanic products etc
Metamorphism: The process by which changes are brought about in rocks within the
earth’s crust by the agencies of Heat, Pressure and Chemical fluids.
IMPORTANCE OF PETROLOGY:
Rocks are divided according to their origin into three classification Physical
Chemical
Geological
The study of rocks in all their aspects including their mineralogy, textures, structures; origin and their relationships to other rocks plays a major role in civil engineering
operations.
In physical classification is divided into two types Stratified
Un -stratified
In chemical classification based on chemical composition In geological classification is divided into three types
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Igneous rocks
Igneous rocks are formed when hot molten rock material called magma solidifies (or) igneous rocks form through cooling and crystallization of molten rock material.
If the molten material is below the Earth’s surface, it is called magma or else it comes out
about the surface , it is known as lava
The molten material of rock is semi-solid in nature and consists of liquid , gas and earlier
formed crystals.
The volatiles ( elements and compounds which are dissolved in a silicate
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
melt ) are dominantly water vapour, CO2 and elements like O2, Si, Al, Ca, Na, K, Fe
and Mg.
Sedimentary Rocks
Sedimentary Rocks are formed due to weathering and erosion of the pre-existing rocks. Sedimentary rocks are classified on the basis of the character of the material and
process
which leads to its deposition.
In addition, the depositional environment plays a major role in the formation of sedimentary rocks . Deposited the material by wind action or water action.
Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphic Rocks are formed through the transformation of the pre-existing rocks under increased temperature and pressure conditions.
This process of transformation is known as metamorphism.
Q3. Write the importance of structural geology?
Ans: Geological structures are the evidences of crustal deformation. Depending on the
process involved, the following various types of structures develop in the geological
formations.
FOLDS: Folds are best displayed by stratified formations such as sedimentary or
Volcanic rocks or their metamorphosed equivalents. Folds can be seen in Granite
Gneiss, iron formations etc.
FAULTS: When formations subjected to stress deform resulting in the development of
fractures or a fracture in rock along which there has been an observable amount of
displacement can be seen.
JOINTS: Joints are fractures or openings in the rock formations. These differ from the
faults in that there is no displacement along them.
UNCONFIRMITIES: An unconformity represents a long interval of non – deposition
during which erosion takes place.
Q4. What is the scope of geology in civil engineering ?
Ans: It is defined as that of applied science which deal with the application of geology for a safe, stable and economic design and construction of a civil engineering project.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
It enables a geologist to understand the nature of the geological information that is absolutely essentially for a safe design and construction of a civil engineeringprojects.
The scope of geology can be studied is best studied with reference to major activities of the profession of a civil engineer which are
Construction
Water resources development
Town and regional planning
Geology provides necessary information about the construction materials at the site used in the construction of buildings, dams, tunnels, tanks, reservoirs, highways and
bridges.
Geological information is most important in planning stage, design phaseand construction phase of an engineering project.
Geology is useful to know the method of mining of rock and mineral deposits on earth’s
surface and subsurface.
Geology is useful for supply, storage and filling up of reservoirs with water..
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Five marks of questions with answers Q1. Write in detail about engineering geology.
Ans: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY:
The principles and methods of geology is adopted for the purpose of civil engineering
operations. Broadly speaking, engineering geology has two divisions:
(1) The study of raw materials
(2) The study of the geological characteristics of the area where engineering operations are to be carried out such as
Groundwater characteristics
The load bearing capacity of rocks
The stability of slopes; excavation
Rock mechanics etc for civil engineer
GEOLOGY (in Greek, Geo means Earth, Logos means Science)
Is a branch of science dealing with the study of the earth . It is also known as earth science.
The study of the earth as a whole, its origin, structure, composition and the nature of the
processes which have given rise to its present position is called as geology. Geology
comprises the following
Branches:
1. Crystallography 2. Mineralogy
3. Petrology 4. Geophysics 5. Geochemistry 6. Structural Geology 7. Stratigraphy 8. Physical Geology 9. Geomorphology 10. Paleontology 11. Hydrogeology 12. Engineering Geology 13. Photo Geology 14. Economic Geology 15. Mining Geology
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Q2. Describe brief study of case histories of failures of some civil engineering
construction due to geological draw back
Ans: CAUSES FOR FAILURE OF DAMS
The most common causes of dam failures includes the following considerations:
1. Failure due to earthquake
2. Failure due to landslide
3. Failure due to chemical weathering of foundation rocks ( Alkali-Silica Reaction , Sulfate & Chloride on concrete)
4. Failure due to physical weathering (temperature variations, or by heavy rain, or byphysical breaking).
5.Failure due to increase of fractures in geological structures (fault, folds & unconformities).
