Country and Regional Scientific Production Profilesec.europa.eu/.../pdf/scientific-production-profiles.pdfAnalytical Report 2.3.1, 2nd Annual Update Country and Regional Scientific

Country and Regional Scientific

ProductionProfiles

Research and Innovation

EUROPEAN COMMISSIONDirectorate-General for Research and InnovationDirectorate C — Research and InnovationUnit C.6 — Economic analysis and indicators

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Contact: Carmen Marcus, Matthieu Delescluse and Pierre Vigier (Head of unit)

European CommissionB-1049 Brussels

EUROPEAN COMMISSION

Directorate-General for Research and Innovation2013

Country and Regional Scientific

Production Profiles

Authors of the study

David Campbell, Christian Lefebvre, Michelle Picard-Aitken, Grégoire Côté, Andréa Ventimiglia, Guillaume Roberge and Éric Archambault

Science Metrix Inc, Canada

This report is part of the study Analysis and Regular Update of Bibliometric Indicators carried out by Science Metrix-Canada under the coordination and guidance of the European Commission, Directorate-General for Research and Innovation, Directorate Research and Innovation, Economic analysis and indicators Unit.

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Analytical Report 2.3.1, 2nd Annual Update Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles

Table of Contents

Executive Summary .............................................................................................................................. ii Tables .................................................................................................................................................. xvi Figures ................................................................................................................................................ xix Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................. xx 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1 2 ERA Scientific Production Profile ............................................................................................... 2

2.1 General Profile in FP7 Thematic Priorities, Overall in Scopus and in Economic Sectors ...................... 2 2.2 Positional Analysis in FP7 Thematic Priorities ................................................................................................ 4 2.3 Positional Analysis in main fields ....................................................................................................................... 7 2.4 Positional Analysis in Economic Sectors .......................................................................................................... 9

3 Country-Level Scientific Production Profiles and Collaboration Patterns ................................ 13

3.1 FP7 Thematic Priorities ..................................................................................................................................... 13 3.2 Main Fields ........................................................................................................................................................... 45

3.2.1 Applied Science ............................................................................................................................... 47 3.2.2 Arts & Humanities .......................................................................................................................... 54 3.2.3 Economic & Social Sciences ......................................................................................................... 60 3.2.4 Health Sciences ................................................................................................................................ 63 3.2.5 Natural Sciences .............................................................................................................................. 70 3.2.6 General Fields .................................................................................................................................. 77

3.3 Economic Sectors (NACE) ............................................................................................................................... 81

4 Regional-Level (NUTS2) Scientific Production Profiles and Collaboration Patterns ............. 129

4.1 FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped) ................................................................................................................ 129 4.2 Overall in Scopus .............................................................................................................................................. 130 4.3 Economic Sectors (NACE) (grouped) .......................................................................................................... 132

5 Conclusion ............................................................................................................................... 135 6 Methods ................................................................................................................................... 148

6.1 Bibliometric Indicators .................................................................................................................................... 148 6.2 Graphic Representation of Data .................................................................................................................... 152

6.2.1 Radar Graphs ................................................................................................................................. 152 6.2.2 Dashboards..................................................................................................................................... 152

6.3 Methods for Matching Scientific Subfields to FP7 Thematic Priorities.................................................. 153 6.4 Methods for Matching Scientific Subfields to Economic Sectors ............................................................ 156

6.4.1 General Approach for Matching Scientific Subfields to Economic Sectors (NACE) ........................................................................................................................................... 156

6.4.2 Methods for Matching Scientific Subfields to Economic Sectors (NACE) ....................... 156 6.4.3 Results ............................................................................................................................................. 162 6.4.4 Appendix......................................................................................................................................... 172

6.5 Limitations of Bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and Humanities ....................................................... 174


ii

Executive Summary

Background

Science-Metrix has been selected as the provider of bibliometric indicators for the European

Commission’s Directorate-General for Research and Innovation (DG Research), starting in

September 2010 and extending to September 2014. This work involves the collection, analysis

and updating of bibliometric data that will be integrated into the European Commission’s

evidence-based monitoring of progress towards the objectives set forth in the Lisbon framework

and the post-Lisbon Strategy for the European Research Area (ERA). The bibliometric component

of this monitoring system is part of a package of six complementary studies reporting on the

dynamics of research activities along the whole spectrum of knowledge, from R&D investments to

publications, patents and licensing.

The analyses provided by Science-Metrix to the European Commission focus on the scientific

performance—including impact and collaboration patterns—of countries, regions and research

performers (such as universities, public research institutes and companies). The statistics

produced by Science-Metrix are based on a series of indicators designed to take into account

national and sector specificities, as well as to allow for a comprehensive analysis of the evolution,

interconnectivity, performance and impact of national research and innovation systems in Europe.

They also provide an overall view of Europe’s strengths and weaknesses in knowledge production

across fields and subfields of science. In measuring progress towards past and current objectives,

this information aims to support the coherent development of research policies for the ERA.

The Present Report

This is the second annual update of the Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles report,

produced in 2011. It covers the 2000–2011 period.

The report focuses on the bibliometric analysis of the scientific performance of European countries

and regions within each of the 17 thematic priorities of the Seventh Framework Programme for

Research and Technological Development (FP7). It also covers 22 main fields representing

somewhat traditional scientific disciplines. Unlike in previous editions, this report also analyses

the scientific performance of countries by economic sectors based on a specific aggregation

scheme of NACE (Nomenclature générale des activités économiques dans la Communauté

européenne) categories.

The report examines the production profiles and collaboration patterns of 42 countries and 50

NUTS2 regions. The 42 countries comprise the EU-27, candidate EU countries, members of the

EFTA and other countries of interest, such as established (e.g., the United States [US]) or

upcoming (e.g., China) global players. Selected NUTS2 regions include the 50 regions which

published the largest number of peer-reviewed publications over the 20002011 period.

The production profiles are based on a selected set of bibliometric indicators that aim to compare

scientific performance across countries and regions. These indicators include:

Number of publications: publications are counted based on both full (FULL) and fractional

counting (FRAC).

Growth Index (GI): measures the percentage of increase of publications between two

periods. In order to obtain a more accurate indicator, we used the last eight years of the

actual study period for the calculation of the GI, as older data in Scopus may be incomplete.


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Thus, in this report, the GI is calculated comparing the output of the 2008 to 2011 period to

that of the 2004 to 2007 period.

Specialisation Index (SI): an indicator of research intensity in a given research area.

Average of Relative Citations (ARC): a field-normalised measure of scientific impact

(which also takes into account the publication year and document type of scientific

contributions in the normalisation process) based on the citations received by an entity’s

papers; thus, it is a direct measure of scientific impact. In this report, the ARC is based on

data from the 2000 to 2008 period, due to incomplete citation windows for documents

published later.

Average of Relative Impact Factors (ARIF): a field-normalised measure of the scientific

impact of publications produced by a given entity (e.g., the world, a country, a NUTS2

region, an institution) based on the impact factors of the journals in which they were

published (also taking the publication year of scientific contributions into account in the

normalisation process). As such, the ARIF is an indirect impact metric reflecting the average

citation rate of the publication venue instead of the actual publications. As a result this

indicator may serve as a proxy for the “quality” of the research performed by a given entity.

Indeed, the more cited a journal, the more researchers will seek to publish in it and the more

the editors will be in a position to select the best papers.

Highly cited publications: the percentage of papers in the 10% most-cited papers in the

reference database (making use of the normalised citation score of individual publications).

Collaboration Index (CI): a scale-adjusted metric of scientific collaboration comparing the

observed number of co-publications of an entity (e.g., a country or NUTS2 region) to that

expected given the size of the scientific production of the entity.

The report is primarily descriptive, focusing on the salient points relevant to the report’s three

main parts, which progress conceptually from a general overview of the ERA (Section 2) to

country-level (Section 3) and regional-level profiles (Section 4). The report also includes a brief

conclusion (Section 5) and a methods section for reference (Section 6).

Key Findings—ERA Scientific Production Profile (see Section 2)

Section 2 focuses on the scientific performance of the ERA (all countries combined) as it

compares to that of the US and Japan, which are also established leaders, as well as China, for

which scientific production is rapidly growing.

For FP7 thematic priorities

The ERA published more peer-reviewed papers than China, Japan or the US in the FP7

thematic priorities (grouped).

The percentage of increase in the ERA’s output in the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped),

between the first and second half of the 2004 to 2011 period, is 18% (growth index of 1.18).

It is second to China (82%) among selected comparables.

The increase in scientific output observed for the ERA (18%) in the FP7 thematic priorities is

slightly smaller than that observed for the world (26%). The US (7%) experienced a small

decrease in its scientific output in the last year of the study, but shows a slight growth

overall for the 2004 to 2011 period. Japan (-2%) is experiencing a slight decrease.

In terms of specialisation, the ERA devotes as much of its total scientific effort to FP7

thematic priorities (grouped) as does the world; i.e., it has the same percentage of its

publications in FP7 thematic priorities as that observed at the world level.

The US is slightly specialised in the research areas represented by the FP7 thematic priorities

(grouped), whereas China and Japan’s concentration of output in these areas is below the

world’s concentration.


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The scientific impact, based on ARC, of the ERA is slightly higher than the world level in FP7

thematic priorities (grouped), overall in Scopus and for economic sectors (grouped).

The US stands out among selected comparables, with a scientific impact clearly above the

world level in FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), overall in Scopus and for economic sectors

(grouped). Japan and China have scientific impact below the world level.

In FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), the ERA’s overall performance (i.e., when all indicators

are considered jointly, including the number of publications) is superior to that of China and

Japan and somewhat equivalent to that of the US. However, they each have their respective

strengths and weaknesses. For instance, the overall performance of the ERA suffers

somewhat from its lower scientific impact, whereas that of the US suffers somewhat from the

smaller size of its production and smaller growth. The same applies in Scopus overall and in

economic sectors (grouped).

The ERA research efforts are distributed fairly evenly across the FP7 thematic priorities, with

a slight specialisation in Health and a bit more in the Humanities, but less intensity in Space,

Aeronautics, Other Transport Technologies, Energy, New Production Technologies and

Materials (excluding Nanotechnology).

The three countries the ERA is compared to exhibit a greater variability in their SI scores

across FP7 thematic priorities, being highly specialised in some areas (e.g., China in Other

Transport Technologies) and not at all specialised in others (e.g., China in Socio-Economic

Sciences).

In all individual FP7 thematic priorities, the size of the ERA’s output (i.e., its number of

publications over the 2000 to 2011 period) exceeds or resembles that of the US, China or

Japan.

The ERA’s greatest level of impact is in areas in which it does not specialise, such as Energy,

Other Transport Technologies, New Production Technologies and Aeronautics & Space.

The US generally leads in terms of scientific impact by thematic priority and is followed by

the ERA, Japan and China.

For the 22 main fields (or overall in Scopus)

Generally, many of the observations made for the FP7 hold true in the main 22 fields as well.

The ERA published more peer-reviewed papers than China, Japan or the US and the

increases or decreases in output over the study period, for each comparable entity, are

similar to those seen for the FP7 thematic priorities.

The ERA shows some specialisation in the main fields of Historical Studies, Visual &

Performing Arts and Clinical Medicine, but is not specialised in Enabling & Strategic

Technologies, Engineering, and General Science & Technology. For all other fields, the ERA’s

research intensity is close to the world level.

In contrast, the comparable countries show much more variation in their level of

specialisation; e.g., China is very specialised in General Science & Technologies, but not at

all in Historical Studies.

For the majority of main fields, the ERA is positioned near or above the world level in terms

of scientific impact, and often has the highest level of impact in fields in which it does not

specialise; e.g., in General Science & Technology, Enabling & Strategic Technologies and

Engineering.

The US scientific impact is above average for all main fields, while Japan and China’s impact

is mostly below the world average.


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For the 28 economic sectors

In terms of output size, growth and scientific impact, the patterns observed for the 28 NACE

sectors are similar to those observed for the FP7 thematic priorities and the 22 research

fields.

The ERA’s total output in the economic sectors (grouped) exceeds that of the US, China or

Japan and its growth index (1.16) is only slightly smaller than that observed for FP7

priorities (1.18) or main fields (1.19).

For all but one economic sector (Office Machinery and Computers) the ERA is positioned

above the world level in terms of scientific impact. The ERA’s impact is again highest in

sectors in which it is not specialised (e.g., Electricity Distribution and Control, General

Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools or Electrical Motors, Generators).

As in the FP7 priorities and the main fields, the US scientific impact is above average for all

economic sectors, while Japan and China’s impact is mostly below the world average.

Contrary to the pattern observed in the FP7 priorities, the ERA and the US are below the

world level in terms of specialisation in the selected set of economic sectors (grouped) while

Japan (SI of 1.12) and particularly China (SI of 1.57) are specialised.

In fact, the ERA only specialises in Food Products and Beverages and Machinery for these

Products, in Services for Computers and Related Activities and in Medical and Surgical

Equipment. In the latter two areas, its SI is only slightly above world level. In all other

sectors, the specialisation of the ERA ranges from slightly to moderately below the world

level.

Countries outside the ERA show greater variability in their specialisation across economic

sectors, particularly China and Japan.

Albeit its lower scientific impact, China has an overall strong performance in the selected

economic sectors.

Key Findings—Country-Level Scientific Production Profiles (see Section 3)

Section 3 focuses on the scientific performance of a set of 42 countries, including those in the

ERA (EU-27 countries, candidate countries, EFTA countries and Israel) and selected comparable

countries (China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Brazil, Russia and the US).

When multiple indicators are used to characterise the scientific performance of entities (e.g.,

countries), it is often difficult to determine their position relative to one another, without a well-

structured ranking mechanism. To highlight the most salient results from the considerable

amount of data presented in Section 3, Science-Metrix analysts have made use of expert

judgement, aided by a multicriteria ranking tool (not presented in this report). This allowed for

the identification of stand-out countries when considering all indicators jointly in each individual

research area (whether FP7 thematic priorities, main fields or economic sectors); in particular,

emphasis was placed on each country’s size, growth, specialisation and impact (as measured with

the ARC). In identifying leading countries in overall performance (i.e., all indicators combined),

only those whose output size (in fractional counting) was greater than or equal to a minimum

threshold were considered; this threshold has been set to different values depending on the

research area based on natural breaks in the size distribution of countries’ publication outputs.

For example, the minimum threshold in a large field such as Health will be higher than in smaller

fields like Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies. The application of this threshold inevitably leads

to the exclusion of smaller countries that perform very well in both specialisation and impact.

Therefore, the reader is referred to the presentation of individual indicators (Table III to Table


vi

LXXIII) for a more thorough understanding of the performances of countries or regions, in

particular for smaller ones.

In terms of the general performance of countries (i.e., when combining all bibliometric indicators)

the key findings are as follows.

FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped): Among countries with more than 95,000 publications

(FRAC) over the 2000 to 2011 period, those that stand out for a well-balanced performance

across indicators include the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden.

China is remarkable for its very large output and high growth. When considering all 42

selected countries, Iceland, Luxembourg, Denmark and Norway are worthy of mention. For

example, Denmark and Norway, although they have a smaller output than Switzerland,

Belgium and Sweden, show a higher growth and specialisation while maintaining a

comparable scientific impact. Iceland, with a rather small output, is strong in growth,

specialisation and impact. Luxembourg, also a small producer, comes out strongly because of

its high growth and specialisation as well as for its notable impact.

Overall in Scopus: Among countries with at least 175,000 papers (FRAC) from 2000 to

2011 in Scopus, countries that stand out for a well-balanced performance across indicators

include the US, the UK, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany and Sweden. Again, China is

remarkable for its very large output and high growth. Looking at the performances without a

minimum threshold in output, one sees that countries with much smaller outputs can

outperform bigger producers because they come out strongly in other indicators. For

example, Denmark (99,500 papers FRAC) has a slightly higher growth and much larger

impact (ARC of 1.50 vs. 1.19) than Germany (935,000 FRAC). Other countries that are

worthy of mention for the same reasons are Luxembourg, Iceland and Cyprus. Luxembourg

and Cyprus are strong mainly for their high growth indices and good impact, while Iceland

has good growth and high scientific impact scores.

Economic sectors (grouped): Among countries with output above 35,000 papers, few are

performing above the world level both in specialisation and scientific impact in the selected

economic sectors. Countries appear to perform strongly either in specialisation or in scientific

impact. The countries that stand out in the first group (i.e., mostly high output, growth and

specialisation) include China, the Republic of Korea, and India. The countries that stand out

in the second group (i.e., mostly high output and impact and, to a lesser extent, growth and

specialisation) include the US, Switzerland, Germany, France and Belgium. In fact, only one

country demonstrates a well-balanced performance across all indicators, namely Portugal.

Among countries with a smaller output, Luxembourg and Cyprus also have a well-balanced

performance across the other indicators (i.e., growth, specialisation and impact).

For FP7 thematic priorities

Following is a list of countries among the 42 selected that stand out based primarily on the size,

growth, specialisation and impact (any reference to scientific impact in the following summary

relates to the ARC) of their scientific output in each FP7 thematic priority:

Health: Among countries with at least 32,000 publications (FRAC), the US, the Netherlands,

Denmark, the UK and Switzerland stand out for having a well-balanced performance across

indicators. When considering all 42 selected countries, Malta and Iceland show good growth,

specialisation and impact.

Food, Agriculture and Fisheries: Among countries with at least 11,000 publications

(FRAC), the US, Spain, the UK, France and Italy stand out. Brazil and Turkey are noteworthy

for the growth and specialisation of their output in this area. When considering all 42

selected countries, Iceland, Ireland, Denmark, Norway and Finland stand out for their high



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Biotechnology: Among countries with at least 1,900 publications (FRAC), the US, Germany,

the UK, Sweden, and the Netherlands stand out. China, India and the Republic of Korea are

worthy of mention for their growth and/or specialisation. Among smaller producers, Denmark

and Ireland are both specialised with an impact above the world level.

Information and Communication Technologies: Among countries with at least 9,000

publications (FRAC), China, the US, Switzerland, Israel and Greece stand out. Austria and

Finland are both specialised with an impact above world level. Among smaller producers,

Luxembourg is worthy of mention for its strong growth and specialisation while Iceland is

progressing in growth and impact.

Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies: Among countries with at least 700 publications

(FRAC), the US, the Republic of Korea, China, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland

stand out. Note that China and the Republic of Korea do not have an impact above world

level, but they do have large outputs combined with strong growth and specialisation.

Among smaller producers, Ireland is worthy of mention as it is specialised with an impact

well above world level and its output is growing.

Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies): Among countries with at least 8,000

publications (FRAC), China, the US, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India and France stand

out. As is generally the case in other areas where China excels, its strengths are the size,

growth and specialisation of its output. Japan has similar strengths although its impact is

higher but its growth is not as strong (its output is actually decreasing).

New Production Technologies: Among countries with at least 3,500 publications (FRAC),

China, the US, Italy, France and the Netherlands stand out. The Republic of Korea and Japan

have a large output combined with a good specialisation. Among smaller producers, Cyprus

is remarkable for its high growth, specialisation and impact. Switzerland and Belgium have

the highest ARC.

Construction and Construction Technologies: Among countries with at least 1,400

publications (FRAC), the US, the UK, Turkey, the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. China

has a large output combined with a good growth and specialisation. Among smaller

producers, Denmark demonstrates very well-balanced performance across indicators.

Energy: Among countries with at least 4,500 publications (FRAC), China, the US, the

Republic of Korea, Turkey, Spain and Japan stand out. The Republic of Korea is remarkable

for being the only country among those with at least 4,500 papers to show both a high

specialisation and impact. It also has a large output and good growth. Among smaller

producers, Estonia is specialised with an impact above the world level.

Environment (including Climate Change): Among countries with at least 6,500

publications (FRAC), the US, Norway, Switzerland, the UK and Sweden stand out. Among

smaller producers, Iceland, Estonia and Denmark are both specialised with an impact above

world level.

Aeronautics and Space (the same finding applies to both thematic priorities):

Among countries with at least 750 papers (FRAC), the US, China, the Republic of Korea and

Russia stand out. Both the US and Russia are specialised with an impact slightly above world

level. Among smaller producers, Bulgaria is specialised with an impact above world level,

although its output is very small. Countries with a high impact also include Switzerland,

Greece, Finland and Israel. Each of these has a very small output.

Automobiles: Among countries with at least 170 papers (FRAC), the Republic of Korea,

China, the US, Finland, Denmark and Sweden stand out. Note that the Republic of Korea has

an impact near the world level combined with a large output and very strong specialisation.

Similarly, China’s impact is near the world level and it has a large output combined with

strong growth and specialisation.


viii

Other Transport Technologies: Among countries with at least 2,700 papers (FRAC),

China, the US, Spain, the Republic of Korea and Turkey stand out. The Republic of Korea is

the only one among them to be specialised with an impact above world level. Among smaller

producers, Lithuania performs extremely well across all indicators. Portugal also has an

overall good performance.

Socio-Economic Sciences: Among countries with at least 3,600 papers (FRAC), the US the

UK, the Netherlands, Norway and Israel stand out. They are all specialised with impact

scores above world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus and Luxembourg are particularly

remarkable for their specialisation; their respective impact scores are near the world level.

Note: due to the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences, these results should be

interpreted with care (see Section 6.5).

Humanities: Among countries with at least 2,400 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK, Croatia,

the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. Except for Croatia and Sweden, they are specialised

with impact scores above world level. Croatia is remarkable for its high growth and strong

specialisation. Its impact is below world level. Sweden’s impact is above world level and its

SI is just below world level. Among smaller producers, Iceland, Norway and Denmark are

specialised with impact scores above world level and good growth. Note: due to the

limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences, these results should be interpreted with

care (see Section 6.5).

Security: Among countries with at least 350 papers (FRAC), the US, Turkey, China, Greece,

India, Spain and Portugal stand out. Turkey, Greece, India and Portugal have very well-

balanced performances across all indicators. Among smaller producers, Slovenia also has a

very well-balanced performance across indicators although its output is very small.

General observations in FP7 thematic priorities:

China, and to a lesser extent the Republic of Korea and India, come out strongly in diverse

areas. Most often, their strengths relate to the size, growth and specialisation of their

production. Only rarely do they show a good impact. This is, especially for China, due to a

database bias. See explanations later in this summary.

Eastern European countries, although they have smaller outputs, often show strong growth

and/or specialisation in many FP7 areas.

In particular, although Romania is not present among the countries that stand out across

areas, it consistently has a high growth with one of the largest outputs among Eastern

European countries.

For the 22 main fields (or overall in Scopus)

Following is a list of countries among the 42 selected, that stand out based primarily on size,


relates to the ARC) of their scientific output in each main field:

Applied Sciences

Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry: Among countries with at least 11,000 publications





Built Environment & Design: Among countries with at least 1,400 papers (FRAC), the US,

the UK, the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. All four countries are specialised with an

impact above world level. Among smaller producers, Denmark is remarkable for a well-

balanced performance across indicators.


ix

Enabling & Strategic Technologies: Among countries with at least 11,000 papers (FRAC),

China, the US, Japan, Germany and the Republic of Korea stand out. Among them, Japan

and the Republic of Korea are the only ones to score above the world level for both

specialisation and impact. Among the other countries with more than 11,000 papers, many

(e.g., Spain and the Netherlands) have impact scores above those of the countries previously

mentioned, but do not perform as well for other indicators. Among smaller producers, Cyprus

and Iceland have strong growth and high impact scores.

Engineering: Among countries with at least 4,900 papers (FRAC), China, Romania, the US,

Portugal, and the Republic of Korea stand out. China and Romania are highly specialised with

a good growth (especially the latter). However, they both have an impact below world level.

Portugal is the most remarkable for its high specialisation combined with high impact. Among

the other countries with more than 4,900 papers, many (e.g., Switzerland, Denmark and

Belgium) have impact scores above those of the countries previously mentioned but they do

not perform as well for other indicators. Among smaller producers, Lithuania and Cyprus are

remarkable for their combined high growth, specialisation and impact.

Information & Communication Technologies: Among countries with at least 9,000




doing well in growth and impact.

Arts & Humanities (Note: due to the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and

Humanities, these results should be interpreted with care.)

Communications & Textual Studies: Among countries with at least 400 papers (FRAC),

the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Israel and Sweden stand out. In particular, the first four

countries are clearly specialised with impact scores above the world level. None of the

smaller producers is specialised with an impact above world level. Eastern European

countries show strong growth.

Historical Studies: Among countries with at least 1,700 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK,

Germany and the Netherlands stand out. They are all specialised with an impact above world

level. Croatia has a remarkable growth and China has an unusually high impact clearly above

world level. Among smaller producers, Iceland, Norway and Denmark have a very well-


Philosophy & Theology: Among countries with at least 300 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK,

Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands stand out. Slovakia is remarkable for its very high

specialisation.

Visual & Performing Arts: Among countries with at least 124 papers (FRAC), the US, the

UK, the Netherlands and Sweden have the best performances, scoring well across most

indicators. The Republic of Korea is worthy of mention for its very high growth. Among

smaller producers, Finland and Ireland stand out.

Economics & Social Sciences

Economics and Business: Among countries with at least 2,000 papers (FRAC), the US, the

UK, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and Sweden stand out. Among smaller producers,

Luxembourg and Lithuania stand out. Romania has a huge growth.

Social Sciences: Among countries with at least 4,000 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK, the

Netherlands, Turkey and Israel stand out. Among smaller producers, Cyprus has a

remarkable performance combining a high growth, strong specialisation and impact above

world level. Norway, Ireland and Finland are also worthy of mention. Note: due to the

limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and Humanities, these results should be



x

Health Sciences

Biomedical Research: Among countries with at least 15,500 papers (FRAC), the US, the

UK, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. Among smaller

producers, Denmark, Iceland and Luxembourg are worthy of mention.

Clinical Medicine: Among countries with at least 50,000 papers (FRAC), the US, the

Netherlands, the UK, Switzerland, Germany and Sweden stand out. Among smaller

producers, Malta is remarkable for its strong performance across most indicators except

output size. Iceland, Denmark, Belgium, Austria and Norway all perform well.

Psychology & Cognitive Sciences: Among countries with at least 1,900 papers (FRAC),

the US, the Netherlands, the UK, Israel and Germany stand out.

Public Health & Health Services: Among countries with at least 2,000 papers (FRAC), the

US, the UK, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Finland and Denmark are all performing very

well. Among smaller producers, Iceland, Ireland and Malta are all worthy of mention as they

are specialised with an impact above world level.

Natural Sciences

Biology: Among countries with at least 4,800 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK, Switzerland,

Sweden and Spain stand out. Sweden and Spain are both specialised with an impact above

world level. Brazil is worthy of mention for its large output, growth and specialisation. Among

smaller producers, Estonia, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Portugal stand out.

Chemistry: Among countries with at least 9,300 papers (FRAC), China, the US, India,

Germany and Switzerland stand out. China and India are worthy of mention for the size,

growth and specialisation of their production in Chemistry; their respective impact is below

world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus, Portugal and Liechtenstein stand out.

Earth & Environmental Science: Among countries with at least 4,000 papers (FRAC), the

US, Norway, Switzerland, the UK, France and Germany stand out. Among smaller producers,

Iceland, Estonia and Denmark are worthy of mention, in particular for their specialisation and

impact.

Mathematics & Statistics: Among countries with at least 5,000 papers (FRAC), the US,

China, France, Italy and Germany stand out. China’s impact is unusually high in this field as

its ARC is slightly above world level. Russia is worthy of mention for its high specialisation.

Among smaller producers, those with a high impact include Norway, Switzerland and

Denmark.

Physics & Astronomy: Among countries with at least 14,000 papers (FRAC), the US,

Germany, France, Switzerland and the UK stand out. Russia, China and Japan are worthy of

mention for their output size as well as their growth and/or specialisation. Among smaller

producers, Cyprus is remarkable for its growth and high impact. Finally, Liechtenstein is

specialised with an impact above world level.

General Fields

General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences: Among countries with at least 160 papers,

the US, the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands stand out. Except Sweden, they are all

specialised in this field with an impact above world level. Sweden has the highest impact

among the 42 selected countries. Among smaller contributors, Denmark, Switzerland and

Finland stand out. Note: due to the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and

Humanities, these results should be interpreted with care (see Section 6.5). For example,

there is a clear bias in favour of the US and the UK in terms of output size.

General Science & Technology: Among countries with at least 1,500 papers (FRAC), the

US, the UK, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands stand out mostly for the size of their

production, specialisation near or above world level and high impact. Among smaller


xi

producers, Estonia stands out for a well-balanced output across indicators and a particularly

strong growth. Ireland is notable for its high impact. China is worthy of mention for its large

output and high specialisation. Note that its very low impact in this area is due to a database

bias in its disfavour. For instance, there are several important Chinese journals appearing in

this field which, given their small international visibility, will not be as cited by other nations

as Chinese publications appearing in international journals. Furthermore, a portion of

Chinese citations to these journals will not be appropriately taken into account since they do

not appear as source materials in Scopus. Adding this to the fact that the citation counts of

papers published in these journals are normalised against some of the most cited papers in

the world—Science and Nature appear in this field as well—the scientific impact of China is

further reduced. To appreciate the extent of negative bias in disfavour of China, its ARC in

this field is well below world level (i.e., 1.0) with a score of 0.12 in Scopus compared to a

score above world level when based on a data source focusing on international literature of

higher visibility to foreign nations.

General observations in main fields are similar to those listed above for FP7 thematic priorities.

For the 28 economic sectors

Finally, the bullets below list countries among the 42 selected that stand out based primarily on

the size, growth, specialisation and impact (any reference to scientific impact in the following

summary relates to the ARC) of their scientific output in each economic sector:

Manufacture of Food Products and Beverages and Manufacture of Machinery for

these Products: Among countries with at least 3,200 papers (FRAC), the US, Spain, the

Netherlands, Italy and the UK stand out. The US is strong for its output and high impact.

Spain combines high output and specialisation, while the Netherlands’ strength is mostly

related to its high impact score. Countries with smaller output like Ireland, Denmark,

Portugal, Finland and Norway mostly stand out for their specialisation and their high impact

scores in this sector.

Manufacture and Sales of Textiles and Manufacture of Machinery for these

Products: Among countries with at least 240 papers (FRAC), China, the Republic of Korea,

India, Japan and the US present the best overall performance. In addition to having the

highest output, China’s performance is clearly above the world in all other indicators

(growth, specialisation and impact). The three other Asian countries are highly specialised in

that sector. Turkey is also notable for its high specialisation score. Among countries with

smaller output, Portugal exhibits high scores in growth, specialisation and impact.

Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods: Among countries

with at least 9,500 papers (FRAC), China, the US, India, Germany and France stand out.

China and India present high growth rates, and the scientific impact of the latter is close to

world level. Germany and France stand out for their high output and their impact above

world level. Among smaller producers, Luxembourg, Latvia and Romania stand out for their

high growth and specialisation scores. Switzerland is strong for its scientific impact.

Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Manufacture of Paints, Varnishes and Similar

Coatings and Glues and Gelatins: Among countries with at least 5,500 papers (FRAC), the

US, China, India, Germany and the republic of Korea stand out. The three Asian countries

show high growth and specialisation but low impact, while the opposite applies to Germany

and the US. Among countries with smaller output, Portugal exhibits high scores in growth,


Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals: Among countries with at least 3,000 papers (FRAC), the

US, India, China, Switzerland and Italy stand out. The US has high output and strong impact,

while India is highly specialised and exhibits a high growth rate. Switzerland stands out

mainly for its high scientific impact. Among smaller producers, Romania shows a very high

growth rate in this sector, although its scientific impact remains low.


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Manufacture of Plastic Products: Among countries with at least 1,000 papers (FRAC),

China, the US, Japan, Germany and France stand out. China’s output, growth and

specialisation are high, while the US scientific impact is more important. Japan has high

output and specialises in this sector, while Germany and France are clearly above the world

level in terms of scientific impact. Among smaller producers, Lithuania stands out for its high

growth and specialisation, and Belgium, as well as Greece, show high impact scores.

Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products: Among countries with at least

8,000 papers (FRAC), China, Japan, the US, the republic of Korea and India stand out.

China’s strengths are mostly related to the size, growth and specialisation of its output.

Japan and the republic of Korea are highly specialised, while India exhibits a high growth

index. Among countries with smaller output, Latvia combines high specialisation and growth

scores, while Switzerland and Denmark stand out for the high impact of their publications.

Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools: Among countries with

at least 1,400 papers (FRAC), the countries that stand out the most are China, the US,

France, the republic of Korea, France and Japan. China has high output, growth and

specialisation, but still exhibits a very low impact. The US and France are not specialised in

this sector, but have a high scientific impact. Japan stands out mostly for its high output and

its specialisation above world level. Smaller producers such as Croatia and Romania are

noticeable for their output growth and specialisation in this sector, while Switzerland stands

out for the scientific impact of its publications.

Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery: Among countries with at least

4,000 papers (FRAC), China, Brazil, the US, Turkey and India stand out. China and Brazil’s

strengths are mostly related to their output size, their growth rate and their specialisation in

this sector, while the US has strong output and impact. Considering countries with smaller

output, Denmark and Switzerland are noticeable for their strong impact.

Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition: Among countries with at least 3,000 papers

(FRAC), the countries that stand out the most are the US, China, Switzerland, Germany,

Italy and Finland. The US has by far the highest output, which is close to twice that of China.

Switzerland comes out strongly for its high scientific impact while Finland is clearly

specialised with an impact above world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus stands out

for its high growth rate, while Iceland combines high specialisation and impact in this sector.

Manufacture of Domestic Appliances: Among countries with at least 1,500 papers

(FRAC), China, the US, France, the Republic of Korea and the UK stand out. The US and

China’s output is far above any other selected countries. China’s growth and specialisation

are strong, while the US has a much higher scientific impact. It is worth noting that the

Republic of Korea scores above world level in terms of impact in this sector. Belgium is

worthy of mention for its scientific impact. Among smaller producers, Lithuania and Romania

combine high growth and specialisation, while Denmark’s scientific impact is way above

world level.

Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers: Among countries with at least 80

papers (FRAC), the US, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Greece stand out. There

are few publications in this sector, and the US output is far above all other countries. The US

is also specialised and has high scientific impact. Greece is specialised in this sector, while

the three other countries stand out mainly for their scientific impact.

Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers: Among countries with

at least 2,000 papers (FRAC), China, the US, the Republic of Korea, Turkey and Spain are

the most noticeable. China is very strong in terms of output, growth and specialisation. The

Republic of Korea is remarkable for its relatively strong impact in this sector, while Spain is

strong in both growth and impact. Japan is also noticeable for its high output in this sector.

Among countries with smaller outputs, Romania (high growth and specialisation), Cyprus

(high growth and impact) as well as Denmark (high impact) stand out.


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Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; Manufacture of

Insulated Wire and Cable; Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary

Batteries; Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply: Among countries with at least

2,500 papers (FRAC), China, The US, Spain, Turkey and the Republic of Korea stand out. The

three latter combine a high growth rate with a strong impact. The US stands out mainly for

its high output, while China strongly specialises in this sector. Considering also smaller

producers, Lithuania is worth noting for its high specialisation and impact scores, and

Romania for the impressive growth of its output.

Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps: Among countries with at least

1,700 papers (FRAC), China, the US, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Germany stand out.

China, Japan and mostly the Republic of Korea are specialised in this sector, but only the US

and Germany have high scientific impact. Although they score lower on most indicators, the

Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Sweden are noteworthy for their high impact. Among

smaller producers, Denmark exhibits a high impact even though it is not specialised in this

sector.

Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles: Among countries with

at least 800 papers (FRAC), the US, China, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands and

Sweden show the best overall performances. The US and China stand far above all other

countries in terms of output. The Netherland and Sweden have strong impact, and the latter

is also specialised in this sector. Among countries with smaller output, Lithuania exhibits a

high growth and specialisation index, while Denmark has the highest impact of all 42

countries analysed in this study.

Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components:

Among countries with at least 700 papers (FRAC), the countries that stand out the most are

the US, Ireland, Portugal, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In addition to this selection,

Germany is noticeable for the high growth of its output in this sector. Ireland and Portugal

are strong in terms of growth, as well as specialisation and impact. Switzerland is clearly

specialised in this sector, and also exhibits an impact score above the world level.

Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line

Telephony and Line Telegraphy as well as of Television and Radio Receivers, Sound

or Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods: Among

countries with at least 1,800 papers (FRAC), China, the US, the Republic of Korea, Japan and

Switzerland stand out. China has the highest output, and shows also high growth and

specialisation indexes. The Republic of Korea and Japan also specialise in this sector, while

the US and Switzerland’s publications have stronger scientific impact. Among smaller

producers, Lithuania and Romania stand out for their growth and specialisation.

Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment: Among countries with at least 1,800

papers (FRAC), the ones that stand out are the US, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and

Switzerland. The US output is by far the highest among the 42 selected countries. The US is

also slightly specialised and has a good impact score. The Netherlands and Switzerland stand

out for their high impact scores, while Germany and Belgium are more specialised. Among

smaller producers, Denmark stands out for the high scientific impact of its publications.

Manufacture of Instruments and Appliances for Measuring, Checking, Testing,

Navigating and Other Purposes, Industrial Process Control Equipment and Optical

Instruments and Photographic Equipment: Among countries with at least 4,900 papers

(FRAC), China, the US, Spain and Germany stand out. China is strong mainly for its high

output, growth and specialisation index. The US combines high output and scientific impact,

while Switzerland stands out mainly for its high impact. Among smaller producers, Romania,

Ireland and Denmark stand out.

Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor

Vehicles and their Engines: Among countries with at least 200 papers (FRAC), the US,

China, the Republic of Korea, Finland and Sweden stand out. The four latter are highly


xiv

specialised with impact near or above world level, while the US has strong impact. Among

smaller countries, Denmark and Switzerland, although their output is very small, have high

impact scores. Denmark is also specialised although this is not the case for Switzerland.

Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft: Among countries with at least 300 papers

(FRAC), the US, China, Israel and Italy stand out. Both the US and China have large outputs

and are highly specialised. The US is stronger in terms of impact but shows a decrease in

output. On the contrary, China’s growth is high and its impact low. The Republic of Korea is

strong in both these indicators. Among smaller countries, Switzerland stands out for its very

high impact.

Recycling: Among countries with at least 1,600 papers (FRAC), the US, China, India, the

Netherlands and Spain stand out. India is highly specialised, while the Netherlands and Spain

present high impact scores. Among the smaller producers, Romania stands out for its

extremely high growth, while Denmark and Switzerland exhibit high impact scores.

Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water: Among countries with at least 800

papers (FRAC), China, the US, Portugal, Norway and Switzerland stand out. India is also

notable for its high specialisation score and output. Switzerland has the highest impact, while

Portugal and Norway score high in growth, specialisation and impact. Among countries with

smaller output, Lithuania also stands out in terms of growth, specialisation and impact.

Construction: Among countries with at least 400 papers (FRAC), China, the US, Spain,

Norway and the Republic of Korea stand out. China has by far the greatest output and shows

a very high specialisation score. The Republic of Korea and Spain are strong in terms of

growth, although the latter has a much higher impact score. Although its output is below the

400 threshold, Lithuania clearly stands out in this sector for growth, specialisation and

impact.

Cargo Handling and Storage: Among countries with at least 700 papers (FRAC), the US,

China, Greece, the Netherlands and Belgium stand out. China’s strengths are mostly related

to the size, growth and specialisation of its output. The others are specialised with an impact

above world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus and Portugal are both specialised with

an impact clearly above world level.

Telecommunications: Among countries with at least 3,000 papers (FRAC), China, the US,

the republic of Korea, Germany and Italy stand out. China and the US stand far above all

other countries in terms of output. As in many other sectors, China exhibits high growth and

specialisation scores, but low impact, while the opposite applies to US. Among countries with

smaller output, Switzerland stands out for its high scientific impact.

Services for Computer and Related Activities: Among countries with at least 2,300

papers (FRAC), the US, Israel, Austria, the Netherlands and Switzerland stand out. The US

has by far the largest output and is above the world level in terms of specialisation. Austria is

strong in terms of growth, while the three other countries show high scientific impact scores.

Among smaller countries, Luxembourg stands out for its growth and high level of

specialisation.

China and other upcoming global players (e.g., the Republic of Korea and India) stand out for the

size of their production as well as their growth in many of the selected economic sectors.

Established leaders in science (e.g., the US, Switzerland, the Netherlands) still make their mark

for their respective level of production although they often seem to be losing ground in terms of

their share of world output over time. On the other hand, traditional leaders often perform better

in terms of their scientific impact and propensity to collaborate internationally compared to China

and other emerging players. Note however, that China’s impact is increasing steadily over time.

For example, China’s ARC has risen from 0.51 in 1996 to 0.75 in 2008. The number of scientific

subfields in which its impact is clearly above world level also increased over time as measured

with Scopus which appears to underestimate China’s impact due, at least in part, to the inclusion


xv

of Chinese journals of low international visibility as well as due to an incomplete coverage of

Chinese references. In fact, based on a data source which focuses on scientific literature

published in international journals, China is approaching the world level of impact (i.e., 1.0) in

the sciences in general and closing the gap with some established leaders (data not shown).

Thus, China may eventually place among scientific leaders in terms of the impact/influence of its

overall research published in international journals. Within the ERA, several Eastern European

countries show a pattern similar to that of China although their output size is much smaller.

Among them, Romania stands out for having an appreciable output size combined with a strong

growth in many economic sectors.

Key Findings—Regional-Level Scientific Production Profiles and Collaboration

Patterns (see Section 4)

Section 4 presents trends in the scientific production and collaboration pattern of the 50 NUTS2

regions with the largest scientific output. They were selected based on their number of

publications in the database (i.e., in Scopus) using full counting. Their output is analysed in the

grouped FP7 thematic priorities, in the sciences in general (i.e., overall in Scopus), as well as in

the grouped NACE (economic) sectors. A similar tool to the one presented above for countries

was used to aid the identification of the most salient results at the NUTS2 regional level. Here

again, the resulting rankings should not be regarded as definitive statements of the respective

performance of NUTS2 regions; the reader is referred to the presentation of individual indicators

(Section 6.1) for a more thorough understanding of the performances of NUTS2 regions.

FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped): Considering the number and growth index (GI) of

publications (FRAC) and inter-regional co-publications (FULL) produced by NUTS2 regions, as

well as their collaboration index (CI), the leading region in the FP7 thematic priorities is Île-

de France. Completing the top 10 are Inner London, Cataluña, Lombardia, Zuid-Holland,

Comunidad de Madrid, Noord-Holland, Lazio, Utrecht and Oberbayern. The Netherlands has

three regions in the top 10; Spain and Italy each have two and France, Germany and the UK

each have one.

Overall in Scopus: Considering the same set of indicators (combined), the leading region

overall in Scopus is Île-de France. Inner London, Cataluña, Comunidad de Madrid,

Oberbayern, Lombardia, Lazio, Zuid-Holland, Rhône-Alpes and Karlsruhe follow, completing

the top 10. France, Spain, Germany and Italy each have two regions in the top 10, while the

Netherlands and the UK each have one.

Economic Sectors (grouped): Considering the same indicators (combined), the leading

region in the selected set of economic sectors is again Île-de France. Cataluña, Oberbayern,

Comunidad de Madrid, Rhône-Alpes, Lombardia, Karlsruhe, Veneto, Berlin and Inner London

complete the top 10. Thus, Germany has three regions in the top 10; France, Spain and Italy

each have two and the UK has one region.


xvi

Tables

Table I Publications in FP7 thematic priorities, Scopus overall and economic sectors of the ERA, US, Japan and China, 2000–2011 .............................................................................................. 3

Table II Publications in the FP7 thematic priorities for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .................................... 14

Table III Publications in Health for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ....................................................................... 17

Table IV Publications in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................... 19

Table V Publications in Biotechnology for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ......................................................... 21

Table VI Publications in ICT for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................ 23

Table VII Publications in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ................. 24

Table VIII Publications in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............ 26

Table IX Publications in New Production Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................ 28

Table X Publications in Construction and Construction Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................................................................................................................... 29

Table XI Publications in Energy for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ....................................................................... 31

Table XII Publications in Environment for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................................................... 33

Table XIII Publications in Aeronautics or Space for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................. 35

Table XIV Publications in Automobiles for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................ 37

Table XV Publications in Other Transport Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................ 38

Table XVI Publications in Socio-Economic Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ..................................... 40

Table XVII Publications in the Humanities for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................................................ 42

Table XVIII Publications in Security for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ..................................................................... 44

Table XIX Overall publications in Scopus for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................................................ 46

Table XX Publications in Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ......................... 48

Table XXI Publications in Built Environment & Design for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................... 49

Table XXII Publications in Enabling & Strategic Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ..................... 51

Table XXIII Publications in Engineering for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .............................................................. 52

Table XXIV Publications in Information & Communication Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................................................................................................................... 54

Table XXV Publications in Communications & Textual Studies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .................... 55

Table XXVI Publications in Historical Studies for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .................................................... 57

Table XXVII Publications in Philosophy & Theology for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ......................................... 58

Table XXVIII Publications in Visual & Performing Arts for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ..................................... 60

Table XXIX Publications in Economics & Business for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................... 61

Table XXX Publications in Social Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ......................................................... 63

Table XXXI Publications in Biomedical Research for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .............................................. 64

Table XXXII Publications in Clinical Medicine for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .................................................... 66

Table XXXIII Publications in Psychology & Cognitive Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................ 67

Table XXXIV Publications in Public Health & Health Services for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................... 69

Table XXXV Publications in Biology for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ...................................................................... 70

Table XXXVI Publications in Chemistry for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ................................................................. 72

Table XXXVII Publications in Earth & Environmental Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................ 73

Table XXXVIII Publications in Mathematics & Statistics for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ....................................... 75

Table XXXIX Publications in Physics & Astronomy for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................ 76

Table XL Publications in General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences for 40 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................................................................................................................... 78

Table XLI Publications in General Science & Technology for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................ 80


xvii

Table XLII Publications in economic sectors (grouped) for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .................................. 82

Table XLIII Publications in Manufacture of Food Products, Beverages and Manufacture of Machinery for these Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................... 84

Table XLIV Publications in Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and Manufacture of Machinery for these Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ..................................................................................... 85

Table XLV Publications in Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ....................................................................................................................... 87

Table XLVI Publications in Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Manufacture of Paints, Varnishes and Similar Coatings and Glues and Gelatines for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................. 88

Table XLVII Publications in Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals for 42 countries, 2000−2011 ......................... 90

Table XLVIII Publications in Manufacture of Plastic Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................... 91

Table XLIX Publications in Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................... 93

Table L Publications in Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................ 95

Table LI Publications in Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................... 96

Table LII Publications in Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ...... 98

Table LIII Publications in Manufacture of Domestic Appliances for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ................ 99

Table LIV Publications in Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 101

Table LV Publications in Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................................................................................... 103

Table LVI Publications in Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; Manufacture of Insulated Wire and Cable; Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary Batteries; Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 104

Table LVII Publications in Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................................................................................... 106

Table LVIII Publications in Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................................................................................... 108

Table LIX Publications in Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ...................................................................................... 109

Table LX Publications in Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line Telephony and Line Telegraphy as well as Television and Radio Receivers, Sound or Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 111

Table LXI Publications in Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 113

Table LXII Publications in Manufacture of Instruments and Appliances for Measuring, Checking, Testing, Navigating and Other Purposes, Industrial Process Control Equipment and Optical Instruments and Photographic Equipment for 42 countries, 2000–2011................... 115

Table LXIII Publications in Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and Accessories

for Motor Vehicles and their Engines for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................... 116

Table LXIV Publications in Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........... 118

Table LXV Publications in Recycling, for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................... 119

Table LXVI Publications in Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 121

Table LXVII Publications in Construction for 42 countries, 2000–2011 .......................................................... 123

Table LXVIII Publications in Cargo Handling and Storage for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................... 124

Table LXIX Publications in Telecommunications for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ............................................ 126

Table LXX Publications in Services for Computer and Related Activities for 42 countries, 2000–2011 ........................................................................................................................................................ 128


xviii

Table LXXII Publications in FP7 thematic priorities by selected NUTS2 regions (50 most-publishing), 2000–2011 ....................................................................................................................... 130