DAM FAILURES
1. The St. Francis Dam was a concrete gravity-arch dam, designed to create a reservoir.
The dam was built between 1924 and 1926 under the supervision of William Mulholland
The dam Height is 195 feet (59 m) & its length is 608 feet (185 m). The dam was constructed on the foundation of Schists and conglomerates and in turn,
separated by a distinct fault. In addition, conglomerates also had veins of gypsum, a
soluble mineral and hence both Schists and conglomerates are unsuitable to serve as a
foundation to such a dam. Several temperature and contraction cracks appeared in the
dam when the reservoir had reached full capacity.
Enormous leakage of stored water occurred through the conglomerate and the dam failed by sliding in 1928 resulting more than killing of 450 people
Huge concrete block from the west abutment of the dam was carried out by dam water
The block is approximately 63 feet long, 30 feet high, and 54 feet wide. It was concluded that the disaster was primarily caused by the landslide on which the western
abutment of the dam was built.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Before failure After failure
2. Kaila Dam, Gujarat, India: The Kaila Dam in Kachch, Gujarat, India was constructed during 1952 - 55 as an earth
fill dam with a height of 23.08 m above the river bed and a crest length of 213.36 m.
The storage of full reservoir level was 13.98 million cubic mts. The foundation was made of shale. The spillway was of ogee shaped and ungated. The depth of cutoff was 3.21 m below the river bed. In spite of a freeboard allowance of 1.83 m at the normal reservoir level and 3.96 m at
the maximum reservoir level the energy dissipation devices first failed and later the
embankment collapsed due to the weak foundation bed in 1959.
4. Kodaganar Dam, Tamil Nadu, India:
This dam was constructed in 1977 on Cauvery River as an earthen dam with regulators. The dam was 15.75 m high above the deepest foundation, having a 11.45 m of height
above the river bed.
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
The storage at full reservoir level was 12.3 million cubic mts. The dam failed due to overtopping by flood waters which flowed over the downstream slopes.
There was an earthquake registered during the period of failure although the foundation was strong. Water gushed over the rear slopes, as a cascade of water was eroding the
slopes. Breaches of length 20 m to 200 m were observed. It appeared as if the entire
dam was overtopped and breached.
5. Tigra Dam, Madhya Pradesh, India, 1917:
This was a masonry gravity dam of 24 m height, constructed for the purpose of water supply.
A depth of 0.85 m of water overtopped the dam over a length of 400 m. This was equivalent to an overflow of 850 m3s-1(estimated).
Two major blocks were bodily pushed away. The failure was due to sliding. The dam was reconstructed in 1929.
BRIDGES FAILURE
Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse:
The first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, completed in 1940, probably stands as the greatest civil engineering failure in history.
When constructed, it was to be the third longest suspension bridge in the world. Narrow and graceful, the bridge would connect the Kitsap Peninsula to Tacoma,
Washington
The bridge failed on November 7th of 1940, a mere four months after opening. Fortunately, the only life lost in its spectacular failure was that of a cocker spaniel
named Tubby. Structural engineers were left with the question of analyzing how the
bridge failed. As with any civil engineering failure, a thorough analysis is a necessary
part of avoiding similar catastrophes in the future.
One long-term result of the lessons which were learned from the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster is that modern structural engineers now use computer simulations of
wind flow programs to better understand and design for the natural resonance of
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
bridges, buildings and other structures. This helps reduce greatly the possibility of
another disaster like this in the future.
Koror–Babeldaob Bridge:
The original Koror–Babeldaob Bridge was a balanced cantilever pre-stressed concrete box girder bridge with a main span of 240.8 m and total length of 385.6 m (1265 ft).