Table LXXI Publications overall (in Scopus) by selected NUTS2 regions (50 most-publishing), 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 131

Table LXXIII Publications in economic sectors by selected NUTS2 regions (50 most-publishing), 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................. 133

Table LXXIV The matching scheme between FP7 priorities and the research classification ......................... 155

Table LXXV Total number of publications (for the world in Scopus) within the scientific literature of highest relevance to the selected economic sectors, 2000–2011 ................................................. 162

Table LXXVI Scientific subfields of highest relevance to the Manufacture of Food Products and Beverages and to the Manufacture of Machinery for these Products based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 15 & 29.53) ...................................................................................................................................................... 163

Table LXXVII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and to the Manufacture of Machinery for these Products based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 17, 29.54, 51.41/2, 51.83 &

52.41/2) ................................................................................................................................................. 163

Table LXXVIII Scientific journals matched to the Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and to the Manufacture of Machinery for these Products based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 17, 29.54, 51.41/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2) ................................................................................................................................................. 164

Table LXXIX Scientific subfields matched to the Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 22.3, 24.64 & 24.65) ................................................................................. 164

Table LXXX Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and to the Manufacture of Paints, Varnishes and Similar Coatings, and Glues and Gelatines based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62) ........................................................................................................................................ 165

Table LXXXI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 24.4) ............... 165

Table LXXXII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Plastic Products based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 25.2) ............... 165

Table LXXXIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Products based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 26) ...... 165

Table LXXXIV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 29.1, 29.2 & 29.4) .......................................................................................... 166

Table LXXXV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery (NACE 29.3) ......................................................................................................................................... 166

Table LXXXVI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition (NACE 29.6) ........................................................................................................................................................ 166

Table LXXXVII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Domestic Appliances (NACE 29.7) ..... 166

Table LXXXVIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 30) ............................................................................................................................................ 167

Table LXXXIX Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 31.1) ........................................................................................................................... 167

Table XC Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; the Manufacture of Insulated Wire and Cable; the Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and primary batteries; and to Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 31.2, 31.3, 31.4 & 40) ................................................................................... 167

Table XCI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps (NACE 31.5) ........................................................................................................................... 167


xix

Table XCII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles (NACE 31.61)............................................................................................................... 168

Table XCIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 32.1) ............................................................................ 168

Table XCIV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line Telephony and Line Telegraphy as well as of Television and Radio Receivers, Sound or Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods (NACE 32.2 & 32.3) .............................................................................................................. 168

Table XCV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 33.1) ......................................................................................................................................... 168

Table XCVI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Instruments and Appliances for Measuring, Checking, Testing, Navigating and Other Purposes, and to Industrial Process Control Equipment and Optical Instruments and Photographic Equipment based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors

(NACE 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4) .................................................................................................................. 169

Table XCVII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Motor Vehicles and to the Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles and their Engines based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 34.1 & 34.3) ........................................................................................................................................................ 169

Table XCVIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 35.3) ............... 169

Table XCIX Scientific subfields matched to Recycling based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 37) .......................................................................... 169

Table C Scientific subfields matched to the Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 41 & 45.24) ............................................................................................................................ 170

Table CI Scientific subfields matched to Construction based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 45 except 45.24) ...................................... 170

Table CII Scientific subfields matched to Cargo Handling and Storage based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 63.1) ......................................... 170

Table CIII Scientific subfields matched to Telecommunications based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 64.2) ......................................... 170

Table CIV Scientific subfields matched to Services for Computers and Related Activities based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 72 except 72.5) ........................................................................................................................................... 171

Figures

Figure 1 Specialisation index in the 17 FP7 thematic priorities for the ERA, China, Japan and the US, 2000–2011 .............................................................................................................................................................. 5

Figure 2 Positional analysis (radar graph) of the ERA, China, Japan and the US in the 17 FP7 thematic

priorities, 2000–2011 ............................................................................................................................................ 6

Figure 3 Specialisation index in the 22 main fields for the ERA, China, Japan and the US, 2000–2010 .............. 8

Figure 4 Positional analysis (radar graph) of the ERA, China, Japan and the US in the 22 main fields, 2000–2010 .............................................................................................................................................................. 9

Figure 5 Specialisation index in the 28 economic sectors for the ERA, China, Japan and the US, 2000–2011 ....................................................................................................................................................................... 10

Figure 6 Positional analysis (radar graph) of the ERA, China, Japan and the US in the 28 economic sectors, 2000–2010 ............................................................................................................................................. 11


xx

Acronyms

ARC Average of Relative Citations

ARIF Average of Relative Impact Factors

CI Collaboration Index

DG Research Research Directorate-General

EFTA European Free Trade Association

ERA European Research Area

EU European Union

EU-27 The 27 member countries of the European Union

FP7 Seventh Framework Programme of the European Community for Research, Technological Development (2007 to 2013)

FRAC Fractional Counting

FULL Full Counting

GERD Gross Expenditures on R&D

GI Growth Index

GIS Geographic Information System

IF Impact Factor

NACE Nomenclature générale des activités économiques dans les communautés européennes (Industrial Sector Classification)

NSE Natural Sciences and Engineering

NSF United States National Science Foundation

NUTS2 Eurostat Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics (Level 2)

PAI Probabilistic Affinity Index

R&D Research and Development

RC Relative Citations

RIF

RFP

Relative Impact Factor

Request for Proposal

RPO Non-university Research Performing Organisations

RTD Research and Technological Development

S&T Science and Technology

SI Specialisation Index

SSH Social Sciences and Humanities

STC Science, Technology and Competitiveness

STI Science, Technology and Innovation


1

1 INTRODUCTION

This is the second annual update of the country and regional scientific production profiles report.

The first version of the report focused on the bibliometric analysis of the scientific performance of

European countries and regions, from 2000 to 2009, within each of the 17 thematic priorities of

the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7). This

emphasis was introduced in response to a punctual need of the Commission within the context of

the planning phase for the Eighth Framework Programme (FP8). The first update reproduced the

earlier report covering one additional year of data (2000 to 2010) and expanded it to include 22

fields representing somewhat traditional scientific disciplines that are widely used to analyse the

relative strengths and weaknesses of countries, regions and institutions. The present report

includes publication data from 2000 to 2011 and expands on the previous reports by

incorporating an analysis of the scientific production of countries and regions in a selected set of

28 economic sectors based on the NACE classification.

Overall, the report aims to support the European Commission’s evidence-based monitoring of

progress towards the objectives set forth in the Lisbon framework and the post-Lisbon Strategy

for the European Research Area (ERA), in particular the Seventh Framework Programme for

Research and Technological Development (FP7).

The broad comparative analysis in the present report comprises detailed datasets for 42 countries

and 50 NUTS2 regions within the ERA. More specifically, the 42 countries consist of the EU-27,

candidate EU countries, members of the EFTA and other countries of interest, such as established

(e.g., the US) or upcoming (e.g., China) global players. The 50 NUTS2 regions are selected based

on the size of their publication output (using full counting).

The production profiles provided in this report are based on bibliometric indicators, which serve to

measure, for example, the total number of publications, publication trends, the scientific impact

of these publications, and collaboration patterns. In this way, a meaningful comparison of the

scientific performance of countries and regions is provided.

The methods used in this study are presented in Section 6, based on documentation previously

prepared for, submitted to and accepted by the DG Research.

Organisation of This Report

This report consists of the following three main sections, which progress conceptually from a

general overview of the ERA to country and regional profiles.

ERA scientific production profile: Publication output, specialisation and scientific

impact of the ERA (as a whole) and selected countries, for FP7 thematic priorities, main

fields of research (overall in Scopus) and economic sectors (Section 2).

Country-level scientific production profiles: Publication output, specialisation,

collaboration, impact and most-cited publications of the 42 selected countries, by FP7

thematic priority, main field and economic sector (Section 3).

Regional-level scientific production profiles and collaboration patterns: Regional

profiles in science production and co-publication data for the 50 selected NUTS2 regions

for FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), main fields (grouped; overall in Scopus) and for

economic sectors (grouped) (Section 4).


2

2 ERA SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION PROFILE

This section focuses on the scientific performance of the ERA as a whole, as it compares to that of

established (the US and Japan) and emerging (China) countries in scientific production. In

particular, Section 2.1 presents data on the publication output (i.e., output size, growth,

specialisation and scientific impact) of the ERA and selected countries for FP7 thematic priorities

(grouped), overall (Scopus) and for economic sectors (grouped). Section 2.2, 2.3 and 2.4 present

similar data for the ERA and selected countries by, respectively, FP7 thematic priorities, main

fields and economic sectors.

Data was obtained for a given economic sector by matching it to the scientific literature (in

Scopus) published in the subfields (or sometimes the journals) of the highest relevance to active

companies in the sector. It should be noted that the granularity at the level of subfields allowed

for an appropriate, rather than a perfect, match. Indeed, the coverage of the relevant literature

provided by these matches is not comprehensive, as there are many false negatives (i.e.,

relevant publications not retrieved by the matches) and their importance relative to matched

publications varies among economic sectors. Similarly, the coverage provided by the matches is

not considered to be highly precise, as there are many false positives (i.e., irrelevant publications

retrieved by the matches), and their importance relative to matched publications varies among

economic sectors. Therefore, bibliometric data by economic sector should be interpreted with

care, especially when comparing an entity’s (e.g., a country, a region, an institution) output or

specialisation across economic sectors, since some of them will be erroneously inflated or deflated

due to false negatives/positives (see Section 6.4).

2.1 GENERAL PROFILE IN FP7 THEMATIC PRIORITIES, OVERALL IN

SCOPUS AND IN ECONOMIC SECTORS

When taken as a whole, the ERA produced more publications for the 2000–2011 period than the

US, China or Japan in the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), overall in Scopus and in the

economic sectors (grouped), using either full (FULL) or fractional (FRAC) counting of publications

(Table I). Additionally, the ERA is second to China among selected countries in terms of growth.

As mentioned in the Methods (Section 6.1), the growth index (GI) is the ratio of the output in the

second half of the study period to that in the first half. For more accuracy, we calculated the GI

based on years the 2004 to 2011, as older data in Scopus may be incomplete (see Section 6.1).

By subtracting one from this ratio, one obtains the percentage of change in published output

between the two periods. The GI of the ERA (1.18; 18% increase) in FP7 thematic priorities is

somewhat below the world level (1.26; 26%), indicating that the ERA has lost ground to other

countries. The US and Japan lost even more, with an increase of 7% and a decrease of 2%,

respectively. China is in its own category, with an 85% increase in output. All of the findings on

output size and growth at the level of FP7 thematic priorities are closely reflected in the findings

on the overall output (i.e., in Scopus) and in the economic sectors taken as a whole, for each of

these entities (Table I).

The US is slightly specialised in the research areas represented by the FP7 thematic priorities

(grouped) (Table I). This finding is based on the specialisation index (SI), which indicates the

research intensity in a given research area based on the proportion of publications it produces in

this area relative to the world (see Section 6.1 in the Methods for more details). An SI score

above 1 means that a given entity is specialised in a given field, whereas an index value below 1


3

means the reverse. Thus, with an SI score of 1.01, the ERA—although not specialised in the FP7

research areas—devotes proportionately as much of its total scientific effort to FP7 thematic

priorities as does the world as a whole. China and Japan are only slightly below the world level

based on SI in FP7 thematic priorities as a whole. The ERA and the US are not specialized in the

selected set of economic sectors (grouped) scoring below the world level while Japan (SI 1.12),

and particularly China (SI 1.57), are specialised.

Table I Publications in FP7 thematic priorities, Scopus overall and economic sectors

of the ERA, US, Japan and China, 2000–2011

Country Pubs

(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

Index

SI ARC

ERA 4,719,527 4,228,784 1.18 1.01 1.06

United States 3,739,514 3,231,538 1.07 1.08 1.35

China 1,620,092 1,497,655 1.82 0.92 0.71

Japan 841,660 744,927 0.98 0.94 0.82

World 12,345,904 12,345,904 1.26 1.00 1.00

Country Pubs

(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

Index

SI ARC

ERA 6,673,485 5,920,382 1.19 n.a. 1.08

United States 4,947,133 4,221,118 1.08 n.a. 1.37

China 2,528,134 2,337,281 1.77 n.a. 0.73

Japan 1,282,630 1,129,660 1.00 n.a. 0.89

World 17,500,890 17,500,890 1.28 n.a. 1

Country Pubs

(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)Pub Trend

Growth

IndexSI ARC

ERA 2,310,133 2,048,761 1.16 0.86 1.14

United States 1,667,265 1,419,886 0.99 0.83 1.36

China 1,551,336 1,460,177 1.76 1.57 0.75

Japan 575,904 510,569 0.94 1.12 0.91

World 7,024,530 7,024,530 1.27 1.00 1.00

Total economic sectors

Total FP7 thematic priorities

Scopus

Note: The publication trend (the scale is not the same across countries), the growth index (Pubs. in 2008–

2011/Pubs. in 2004–2007) and the specialisation index are based on fractional counting of publications. Publication trends do not include the years 2000 to 2003, to reflect years used for the computation of the growth indexes (2004–2011). The ARC is based on the 2000–2008 period due to incomplete citation windows starting in 2009.

Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Table I also presents the average of relative citations (ARC) for the ERA and selected countries

for the 2000–2011 period. The ARC is an indicator of scientific impact based on the citations

received by an entity’s publications compared to the world average; this indicator takes into

account differences in the citation patterns across scientific subfields (hence the term “relative”;

see Section 6.1 in the Methods for more details). An ARC value above 1 means that a given

entity’s scientific output is cited more frequently than the world on average, while a value below 1


4

means the reverse. The ERA has an ARC of 1.06 in FP7 thematic priorities and 1.08 in Scopus,

which means that the scientific impact of its publications is about the same as—or just slightly

higher than—the world level. The US is the only country among those selected with an ARC score

clearly (i.e., 35%) above the world level (ARC of 1.35 in the FP7 thematic priorities), whereas

China’s publications in the FP7 thematic priorities are cited 29% less frequently than the world

average (ARC of 0.71). Again, the findings based on ARC at the level of FP7 thematic priorities

are closely reflected in the results for the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus), and in the

economic sectors taken as a whole, for each of these entities.

2.2 POSITIONAL ANALYSIS IN FP7 THEMATIC PRIORITIES

Figure 1 illustrates the degree of specialisation of the ERA in individual FP7 thematic priorities

from 2000 to 2011 compared to those of China, Japan and the US. Considering that specialisation

is a zero-sum game (meaning that the more one specialises somewhere, the less it does

elsewhere) the ERA specialises in the Humanities and Health, while in the thematic priorities of

Space, Aeronautics, Other Transport Technologies, Energy, New Production Technologies and

Materials it publishes slightly fewer papers than expected based on concentration patterns at the

world level. However, compared to China, Japan and the US, the ERA has distributed the intensity

of its research efforts more evenly across the FP7 thematic priorities. The other countries have

more clearly specialised in certain FP7 areas at the expense of other areas (Figure 1). In

particular, China demonstrates a high level of specialisation (with an SI score of at least 1.1) in

11 of the 17 priorities, particularly in Other Transport Technologies, New Production Technologies,

Materials, Energy, Space, Aeronautics, Information and Communication Technologies and

Security. However, China is clearly not specialised in the Humanities, Socio-Economic Sciences,

Health or Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. Among FP7 areas, the US primarily specialises in Socio-

Economic Sciences, Space, Aeronautics, Humanities, Health and Security but not in Materials,

Energy, Food, Agriculture and Fisheries or Automobiles research. Finally, Japan is specialised in

Materials, Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Biotechnology and Automobiles, but not in Socio-

Economic Sciences, the Humanities, Construction and Construction Technologies or Security.

Findings in the Social Sciences and Humanities may be affected by limits inherent to bibliometric

methods (see Section 6.5 in the Methods).

The positional analysis graph (Figure 2) shows at a glance the performance of countries and

regions across several indicators. In Figure 2, the scientific performance of the ERA, China, Japan

and the US in the 17 FP7 thematic priorities for the 2000–2011 period are illustrated based on

their numbers of publications (i.e., the size of the bubble), their SI scores (horizontal axis) and

their ARC scores (vertical axis). In most thematic priorities, the ERA’s position reflects its level of

scientific impact at or above the world level, combined with a relatively low level of specialisation

(i.e., SI slightly below or above the world reference). As seen in Figure 1, the ERA is only

specialised in the FP7 areas of Health, the Humanities and, just slightly, in Construction and

Construction Technologies, but Figure 2 also shows that the ERA does not have a particularly high

scientific impact in these fields. Rather, it has the highest level of impact in areas in which it does

not specialise, such as Energy, Other Transport Technologies, New Production Technologies,

Aeronautics, Space and Security. Note that, in all FP7 thematic priorities, the size of the ERA’s

output (i.e., its number of publications) exceeds or resembles that of the three countries to which

it is compared.


5

The US performs well in many fields and achieves high levels of output, specialisation and

scientific impact in Health, Environment, Socio-Economic Sciences and the Humanities (Figure 2).

The linguistic bias in Scopus probably favours the US, especially in the latter two areas (see

Section 6.5 in the Methods). The US is also highly cited, albeit less specialised, in Information and

Communication Technology, Biotechnology, New Production Technologies, Materials (excluding

Nanotechnology), Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies, Other Transport Technologies and Food,

Agriculture and Fisheries. In contrast to the US and the ERA, and although they are quite

specialised in several areas (as seen in Figure 1), China and Japan systematically receive fewer

citations in the FP7 research areas. There is one exception: Japan performs strongly in Energy

research, combining a good level of specialisation with a high impact score. However, it is worth

noting that the scientific performance of the ERA and the other countries in FP7 thematic

priorities rarely feature a combination of high scientific output, specialisation and impact—only

the US achieves this for more than one FP7 area.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3Health

Food, Agricultureand Fisheries

Biotechnology

Information andCommunicationTechnologies

Nanosciences andNanotech

Materials (excludingnanotech)

New ProductionTechnologies

Construction andConstructionTechnologies

Energy

Environment

Aeronautics

Automobiles

Other TransportTechnologies

Socio-EconomicSciences

Humanities

Space

Security

FP7

ERA China Japan U.S.

Figure 1 Specialisation index in the 17 FP7 thematic priorities for the ERA, China, Japan

and the US, 2000–2011 Note: The specialisation index is based on FRAC. Aeronautics and Space were matched to the same scientific

subfields in Scopus, so the SI scores are the same for these two areas. The world level is equal to one. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Health research (FP7 area 1) constitutes the largest area of scientific production in all

regions/countries considered. While the ERA dominates in terms of output size in this area, the

US shows a greater level of specialisation and scientific impact. Both Japan and China have a

smaller output in Health research than the ERA and the US, and are cited less frequently than the


6

world average in this area. Note that the scientific performance of the 42 selected countries in

each of the FP7 thematic priorities will be reviewed by priority area in Section 3.1.

CN-1

CN-10

CN-2a

CN-2b

CN-3

CN-4a CN-4b

CN-4c

CN-4d

CN-5CN-6

CN-7a & 9

CN-7b

CN-7c

CN-8a

CN-8b

JP-1JP-10 JP-2a

JP-2b

JP-3

JP-4a

JP-4b

JP-4c

JP-4d

JP-5

JP-6

JP-7a & 9

JP-7b

JP-7c

JP-8a

JP-8b

ERA-1

ERA-10

ERA-2aERA-2b

ERA-3ERA-4a

ERA-4b

ERA-4c

ERA-4d

ERA-5

ERA-6

ERA-7a & 9

ERA-7b

ERA-7c

ERA-8a

ERA-8b

US-1

US-10

US-2a

US-2b

US-3US-4a

US-4b US-4c

US-4d

US-5

US-6

US-7a & 9

US-7b

US-7c

US-8a

US-8b

Scie

ntific Im

pact

(AR

C)

Specialisation Index (SI)

Not Specialised Specialised

Impact

belo

ww

orld leve

l Im

pact

above

world leve

l

1 = Health 4a = Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies 5 = Energy 7c = Other Transport Technologies

2a = Food, Agriculture and Fisheries 4b = Materials (excluding nanotech) 6 = Environment (with climate change) 8a = Socio-Economic Sciences

2b = Biotechnology 4c = New Production Technologies 7a & 9 = Aeronautics & Space 8b = Humanities

3 = Information and Communications Tech 4d = Construction and Construction Tech 7b = Automobiles 10 = Security

Legend: FP7 thematic priorities

Figure 2 Positional analysis (radar graph) of the ERA, China, Japan and the US in the 17

FP7 thematic priorities, 2000–2011 Note: The number of publications (bubble size) and the SI are based on FRAC. Aeronautics and Space were

matched to the same scientific subfields in Scopus. Thus, the output of each priority is equal to half that of the matched scientific subfield when using FRAC, and the indicator scores are the same for these two areas. The ARC is based on the 2000–2008 period due to incomplete citation windows starting in 2009.



7

2.3 POSITIONAL ANALYSIS IN MAIN FIELDS

In this study, Science-Metrix’s ontology, which classifies scientific journals by main research

domain, field and subfield, was used to analyse the scientific performance of countries and

regions at the field level.1 In this section, fields are presented in alphabetical order instead of

being grouped into six domains according to the ontology’s higher aggregation level to ease

visualisation of the presented figures.

Figure 3 illustrates the degree of specialisation of the ERA in the 22 main fields from 2000 to

2011 as compared to those of China, Japan and the US. As described previously, an SI score

above 1 means that a given entity is specialised relative to the world, whereas an index value

below 1 means the reverse. Similarly to what was observed for FP7 thematic priorities, the ERA’s

SI is generally equivalent to the world level, whereas the three comparison countries exhibit

considerable variability in their SI scores. Following the ERA line around the web, the figure

illustrates that the ERA distributes the intensity of its research efforts fairly evenly across the

main fields, with a slight specialisation in Visual & Performing Arts and Clinical Medicine, and

more so in Historical Studies. This is in line with the findings at the level of FP7 thematic priorities

as the ERA showed specialisation in Health and the Humanities. Since the datasets for FP7

thematic priorities were defined based on Science-Metrix’ ontology, this alignment is not

unexpected (see Section 6.3). The ERA is not specialised in Enabling & Strategic Technologies,

Engineering, or General Science & Technology.

Meanwhile, the other countries exhibit a clearer demarcation among the areas in which they are

specialised or not. For example, with SI scores reaching 2.0 and beyond, China specialises in the

very areas where the ERA does not, namely Enabling & Strategic Technologies, Engineering and

General Science & Technology. It also specialises in Built Environment & Design, Chemistry and

Information & Communication Technologies (ICT). In addition, China is clearly not specialised in

the same areas as the ERA, with SI below 1 in most fields related to the Humanities and Health

Sciences. China’s specialisation pattern also contrasts with that of the US. Indeed, some of its

lowest SI scores are observed in Communication & Textual Studies, General Arts, Humanities &

Social Sciences, Philosophy & Theology, Psychology & Cognitive Sciences, Public Health & Health

Services, Social Sciences and Visual & Performing Arts; these are the eight areas in which the US

primarily specialises, with SI scores above 1.5. The US also shows some specialisation in

Biomedical Research and Economics & Business, but not in Chemistry, Enabling & Strategic

Technologies or Engineering. Finally, Japan is specialised in Physics & Astronomy, Chemistry and

Enabling & Strategic Technologies, but not at all in the General Arts, Humanities & Social

Sciences, Philosophy & Theology, or Visual & Performing Arts. Note that findings in the Social

Sciences and Humanities may be adversely affected by limits inherent to bibliometric methods

(see Section 6.5 in the Methods).

In Figure 4, the positional analysis graph shows the performance of the ERA and of selected

comparable countries across 22 fields using three indicators for the 2000–2011 period. Recall that

the number of publications is represented by the size of each country’s bubble while the SI score

1 Refer to the following paper for a detailed description of the approach used in building Science-Metrix’ ontology: Archambault É., Caruso J., and Beauchesne O. (2011). Towards a Multilingual, Comprehensive and

Open Scientific Journal Ontology, in Noyons, B., Ngulube, P. and Leta, J. Proceedings of the 13th International Conference of the International Society for Scientometrics and Informetrics (ISSI), Durban, South Africa, pp 66-77.