It was designed by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG and Alfred A. Yee and Associates. It was constructed by Dyckerhoff & Widmann AG, contractor was Palau based Korean
company, Socio Construction Co.
It was the world's largest bridge of its type, until its record was broken by the 260 m span of the Gateway Bridge in Brisbane, Australia, finished in 1985
The 18-year old, Koror-Babeldaob bridge (KB bridge) collapsed abruptly and catastrophically
Before failure After failure
TUNNELS FAILURE
G.VENKATA SAI PRASAD, ASST PROFESSOR
Ramganaga diversion tunnel (Himalayas)
Umiam-Baraoani stage I tunnel(Meghalaya)
Koyna iii stage tail race tunnel(Bombay
Q3. Define weathering and its type in detail?
Ans: WEATHERING OF ROCKS
The process by which rocks are broken down and decomposed by the action of external agencies such as wind, rain, temperature changes etc is called as
weathering.
Weathering is a process involving disintegration and decomposition of rocks. If these materials are transported from the site with the help of natural agencies such
as wind, running water etc, the process is called as erosion.
Weathering is categorized as a 1) Mechanical or physical weathering 2) Chemical 3) Biological
Mechanical weathering:
In mechanical weathering, the process involves only fragmentation or break down of the rock into smaller fragments / pieces.
In nature, the physical breaking of rocks is caused by several processes. Waterfalls, landslides during their fall cause extensive break down of rocks. Thus gravity
contributes to mechanical disintegration of rocks. However, all the processesinvolve
widening of the fractures, resulting in the detachment of blocks surrounded by the
weak planes.
Mechanical or physical weathering involves the breakdown of rocks throughdirect contact with atmospheric conditions, such as heat, water, ice and pressure.
Chemical weathering:
Chemical weathering, involves the direct effect of atmospheric chemicals in the breakdown of rocks, minerals
Chemical weathering involves chemical reactions resulting in the alteration of the rock leading to the formation of new alteration
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products.
Water is the best fluid that directly affects rocks by way of Dissolution; Leaching (making porous); Hydration; Oxidation, Hydrolysis etc
Biological weathering:
Involves breakdown of rocks by living organisms (Bacteria & fungi).
Living organisms release organic acids viz., Oxalic acid; Phenolic acid; Folic acid, Acetic Acid, Humic acid etc which cause decomposition of rocks.
Man is also responsible for unnatural weathering of rocks for construction ofbuildings, dams, bridges etc.
Weathering effect over the properties of rocks:
Weathered minerals exhibit change in color intensity or different colors. They will be less compact, and hence their specific gravity will be less. Their hardness will decrease so that the minerals become softer and weak. They become less transparent or tend to become opaque. The minerals loss their original shine and exhibit a dull luster.
Weathered minerals loose their internal cohesion & become easily powdered. Weathered rocks usually appear as brown,red & yellow colors on the surface.
IMPORTANCE OF WEATHERING
Weathering transports smaller fragments, pieces etc after the process of weathering.
Weathering initiates the erosion of rock, causing alterations in minerals as well as in
the
surface layers. Weathering is a process that applies major role of engineering mechanics,
e.g.
kinematics (study of bodies which are in motion), dynamics and fluid mechanics to
predict the mechanical behavior of erosion. Together, soil and rock mechanics are the
basis for solving many engineering geologic problems with references to dams, reservoirs
and tunnels.
Advantages of weathering from civil engineering point of view:
• Weathering produces soil which is vital for agriculture and for the production of agricultural crops.
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• Weathering makes rocks into porous and permeable which allow the movement of groundwater in case of hard rocks like granites.
• Economic minerals like bauxite deposits are also form due to weathering. • Oxidation of chemical weathering is important in the formation of some oredeposits particularly sulphides.
Disadvantages of weathering from civil engineering point of view:
• Weathering is not a welcome process, because it reduces the strength, durability and good appearance of rocks
• Therefore, the weathered rocks are unfit to be at the site of foundation in case of civil structures like dams and bridges.
• Since weathered rocks are characterized by loose characters ie strength, durability etc, they become unfit for the formation of road metal or as a building stone.