8

is plotted on the horizontal axis and the ARC score is plotted on the vertical one. For the majority

of main fields, the ERA is positioned near or above the world level of scientific impact and is

positioned above the world level in terms of specialisation about half of the time. As seen in

Figure 2 (radar graph for the FP7 thematic priorities) the ERA has the highest level of impact in

fields in which it does not specialise, such as Enabling & Strategic Technologies and Engineering.

Note that the size of the ERA’s output generally exceeds or resembles that of the three

comparison countries and is largest of all for Clinical Medicine.

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

Agriculture, Fisheries& Forestry

Biology

Biomedical Research

Built Environment &Design

Chemistry

Clinical Medicine

Communication &Textual Studies

Earth & EnvironmentalSciences

Economics &Business

Enabling & StrategicTechnologies

Engineering

General Arts,Humanities & Social

Sciences

General Science &Technology

Historical Studies

Information &CommunicationTechnologies

Mathematics &Statistics

Philosophy &Theology

Physics & Astronomy

Psychology &Cognitive Sciences

Public Health & HealthServices

Social Sciences

Visual & PerformingArts

ERA China Japan U.S.

Figure 3 Specialisation index in the 22 main fields for the ERA, China, Japan and the US,

2000–2010 Note: The specialisation index is based on FRAC. The world level is equal to one. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

The US performs well in many fields. In fact, there is no field where its impact falls below that of

the world. It primarily achieves high levels of output, specialisation and scientific impact in the

fields related to medicine, namely Biomedical Research and Clinical Medicine. It is also highly

cited, albeit not specialised, in ICT, Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy. In contrast to the US

and the ERA, China and Japan systematically exhibit scientific impact below the world level

despite being specialised in several fields. An exception is Japan’s performance in Enabling &

Strategic Technologies, in which it is specialised and receives an impact above the world level.

Four other exceptions are areas where the Asian countries have ARC scores above the world level

but are not specialised, namely Biology and General Science & Technology for Japan, and

Historical Studies and Social Sciences for China.


9

Note that for the ERA, the US and Japan, the field of Clinical Medicine constitutes the largest area

of scientific production, while for China it is Engineering. In general, China and Japan have a

smaller output than the ERA and the US in most main fields. The scientific performance of the 42

selected countries in each of the main fields is discussed in Section 3.2.

CN-1

CN-2CN-3

CN-4CN-5

CN-6

CN-7

CN-8

CN-9 CN-10

CN-11

CN-12

CN-13

CN-14

CN-15

CN-16

CN-18CN-19

CN-20

CN-21

CN-22

JP-1

JP-2

JP-3

JP-4

JP-5

JP-6

JP-7

JP-8

JP-9

JP-10

JP-11JP-12

JP-13

JP-14

JP-15

JP-16

JP-17

JP-18

JP-19

JP-20

JP-21

JP-22ERA-1

ERA-2

ERA-3

ERA-4

ERA-5

ERA-6

ERA-7

ERA-8

ERA-9

ERA-10

ERA-11

ERA-12

ERA-13

ERA-14

ERA-15 ERA-16

ERA-17

ERA-18

ERA-19

ERA-20

ERA-21

ERA-22

US-1

US-2

US-3

US-4

US-5

US-6

US-7US-8

US-9US-10

US-11

US-12

US-13

US-14

US-15

US-16

US-17

US-18

US-19

US-20

US-21

US-22

Scie

ntific I

mpact (A

RC

)

Specialisation Index (SI)

Not specialised Specialised

Impact belo

w w

orld level

Impact above w

orld level

1 = Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry 7 = Communication & Textual Studies 13 = General Science & Technology 19 = Psychology & Cognitive Sciences

2 = Biology 8 = Earth & Environmental Sciences 14 = Historical Studies 20 = Public Health & Health Services

3 = Biomedical Research 9 = Economics & Business 15 = Information & Communication Technologies 21 = Social Sciences

4 = Built Environment & Design 10 = Enabling & Strategic Technologies 16 = Mathematics & Statistics 22 = Visual & Performing Arts

5 = Chemistry 11 = Engineering 17 = Philosophy & Theology

6 = Clinical Medicine 12 = General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences 18 = Physics & Astronomy

Legend: Main Fields


main fields, 2000–2010 Note: The number of publications (bubble size) and the SI are based on FRAC. The ARC covers the 2000–2008

period due to incomplete citation windows starting in 2009. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

2.4 POSITIONAL ANALYSIS IN ECONOMIC SECTORS

Figure 5 illustrates the degree of specialisation of the ERA in individual economic sectors from

2000 to 2011, as compared to that of China, Japan and the US. Overall, the ERA’s SI is


10

comparable to or slightly below the world level, whereas the three countries it is compared to

exhibit a greater variability in their SI scores. The ERA appears to have distributed the intensity

of its research efforts more evenly across the economic sectors, with slight specialisation in Food

Products and Beverages and Machinery Related to these Products, and in Medical and Surgical

Equipment. It has put less intensity in most of the other economic sectors, especially in Aircraft

and Spacecraft, Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus and General Purpose Machinery and

Machine Tools.

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

Food products, beveragesand machinery

Textiles and machineryRecorded media and related

goods

Basic chemicals, paints,varnishes, coatings, glues

Pharmaceuticals

Plastic products

Other non-metallic mineralproducts

General purpose machineryand machine tools

Agricultural and forestrymachinery

Weapons and ammunition

Domestic appliances

Office machinery andcomputers

Electrical motors, generatorsElectricity distribution and

controlLighting equipment and

electric lamp

Electrical equipment forengines and vehicles

Electronic valves and tubes

Television, radio, linetelephony, video recording

Medical and surgicalequipment

Instruments for measuring,testing, navigating

Motor vehicles, parts andaccessories

Aircraft and spacecraft

Recycling

Collection, purification anddistribution of water

Construction

Cargo handling and storage

Telecommunications

Services for computer andrelated activities

ERA China Japan United States

Figure 5 Specialisation index in the 28 economic sectors for the ERA, China, Japan and the

US, 2000–2011 Note: The specialisation index is based on FRAC. The world level is equal to one. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

The specialisation of the other countries fluctuates to a greater extent across economic sectors,

with very high and very low SI in some sectors. China shows a high level of specialisation (with

SI equal to or greater than 1.5) in 16 of the 28 sectors, particularly Construction, Electricity

Distribution and Control Apparatus, Electrical Motors and Generators, General Purpose Machinery

and Machine Tools, Other Non-metallic Mineral Products and Recorded Media and Related Goods.

However, China is much less specialised in Food Products and Beverages and Machinery, Medical

and Surgical Equipment and Office Machinery and Computers. The US primarily specialises in

Aircraft and Spacecraft, Medical and Surgical Equipment, Electronic Valves and Tubes, Office

Machinery and Computers, Weapons and Ammunition, Service for Computers and Related

Activities and Cargo Handling and Storage, but not in Construction, Television, Radio, Line

Telephony, Video Recording, Textiles and Machinery for these Products, Plastic Products, Other


11

Non-metallic Mineral Products, etc. Finally, Japan is specialised in Textiles and Machinery for

these Products, Basic Chemicals, Plastic Products, Other Non-metallic Mineral Products, Lightning

Equipment and Television, Radio, Line Telephony, Video Recording. Sectors where Japan is not

specialised are Cargo Handling and Storage, Services for Computers and Related Activities,

Weapons and Ammunition, Office Machinery and Computers, Recycling, Collection, Purification

and Distribution of Water and Construction.

ERA-1

ERA-2

ERA-3

ERA-4

ERA-5

ERA-6

ERA-7

ERA-8

ERA-9

ERA-10

ERA-11

ERA-12

ERA-13

ERA-14

ERA-15

ERA-16

ERA-17

ERA-18

ERA-19

ERA-20

ERA-21

ERA-22ERA-23

ERA-24

ERA-25

ERA-26

ERA-27

ERA-28

CN-1

CN-2

CN-3

CN-4

CN-5

CN-6

CN-7

CN-8CN-9

CN-10

CN-11

CN-12

CN-13

CN-14

CN-15CN-16

CN-17

CN-18

CN-19CN-20

CN-21

CN-22

CN-23 CN-24

CN-25CN-26

CN-27

CN-28

JP-1

JP-2

JP-3

JP-4

JP-5

JP-6

JP-7

JP-8

JP-9

JP-10

JP-11

JP-12

JP-13

JP-14

JP-15

JP-16

JP-17

JP-18JP-19

JP-20

JP-21

JP-22

JP-23

JP-24

JP-25

JP-26

JP-27

JP-28

US-1

US-2

US-3

US-4

US-5

US-6US-7

US-8

US-9

US-10

US-11

US-12

US-13

US-14

US-15

US-16

US-17

US-18

US-19

US-20

US-21

US-22

US-23

US-24

US-25

US-26

US-27

US-28

Scie

ntific I

mp

act (A

RC

)

Specialization Index (SI)

1 = Food products, beverages and machinery 8 = General purpose machinery and machine tools 15 = Lighting equipment and electric lamp 22 = Aircraft and spacecraft

2 = Textiles and machinery 9 = Agricultural and forestry machinery 16 = Electrical equipment for engines and vehicles 23 = Recycling

3 = Recorded media and related goods 10 = Weapons and ammunition 17 = Electronic valves and tubes 24 = Collection, purification and distribution of water

4 = Basic chemicals, paints, varnishes, coatings, glues 11 = Domestic appliances 18 = Television, radio, line telephony, video recording 25 = Construction

5 = Pharmaceuticals 12 = Office machinery and computers 19 = Medical and surgical equipment 26 = Cargo handling and storage

6 = Plastic products 13 = Electrical motors, generators 20 = Instruments for measuring, testing, navigating 27 = Telecommunications

7 = Other non-metallic mineral products 14 = Electricity distribution and control 21 = Motor vehicles, parts and accessories 28 = Services for computer and related activities

Legend: economic sectors


economic sectors, 2000–2010 Note: The number of publications (bubble size) and the SI are based on FRAC. The ARC covers the 2000–2008

period due to incomplete citation windows starting in 2009. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

The positional analysis graph in Figure 6 shows the performance of the ERA and of selected

comparable countries across 28 economic sectors for the 2000–2011 period, using three


12

indicators. Except for Office Machinery and Computers (number 12 in Figure 6), the ERA is

positioned above the world level of scientific impact. However, the graph shows that the ERA is

specialised only in Services for Computer and Related Activities (28), Medical and Surgical

Equipment (19) and Food Products, Beverages and Machinery for these Products (1). The ERA

has the highest level of impact in sectors in which it does not specialise, such as Electrical Motors,

Generators (13), Electricity Distribution and Control (14) and General Purpose Machinery and

Machine Tools (8). As for FP7 thematic priorities and main fields, the size of the ERA’s output in

economic sectors exceeds or resembles that of the three comparables.

The US performs well in many fields and is positioned above the world level in all sectors in terms

of scientific impact. Its output is slightly smaller than that of the ERA but it is specialised in more

sectors, especially Office Machinery and Computers (12) and Aircraft and Spacecraft (22), as

seen in Figure 6. Like the ERA, the US has the highest level of impact in sectors in which it is not

specialised, such as Agricultural and Forestry Machinery (9), Telecommunications (27),

Instruments for Measuring, Testing, Navigating (20), Basic Chemicals, Paints, Varnishes,

Coatings, Glues (4), Pharmaceuticals (5) and Recorded Media and Related Goods (3). As shown

before and in contrast to the US and ERA, China and Japan mostly exhibit scientific impact equal

to or below the world level despite being specialised in several fields. Japan has only three

sectors with a scientific impact clearly above world level, namely Electricity Distribution and

Control (14), Electrical Motors and Generators (13) and Recycling (23), but is only slightly

specialised in Electrical Motors and Generators. Japan achieves its greatest performance for

output and specialisation in Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps (15), Other Non-metallic

Mineral Products (7), Television, Radio, Line Telephony, Video Recording (18) and Basic

Chemicals, Paints, Varnishes, Coatings, Glues (4). Combining all three indicators, Japan appears

well positioned in Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps (15) and Other Non-metallic Mineral

Products (7). China’s impact is above world level in Food Products and Beverages and Machinery

(1) as well as in Textiles and Machinery (2). It is also specialised in the latter sector. China also

performs well in Plastic Products (6), with an SI above one and a scientific impact near the world

level. However, the size of its output in these three sectors is rather small. China has a lower

impact but larger output and specialisation in many economic sectors, particularly in Other Non-

metallic Mineral Products (7), Recorded Media and Related Goods (3), General Purpose Machinery

and Machine Tools (8) and Electricity Distribution and Control (14) (Figure 6). The scientific

performance of the 42 selected countries in each of the economic sectors is presented in Section

3.3.


13

3 COUNTRY-LEVEL SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION PROFILES AND

COLLABORATION PATTERNS

This section focuses on the scientific performance of the 42 countries, including those in the ERA

(EU-27 countries, candidate countries, EFTA countries and Israel) and selected comparable

countries (i.e., China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Brazil, Russia and the US). In

particular, Section 3.1 presents data on the scientific production profiles of these countries in the

17 FP7 thematic priorities and Section 3.2 compares the countries in the 22 main research fields.

Building on previous versions of this report, the scientific production profiles are also presented

by economic sectors in Section 3.3.

3.1 FP7 THEMATIC PRIORITIES

FP7 Thematic Priorities (grouped)

The scientific performance of the 42 countries in the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped) is

presented in Table II, followed by their performance in each of the 17 priorities (Table III to Table

XVIII). The world produced about 12.3 million publications in the FP7 thematic priorities

combined, which corresponds to about 70% of the total number of publications in Scopus. As

noted in Section 2, the ERA as a whole produced the most publications in the FP7 thematic

priorities combined (4.7 million in FULL and 4.2 million in FRAC) between 2000 and 2011, but the

US is the country with the greatest output (3.7 million in FULL and 3.2 million in FRAC). China

follows (1.6 million in FULL and 1.5 million in FRAC), while the UK, Japan and Germany are quite

comparable in terms of the size of their output in these research areas (between 816,000 and

976,000 publications in FULL and between 641,000 and 759,000 in FRAC).

Quite a few countries in this list published fewer than 10,000 publications in the range of research

areas represented by the FP7 thematic priorities. Unsurprisingly, many of these also demonstrate

the largest increases in their output over the 2004 to 2011 period. It is generally easier for a

country to double its output when it is small (e.g., 1,000 publications) than when it already

stands at a very large level of output (e.g., 100,000 publications), as the former requires a much

smaller absolute number of new publications to show high growth rates. Thus, for example,

Luxembourg more than doubled its output from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011 (GI of 2.44), but only

has 3,819 publications since year 2000 (FULL; 1,993 publications in FRAC). Similarly, Latvia,

Malta and Cyprus also have GIs close to or greater than 2, but fewer than 10,000 publications.

The increase in the outputs of China (GI of 1.82), Brazil (1.65), India (1.64) and the Republic of

Korea (1.40) is quite remarkable as they all have more than 248,000 publications (FULL; 214,000

FRAC). By contrast, the output of many of the larger research producers did not keep pace with

the world level (GI of 1.26). The UK, the US, Germany, France, Italy and Russia all increased

their output between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period, but their growth indices

do not exceed that of the world (GIs ranging from 1.07 to 1.19). Note that in Table II the GI and

other indicators are highlighted with a specific colour whose intensity reflects the degree of

departure from the world level; green for above world level, white for near world level or red for

below world level. (For more information on dashboard graphs, see Section 6.2.2 of the

Methods.)


14

Table II Publications in the FP7 thematic priorities for 42 countries, 2000–2011

Group Country CodePubs

(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 107,569 75,654 1.18 1.30 1.04 1.20 1.07 12.6%

Belgium BE 150,988 106,213 1.20 1.38 1.02 1.42 1.17 15.1%

Bulgaria BG 16,013 11,759 1.08 0.92 0.75 0.61 0.76 5.0%

Cyprus CY 5,189 3,226 1.94 1.16 1.05 1.05 1.08 10.8%

Czech Republic CZ 77,820 63,612 1.33 0.78 0.96 0.70 0.71 5.9%

Denmark DK 110,363 76,813 1.21 1.30 1.09 1.49 1.20 16.0%

Estonia EE 9,022 6,384 1.51 0.97 0.93 1.10 1.05 10.2%

Finland FI 100,537 76,347 1.08 1.10 1.07 1.35 1.22 13.8%

France FR 598,502 469,048 1.12 1.22 0.97 1.08 1.01 10.9%

Germany DE 816,294 640,581 1.11 1.25 0.97 1.14 1.02 11.9%

Greece EL 99,057 80,089 1.24 0.88 1.07 1.01 1.04 9.7%

Hungary HU 49,870 37,536 1.14 1.00 0.90 0.86 0.88 7.6%

Ireland IE 56,697 41,131 1.40 1.12 1.07 1.25 1.14 12.7%

Italy IT 462,763 375,877 1.19 1.04 0.99 1.11 1.08 11.1%

Latvia LV 3,528 2,521 2.39 0.81 0.78 0.91 0.85 7.2%

Lithuania LT 11,945 9,797 1.78 0.62 0.90 0.86 0.81 7.0%

Luxembourg LU 3,819 1,993 2.44 1.36 1.15 1.11 1.04 11.9%

Malta MT 1,433 973 2.19 0.78 1.17 1.04 0.94 10.8%

Netherlands NL 295,610 217,830 1.20 1.33 1.12 1.46 1.26 16.0%

Poland PL 151,288 128,801 1.19 0.65 0.86 0.63 0.68 4.6%

Portugal PT 65,816 49,452 1.58 1.11 0.94 1.06 1.03 10.4%

Romania RO 31,694 25,440 3.14 0.76 0.69 0.70 0.75 5.9%

Slovakia SK 25,784 20,075 1.24 0.84 0.95 0.60 0.62 4.5%

Slovenia SI 24,881 20,031 1.42 0.75 0.99 0.80 0.86 7.3%

Spain ES 371,526 305,865 1.32 0.95 1.00 1.00 1.00 9.8%

Sweden SE 195,617 142,129 1.06 1.33 1.08 1.39 1.21 14.2%

United Kingdom UK 976,359 759,499 1.09 1.30 1.09 1.31 1.21 14.0%

Total EU-27 4,238,314 3,748,678 1.17 n.a. 1.01 1.07 1.04 10.8%

Candidate Croatia HR 30,193 26,244 1.45 0.49 1.05 0.47 0.57 3.4%

Macedonia MK 2,574 1,826 1.34 0.87 0.95 0.55 0.69 5.1%

Turkey TR 184,626 168,288 1.34 0.41 1.12 0.72 0.77 5.7%

Total Candidate 217,068 196,358 1.35 n.a. 1.11 0.68 0.74 5.4%

EFTA Iceland IS 6,367 3,551 1.40 1.32 1.16 1.64 1.27 16.5%

Liechtenstein LI 406 195 1.14 1.12 1.02 1.30 1.16 15.5%

Norway NO 92,199 65,810 1.28 1.24 1.16 1.32 1.13 13.5%

Switzerland CH 190,956 125,539 1.16 1.60 1.00 1.54 1.24 17.1%

Total EFTA 287,024 195,095 1.20 n.a. 1.05 1.46 1.20 15.8%

ERA Israel IL 113,342 88,653 1.03 1.00 1.02 1.25 1.25 12.5%

Total ERA 4,719,527 4,228,784 1.18 n.a. 1.01 1.06 1.03 10.7%

Asia China CN 1,620,092 1,497,655 1.82 0.51 0.92 0.71 0.75 6.4%

India IN 320,513 291,765 1.64 0.48 0.89 0.64 0.74 5.2%

Japan JP 841,660 744,927 0.98 0.65 0.94 0.82 0.91 7.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 295,238 256,864 1.40 0.73 0.94 0.92 1.03 8.7%

Other Brazil BR 248,474 214,392 1.65 0.68 1.01 0.73 0.78 5.7%

Russia RU 158,973 134,000 1.13 0.75 0.58 0.42 0.45 3.3%

United States US 3,739,514 3,231,538 1.07 0.93 1.08 1.35 1.26 14.7%

World 12,345,904 12,345,904 1.26 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: The publication trend (the scale is not the same across countries), the growth index (pubs. in 2008–

2011/pubs. in 2004–2007) and the specialisation index are based on fractional counting of publications. Publication trends do not include the years 2000 to 2003, to reflect years used for the computation of the growth indexes (2004–2011). The growth index, CI, SI, ARC, ARIF and % in top 10% most-cited pubs. are coloured according to the negative (red) or positive (green) departure from world level. The ARC and % in top 10% most-cited pubs. are based on 2000–2008 due to incomplete citation windows starting in 2009.


The SI scores of the 42 countries are relatively modest (i.e., 1.17 and below) and tend not to

deviate very strongly from the base level of 1. This is not very surprising, since the FP7 thematic

priorities cover several different research fields and about 70% of the whole Scopus database. A


15

country would have to devote a very small or very large proportion of its output to the limited

number of fields outside the FP7 thematic priorities to obtain an SI score that would deviate

importantly from 1.00. This is nonetheless the case for a few countries, such as Latvia, Bulgaria,

Romania and Russia, which have SI scores of 0.78 or less. The most specialised countries in the

FP7 thematic priorities are Malta, Iceland, Norway, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Turkey; all

of them are ERA countries.

The collaboration index (CI) is a scale-adjusted indicator of collaboration, meaning that it takes

into account the relative size of the scientific output of entities (i.e., countries, regions) when

examining co-publication rates. The size adjustment is made to account for the power-law

relationship between an entity’s number of publications and its number of co-publications. (For

more details on the CI, see Section 6.1 in the Methods.) The CI measures the propensity of

countries to collaborate with foreign countries. When the CI is above 1, a country produces more

publications in international collaboration than expected based on the size of its scientific

production, while an index below 1 indicates the reverse. In Table II, the superposed colour code

of the collaboration index (CI) shows at a glance whether the entity collaborates more than

(green), less than (red) or as much as (white) expected.

Looking at the CI within the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), Switzerland is the clear leader

among the 42 countries in terms of its propensity to collaborate internationally (CI of 1.60).

Fifteen other ERA countries follow with CI scores ranging from 1.38 to 1.11, indicating that they

collaborate much more than expected based on the size of their output. Note that all of the

countries outside of the ERA, as well as the three candidate countries, collaborate less than

expected based on their size (i.e., CI below 1.00).

Table II also provides three indicators reflecting the scientific impact of the papers published by

the 42 countries: the average of relative citations (ARC), the average of relative impact factors

(ARIF) and the percentage of publications in the top 10% most-cited publications. The ARC has

already been introduced in Section 2.1. The ARIF is an indicator of the expected scientific impact

of publications based on the impact factor of the journals in which they were published. In

contrast to the ARC, which is based on the actual citations received, the ARIF is an indirect

measure based on the scientific impact of the journals instead of the papers itself. The ARIF is

based on the assumption that it is generally more difficult to publish in highly cited journals.

Provided the law of large numbers is respected, it is also a proxy for the “quality” of scientific

publications as reflected by the journals’ impact factors. The percentage of publications in the top

10% most-cited publications is calculated in a manner similar to the ARC (i.e., based on relative

citation scores, which take into account the citation patterns in the same subfield and year as the

publication being examined) but is presented as the percentage of each entity’s publications that

are in the 10% most-cited publications rather than as the average score. If the share of an

entity’s publications qualifying as highly cited is above 10%, its scientific impact is above

expectations. Values below 10% indicate the opposite. More details on these indicators can be

found in Section 6.1.

In terms of the scientific impact indicators, the results for the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped)

are very similar to those observed in the sciences in general (i.e., in Scopus, Table XIX). Indeed,

Iceland, Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, the US and the UK

are repeatedly in the top 10 among the 42 countries in Table II and always score above the world

level for these indicators. On average, publications by Iceland, Switzerland, Denmark and the

Netherlands in the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped) are more frequently cited (ARC); Iceland,


16

the US, the Netherlands, Israel and Switzerland publish more FP7-related publications in the most

highly cited journals (high ARIF values); and Switzerland, Iceland, Denmark and the Netherlands

have the highest percentage of FP7-related publications in the 10% most-cited publications.