• Weathered rocks are being weak, therefore unsuitable for tunneling. • Occurrence of weathered zone in the upstream side creates silting problem in case of reservoirs as the accumulation of rapid silt reduces the reservoir capacity.
• Loose boulders due to weathering along steep slopes may turn out landslides which is civil engineering hazard.
Q4. Write the effect of weathering of a common rock granite Ans:
Among different rocks, Granite ( an acidic rock ) is one of the most abundant rockon the
earth’s surface. Therefore, it will be appropriate to analyses the process of weathering in
granite.
Granite consists of quartz, feldspars (orthoclase, plagioclase), and accessory minerals
(amphiboles, pyroxenes; biotite / muscovite, magnetite / haematite, rutile, zircon, apatite,
garnet.)
During the oxidation, feldspars in granite converts into sericite and then to kaolinite there
by silica removed from the reaction by ground water.
Feldspars sericite ( mica ) kaolinite ( clay )
Quartz minerals remain unchanged whereas muscovite or biotite becomes chlorite on
decomposition. Pyroxenes ( augite / diopside ) decompose and pass into hornblende or
breakdown into chlorite.
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The above changes due to weathering causes failure of civil construction projects and
hence the study of weathering of rocks is important for any civil project.
Finally, Geological considerations such as Topography and geomorphology of the site,
impact of geological structures; Lithology of the formations ; Identification of weak zones
in addition to weathering of rocks plays an important role in civil engineering
constructions.
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Multiple choices
1. The main processes which does not come under chemical weathering are a) Solution b) Hydration and hydrolysis c) Insolation d) Carbonation Answer: c
2. Factor not affecting weathering is a) Colour of the rock b) Nature of the rock c) Climate d) Physical environment Answer: a
3. The process that is not considered under mechanical weathering is a) Carbonation b) Temperature variation c) Unloading d) Insolation Answer: a
4. What is the change in volume when water freezes? a) 10% decrease b) 20% increase c) 20% decrease d) 10% increase Answer: d
5. The processes by which Scree deposits are formed are a) Chemical attack
b) Exposure to sunlight c) Water movement d) Heaving and rolling Answer: d
6. The depth up to which the mantle is said to exist is
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a) 2000 km b) 1500 km c) 2900 km d) 1800 km Answer: c
7. The thickness of the 2 layers of the upper mantle is approximately said to be a) 400 and 600 km b) 300 and 500 km c) 450 and 800 km d) 300 and 400 km Answer: a
8. Who was the first person to tell about the Core? a) Graham Bell b) Albert Einstein
c) Isaac Newton d) R.D. Oldham Answer: d
9. Which state in India has most number of large dams? a) Karnataka b) Orissa c) Maharashtra d) Madhya Pradesh Answer: c
10. Which is the longest dam in India? a) Hirakud dam b) Bhakra dam c) Krishnarajasagar dam d) Nagarjun sagar dam Answer: a
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FILL THE BLANKS
1. The main processes which does not come under chemical weathering are
Insolation
2. The rock-mineral insoluble in water is Pyrite 3. Minerals like Orthoclase and Felspar undergo which method of chemical
decomposition Hydrolysis
4. The zone consisting of mixed composition is Zone B 5. The stress developed in the top layers of the rocks which disintegrate due to
repeated variations in temperatures is Tensile stress
6. The large-scale development of fracturing in confined rock masses occurs under
which process Unloading
7. Where can one find the process of exudation occur Seashore 8. Stratification can be seen widely in which of the following rocks Sedimentary
rocks 9. The branch of geology which deals with the morphology, classification,
mechanism and causes of development of these rock structures is called as
Structural geology
10. The maximum angle of inclination of a layer of a rock with the horizontal is Dip
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1) Define mineral?
UNIT -II
A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous substance, inorganically formed with
a definite chemical composition, with a certain physical properties and crystalline structures
Under favorable conditions, the internal atomic structure of minerals result in the
development of a definite external geometrical shape ie crystal form
• A mineral is a naturally occurring solid • A mineral is Inorganically formed • A mineral has definite (but not necessarily fixed) chemical composition • A mineral has definite atomic structure • A mineral is a homogeneous substance
2) Define Form?