Russia, Croatia, Slovakia, Poland, Bulgaria and Macedonia consistently have the lowest scores for

the three scientific impact indicators.

Health

Bibliometric indicators for the FP7 thematic priority of Health are presented in Table III for the

2000 to 2011 period. Representing approximately 6.2 million publications at the world level, this

thematic priority is a large research area. The US produced the largest number of Health-related

publications (2.1 million publications, FULL; 1.8 million publications, FRAC). Notably, no other

country reached the 1 million mark in this thematic priority, although the EU-27 as a whole

exceeds the US output by roughly 280,000 publications. The second greatest number of

publications was produced by the UK, amounting to approximately 558,000 (FULL) or 432,000

(FRAC). Germany, Japan, China, France, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and Brazil complete the

top 10 largest producers in Health.

The country with the highest GI (2.74) is Romania; its output in Health research almost tripled

from 2004–2007 to 2008–2011. However, considering the small number of publications of this

country (8,488 using FULL counting; 6,306 in FRAC counting) this increase remains modest.

Malta (2.49), Latvia (2.21) and Cyprus (1.91) follow according to GI, but have even smaller

outputs (fewer than 1,400 based on FULL or 710 based on FRAC). China, an upcoming global

player with 415,000 publications (FULL; 364,000 FRAC), has the 11th highest GI (1.53) in Health

research and its output increased substantially faster than that of the world (GI 1.16). A few EU-

27 countries also have a greater increase in their output than the world level while publishing

relatively large numbers of papers, such as Portugal, Greece and Ireland. This is also the case for

some non-EU-27 countries such as the Republic of Korea, India and Brazil. In contrast, the UK,

Germany, Japan and France (four of the 10 most-publishing countries) all have GIs equal to or

lower than 1.05, which indicates a relative decrease compared to the world. Again, for very small

producers of scientific papers such as Liechtenstein (171 publications FULL; 71 FRAC), the GI is

likely to show dramatic fluctuations over the years.

In terms of specialisation, the Netherlands has the highest research intensity in Health with an SI

of 1.38. The countries with the 10 highest SI scores in Health are all part of the ERA, with the

exception of the US. China, despite its high output, is clearly not specialised in this thematic

priority, producing 55% fewer health-related publications than expected (SI 0.45).

A ranking based on CI in Health research shows that Switzerland has the highest propensity to

collaborate with foreign partners (CI 1.65). The CI for the remainder of the top 10 collaborating

countries varies from 1.42 to 1.25, in descending order. With the exception of Iceland, all of them

are EU-27 countries. Turkey, India and Croatia have the lowest CI scores (0.30, 0.45 and 0.47,

respectively) among the 42 selected countries.

With regard to scientific impact, Iceland, Finland, Denmark and the Netherlands have the highest

ARC values (1.82, 1.49, 1.48 and 1.48, respectively), although several countries are not far

behind (i.e., Switzerland, Liechtenstein, Belgium, Sweden and the US, with ARC scores of 1.39

and above). Similarly, Iceland, Finland, the US and the Netherlands display the highest ARIF

values (1.31, 1.28, 1.28 and 1.27, respectively). The three countries with the highest percentage

of publications in the 10% most-cited publications are Liechtenstein, Iceland and Switzerland.


17

With the exception of Iceland and the US, the remaining top 10 countries in this category belong

to the EU-27. Meanwhile, Bulgaria, Poland, Slovakia, India, Croatia, Turkey and Russia are

consistently among the countries performing below the world average with respect to the three

scientific impact indicators.

Table III Publications in Health for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 63,127 44,028 1.03 1.30 1.19 1.23 1.08 12.9%

Belgium BE 88,825 61,064 1.10 1.42 1.17 1.42 1.13 14.8%

Bulgaria BG 7,614 5,649 0.91 0.78 0.72 0.50 0.62 3.8%

Cyprus CY 1,368 706 1.91 1.25 0.45 0.80 0.91 7.5%


Denmark DK 68,615 47,237 1.17 1.30 1.33 1.48 1.16 15.6%

Estonia EE 3,553 2,177 1.26 1.18 0.63 1.18 1.05 10.2%

Finland FI 51,447 37,399 1.01 1.22 1.04 1.49 1.28 14.8%

France FR 332,647 265,395 1.03 1.10 1.09 1.00 0.92 9.9%

Germany DE 486,179 385,029 1.05 1.21 1.16 1.13 1.00 11.6%

Greece EL 50,881 40,864 1.20 0.87 1.09 0.90 0.93 7.9%

Hungary HU 27,325 19,897 1.04 1.08 0.94 0.92 0.88 7.6%

Ireland IE 29,707 20,793 1.42 1.16 1.07 1.26 1.12 12.7%

Italy IT 287,181 233,479 1.10 1.01 1.21 1.07 1.02 10.3%

Latvia LV 1,224 701 2.21 1.10 0.43 1.21 0.96 8.5%

Lithuania LT 3,280 2,147 1.72 1.01 0.39 0.88 0.88 7.2%

Luxembourg LU 1,615 747 1.87 1.36 0.85 1.15 1.05 12.2%

Malta MT 772 504 2.49 0.80 1.20 1.24 0.96 13.2%

Netherlands NL 183,319 135,485 1.16 1.32 1.38 1.48 1.27 16.0%

Poland PL 82,061 69,615 1.06 0.60 0.92 0.57 0.57 3.7%

Portugal PT 25,861 18,324 1.61 1.14 0.69 1.01 0.93 9.3%

Romania RO 8,488 6,306 2.74 0.79 0.34 0.71 0.67 5.5%

Slovakia SK 12,681 9,748 1.05 0.81 0.92 0.55 0.53 3.6%

Slovenia SI 9,392 7,176 1.45 0.79 0.70 0.75 0.80 6.3%

Spain ES 205,094 169,657 1.18 0.86 1.10 0.87 0.85 7.9%

Sweden SE 119,422 85,274 1.00 1.40 1.28 1.41 1.20 14.2%


Total EU-27 2,411,956 2,134,984 1.09 n.a. 1.14 1.02 0.99 10.2%


Macedonia MK 1,052 748 1.52 0.77 0.77 0.53 0.60 5.1%

Turkey TR 109,739 101,545 1.17 0.30 1.33 0.53 0.63 3.0%


EFTA Iceland IS 3,305 1,814 1.30 1.26 1.17 1.82 1.31 17.5%


Norway NO 45,723 32,294 1.20 1.22 1.13 1.35 1.12 13.2%

Switzerland CH 120,329 77,667 1.10 1.65 1.22 1.46 1.21 16.1%

Total EFTA 167,852 111,846 1.13 n.a. 1.19 1.41 1.18 15.2%

ERA Israel IL 66,677 51,920 0.95 0.98 1.19 1.12 1.14 10.5%

Total ERA 2,692,676 2,414,505 1.09 n.a. 1.15 1.00 0.98 9.9%

Asia China CN 414,867 364,344 1.53 0.63 0.45 0.59 0.70 4.8%

India IN 132,014 120,042 1.60 0.45 0.72 0.52 0.63 3.3%

Japan JP 468,596 418,694 0.99 0.61 1.04 0.80 0.89 6.8%

Rep. of Korea KR 114,587 99,827 1.66 0.66 0.73 0.89 0.96 7.6%

Other Brazil BR 138,854 119,383 1.55 0.66 1.12 0.71 0.73 4.9%

Russia RU 53,629 44,920 1.05 0.75 0.39 0.37 0.39 2.7%

United States US 2,116,687 1,820,748 1.08 0.96 1.21 1.39 1.28 15.3%

World 6,262,750 6,262,750 1.16 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


18

Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

As seen in Table IV for the 2000–2011 period, the US, China and Brazil produced the most

publications in the FP7 thematic area of Food, Agriculture and Fisheries. The approximate size of

their output amounts to 126,000, 44,000 and 35,000 papers, respectively (FULL; 109,000,

39,000 and 31,000 FRAC). The top 10 most active countries in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

include five EU-27 countries, as well as developing nations such as Brazil and India. In total, the

world produced about 540,000 publications in this thematic area, and the total ERA output is less

than half of this amount.

In examining the temporal increase in scientific output, Romania and Latvia have the highest GI

values (6.38 and 4.60, respectively). However, the increase in the actual number of publications

for these countries is modest, considering that their total output stands at less than 500

publications over the 12-year period for this thematic priority. On the other hand, Brazil, the

Republic of Korea and China all produced a relatively large number of publications, and

nevertheless show high GI scores (2.18, 1.93 and 1.79, respectively). Looking at the EU-27

countries, 14 increased their output between the first and second half of the study period at a

pace equal to or greater than the world, whereas 12 fell behind.

With an SI of 3.36, Brazil shows the highest research intensity in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

science. The US, Japan and China are not specialised in this research area. Several EU-27

members that traditionally have a large research output are also not specialised in this area (e.g.,

the UK, Germany and France), whereas those which are most specialised include Iceland, the

Czech Republic, Ireland, India, Turkey, Norway and Slovakia (SIs above 1.80).

In terms of collaboration, the UK, the Netherlands, Macedonia and Switzerland have the highest

CI scores (1.53, 1.45, 1.38 and 1.34, respectively), indicating that they produced a larger

number of co-publications than expected considering the size of their publication output. No

countries outside the ERA are among the top 20 for this indicator except the US. Only ERA

countries have CI scores greater than 1. Of the 42 countries examined, India, Turkey, Brazil and

Poland collaborate the least, with CI scores of less than 0.5.

Scientific impact, as measured by the ARC, is highest for Denmark, the Netherlands, Latvia, the

UK, Norway and Switzerland (values ranging from 1.59 to 1.49). Similarly, the highest ARIF

scores are observed for Denmark, Sweden, Israel, Finland and the Netherlands. Latvia is the

country with the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications (20.5%),

followed by the Netherlands, Denmark and Norway (with at least 17.7% of their publications in

the 10% most-cited publications). The majority of countries obtaining high scores for these three

impact indicators are part of the ERA, although the US also consistently scores above the world

level. In contrast, India, Macedonia, Russia, Croatia, Poland, Bulgaria and Slovakia systematically

rank the lowest for these three impact indicators.


19

Table IV Publications in Food, Agriculture and Fisheries for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,177 2,880 1.12 1.27 0.89 1.19 1.10 13.2%

Belgium BE 8,254 6,140 1.10 1.27 1.34 1.42 1.26 16.9%

Bulgaria BG 886 715 1.98 0.65 1.04 0.58 0.82 3.7%

Cyprus CY 103 55 1.73 1.05 0.41 1.12 1.21 12.1%


Denmark DK 7,197 5,284 0.97 1.22 1.71 1.59 1.39 18.6%

Estonia EE 548 420 1.68 0.72 1.39 1.30 1.22 14.6%

Finland FI 6,611 5,363 0.89 0.88 1.71 1.36 1.33 15.4%

France FR 22,227 16,987 1.02 1.27 0.80 1.26 1.18 14.3%

Germany DE 27,035 21,029 1.01 1.20 0.72 1.13 1.06 12.4%

Greece EL 4,321 3,601 1.03 0.75 1.10 1.11 1.15 10.4%

Hungary HU 3,168 2,551 1.00 0.76 1.39 0.71 0.73 6.4%

Ireland IE 4,498 3,450 1.30 1.04 2.04 1.45 1.23 16.9%

Italy IT 16,473 13,579 1.26 0.93 0.81 1.22 1.19 13.4%

Latvia LV 121 76 4.60 0.82 0.54 1.49 1.15 20.5%

Lithuania LT 867 717 3.24 0.54 1.50 0.72 0.67 6.6%

Luxembourg LU 61 26 3.30 1.16 0.36 n.c. 1.30 n.c.

Malta MT 29 10 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Netherlands NL 10,297 7,242 0.97 1.45 0.84 1.58 1.33 18.7%

Poland PL 12,112 11,002 1.33 0.45 1.67 0.58 0.65 3.7%

Portugal PT 4,345 3,315 1.54 1.11 1.42 1.34 1.23 14.9%

Romania RO 495 355 6.38 0.78 0.22 1.14 0.84 9.9%

Slovakia SK 2,087 1,699 1.39 0.73 1.83 0.64 0.67 4.6%

Slovenia SI 1,443 1,145 2.27 0.73 1.29 0.98 0.95 9.7%

Spain ES 23,387 19,517 1.37 0.99 1.44 1.41 1.31 16.1%

Sweden SE 8,073 5,933 0.90 1.25 1.02 1.47 1.36 16.2%


Total EU-27 179,641 159,143 1.16 n.a. 0.97 1.19 1.14 12.8%


Macedonia MK 133 85 0.29 1.38 1.01 0.42 0.54 2.0%

Turkey TR 14,011 13,026 1.41 0.37 1.96 0.67 0.68 5.4%


EFTA Iceland IS 582 341 1.40 1.29 2.52 1.45 1.19 17.4%

Liechtenstein LI 2 1 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Norway NO 6,218 4,603 1.02 1.22 1.84 1.49 1.24 17.7%

Switzerland CH 6,738 4,627 1.08 1.34 0.83 1.49 1.29 17.5%

Total EFTA 13,304 9,572 1.06 n.a. 1.17 1.47 1.26 17.4%

ERA Israel IL 2,912 2,223 1.01 0.97 0.58 1.33 1.35 14.6%

Total ERA 206,061 186,018 1.17 n.a. 1.01 1.16 1.11 12.4%

Asia China CN 43,625 39,347 1.79 0.70 0.55 0.83 0.87 7.4%

India IN 30,436 28,792 1.44 0.27 1.98 0.38 0.47 2.8%

Japan JP 31,895 28,504 0.98 0.72 0.81 0.76 0.87 6.0%

Rep. of Korea KR 10,068 8,431 1.93 0.87 0.70 0.89 0.95 8.0%

Other Brazil BR 34,678 31,407 2.18 0.47 3.36 0.67 0.67 4.7%

Russia RU 3,485 2,921 1.19 0.67 0.29 0.43 0.48 3.9%

United States US 125,974 108,555 0.96 0.94 0.82 1.23 1.20 13.3%

World 539,945 539,945 1.27 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


20

Biotechnology

Table V presents the bibliometric indicators for the 42 countries (ERA and selected comparables)

in the FP7 thematic area of Biotechnology

(2000–2011). Nearly 185,000 publications

were produced in this area worldwide. The

four countries with the highest publication

output (for both FULL and FRAC) are the

US, followed by China, Japan and India.

Among the top publishing countries, the EU-

27 is represented—perhaps not

surprisingly—by the UK, Germany, France

and Spain. However, the total number of

EU-27 publications in this research area

(about 52,000 FULL) is only marginally

greater than the total US output (about

47,000 FULL). Considering only the 2004–

2011 period, for which the GI scores have

been calculated, China is the only important

producer with an impressive score (GI of

3.27), which stands far above the world

level (GI of 1.54). All important players in

the EU-27 have decreased their output

relative to the world. As usual, only the

small producers of scientific publications

have high GI scores, especially Romania,

with an impressive score of 13.40, but with

only 533 publications (FULL; 458 FRAC).

Only two countries produced fewer publications in the second compared to the first half of the

period, namely Bulgaria and Lithuania. Bulgaria is clearly the most specialised in Biotechnology of

the 42 countries with an SI of 3.53. It is followed by India, the Republic of Korea and Portugal

(SIs of 2.57, 2.25 and 1.7, respectively). Interestingly, when the SI is compared with the CI, it

appears that, with few exceptions, the countries with the highest SI values (including those

mentioned above, as well as Brazil, Latvia and Japan, but excluding Portugal) are among the

lowest performers when ranked according to CI. The opposite is also true: many of the top

collaborating countries (e.g., the UK, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands, France)

show fairly low SI values (ranging from 0.72 to 0.84). In only a few cases are the SI and CI

scores both low (e.g., for Russia, Estonia, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Slovenia, Lithuania and

Poland) or both high (e.g., Ireland, Portugal).

Examining the scientific impact indicators, Switzerland has the highest ARC score, the highest

ARIF score and the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications (1.70,

1.52 and 20.6% respectively). With minor variations, other countries have similar rankings across

these three indicators. For example, Israel, the US, Germany, Belgium, Denmark, the

Netherlands, the UK, Sweden, Finland, Austria and Norway consistently rank highly (and above

the world level), whereas Bulgaria, Russia, Croatia, Latvia, India, Romania and Brazil typically

obtain the lowest scores. In fact, Bulgaria only scores well for the SI across selected indicators.

Note: The seemingly negative relationship

between the SI and CI, which appears in many

FP7 thematic priorities, might reflect a real

world phenomenon. Since the SI is based on

fractional counting of publications, it could be

hypothesised that the more a country

collaborates in a given area (high CI) relative to

its overall propensity to collaborate, the likelier

the size of its production will be small in this

area relative to its overall scientific production,

potentially resulting in a low SI. It remains that

deviations (outliers) from this relationship are

highly informative. For instance, countries for

which the SI and CI are both high could be

indicative of countries whose production in a

given area retains a great share of their overall

production in spite of being highly

collaborative. Further research is required to

fully characterise this relationship and hence

improve our understanding of this

phenomenon.


21

Table V Publications in Biotechnology for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,407 937 1.42 1.46 0.84 1.26 1.24 13.5%

Belgium BE 1,960 1,413 1.73 1.30 0.90 1.47 1.26 17.2%

Bulgaria BG 967 836 0.99 0.68 3.53 0.28 0.34 1.6%

Cyprus CY 51 23 3.95 1.38 0.52 n.c. 0.86 n.c.

Czech Republic CZ 661 455 1.57 1.25 0.45 1.11 1.09 10.0%

Denmark DK 1,673 1,106 1.25 1.44 1.04 1.64 1.30 19.7%

Estonia EE 104 72 2.41 0.88 0.69 0.81 1.13 4.9%

Finland FI 1,383 1,016 1.33 1.22 0.94 1.25 1.20 13.9%

France FR 7,169 5,287 1.28 1.42 0.72 1.13 1.11 11.5%

Germany DE 10,642 7,952 1.22 1.48 0.79 1.43 1.30 16.7%

Greece EL 1,062 863 1.82 0.85 0.76 0.87 1.00 8.1%

Hungary HU 531 339 1.44 1.34 0.53 1.11 0.98 10.8%

Ireland IE 942 679 1.69 1.16 1.16 1.43 1.26 11.9%

Italy IT 4,779 3,725 1.41 1.23 0.64 1.10 1.11 10.6%

Latvia LV 82 67 1.07 0.60 1.36 0.50 0.83 3.3%

Lithuania LT 146 100 0.94 0.96 0.61 0.97 0.93 11.7%



Netherlands NL 3,296 2,324 1.29 1.46 0.78 1.45 1.36 16.7%

Poland PL 1,479 1,219 1.85 0.75 0.54 0.67 0.84 5.0%

Portugal PT 1,789 1,366 1.65 1.16 1.70 0.98 1.08 7.7%

Romania RO 533 458 13.40 0.56 0.82 0.59 0.45 4.5%

Slovakia SK 255 172 1.15 1.10 0.54 0.84 0.95 7.2%

Slovenia SI 344 264 1.73 0.85 0.86 0.71 0.85 4.0%

Spain ES 5,470 4,337 1.49 1.17 0.93 1.18 1.13 12.3%

Sweden SE 2,812 1,972 1.15 1.46 0.98 1.42 1.22 15.2%


Total EU-27 52,166 45,046 1.35 n.a. 0.80 1.16 1.16 12.3%

Candidate Croatia HR 282 227 1.94 0.72 0.60 0.49 0.61 1.4%

Macedonia MK 21 12 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Turkey TR 2,990 2,752 2.05 0.40 1.20 0.90 0.65 9.4%


EFTA Iceland IS 57 33 1.24 1.13 0.75 1.24 1.52 12.1%


Norway NO 761 520 1.27 1.22 0.60 1.30 1.18 15.0%

Switzerland CH 2,406 1,579 1.03 1.53 0.83 1.70 1.52 20.6%

Total EFTA 3,207 2,132 1.09 n.a. 0.75 1.60 1.44 19.1%

ERA Israel IL 1,732 1,305 1.07 1.21 0.99 1.47 1.27 15.9%

Total ERA 58,611 51,473 1.36 n.a. 0.81 1.16 1.14 12.3%

Asia China CN 26,428 24,041 3.27 0.66 0.98 0.78 0.82 7.5%

India IN 13,742 12,868 1.53 0.40 2.57 0.54 0.58 5.0%

Japan JP 17,336 15,720 1.05 0.66 1.30 0.87 0.89 6.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 10,295 9,302 1.47 0.69 2.25 0.75 0.75 4.8%

Other Brazil BR 5,076 4,451 1.54 0.69 1.38 0.61 0.64 3.9%

Russia RU 2,787 2,371 1.01 0.73 0.68 0.39 0.44 2.7%

United States US 47,191 39,735 1.18 1.11 0.88 1.46 1.36 16.6%



22

Information and Communication Technologies

The performance of countries in the thematic priority of Information and Communication

Technologies (ICT) is shown in Table VI. For the period examined, 2000 to 2011, the world’s

output in this thematic area was about 1.36 million publications, with the ERA producing one-

third of these publications (FULL 454,000 and FRAC 409,000). China produced the highest

number of ICT publications based on both full (343,000) and fractional (324,000) counting,

followed closely by the US (FULL 303,000; FRAC 259,000), while Japan trails in third place (FULL

78,000; FRAC 70,000). The remainder of the top 10 is rounded out by countries with consistently

high production output in many of the other FP7 thematic areas, including Germany, the UK,

France, the Republic of Korea, Italy and Spain.

Based on data for the 2004–2011 period, Liechtenstein, Malta, Latvia, Luxembourg and Romania

have the highest GI scores, although these countries have a relatively small output in ICT.

Looking at the publication trend graph, one can observe a systematic decrease for virtually all

countries in the number of publications for the year 2011 at the world level. Since ICT is normally

a rapidly growing field, it is very likely that this decrease is due to incomplete data at the time

this report was produced. Since researchers in ICT publish a much larger share of their total

output in conference proceedings, this pattern might be explained by Elsevier taking more time to

process conference proceedings towards inclusion in Scopus.

Looking at the SI scores, it appears that the top-producing countries are not particularly

specialised in ICT, with the exception of China (SI of 1.80) and the Republic of Korea (SI of 1.63).

Luxembourg, Cyprus and Macedonia have the highest SI scores (3.07, 2.31 and 2.18,

respectively), whereas Russia, Turkey and Brazil are the least specialised of the 42 countries

examined (SI of 0.30, 0.61 and 0.63, respectively).

In terms of collaboration, Iceland and Switzerland co-authored the most publications with

international partners relative to expectations based on the size of their output (CI of 1.68 and

1.67, respectively). The remaining countries with high CI values are all in the EU-27 with the

exception of Norway, Israel and Liechtenstein. China, with its CI score of 0.47, is among the

bottom three in terms of international collaboration, together with Lithuania and Latvia.

The countries that are, on average, cited the most relative to the world are Switzerland (ARC of

1.99), Israel (1.71) and the US (1.58). Similarly, these countries have the highest percentage of

publications in the 10% most-cited publications. With the addition of Turkey, they also have the

highest ARIF scores (albeit not in the same order). As in many other research areas, EU-27 and

EFTA members typically rank highly based on the three scientific impact indicators. On the other

hand, Russia, Croatia and Macedonia consistently show the lowest scores for all three of these

indicators for their ICT publications.


23

Table VI Publications in ICT for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 12,919 10,010 1.49 1.25 1.23 1.14 0.92 11.6%

Belgium BE 12,623 9,591 1.24 1.34 0.83 1.50 1.18 15.7%

Bulgaria BG 1,803 1,356 1.49 1.08 0.78 0.46 0.69 4.3%

Cyprus CY 1,198 790 1.63 1.39 2.31 0.96 1.07 11.3%


Denmark DK 6,930 4,920 1.28 1.46 0.63 1.21 1.01 13.3%

Estonia EE 665 527 2.44 0.81 0.69 1.01 0.68 9.6%

Finland FI 13,461 11,028 1.10 1.00 1.40 1.11 1.02 11.2%

France FR 61,919 48,967 1.32 1.41 0.91 1.15 1.05 11.9%

Germany DE 74,779 60,847 1.35 1.26 0.83 1.13 0.95 11.7%

Greece EL 15,811 13,131 1.23 0.97 1.59 1.09 1.19 11.6%

Hungary HU 5,159 3,949 1.26 1.15 0.85 0.84 0.97 8.3%

Ireland IE 7,426 5,777 1.26 1.16 1.35 1.10 1.01 11.2%

Italy IT 47,771 39,482 1.25 1.17 0.93 1.20 1.09 12.7%

Latvia LV 538 486 3.42 0.35 1.36 0.49 0.54 6.4%

Lithuania LT 1,369 1,239 1.95 0.43 1.03 0.64 0.56 5.1%

Luxembourg LU 972 592 3.42 1.56 3.07 0.97 0.78 11.3%

Malta MT 176 146 3.46 0.61 1.58 0.72 0.81 8.2%

Netherlands NL 23,006 17,317 1.27 1.42 0.80 1.42 1.07 15.3%

Poland PL 13,396 11,270 1.33 0.83 0.68 0.77 0.79 7.4%

Portugal PT 10,103 8,251 1.69 1.00 1.41 0.86 0.87 8.3%

Romania RO 6,245 5,270 2.96 0.81 1.29 0.64 0.76 5.7%

Slovakia SK 2,478 1,942 2.07 0.97 0.83 0.71 0.84 6.9%

Slovenia SI 3,247 2,705 1.15 0.80 1.21 0.88 0.80 7.3%

Spain ES 41,333 34,291 1.39 1.14 1.01 1.02 1.07 10.7%

Sweden SE 14,207 10,735 1.19 1.33 0.73 1.17 1.12 11.9%


Total EU-27 412,576 369,057 1.32 n.a. 0.89 1.09 1.02 11.2%


Macedonia MK 593 463 1.50 0.84 2.18 0.46 0.57 4.4%

Turkey TR 11,813 10,275 1.51 0.72 0.61 1.17 1.36 12.4%


EFTA Iceland IS 562 297 2.78 1.68 0.87 1.36 1.11 15.0%

Liechtenstein LI 44 21 4.11 1.45 1.06 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Norway NO 7,159 5,176 1.49 1.38 0.82 1.25 1.01 12.7%

Switzerland CH 15,851 11,125 1.21 1.67 0.80 1.99 1.30 19.8%

Total EFTA 23,521 16,619 1.31 n.a. 0.81 1.76 1.21 17.6%

ERA Israel IL 14,070 10,735 1.11 1.33 1.12 1.71 1.59 18.8%

Total ERA 453,640 409,052 1.32 n.a. 0.88 1.12 1.05 11.5%

Asia China CN 342,810 324,465 2.13 0.47 1.80 0.72 0.83 6.8%

India IN 38,095 34,450 2.47 0.59 0.94 0.71 0.90 7.1%

Japan JP 77,649 70,015 1.14 0.66 0.79 0.63 0.75 5.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 54,766 49,315 1.10 0.67 1.63 0.76 0.97 7.9%

Other Brazil BR 17,417 14,924 1.41 0.88 0.63 0.70 0.90 6.8%

Russia RU 9,286 7,722 1.15 0.86 0.30 0.43 0.65 4.1%

United States US 303,039 258,942 0.98 1.11 0.78 1.58 1.32 16.0%

World 1,356,722 1,356,722 1.42 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0%

Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies

The FP7 thematic area of Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies is a relatively small research field,

with only 110,000 publications produced worldwide between 2000 and 2011 (Table VII). Whether

full or fractional counting is used, the 10 largest producers in this research area are the US,

China, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Germany, the UK, France, India, Italy and Spain. Their


24

output ranges from 32,000 to 3,000 in descending order (FULL counting). Cyprus, Romania and

Turkey have the highest growth indices (11.41, 3.53 and 308, respectively), followed by India,

Norway, Latvia, China and Portugal.

Table VII Publications in Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 722 443 1.41 1.29 0.67 1.37 1.18 11.0%

Belgium BE 1,239 786 1.52 1.36 0.84 1.05 1.11 9.8%

Bulgaria BG 142 91 0.73 1.07 0.64 0.43 0.79 2.0%

Cyprus CY 39 26 11.41 0.90 1.23 n.c. 0.75 n.c.


Denmark DK 712 489 1.69 1.13 0.77 1.29 1.25 14.3%

Estonia EE 56 38 1.00 0.86 0.61 0.70 1.09 8.1%

Finland FI 593 424 1.90 1.01 0.66 0.90 1.12 8.8%

France FR 5,119 3,515 1.46 1.29 0.80 1.09 1.13 10.8%

Germany DE 8,214 5,842 1.45 1.29 0.98 1.35 1.26 15.3%

Greece EL 612 411 2.08 1.13 0.61 0.95 0.87 9.9%

Hungary HU 282 177 0.84 1.14 0.47 0.70 0.76 5.1%

Ireland IE 728 500 1.42 1.09 1.44 1.34 1.17 12.7%

Italy IT 3,189 2,392 1.85 1.05 0.69 0.91 1.05 7.4%

Latvia LV 30 15 2.20 1.05 0.54 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Lithuania LT 79 59 1.95 0.84 0.61 0.62 0.81 4.4%

Luxembourg LU 16 4 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.


Netherlands NL 2,101 1,488 1.35 1.20 0.84 1.55 1.35 16.6%

Poland PL 916 608 1.19 1.11 0.45 0.67 0.70 3.7%

Portugal PT 627 451 2.09 1.09 0.95 0.79 0.82 5.4%

Romania RO 537 379 3.53 0.97 1.14 0.56 0.57 2.4%

Slovakia SK 89 53 0.98 1.12 0.28 0.32 0.76 0.0%

Slovenia SI 199 141 1.39 0.92 0.77 0.82 0.92 6.8%

Spain ES 2,952 2,083 1.71 1.21 0.75 1.16 1.15 10.4%

Sweden SE 1,394 951 1.41 1.19 0.80 1.27 1.24 14.7%


Total EU-27 30,998 26,313 1.50 n.a. 0.78 1.13 1.13 11.0%

Candidate Croatia HR 32 12 2.09 1.43 0.07 n.c. 1.05 n.c.


Turkey TR 481 343 3.08 0.87 0.25 0.73 0.77 3.9%

Total Candidate 517 357 3.01 n.a. 0.22 0.78 0.79 4.8%

EFTA Iceland IS 4 1 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.


Norway NO 268 165 2.63 1.16 0.32 0.74 0.91 5.7%

Switzerland CH 2,127 1,403 1.22 1.30 1.23 1.32 1.29 15.1%

Total EFTA 2,400 1,571 1.31 n.a. 0.93 1.26 1.25 14.1%

ERA Israel IL 938 737 1.79 0.80 0.94 1.47 1.50 19.4%

Total ERA 33,583 28,978 1.51 n.a. 0.77 1.13 1.13 11.2%

Asia China CN 22,177 19,499 2.17 0.59 1.33 0.84 0.86 8.0%

India IN 4,250 3,651 2.98 0.59 1.23 0.70 0.64 4.5%

Japan JP 12,240 10,551 1.02 0.65 1.47 0.68 0.86 6.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 8,797 7,567 2.08 0.65 3.08 0.77 0.85 7.6%

Other Brazil BR 1,007 801 1.64 0.71 0.42 0.65 0.75 4.9%

Russia RU 1,774 1,220 1.13 1.21 0.59 0.51 0.71 3.2%

United States US 31,805 27,030 1.37 0.79 1.00 1.42 1.29 15.8%



25

The Republic of Korea is clearly the most specialised country in the field of Nanosciences and

Nanotechnologies (SI of 3.08), followed by Japan (SI of 1.47) and Ireland (SI of 1.44). Almost all

of the EU-27 countries are, in fact, not specialised in this field, with China, Switzerland, Cyprus,

India and Romania being the only other countries with an SI score demonstrably above 1. The

leading country in terms of collaboration is Croatia (CI of 1.43), followed mainly by EU-27

countries, including Belgium, Switzerland, Austria and France (CI of 1.36, 1.30, 1.29 and 1.29,

respectively). In terms of CI, Asian countries do not perform as well, with CI scores in the range

of 0.59 to 0.65. Switzerland and Ireland score high in both specialisation and collaboration,

whereas Brazil, Slovenia, Lithuania, Turkey and Estonia score low in both dimensions.

With regard to scientific impact indicators, the Netherlands obtains the highest ARC for its

Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies publications (1.55), followed closely by Israel, the US and

Austria (1.47, 1.42 and 1.37, respectively). The highest ARIF scores are observed for Israel and

the Netherlands (1.50 and 1.35, respectively). In general, high-scoring countries for these two

scientific impact indicators are EU-27 countries, as well as the US and Switzerland. The same

pattern is observed for countries with the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-

cited publications. Israel leads this group (19.4%), followed by the Netherlands (16.6%), the US

(15.8%), and then EU-27 members and Switzerland. Generally, the countries that have the

lowest impact scores have a small total output in the field (e.g., Slovakia, Bulgaria, Lithuania),

but some of the larger producers outside the ERA such as Russia, Japan, Brazil, the Republic of

Korea and India have scores below the world level for these three indicators.

Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies)

Table VIII presents the bibliometric indicators for the FP7 thematic area of Materials (excluding

Nanotechnologies), which comprises about 700,000 publications for the 2000–2011 period. Based

on both full and fractional counting, the countries with the highest publication output are China,

the US and Japan. Notably, China’s output is in the range of 220,000 publications, which is above

the total output for the ERA. The majority of EU-27 countries produced fewer than 10,000

publications in this research area, the only exceptions being Germany, France, the UK, Spain,

Italy and Poland. The lowest overall producers are Malta, Iceland, Liechtenstein and Luxembourg,

although Luxembourg did increase its output between the first and second half of the 2004–2011

period such that it has the second highest GI (2.63). In first place is Iceland, with a GI of 3.43,

almost three times the world GI of 1.25. Of the 42 selected countries, 13 increased their output

relative to the world, and few of these were EU-27 members. The five countries with the highest

GI all have fewer than 1,000 publications in Materials, with the exception of China. One of the

candidate countries, Turkey stands out in this regard as it has increased its output (GI of 1.32)

faster than the world level and produced over 9,000 publications (FULL).

The countries with the greatest focus on Materials are Liechtenstein (SI of 3.91), Latvia (SI of

2.31), China (2.28) and the Republic of Korea (SI of 1.98). When ranked based on the CI (from

highest to lowest), the countries with the highest propensity to collaborate with foreign partners

are almost all from the EU-27, but very few of these also display a high SI value. For example,

France and Belgium are the top collaborators, with CI values of 1.63 and 1.59, respectively;

however, they are not specialised in this field (SI of 0.72 and 0.63, respectively). Exceptions to

this trend include Liechtenstein, Portugal and the Czech Republic (high CI and SI), as well as

Estonia, Macedonia, Brazil and Croatia (low CI and SI). Also worthy of mention is that some of

the countries with relatively large outputs in this field collaborate the least when accounting for

their size (e.g., Japan, India, Turkey, Russia and China).


26

Table VIII Publications in Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies) for 42 countries,

2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,481 3,136 1.18 1.46 0.75 1.34 1.28 12.8%

Belgium BE 5,494 3,740 1.07 1.59 0.63 1.56 1.50 17.6%

Bulgaria BG 1,295 914 0.89 1.24 1.02 0.93 1.18 8.4%

Cyprus CY 159 102 1.42 1.22 0.58 1.76 1.61 23.7%


Denmark DK 1,901 1,307 1.01 1.34 0.32 1.75 1.60 19.4%

Estonia EE 303 219 1.52 0.93 0.55 0.77 1.15 9.3%

Finland FI 2,842 2,225 1.02 1.03 0.54 1.07 1.15 12.4%

France FR 27,502 20,162 1.11 1.63 0.72 1.41 1.51 15.1%

Germany DE 46,053 35,522 0.85 1.33 0.93 1.15 1.14 12.3%

Greece EL 3,243 2,378 1.15 1.24 0.55 1.42 1.44 15.7%

Hungary HU 2,572 1,982 0.81 1.03 0.82 0.82 0.95 8.1%

Ireland IE 1,247 912 1.10 1.12 0.41 1.39 1.44 14.7%

Italy IT 12,886 10,422 1.17 1.15 0.47 1.30 1.44 14.0%

Latvia LV 540 427 1.58 0.80 2.31 0.70 0.72 4.1%

Lithuania LT 846 714 2.02 0.66 1.14 0.61 0.67 4.2%

Luxembourg LU 119 60 2.63 1.47 0.60 0.75 1.25 6.3%


Netherlands NL 7,143 5,146 0.93 1.44 0.46 1.63 1.52 18.2%

Poland PL 10,589 8,682 0.99 0.99 1.01 0.81 1.01 6.4%

Portugal PT 4,913 3,809 1.01 1.26 1.25 1.07 1.17 11.0%

Romania RO 4,165 3,463 1.42 0.83 1.64 0.62 0.81 4.7%

Slovakia SK 2,734 2,097 1.14 1.10 1.73 0.70 0.77 5.5%

Slovenia SI 2,218 1,763 1.28 0.96 1.52 0.90 1.08 8.1%

Spain ES 13,211 10,456 1.08 1.28 0.59 1.35 1.52 14.1%

Sweden SE 5,854 4,389 0.88 1.25 0.58 1.40 1.34 14.7%


Total EU-27 168,974 146,959 1.01 n.a. 0.69 1.18 1.25 12.2%


Macedonia MK 135 101 0.65 0.84 0.91 0.76 0.79 8.6%

Turkey TR 9,247 8,322 1.32 0.56 0.96 1.00 1.03 8.6%


EFTA Iceland IS 70 40 3.43 1.23 0.22 3.20 1.30 10.5%


Norway NO 1,856 1,393 1.07 1.10 0.43 1.45 1.31 15.6%

Switzerland CH 5,208 3,583 0.88 1.50 0.49 1.68 1.61 18.7%

Total EFTA 7,170 5,058 0.94 n.a. 0.47 1.63 1.52 18.0%

ERA Israel IL 2,398 1,862 0.86 1.05 0.37 1.57 1.74 17.1%

Total ERA 185,118 163,414 1.03 n.a. 0.68 1.18 1.24 12.2%

Asia China CN 222,342 213,179 1.95 0.38 2.28 0.83 0.75 7.9%

India IN 29,310 26,681 1.39 0.59 1.41 1.03 1.14 9.4%

Japan JP 81,151 74,238 0.63 0.64 1.62 0.93 1.07 9.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 34,713 30,725 0.92 0.81 1.96 1.04 1.16 10.4%

Other Brazil BR 10,183 8,826 1.38 0.73 0.72 0.87 1.07 7.2%

Russia RU 24,664 21,333 1.16 0.71 1.61 0.44 0.47 3.4%

United States US 106,466 90,090 0.86 1.10 0.52 1.43 1.35 15.8%


Regarding scientific impact, the countries with the highest ARC values are Iceland, Liechtenstein,

Cyprus and Denmark (ARCs of 3.2, 1.92, 1.76 and 1.75, respectively). With the exception of

Iceland, these countries also have the highest percentages of publications in the 10% most-cited


27

publications. Similarly, Israel, Cyprus, Switzerland and Denmark have the highest ARIF value,

which indicates that their publications generally appear in highly cited journals. Several other

countries consistently find themselves at the top for all three indicators of scientific impact,

including several EU-27 countries, Israel, the US and Norway. On the other hand, no matter

which indicator is used, the scientific impact of Latvia, Lithuania, Slovakia, Romania, Croatia,

China and Russia are consistently below the world average in this priority area.

New Production Technologies

Bibliometric indicators for the FP7 research theme of New Production Technologies during the

period from 2000 to 2011 are shown in Table IX. The three countries with the highest output in

this research area are China, the US and Japan (both in FULL and FRAC). The output of these

three countries combined accounts for more than half of the world’s total output of 323,321

publications. By contrast, the EU-27 as a whole (83,607 FULL; 73,645 FRAC) produced slightly

fewer publications than China, which is the largest producer of New Production Technologies

papers (97,000 FULL; 92,000 FRAC). The leaders in the EU-27 are France, the UK and Germany.

Croatia and Romania have the highest GIs (3.30 and 2.27, respectively) and produced a

relatively high number of publications during this period compared to the smallest players in this

field. India and Brazil coupled a relatively high output with a good increase (GIs of 1.72 and 1.68,

respectively, as compared to the world GI of 1.37). As in almost all areas of science, China’s

growth is remarkable, almost doubling the number of publications from the first to the second

period analysed (GI of 1.94) while having the biggest output among all countries. Despite its high

output, the US lost ground relative to the world and even experienced an absolute decrease of

output, with a GI of 0.95.

Only nine of the 42 countries examined are specialised in research relating to New Production

Technologies. Of the top 10, five are EU-27 members (Slovenia, Cyprus, Portugal, Romania and

Greece), two are candidate countries (Macedonia and Croatia) and three are from Asia (China,

the Republic of Korea and Japan). Meanwhile, 21 countries collaborated more with foreign

partners than expected based on the size of their output, all of which are ERA members. A

ranking based on the CI shows that Luxembourg, Cyprus and the UK show the highest propensity

to publish in collaboration with other countries relative to the size of their scientific production (CI

of 1.70, 1.64 and 1.50, respectively). Switzerland is also among the top collaborators (sixth), as

is seen in a number of other FP7 thematic priorities. Russia, Croatia, Japan, China and Lithuania

have the lowest CI scores among the countries studied (i.e., in the range of 0.59 to 0.40).

The three indicators used to determine the scientific impact of countries in this research priority

(i.e., ARC, ARIF and percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications) are often

correlated and thus reflective of one another. For example, Switzerland and Belgium, which have

the highest ARC scores, also have the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited

publications. Other countries that often rate highly for all three indicators include the US and

several ERA members (i.e., Sweden, Cyprus, Israel, Norway, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, the

UK, France, Turkey and Denmark). By contrast, Russia, Croatia, Romania, Slovenia and Slovakia

consistently rank below the world average.


28

Table IX Publications in New Production Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,853 1,417 1.36 1.21 0.74 0.96 1.06 9.3%

Belgium BE 2,572 1,848 1.25 1.47 0.68 2.05 1.44 22.0%

Bulgaria BG 269 177 0.79 1.23 0.43 0.63 1.03 6.9%

Cyprus CY 277 145 1.72 1.64 1.78 1.54 1.28 11.2%

Czech Republic CZ 1,137 925 1.33 0.83 0.53 0.78 0.93 8.9%

Denmark DK 1,225 917 1.36 1.20 0.50 1.35 1.17 15.3%

Estonia EE 159 128 1.33 0.77 0.71 0.67 1.12 6.2%

Finland FI 1,484 1,232 0.95 0.80 0.66 0.95 1.15 10.5%

France FR 15,250 12,095 1.19 1.37 0.95 1.25 1.23 13.2%

Germany DE 14,141 11,556 1.44 1.07 0.66 1.14 1.02 11.9%

Greece EL 2,339 1,982 1.15 0.81 1.01 1.22 1.24 13.5%

Hungary HU 1,261 1,028 0.99 0.89 0.93 0.69 0.92 6.7%

Ireland IE 780 559 0.84 1.23 0.55 1.32 1.30 12.8%

Italy IT 11,022 9,191 1.15 1.08 0.92 1.43 1.37 14.9%

Latvia LV 42 30 1.48 0.89 0.40 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Lithuania LT 92 82 0.55 0.40 0.29 1.07 0.77 7.6%

Luxembourg LU 72 33 1.37 1.70 0.73 1.38 1.32 14.6%


Netherlands NL 4,931 3,702 1.22 1.37 0.72 1.43 1.34 15.4%

Poland PL 3,145 2,722 1.20 0.72 0.69 0.78 0.93 8.1%

Portugal PT 2,487 1,994 1.27 1.09 1.43 1.09 1.05 11.7%

Romania RO 1,334 1,095 2.27 0.90 1.13 0.62 0.86 6.9%

Slovakia SK 316 251 1.50 0.90 0.45 0.67 0.78 6.5%

Slovenia SI 1,207 1,038 1.14 0.70 1.95 0.69 0.72 6.7%

Spain ES 7,128 5,933 1.29 1.07 0.74 1.17 1.28 12.0%

Sweden SE 3,315 2,592 1.09 1.16 0.75 1.58 1.38 17.4%


Total EU-27 83,607 73,645 1.20 n.a. 0.75 1.21 1.18 12.6%

Candidate Croatia HR 1,034 916 3.30 0.56 1.40 0.37 0.44 3.3%

Macedonia MK 161 90 0.49 1.50 1.79 0.46 1.16 3.7%

Turkey TR 3,288 2,606 1.45 1.08 0.66 1.45 1.26 15.7%


EFTA Iceland IS 74 42 0.74 1.29 0.56 0.74 0.83 8.4%


Norway NO 1,276 911 1.58 1.32 0.61 1.48 1.28 17.3%

Switzerland CH 2,299 1,658 1.28 1.42 0.50 2.33 1.43 22.4%

Total EFTA 3,651 2,622 1.36 n.a. 0.54 2.01 1.36 20.3%

ERA Israel IL 2,266 1,728 1.04 1.21 0.76 1.53 1.48 14.4%

Total ERA 91,963 81,607 1.22 n.a. 0.74 1.23 1.19 12.8%

Asia China CN 97,131 91,614 1.94 0.49 2.14 0.71 0.78 6.4%

India IN 6,281 5,573 1.72 0.66 0.64 0.99 0.93 10.0%

Japan JP 29,440 24,829 1.14 0.54 1.18 0.81 0.76 7.8%

Rep. of Korea KR 10,625 9,462 1.32 0.68 1.32 0.93 1.24 9.6%

Other Brazil BR 4,723 4,069 1.68 0.81 0.73 0.97 0.90 9.5%

Russia RU 5,018 4,486 1.05 0.59 0.74 0.34 0.38 2.9%

United States US 69,049 59,741 0.95 1.00 0.76 1.42 1.24 14.8%

World 323,321 323,321 1.37 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Construction and Construction Technologies

The FP7 thematic priority of Construction and Construction Technologies comprises approximately

112,000 publications for the years 2000 to 2011 (Table X). The US leads in terms of output,

having published about 33,000 papers (FULL; 29,000 FRAC). In comparison, the total output for


29

the EU-27 is about 39,000 (FULL) and 36,000 (FRAC). By both counting methods, China, the UK

and Germany are the runners-up.

Table X Publications in Construction and Construction Technologies for 42

countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 591 445 1.48 1.31 0.67 1.18 1.08 13.7%

Belgium BE 1,242 976 1.38 1.33 1.03 1.37 1.23 16.2%

Bulgaria BG 63 48 0.55 0.89 0.33 0.72 1.06 6.1%

Cyprus CY 73 52 2.52 1.21 1.87 0.68 1.05 5.4%


Denmark DK 1,025 775 1.35 1.47 1.21 2.13 1.45 23.0%

Estonia EE 87 69 1.36 0.85 1.11 0.91 1.21 5.7%

Finland FI 1,225 1,078 1.06 0.73 1.66 0.90 0.86 9.3%

France FR 3,639 2,966 1.25 1.33 0.67 1.20 1.20 12.4%

Germany DE 5,726 4,913 1.12 0.90 0.82 0.68 0.64 7.0%

Greece EL 1,005 868 1.15 0.83 1.28 1.24 1.27 14.0%

Hungary HU 295 242 1.82 0.95 0.64 1.39 1.12 14.5%

Ireland IE 426 347 1.88 1.00 0.99 0.94 1.12 6.4%

Italy IT 3,158 2,689 1.56 1.09 0.77 0.96 1.07 10.0%

Latvia LV 16 11 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Lithuania LT 270 255 1.38 0.28 2.58 0.97 0.64 6.7%

Luxembourg LU 33 15 1.36 1.88 1.06 n.c. n.c. n.c.