Form:
The form of mineral is defined as its shape. The external shape of mineral reflects the internal arrangement of atoms. When a mineral occurs as a well-developed crystal, it is
called crystallized. If the growth of the crystals is hampered due to interference of other
crystal grains then the resulting form is called crystalline.
3) Define Streak?
Streak:
The streak of mineral is color of its powder. Many minerals exhibit a different color in
the powder form compared to form of mass.
The powder of the mineral is obtained either by scratching the mineral with a pen knife or rubbing it across piece of unglazed porcelain plate called streak plate.
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4) Define lustre?
Lustre:
Lustre is the nature of shining on the surface of the mineral under reflected light. It
varies considerably depending upon the amount and type of light reflected.
Based on the type of shining, lustres are grouped as metallic and non-metallic.
Metallic lustre is the type of shining that appears on the surface of the metal.
Nonmetallic lustres are named considering the type of shining that appears insome common materials
5) Define cleavage?
Cleavage:
The definite direction or plane along which a mineral tends to break easily is called the
cleavage of that mineral
Crystallized and crystalline minerals can have cleavage.
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Five marks of questions with answers
1) Define mineral its properties?
Mineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous substance, inorganically formed with a
definite chemical composition, with a certain physicalproperties and crystalline structures
Under favorable conditions, the internal atomic structure of minerals result in the
development of a definite external geometrical shape ie crystal form
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid
A mineral is Inorganically formed
A mineral has definite (but not necessarily fixed) chemical composition
A mineral has definite atomic structure
A mineral is a homogeneous substance
Explanation:
Homogeneous: all parts of the minerals should possess the same physical and chemical
characters.
Crystalline: possess atomic structure in a mineral.
Crystal: A crystal may be defined as a natural solid body bounded by smooth and plain
surfaces, arranged geometrically.
Crystals develop under favorable conditions depending on:
(1) Slow cooling (2) Surroundings to facilitate the crystal growth in different directions. (3) Non-interference by the adjacent growing minerals during solidification
Exceptions for Definition of Mineral:
l. Precious gemstones like diamonds, rubies, sapphires and emeralds are synthetically
produced under controlled laboratory conditions.
2. Coal, amber, petroleum, etc., are typical organic substances which can be considered as minerals.
3. Amethyst, smoky quartz, citrine, cat's eye, aventurine quartz are some varieties of quartz. Colour or appearance peculiarity in them is because they possess some impurities or
inclusions or in homogeneities.
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4. Asphalt ( a variety of bitumen, semi-solid in nature, black in color) , mercury and natural gas are semisolids, liquids or gases. Though these are called minerals, they are not solid
substances.
5. A good number of minerals are now found to be members of isomorphic groups. Isomorphic minerals do not have a definite chemical composition, but have a definiterange
of composition.
6. Some minerals like flint, chert, jasper and agate are cryptocrystalline, i.e., they do not have a well-developed crystal structure. A few others like opal, bauxite, Psilomelane, pitchblende
etc are typically amorphous, i.e., they do not possess any regular internal atomic structure
2) Write different methods of study of minerals?
DIFFERENT METHODS OF STUDY OF MINERALS
According to the mineral definition, every mineral has its own chemical composition and
atomic structure and it is unique for every mineral. This fact facilitates the study of mineral in
different ways. Common methods of study and identification of minerals based on their
(i) physical properties
(ii) chemical properties
(iii) optical properties and
(iv) x-ray analysis.
(i) Study of Physical properties: Physical properties like Color, Form, lustre, Hardness (resistance to scratching), Density (Specific Gravity), cleavage etc., can be studied with
simple observations. These properties are dependent on chemical composition andatomic
structure i.e., if the atomic structure and chemical composition remains the same, the
resulting properties should also be similar. This principle is the basis for the study of
minerals.
For example, any galena mineral irrespective of its place of occurrence, size, shape,
association consistently exhibits lead grey colour, metallic shine, opaque character, high Sp
gr (density = 7.4 – 7.6), tendency to break easily along three different directions and is
scratched easily by knife. This set of physical properties is never exhibited by any other
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mineral .Therefore, if such properties are observed an unknown mineral it must be only
galena.