Netherlands NL 3,087 2,560 1.42 1.26 1.44 1.20 1.06 11.9%

Poland PL 1,353 1,209 1.07 0.42 0.89 0.37 0.61 3.6%

Portugal PT 872 743 1.83 0.91 1.54 0.99 1.20 8.4%

Romania RO 286 245 9.38 0.71 0.73 0.42 0.72 2.5%

Slovakia SK 160 130 2.24 0.84 0.68 0.77 1.11 7.6%

Slovenia SI 238 210 1.40 0.61 1.14 0.78 1.22 6.5%

Spain ES 2,869 2,495 1.88 0.98 0.89 1.14 1.16 11.5%

Sweden SE 1,763 1,495 1.20 1.00 1.25 1.40 1.22 14.5%


Total EU-27 38,985 35,629 1.29 n.a. 1.05 1.05 1.02 10.7%



Turkey TR 2,799 2,590 1.25 0.51 1.88 1.03 0.96 10.9%




Norway NO 591 477 1.22 1.13 0.92 1.26 1.28 12.1%

Switzerland CH 1,176 871 1.45 1.59 0.76 1.46 1.26 16.7%

Total EFTA 1,790 1,371 1.37 n.a. 0.81 1.38 1.27 15.0%

ERA Israel IL 852 711 0.89 0.99 0.90 1.38 1.29 14.5%

Total ERA 43,818 40,408 1.28 n.a. 1.06 1.06 1.02 10.9%

Asia China CN 18,854 17,470 1.41 0.78 1.18 0.88 0.91 8.0%

India IN 1,710 1,485 1.51 0.83 0.49 1.13 1.24 11.0%

Japan JP 3,621 3,144 1.34 1.02 0.43 0.74 1.03 6.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,454 2,014 1.61 1.32 0.81 1.18 1.33 11.7%

Other Brazil BR 1,304 1,104 1.63 0.93 0.57 0.80 1.05 8.1%

Russia RU 321 246 1.76 1.13 0.12 0.55 0.76 4.0%

United States US 32,648 29,242 1.23 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.03 11.7%



30

Romania has the highest growth (GI of 9.38), followed by Cyprus (2.52) and Slovakia (2.24), but

neither produced more than 300 publications for the whole period (20002011). Several other

countries with a relatively high output also substantially increased their output between the first

and second half of the 2004 to 2011 period, namely Spain, Portugal, Brazil and the Republic of

Korea. The US and the UK have a relatively low GIs (1.23 and 1.10), below the world level of

1.32.

Lithuania, Turkey and Cyprus are among the most specialised countries in Construction and

Construction Technologies. Many EU-27 members are also specialised in this research area,

although Germany, Spain, France and Italy are below the world average. The US is slightly

specialised, with a GI of 1.08, and Japan produces much less than expected in this thematic

priority (0.43). Looking at collaborations, Luxembourg co-authored the most publications with

international partners relative to the size of its scientific production (CI of 1.88). Switzerland,

Denmark, France and Belgium also rank highly based on CI (i.e., ranging from 1.33 to 1.59) but

Lithuania and Poland produced at least 50% less than their expected number of international co-

publications based on the size of their scientific output.

In terms of scientific impact indicators, Denmark, Switzerland, Sweden and Hungary have the

highest ARC values (2.13, 1.46, 1.40 and 1.39, respectively). Denmark is also the country with

the highest ARIF value (1.45) and the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited

publications (23.01%). The country with the second highest ARIF value is the Republic of Korea

(1.33), indicating that its publications relating to Construction and Construction Technologies are

published, on average, in journals that are cited 33% more than the world average journal. A

number of ERA members consistently display high ARC and ARIF values as well as having a large

percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications, including Switzerland, Sweden,

Hungary, Belgium, France, Greece, Norway, the UK and Austria. The countries that usually score

lowest include Poland, Romania, Croatia, Russia and Germany.

Energy

In Energy research, China leads among the 42 selected countries based on full and fractional

counting of publications and actually produced more papers than the ERA as a whole (Table XI).

The thematic priority of Energy research is a relatively large field, with close to 419,000

publications on the world level. On the country level, the US and Japan have the next largest

outputs, ahead of three large EU-27 countries, namely the UK, Germany and France. Russia also

performs well in this field, being the sixth largest producer.

Based on the 2004–2011 period, eight countries feature a GI value equal or superior to 1.75,

which represents an increase greater than that seen at the world level (i.e., 1.43). Many of these

countries produced relatively few Energy publications, except for China (119,000 FULL; 114,000

FRAC) and Turkey (5,000 FULL; 4,600 FRAC). Portugal, Spain, Poland, Greece, Belgium, India

and Italy also combine a relatively high growth (GI from 1.50 and more) with publication counts

of 2,000 or more. Meanwhile, 10 EU-27 countries experienced a relative decline in their output in

Energy research compared to the world (GIs below 1.43).

Looking at the SI, Estonia (2.34), China (2.1) and Lithuania (1.90) achieve the highest scores.

Russia, Norway and Macedonia are also highly specialised in Energy research, having SI scores of

1.36 and above.


31

Table XI Publications in Energy for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,004 1,322 1.46 1.51 0.54 1.22 1.20 12.7%

Belgium BE 3,380 2,296 1.56 1.57 0.66 1.24 1.28 12.3%

Bulgaria BG 789 533 1.21 1.38 1.02 1.36 1.36 12.3%

Cyprus CY 178 105 1.74 1.38 1.02 2.15 1.60 24.1%


Denmark DK 2,441 1,770 1.46 1.31 0.75 2.06 1.51 22.2%

Estonia EE 628 538 1.10 0.67 2.34 1.24 1.29 12.8%

Finland FI 2,271 1,724 1.17 1.13 0.73 1.22 1.25 14.1%

France FR 15,895 11,797 1.33 1.53 0.73 1.45 1.38 15.6%

Germany DE 18,365 13,303 1.36 1.62 0.60 1.51 1.28 15.6%

Greece EL 2,843 2,385 1.57 0.81 0.96 1.58 1.45 16.1%

Hungary HU 1,050 759 1.47 1.15 0.54 1.23 1.36 11.3%

Ireland IE 1,022 736 1.98 1.21 0.57 1.68 1.57 18.3%

Italy IT 10,117 8,102 1.50 1.15 0.64 1.43 1.36 14.8%

Latvia LV 191 125 1.45 1.16 1.16 0.63 1.29 3.6%

Lithuania LT 783 688 0.98 0.55 1.90 0.79 1.06 5.6%



Netherlands NL 5,093 3,651 1.44 1.43 0.56 1.29 1.27 13.5%

Poland PL 3,560 2,882 1.72 0.97 0.58 1.39 1.55 13.8%

Portugal PT 2,120 1,597 1.83 1.26 0.91 1.70 1.54 19.4%

Romania RO 1,720 1,397 5.24 0.87 1.14 0.79 0.77 7.3%

Slovakia SK 369 250 1.40 1.29 0.36 0.92 1.27 8.4%

Slovenia SI 862 691 1.35 0.88 1.02 1.33 1.41 15.0%

Spain ES 8,918 7,038 1.72 1.23 0.69 1.86 1.63 20.0%

Sweden SE 6,109 4,797 0.89 1.13 1.09 1.22 1.13 13.3%


Total EU-27 96,164 83,441 1.42 n.a. 0.67 1.37 1.33 14.3%


Macedonia MK 128 87 1.40 1.12 1.36 0.92 1.39 9.3%

Turkey TR 5,069 4,656 1.78 0.45 0.92 1.70 1.32 19.0%


EFTA Iceland IS 73 43 2.04 1.22 0.42 1.40 1.51 14.6%


Norway NO 3,653 2,618 1.27 1.23 1.38 0.91 1.01 8.1%

Switzerland CH 4,184 2,816 1.32 1.64 0.67 1.82 1.37 19.9%

Total EFTA 7,859 5,477 1.30 n.a. 0.88 1.41 1.22 14.6%

ERA Israel IL 1,296 1,030 1.11 1.03 0.36 1.79 1.72 21.0%

Total ERA 108,133 95,315 1.43 n.a. 0.68 1.37 1.32 14.4%

Asia China CN 119,325 114,052 1.75 0.31 2.10 0.76 0.70 7.1%

India IN 14,013 12,823 1.55 0.49 1.16 0.96 1.06 9.1%

Japan JP 31,957 28,691 1.11 0.71 1.08 1.25 1.22 12.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 12,816 11,256 1.47 0.81 1.24 1.44 1.53 16.1%

Other Brazil BR 6,638 5,679 1.33 0.77 0.80 1.12 1.33 11.4%

Russia RU 16,330 14,346 1.15 0.57 1.87 0.35 0.39 2.7%

United States US 81,927 69,185 1.14 0.98 0.69 1.07 1.04 11.0%


Switzerland and Germany lead in terms of CI, indicating that they have the highest propensity to

collaborate internationally when taking into account the size of their output. Other leaders in

terms of their propensity to collaborate internationally include most EU-27 countries—in fact, only

seven EU-27 countries have a CI score that is equal to or inferior to 1 (i.e., collaboration below

expectations given the size of output).


32

In terms of scientific impact, Cyprus and Denmark have the highest ARC scores (2.15 and 2.06),

meaning that their Energy research publications are cited more than twice as often, on average,

as the average world publication in this research area. Only 10 countries, namely India, Slovakia,

Macedonia, Norway, Lithuania, Romania, China, Croatia, Latvia and Russia, have an ARC score

below the world level. Israel leads the field according to ARIF, which is otherwise dominated by

EU-27 countries, whereas only Romania, China and Russia demonstrate an ARIF below the world

level. Cyprus has the greatest percentage (24.07%) of its publications in the 10% most-cited

publications, followed by Denmark, Israel and Spain (all equal to or greater than 20%). This is far

above that of the main producers of Energy-related publications, including the UK, Japan and the

US, who all have less than 14% of their publications in the 10% most-cited publications. Only

2.72% of Russia’s Energy publications feature in the 10% most-cited publications. Combined with

the lowest ARC (0.35) and ARIF (0.39) scores among the 42 countries listed in Table XI, this

makes Russia the country with the lowest scientific impact in this research area, while according

to the number of publications it is relatively important. The largest producer, China, also

consistently has impact scores below the world level in Energy research.

Environment (including Climate Change and Earth Sciences)

In the thematic priority of Environment (including Climate Change and Earth Science; Table XII),

the US is by far the leading country according to both full (231,000) and fractional publication

counts (190,000) for the 2000 to 2011 period. These amounts are close to that of the EU-27

countries as a whole (253,000 FULL; 211,000 FRAC). Note that the world produced approximately

713,000 publications in this research area. China is the second largest producer, followed by the

UK, Germany and France. Outside the EU-27, Japan, Russia and India also make the top 10

based on either FULL or FRAC. Among this top 10, only China, Italy, Spain and India have a GI

that is superior to the world level of 1.21 (i.e., 1.66, 1.35, 1.34 and 1.2, respectively). Romania,

Latvia, Cyprus and Malta greatly increased their output between the first and second half of the

2004–2011 period, with growth indices equal to or above 2.20, but of these, only Romania

produced more than 1,000 publications since 2000.

Iceland, Estonia and Norway are by far the most specialised in this FP7 thematic priority (SI of

2.09 or greater), with Russia ranking fourth among the 42 selected countries (SI of 1.67). All

countries that collaborate more than expected with international partners based on the size of

their output are members of the ERA, with Switzerland (1.42), France (1.38) and the UK (1.34)

leading the ranking based on CI. Meanwhile Russia (0.67), China (0.59) and India (0.40) are

some of the major producers that trail behind in the CI ranking.

In terms of scientific impact, Switzerland has the highest ARC (1.76) and ARIF (1.34) scores, as

well as being ranked second in terms of the percentage of its publications that are in the 10%

most-cited publications (21.14%), behind Malta (21.26%). While many EU-27 countries (e.g.,

Denmark, the UK, the Netherlands, Belgium, Sweden, Finland, Germany, Luxembourg, Ireland

and France) and the US perform above the world level for all indicators of scientific impact,

candidate countries and those outside the ERA consistently have scores mostly below the world

level.


33

Table XII Publications in Environment for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 6,953 3,917 1.35 1.33 0.92 1.24 1.04 13.0%

Belgium BE 8,328 5,166 1.25 1.30 0.85 1.51 1.25 17.2%

Bulgaria BG 1,019 590 1.26 1.14 0.65 0.80 0.91 5.4%

Cyprus CY 281 136 2.47 1.14 0.75 0.81 1.00 7.9%


Denmark DK 8,070 4,869 1.16 1.28 1.19 1.56 1.24 17.6%

Estonia EE 1,297 872 1.26 0.89 2.17 1.25 1.07 12.9%

Finland FI 8,276 5,703 1.03 1.07 1.37 1.34 1.19 14.3%

France FR 42,090 27,888 1.16 1.38 0.99 1.34 1.20 14.4%

Germany DE 52,496 35,719 1.17 1.31 0.93 1.30 1.12 14.5%

Greece EL 6,122 4,606 1.12 0.83 1.06 1.04 1.02 9.6%

Hungary HU 3,219 2,328 1.20 0.84 0.95 0.79 0.82 7.8%

Ireland IE 2,475 1,424 1.35 1.19 0.63 1.28 1.26 13.5%

Italy IT 27,557 20,695 1.35 1.00 0.93 1.16 1.10 11.6%

Latvia LV 248 174 2.66 0.66 0.93 0.82 0.75 6.2%

Lithuania LT 913 753 1.16 0.48 1.19 0.53 0.65 3.4%

Luxembourg LU 285 129 1.53 1.32 1.26 1.42 1.20 16.2%

Malta MT 90 46 2.20 0.93 0.94 1.62 0.97 21.3%

Netherlands NL 17,702 11,165 1.18 1.33 0.98 1.48 1.27 16.7%

Poland PL 9,635 8,040 1.59 0.58 0.92 0.61 0.68 4.2%

Portugal PT 5,117 3,596 1.55 1.00 1.16 1.11 1.14 10.3%

Romania RO 2,046 1,476 5.56 0.79 0.69 0.85 0.86 6.7%

Slovakia SK 2,012 1,481 1.31 0.80 1.20 0.62 0.63 4.7%

Slovenia SI 1,521 1,155 1.07 0.68 0.98 0.80 0.83 6.9%

Spain ES 22,630 16,949 1.34 1.01 0.95 1.21 1.18 12.8%

Sweden SE 13,465 8,538 1.01 1.24 1.11 1.48 1.25 16.1%


Total EU-27 252,784 210,942 1.21 n.a. 0.97 1.18 1.12 12.3%


Macedonia MK 95 53 1.06 0.96 0.50 0.74 0.74 5.5%

Turkey TR 8,099 6,990 1.28 0.50 0.79 0.85 0.83 7.4%


EFTA Iceland IS 861 430 0.83 1.31 2.40 1.36 1.27 14.4%


Norway NO 11,299 6,930 1.30 1.29 2.09 1.36 1.19 14.4%

Switzerland CH 15,386 9,132 1.23 1.42 1.24 1.76 1.34 21.1%

Total EFTA 27,023 16,501 1.25 n.a. 1.52 1.57 1.27 18.0%

ERA Israel IL 4,504 3,207 1.03 0.98 0.63 1.16 1.22 10.8%

Total ERA 279,331 238,883 1.21 n.a. 0.98 1.17 1.11 12.2%

Asia China CN 91,281 81,134 1.66 0.59 0.85 0.75 0.73 6.7%

India IN 25,670 23,071 1.23 0.40 1.20 0.50 0.63 3.4%

Japan JP 34,439 27,015 1.12 0.93 0.58 0.98 1.06 9.0%

Rep. of Korea KR 9,893 7,457 1.39 0.93 0.47 0.94 1.04 8.5%

Other Brazil BR 12,222 9,333 1.46 0.89 0.75 0.90 0.95 7.9%

Russia RU 27,109 22,459 1.20 0.67 1.67 0.41 0.41 3.0%

United States US 231,046 190,223 1.01 0.88 1.09 1.27 1.20 14.2%



34

Aeronautics or Space

The FP7 thematic priorities of Aeronautics (priority 7a) and Space (priority 9) are considered

together in this section, as they were delineated using the same set of scientific subfields (see

Section 6.3). Note that the number of publications by the world based on fractional counting for

the 2000–2011 period (about 50,000 publications) is equal to half of that based on full counting

(about 100,000), because the scientific output in the corresponding subfields was—as requested

by the Commission—divided into two equal parts between these two priority areas. This ensured

that the sum of the number of publications (FRAC) across FP7 thematic priorities equals the total

number of papers when all priorities are aggregated. Otherwise, all of the indicator scores are the

same for these two areas.

As shown in Table XIII, the US and China have by far the largest output in Aeronautics or Space-

related research (about 47,000 and 22,000 FULL; 21,000 and 11,000 FRAC). It is worth noting

that the top 15 countries in terms of scientific output include all of the examined countries that

are outside the ERA (i.e., the US, Russia and the four Asian countries), as well as Israel and most

of the largest research producers from the EU-27 (i.e., the UK, Germany, France, Italy, the

Netherlands, Spain and Sweden). None of the four EFTA countries produced more than 400

publications (FULL) in these research areas.

Nine countries out of the 42 feature a GI above that observed for the world output (0.85). The

Republic of Korea ranks first based on GI (1.30), followed by China (1.27), Belgium (1.15) and

Denmark (1.08). Important countries like the US, Germany, and Japan are below the world level

and below most of the EU-27 countries. Moreover, only four countries are clearly specialised in

this research area, namely the US, China, Russia and Bulgaria.

In terms of international collaboration, most of the ERA countries that collaborate more than

expected based on the size of their scientific production are in the EU-27, the only exceptions

being Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Slovenia and Lithuania. The Netherlands and Switzerland lead

with equal CI scores (1.60), followed by Norway (1.57) and Denmark (1.53). The US and the four

Asian countries collaborate less than would be expected based on their size, particularly China—a

major producer in this research area—which closes the list with a very low CI score of 0.17.

For ARC and the other impact indicators, the highest scores are often observed for countries with

a very small output (e.g., Switzerland, Greece, Finland, Slovakia, Hungary, the Czech Republic

and Bulgaria). Concurrently, China and India—among the top 15 based on output—have some of

the lowest impact scores based on the ARC and the percentage of their publications in the 10%

most-cited publications. Among the 15 most active countries in Aeronautics or Space, Israel,

Sweden and Germany have the highest ARC scores (1.59, 1.50 and 1.41, respectively) and lead

in terms of the percentage of their papers in the 10% most-cited publications (18.0%, 15.8% and

15.4%, respectively). It should be noted that most countries among the 42 examined have

scientific impact scores above the world level; in particular, only two countries have ARIF scores

below the world level (i.e., below 1). Again, among the leading 15 countries based on output,

Israel, Sweden, India and the Republic of Korea have the highest ARIF scores (ranging between

1.40 and 1.81).


35

Table XIII Publications in Aeronautics or Space for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 507 158 0.99 1.49 0.54 1.23 1.28 15.5%

Belgium BE 533 159 1.15 1.49 0.38 1.39 1.38 13.5%

Bulgaria BG 187 72 0.70 0.89 1.15 1.37 1.44 14.7%

Cyprus CY 8 2 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.


Denmark DK 250 65 1.08 1.53 0.23 1.17 1.80 11.6%

Estonia EE 8 2 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Finland FI 257 81 0.30 1.24 0.28 1.93 1.43 19.8%

France FR 3,748 1,340 0.74 1.28 0.69 1.31 1.36 13.5%

Germany DE 4,795 1,733 0.77 1.36 0.65 1.41 1.31 15.4%

Greece EL 267 91 0.72 1.12 0.30 1.95 1.70 23.8%

Hungary HU 152 55 0.70 0.95 0.32 1.53 1.38 20.3%

Ireland IE 131 35 0.81 1.37 0.23 0.98 1.19 11.1%

Italy IT 3,248 1,235 0.80 1.17 0.80 1.25 1.44 13.5%


Lithuania LT 50 22 0.87 0.30 0.54 0.69 0.54 8.8%



Netherlands NL 2,604 819 0.74 1.60 1.04 0.91 1.12 9.6%

Poland PL 447 165 0.71 1.03 0.27 1.05 1.24 11.0%

Portugal PT 236 74 0.68 1.46 0.35 1.03 1.25 11.7%

Romania RO 125 48 0.61 0.75 0.32 0.67 1.48 8.2%

Slovakia SK 66 15 0.61 1.49 0.18 1.64 1.36 18.4%

Slovenia SI 38 16 0.29 0.48 0.22 0.38 n.c. 1.4%

Spain ES 1,181 422 0.92 1.19 0.34 1.32 1.33 14.5%

Sweden SE 791 262 0.82 1.30 0.49 1.50 1.47 15.8%


Total EU-27 21,059 8,884 0.80 n.a. 0.59 1.22 1.33 12.9%

Candidate Croatia HR 18 7 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.


Turkey TR 554 221 0.77 0.80 0.36 0.98 1.38 10.7%




Norway NO 286 68 0.54 1.57 0.30 1.19 1.17 13.1%

Switzerland CH 387 100 0.80 1.60 0.20 2.31 1.57 26.3%

Total EFTA 678 170 0.67 n.a. 0.23 1.78 1.40 20.0%

ERA Israel IL 750 280 0.59 1.08 0.80 1.59 1.81 18.0%

Total ERA 22,619 9,564 0.79 n.a. 0.57 1.23 1.34 13.1%

Asia China CN 22,208 10,792 1.27 0.17 1.65 0.80 0.61 7.0%

India IN 2,014 870 0.79 0.61 0.65 0.74 1.45 7.9%

Japan JP 4,992 2,101 0.65 0.93 0.65 1.00 1.27 11.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,001 789 1.30 1.02 0.72 1.32 1.40 14.8%

Other Brazil BR 758 308 0.76 0.95 0.36 0.74 1.28 7.0%

Russia RU 2,996 1,154 0.85 1.13 1.25 1.07 1.33 11.4%

United States US 47,449 20,672 0.73 0.62 1.72 1.07 1.08 10.8%



36

Automobiles

Table XIV features bibliometric data relating to the FP7 thematic priority of Automobiles, which

comprises only about 23,000 publications at the world level for the 2000 to 2011 period. Note

that indicators for 13 countries were not computed because of their small output. The US leads in

output based on both full and fractional counting (about 4,400 and 3,800 publications,

respectively), followed by China (about 3,900 and 3,600 publications). Completing the top six are

other major players in the international automotive industry, namely the Republic of Korea,

Japan, Germany and the UK. Candidate and EFTA countries typically have a much smaller output

in this research field (i.e., 144 publications at most). In terms of growth (for the 2004–2011

period), the largest growth indices are observed for countries with a modest output (i.e., Turkey,

India and Norway), as was the case in many FP7 priority areas. The exceptions are China and the

UK, both registering GI scores above the world level (1.93 and 1.32). Unlike in other research

areas, growth of the world output has been relatively small between 2004–2007 and 2008–2011

in the Automobiles thematic priority, as indicated by the world GI of 1.08. Among the largest

producers, the US, the Republic of Korea and Japan have seen decreases in their output (GI

smaller than 1).

With an SI of 4.34, the Republic of Korea is the most specialised in Automobiles-related research,

while Japan, the UK and Germany also devote a greater share of their scientific production in this

area than the world on average, albeit to a lesser degree (SI between 1.19 and 1.32). Six EU-27

countries are quite specialised despite their modest output, namely Finland, Hungary, Sweden,

Denmark, Portugal and Greece. The US is not specialised in this research area (SI of 0.68)

despite having produced the largest number of Automobiles-related publications.

That being said, the US produced more of its publications in collaboration with foreign countries

than expected based on the size of its production in this area (CI of 1.31) and ranks second only

to Austria (1.43) in this regard. Many of the other countries with a high propensity to collaborate

with foreign partners are from the EU-27 (including the UK, Finland and France), whereas China

(0.9), the Republic of Korea (0.72) and Japan (0.52) collaborate less than expected based on the

size of their output.