(ii) Study of Chemical composition: According to the definition, every mineral which is expected to have its own individual chemical composition, which is not to be found in any
other mineral. Therefore, by chemical analysis if composition is known it should be possible
to identify the mineral.
For example, if the composition of an unknown mineral is found to be lead sulphide (PbS),
then that must be only galena because galena always has the composition lead sulphide and
no other mineral has this composition.
(iii) Study of optical properties: In this method of study, the minerals are made very fine (0.03 mm ) and fixed over glass slide by means Canada balsam such skillfully prepared
slides are called thin sections. They are studied under petrological microscope. Different
optical properties such as interference colours, their order, interference figures, optic sign,
twinning, alteration etc., are studied under crossed nicols with help of some otheraccessories,
if necessary. The optical properties of every mineral are also distinctive and hence helpful in
the identification of minerals.
For example, quartz is characterized by: anhedral shape, clourless, no cleavage, transparent,
low relief, non-pleochroic, grey or yellow, interference colours of first order, positive
uniaxial interference figure, positive elongation, no alteration etc,.
(iv) Study of X-ray analysis: When a beam of x-rays falls on a crystal, it is diffracted by the layers of the atoms within the crystal. In making an x-ray analysis of atomic structure of the
crystal, the diffracted x-rays are allowed to fall on the on photographic plate and resulting
photograph shows a series of spots or lines which form more or less symmetrical pattern.
From measurements made on the photograph, the arrangement of the atoms in the crystal can
be deduced and also the distances between them. The results of x-ray analysis of minerals
reveal their atomic structure, which is distinctive, for each mineral. This enables the accurate
identification of minerals.
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3) Explain the physical properties of minerals?
STUDY OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Form Color
Streak
Lustre
Cleavage
Fracture
Hardness
Specific Gravity ( density )
Transparency
Form:
The form of mineral is defined as its shape. The external shape of mineral reflects the internal arrangement of atoms. When a mineral occurs as a well-developed crystal, it is
called crystallized. If the growth of the crystals is hampered due to interference of other
crystal grains then the resulting form is called crystalline.
Color:
Minerals show great variety of colors and can be identified by their color. Color wise the minerals are of two types
(i) Dark colored minerals and (ii) Light colored minerals
Mineral colors are generally related to the spatial arrangement of the constituent atoms or the impurities present in the minerals or all of these.
Streak:
The streak of mineral is color of its powder. Many minerals exhibit a different color in the powder form compared to form of mass.
The powder of the mineral is obtained either by scratching the mineral with a pen
knife or rubbing it across piece of unglazed porcelain plate called streak plate.
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Most transparent minerals show a white streak. Colored minerals show a dark color streak of the mineral. Sometimes the streak is altogether different in color from the
color of the mineral.
Lustre:
Lustre is the nature of shining on the surface of the mineral under reflected light. It varies considerably depending upon the amount and type of light reflected.
Based on the type of shining, lustres are grouped as metallic and non-metallic.
Metallic lustre is the type of shining that appears on the surface of the metal.
Nonmetallic lustres are named considering the type of shining that appears insome
common materials
Non-metallic
Lustre
Description Minerals
Vitreous lustre Shining like a glass Quartz, Calcite
Subvitreous lustre Subvitreous lustre is similar to vitreous lustre
but with less shining
Pyroxenes (augite)
Pearly lustre Shining like pearl Talc, Muscovite(mica)
Silky lustre Shining like silk Asbestos
Resinous lustre Shining like resin Opal, Agate
Greasy lustre Shining like grease Graphite, Serpentine
Adamantine lustre Shining like diamond Garnet, Diamond
Earthy or Dull lustre No shining like earth or
chalk
Magnesite, Bauxite
Cleavage:
The definite direction or plane along which a mineral tends to break easily is called the cleavage of that mineral
Crystallized and crystalline minerals can have cleavage.
Amorphous minerals do not show cleavage
Cleavage, if present , occurs as innumerable planes along which mineral is equally weak. Hence all such parallel planes of weakness are referred to as a set.
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Depending upon their atomic structure, crystalline minerals will have 1 set ofcleavage (or) 2 sets (or) 3 sets (or) 4 sets (or) 6 sets of cleavag