With regard to scientific impact, countries with high ARC scores typically also have a high

percentage of papers in the top 10% most-cited publications, such as Denmark, the Netherlands,

the US, Sweden, Finland and Norway. Greece is the exception, with a low ARC score (0.91) and a

relatively high percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited ones (13.64). Several EU-27

members (including France, Spain and Germany) as well as the Republic of Korea and Japan

produce publications that are on average less cited than the world average paper (i.e., ARC of

less than 1). Automobiles-related publications from Greece (ARIF 1.35), the US (ARIF 1.33),

Israel (ARIF 1.33) and India (ARIF 1.29) are published, on average, in highly cited journals. The

only other countries with an ARIF score measurably above the world level are Turkey, Norway,

Belgium, Switzerland and Italy. China, which usually performs far below the world average with

respect to indicators of scientific impact, shows a relatively good impact performance, especially

in terms of its ARIF score above 1 (1.09).


37

Table XIV Publications in Automobiles for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 194 143 1.15 1.43 1.06 1.04 0.83 10.9%

Belgium BE 166 127 0.85 1.12 0.66 1.03 1.14 10.6%

Bulgaria BG 2 2 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.


Czech Republic CZ 35 27 0.64 0.95 0.22 n.c. 0.98 n.c.

Denmark DK 251 213 1.07 1.04 1.63 1.74 0.74 15.8%


Finland FI 497 401 0.73 1.18 3.04 1.27 0.86 13.2%

France FR 925 767 1.12 1.15 0.85 0.98 0.93 8.4%

Germany DE 1,848 1,570 1.00 1.10 1.28 0.83 0.66 7.7%

Greece EL 222 179 0.82 1.00 1.30 0.93 1.35 13.6%

Hungary HU 223 200 0.85 0.49 2.59 0.23 0.33 2.1%

Ireland IE 74 59 0.46 0.92 0.87 0.54 0.67 5.1%

Italy IT 854 734 0.85 0.95 1.04 1.11 1.12 12.9%


Lithuania LT 2 2 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.



Netherlands NL 198 155 1.12 1.09 0.43 1.59 1.04 18.6%

Poland PL 121 105 1.00 0.57 0.38 0.44 0.60 4.4%

Portugal PT 153 133 1.27 0.60 1.36 0.51 0.71 5.1%

Romania RO 51 43 1.27 0.56 0.68 0.13 0.49 2.3%

Slovakia SK 18 15 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Slovenia SI 12 8 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Spain ES 590 507 1.08 0.91 0.89 0.91 1.02 8.9%

Sweden SE 648 532 0.88 1.17 2.18 1.37 0.82 10.5%


Total EU-27 8,121 7,475 1.03 n.a. 1.08 0.97 0.89 9.5%



Turkey TR 144 117 1.99 1.02 0.42 1.05 1.18 10.8%




Norway NO 133 100 1.45 1.15 1.01 1.27 1.18 11.2%

Switzerland CH 107 80 0.90 1.18 0.34 1.12 1.14 10.9%

Total EFTA 244 181 1.19 n.a. 0.52 1.17 1.15 10.8%

ERA Israel IL 43 36 0.93 0.59 0.24 0.85 1.33 3.2%

Total ERA 8,467 7,821 1.04 n.a. 1.01 0.97 0.90 9.5%

Asia China CN 3,915 3,558 1.93 0.90 1.18 0.94 1.09 9.5%

India IN 218 181 1.45 0.81 0.30 0.91 1.29 10.3%

Japan JP 2,094 1,952 0.78 0.52 1.32 0.71 0.70 6.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,389 2,193 0.96 0.72 4.34 0.93 1.10 9.5%

Other Brazil BR 172 141 1.20 0.90 0.36 0.72 1.11 4.1%

Russia RU 47 38 0.75 0.69 0.09 0.24 0.72 0.0%

United States US 4,419 3,772 0.75 1.31 0.68 1.53 1.33 16.0%



38

Other Transport Technologies

As seen in Table XV, the largest producer of publications relating to Other Transport Technologies

is China (around 135,500 based on FULL; 131,000 FRAC), followed by the US (80,000 FULL;

70,500 FRAC) and Japan (29,000 FULL; 22,500 FRAC). About 380,000 publications were

produced in this research area at the world level between 2000 and 2011. Four large EU-27

countries (i.e., the UK, France, Germany and Italy) are also in the top 10, as are the Republic of

Korea, India and Russia.

Table XV Publications in Other Transport Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,523 1,179 1.49 1.20 0.52 1.37 1.29 14.8%

Belgium BE 2,120 1,624 1.30 1.31 0.51 1.49 1.31 17.5%

Bulgaria BG 239 167 0.86 1.16 0.35 1.48 1.54 18.0%

Cyprus CY 85 50 2.64 1.27 0.57 1.97 2.04 25.8%


Denmark DK 1,259 921 1.52 1.33 0.43 1.62 1.65 19.8%

Estonia EE 161 132 1.52 0.72 0.62 1.50 1.82 15.4%

Finland FI 996 811 1.08 0.88 0.37 1.07 1.34 10.9%

France FR 13,096 10,633 1.25 1.38 0.71 1.39 1.52 15.3%

Germany DE 12,507 10,223 1.20 1.25 0.50 1.19 1.15 13.0%

Greece EL 2,577 2,158 1.25 0.91 0.94 1.42 1.51 15.8%

Hungary HU 734 641 1.60 0.59 0.50 0.90 1.14 8.0%

Ireland IE 1,047 796 1.22 1.26 0.67 1.36 1.32 15.3%

Italy IT 9,356 8,008 1.31 1.01 0.68 1.36 1.52 15.4%

Latvia LV 209 180 5.45 0.50 1.82 0.98 1.06 11.5%

Lithuania LT 1,819 1,711 2.03 0.36 5.11 1.49 1.28 13.7%

Luxembourg LU 80 40 2.68 1.51 0.74 0.94 1.74 9.1%


Netherlands NL 4,147 3,196 1.27 1.37 0.53 1.49 1.30 16.5%

Poland PL 4,295 3,858 1.64 0.60 0.84 0.70 1.22 5.8%

Portugal PT 2,141 1,742 1.43 1.10 1.07 1.74 1.52 19.9%

Romania RO 1,849 1,457 2.14 1.08 1.29 1.13 1.11 11.7%

Slovakia SK 243 188 2.76 0.94 0.29 1.70 1.44 16.8%

Slovenia SI 843 716 1.19 0.78 1.15 1.21 1.31 15.2%

Spain ES 3,908 3,258 1.67 1.03 0.34 1.68 1.68 18.3%

Sweden SE 3,603 2,975 1.23 1.02 0.73 1.48 1.51 16.4%


Total EU-27 81,820 73,051 1.29 n.a. 0.64 1.30 1.36 14.2%



Turkey TR 3,881 3,415 1.40 0.75 0.73 1.47 1.48 15.5%


EFTA Iceland IS 41 20 2.91 1.47 0.28 n.c. 1.36 n.c.


Norway NO 2,590 2,139 1.46 0.97 1.22 1.10 0.99 12.3%

Switzerland CH 2,357 1,700 1.30 1.60 0.44 1.66 1.43 18.5%

Total EFTA 4,986 3,869 1.39 n.a. 0.68 1.36 1.20 15.3%

ERA Israel IL 1,953 1,641 1.09 0.85 0.62 1.87 1.93 20.7%

Total ERA 91,751 82,829 1.29 n.a. 0.64 1.30 1.36 14.2%

Asia China CN 135,539 130,938 1.65 0.40 2.62 0.71 0.66 5.6%

India IN 8,580 7,738 1.58 0.69 0.76 1.27 1.41 13.3%

Japan JP 28,821 22,550 0.97 0.71 0.92 0.71 0.75 6.6%

Rep. of Korea KR 12,124 10,328 1.67 1.03 1.23 1.10 1.20 10.6%

Other Brazil BR 3,196 2,787 1.50 0.81 0.43 1.02 1.25 10.4%

Russia RU 5,032 4,402 1.32 0.78 0.62 0.56 0.78 4.7%

United States US 80,324 70,512 1.08 1.11 0.77 1.28 1.27 13.7%



39

Of the 42 countries examined, Latvia has the highest GI (5.45) but published only 209

publications (FULL) in Other Transport Technologies. Countries with an increase in output above

the world level and with at least 2,000 publications (FULL) include Spain, the Republic of Korea,

China, Poland, India, Brazil, Norway, Portugal and Turkey. With GI values ranging from 1.31 to

1.00, Italy, France, Germany and the UK trail behind the world level (GI of 1.38). Two countries

have seen their scientific production decrease between the two halves of the study period,

namely Japan and Bulgaria, with GIs of 0.97 and 0.86, respectively.

Lithuania (SI 5.11) and China (SI 2.62) are the most specialised in this research area and among

the nine countries to have an SI score above the world level. Among the major countries in terms

of output, only China and the Republic of Korea have an SI above the world level, whereas Japan,

the US, France, the UK and Germany have low SI scores, ranging from 0.50 (Germany) to 0.92

(Japan). Switzerland has the highest CI score (1.60), slightly above Luxembourg (1.51). With the

exception of the US (1.11) and the Republic of Korea (1.03), all countries that collaborate more

than expected with foreign countries based on the size of their outputs are ERA members. Among

important players regarding output in Other Transport Technologies, Japan, India and China have

some of the lowest CI scores of the countries examined, at 0.71, 0.69 and 0.40, respectively.

As for scientific impact indicators, over 25 countries consistently have scores above the world

level for all three indicators, including most ERA countries, India, the Republic of Korea, Brazil

and the US. In fact, only four countries (China, Japan, Russia and Croatia) have an ARIF score

below the world level, and seven do not meet expectations regarding the 10% most-cited

publications. Of the four Asian countries, India and the Republic of Korea perform better than the

world in the impact-factor-based indicator, although the latter scores just slightly above average.

Japan and China score below the world level with respect to all three indicators. With regard to

the percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications, Cyprus (25.83%) and Israel

(20.66%) ranked first and second, while many of the top producers (i.e., the UK, France, Italy

and Germany) also obtained good scores in this regard (ranging from 13.01% to 15.36%).

Socio-Economic Sciences

Table XVI presents bibliometric indicators relating to Socio-Economic Sciences for the 2000 to

2011 period. As detailed in Section 6.5 of this report, bibliometric data should be interpreted with

care for the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH). Indeed, methodological limitations appear in

these fields, notably because a greater proportion of SSH research output is not published in

peer-reviewed journals. Compared to the natural sciences, research output is more frequently

disseminated through books, which are not indexed in the Scopus database. Another aspect

requiring consideration when performing bibliometric analyses of the SSH is the more local

orientation of SSH research. Whereas the research questions identified in the NSE tend to be

universal, SSH research subjects often have a more local focus and, as a result, the target

readership is often limited to a country or region. Consequently, SSH scholars publish somewhat

more frequently in a language other than in English—and in journals with a national rather than

international distribution—than do NSE researchers. Because the major citation databases (e.g.,

WoS, Scopus) that are suitable to perform analysis of scientific impact are to a certain extent

biased in favour of scientific literature authored in English, the uninformed or careless use of

bibliometrics to benchmark SSH research can lead to erroneous conclusions. This methodological

note of caution also applies to data presented later in this document, including Table XVII on the

Humanities.


40

Table XVI Publications in Socio-Economic Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,872 3,747 1.56 1.31 0.82 0.92 0.91 9.6%

Belgium BE 8,667 6,437 1.55 1.55 1.00 1.20 1.08 13.1%

Bulgaria BG 361 268 2.33 1.03 0.28 0.36 0.73 2.8%

Cyprus CY 1,137 849 2.16 1.24 4.43 1.01 1.08 10.3%


Denmark DK 5,997 4,735 1.63 1.22 1.08 1.25 1.11 12.8%

Estonia EE 624 508 2.34 0.86 1.19 0.67 0.89 4.6%

Finland FI 7,137 6,043 1.66 0.92 1.37 1.11 1.06 10.8%

France FR 26,345 21,970 1.39 1.05 0.73 0.60 0.66 5.3%

Germany DE 34,278 27,856 1.45 1.22 0.68 0.89 0.84 8.8%

Greece EL 5,283 4,460 1.70 0.91 0.96 0.86 0.94 7.4%

Hungary HU 2,247 1,904 1.66 0.72 0.73 0.58 0.66 5.3%

Ireland IE 4,483 3,621 1.76 1.09 1.52 1.02 1.01 9.4%

Italy IT 14,564 11,809 1.74 1.23 0.50 0.94 0.97 9.3%

Latvia LV 199 164 3.56 0.73 0.82 0.54 0.73 1.7%

Lithuania LT 1,076 994 2.61 0.34 1.47 0.67 0.51 6.9%

Luxembourg LU 360 222 3.36 1.51 2.05 0.95 1.03 9.9%

Malta MT 163 123 1.60 0.94 2.37 0.60 0.82 2.2%

Netherlands NL 20,807 16,331 1.46 1.44 1.34 1.43 1.25 15.9%

Poland PL 2,769 2,408 2.03 0.66 0.26 0.38 0.56 2.3%

Portugal PT 3,540 2,797 2.23 1.18 0.85 0.81 0.90 6.4%

Romania RO 2,048 1,848 17.15 0.49 0.81 0.46 0.42 3.9%

Slovakia SK 1,334 1,185 1.28 0.54 0.91 0.43 0.38 2.9%

Slovenia SI 2,299 2,095 1.75 0.48 1.67 0.46 0.59 4.0%

Spain ES 20,057 17,204 2.18 0.98 0.90 0.87 0.94 8.4%

Sweden SE 10,062 8,226 1.56 1.12 1.00 1.15 1.10 11.0%


Total EU-27 260,291 236,030 1.51 n.a. 1.02 1.00 0.96 9.9%


Macedonia MK 169 134 4.49 0.76 1.13 0.37 0.65 2.8%

Turkey TR 9,048 8,095 3.95 0.65 0.86 0.81 0.78 7.5%


EFTA Iceland IS 354 248 1.73 1.27 1.30 1.06 1.16 11.1%


Norway NO 7,019 5,749 1.60 1.06 1.63 1.19 1.09 12.4%

Switzerland CH 8,144 5,979 1.54 1.56 0.76 1.28 1.06 14.0%

Total EFTA 15,466 11,999 1.58 n.a. 1.04 1.22 1.08 13.2%

ERA Israel IL 8,651 7,126 1.30 1.06 1.32 1.18 1.24 12.2%

Total ERA 289,285 264,581 1.55 n.a. 1.02 1.00 0.97 9.9%

Asia China CN 39,779 34,425 2.82 1.02 0.34 0.89 1.04 8.4%

India IN 9,813 8,736 2.15 0.65 0.43 0.50 0.63 3.8%

Japan JP 11,157 9,644 1.29 0.87 0.19 0.56 0.78 4.4%

Rep. of Korea KR 7,285 5,394 1.89 1.58 0.32 0.84 1.06 7.8%

Other Brazil BR 8,561 7,610 3.12 0.64 0.58 0.49 0.52 3.5%

Russia RU 2,361 1,864 1.69 1.00 0.13 0.55 0.64 4.7%

United States US 340,242 310,306 1.22 0.69 1.67 1.17 1.14 12.5%

World 773,444 773,444 1.47 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. See also Section 6.5 on the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

With this in mind, the total output in the Socio-Economic Sciences stands at more than 743,000

publications, a large proportion of which come from the US (FULL 340,000; FRAC 310,000). The

top 10 producers also include seven EU-27 countries, China and Japan, although their combined

output is still dwarfed by that of the US. This is not surprising given that the US is an English-

speaking country. In terms of growth, Romania stands far beyond all other countries with a GI


41

score of 17.15; however, its output since 2000 barely totals 2,000 publications. With the

exception of China, with a GI of 2.82, most of the large producers rank poorly when it comes to

growth. This is the case for the US (GI 1.22), the UK (1.26), Japan (1.29), France (1.39),

Germany (1.45) and the Netherlands (1.46), whose outputs decreased relative to the world (GI

1.47).

The thematic priority of Socio-Economic Sciences features a relatively small number of countries

among the principal producers that are specialised. They include the UK (SI of 1.97) and the US

(SI of 1.67)—both English-speaking countries—as well as Cyprus, Liechtenstein, Malta and

Luxembourg, which are highly specialised (SIs of 4.43, 2.55, 2.37 and 2.05, respectively) despite

their modest output in this area (i.e., fewer than 1,200 publications, FULL). Note that all non-ERA

countries other than the US feature an SI score well below the world level, indicating either a bias

in the database or that they are not specialised in the Socio-Economic Sciences.

Regarding international collaboration, the Republic of Korea leads with a CI score of 1.58,

followed by a number of ERA countries. Russia, China and Spain collaborate as much with foreign

countries as would be expected given the size of their output in Socio-Economic Sciences.

Meanwhile, the US ranks at the bottom of this group of 42 countries with a CI of 0.69.

In terms of ARC scores and the percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications,

the Netherlands, Switzerland, Denmark, the UK, Belgium, Norway, Israel, the US, Finland and

Iceland obtain the highest scores, while most other countries perform at or below the world level.

The Netherlands, Israel, Iceland and the US obtain top scores for ARIF.

Humanities

In Table XVII, bibliometric data on publications in the Humanities are presented by country for

the 2000–2011 period. The Humanities thematic priority comprises 279,000 publications in

Scopus, but this area is likely underrepresented for the reasons explained in the previous section.

The US and the UK each produced a large proportion of these publications (US: FULL 99,000 and

FRAC 92,000; UK: FULL 38,000 and FRAC 33,500), which is to be expected considering the

language bias in favour of English-speaking countries in the coverage of the SSH literature in

Scopus. Next come France, Germany and Spain. China is also found in the top 10, occupying the

eighth position, while Japan takes the 11th place based on full counting of publications in the

Humanities.

The largest increases in output during the 2004–2011 period can be observed for Romania (GI of

6.02), Cyprus (2.38), Portugal (2.27) and Luxembourg (2.24), whereas the UK, Germany and the

US grew less than the worldwide output (1.38) in the Humanities. These data have to be

considered with due care, as Scopus recently improved its coverage of the Humanities and these

growth patterns may be partially biased due to artefacts such as uneven rates of inclusion of

journals from different countries.

While Croatia is the most specialised among the group of 42 countries (SI of 4.56), most of the

ERA is also specialised (i.e., SI greater than 1), with the exception of Germany, Austria, Sweden,

Finland, Switzerland, Italy and a few other countries. Apart from the US, all the countries outside

the ERA are not specialised in the Humanities (having SIs of 0.57 or less), although this might

again be caused to a certain extent by a regional or language bias.


42

Table XVII Publications in the Humanities for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,934 1,515 1.47 1.20 0.92 0.90 0.94 8.9%

Belgium BE 5,002 4,237 1.66 0.94 1.81 0.92 0.90 8.9%

Bulgaria BG 309 223 1.07 1.24 0.63 0.68 0.79 5.8%

Cyprus CY 175 148 2.38 0.54 2.14 0.99 1.04 6.4%


Denmark DK 2,404 1,852 1.71 1.29 1.17 1.36 1.14 15.7%

Estonia EE 789 649 2.00 0.92 4.20 0.76 0.76 5.0%

Finland FI 1,697 1,447 1.50 0.83 0.90 1.24 1.15 13.4%

France FR 18,645 16,136 1.47 1.08 1.48 0.70 0.74 6.4%

Germany DE 17,427 14,428 1.29 1.28 0.97 0.96 0.95 9.8%

Greece EL 1,416 1,135 1.42 1.04 0.68 0.92 1.07 8.1%

Hungary HU 1,548 1,359 2.18 0.70 1.45 0.52 0.74 4.8%

Ireland IE 1,494 1,245 1.45 0.88 1.44 1.06 1.10 10.7%

Italy IT 7,940 6,897 1.66 0.95 0.80 0.86 0.97 8.2%

Latvia LV 57 40 0.99 0.83 0.58 1.44 0.95 11.8%

Lithuania LT 299 243 1.24 0.85 0.99 0.37 0.75 1.1%


Malta MT 69 56 1.14 0.61 3.02 0.52 0.84 5.6%

Netherlands NL 6,826 5,641 1.43 1.15 1.28 1.33 1.13 14.3%

Poland PL 4,977 4,473 1.28 0.68 1.33 0.47 0.48 2.8%

Portugal PT 933 711 2.27 1.27 0.60 0.90 1.06 8.3%

Romania RO 1,630 1,454 6.02 0.53 1.76 0.49 0.60 4.4%

Slovakia SK 882 791 1.20 0.46 1.67 0.51 0.50 4.3%

Slovenia SI 865 761 2.12 0.61 1.67 0.62 0.75 5.8%

Spain ES 10,761 9,571 1.75 0.88 1.39 0.69 0.74 6.8%

Sweden SE 3,493 2,713 1.53 1.40 0.91 1.40 1.17 15.8%


Total EU-27 121,492 113,376 1.48 n.a. 1.35 0.96 0.93 9.7%



Turkey TR 1,974 1,777 1.57 0.57 0.52 0.58 0.75 5.2%


EFTA Iceland IS 294 186 1.56 1.47 2.70 2.18 1.30 25.4%


Norway NO 2,314 1,776 1.76 1.31 1.39 1.54 1.27 18.8%

Switzerland CH 3,433 2,496 1.54 1.62 0.88 1.22 1.07 14.7%

Total EFTA 5,967 4,458 1.63 n.a. 1.06 1.36 1.15 16.3%

ERA Israel IL 3,650 3,293 1.31 0.63 1.69 1.07 1.18 10.8%

Total ERA 133,195 125,468 1.49 n.a. 1.34 0.95 0.93 9.5%

Asia China CN 6,377 5,207 1.64 1.42 0.14 1.05 1.06 10.9%

India IN 1,828 1,587 1.57 0.68 0.21 0.53 0.71 4.5%

Japan JP 4,152 3,430 1.15 1.11 0.19 0.95 1.08 8.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 1,103 906 2.00 1.00 0.15 0.79 1.11 6.2%

Other Brazil BR 2,989 2,653 2.05 0.71 0.56 0.62 0.63 6.0%

Russia RU 3,585 2,943 1.19 1.15 0.57 0.59 0.63 4.8%

United States US 99,032 92,206 1.25 0.64 1.37 1.26 1.21 13.1%

World 279,036 279,036 1.38 n.a. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. See also Section 6.5 on the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and Humanities. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

With regard to the propensity to collaborate internationally, EFTA representatives, namely

Switzerland, Iceland and Norway, are among the countries that collaborate the most with foreign

partners when taking into account the size of their scientific output (CIs of 1.62, 1.47 and 1.31,


43

respectively), as do China (CI 1.42) and a number of EU-27 countries. With a CI of 0.64, the US

collaborates much less in the Humanities than expected based on the size of its output.

For the ARC, Iceland (2.18) and Norway (1.54) rank first and second, followed by Latvia (1.44)

and a strong contingent of EU-27 countries (i.e., Sweden, Denmark, the UK, the Netherlands and

Finland). Along with the US, all of these countries score above the world level for the ARIF and

the percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications. China and Japan perform at or

near the world level for the three scientific impact indicators. Many countries systematically score

below the world level for these indicators, with Lithuania, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Malta and

the Czech Republic always ranking near the bottom of this group of countries in the Humanities.

Russia also has very low scores for the impact indicators. Again, the bias against non-English-

speaking countries may play an important role here.

Security

The FP7 thematic priority presented here is that of Security (Table XVIII). Between 2000 and

2011, close to 68,000 publications were produced at the world level, most of which were from the

US (about 22,000 FULL; 20,000 FRAC) and China (13,400 FULL; 12,800 FRAC), while the UK

trails far behind in third place (4,400 FULL; 3,500 FRAC). No other country produced more than

3,000 publications relating to Security, with Italy, India, France, Japan and Spain being the only

other countries above 2,000 (FULL). With the exception of Germany, Greece, the Netherlands,

Sweden, Belgium and Portugal, all EU-27 countries produced fewer than 500 publications each.

Many smaller producers notably increased their output in the field of Security between the first

and second half of the 2004–2011 period, such as Iceland (GI 3.16), Romania (1.91), Ireland

(1.83) and Cyprus (1.82). Most countries feature a GI above world level (1.15), but some

important producers like the US and the UK have rather low GI scores (0.86 and 0.92,

respectively). In terms of specialisation, Norway has the highest SI (2.65), and whereas China,

India and the US are all specialised in Security-related research, most EU-27 countries (including

the largest producers) are not.

An uninterrupted sequence of 12 ERA countries leads the group of countries with the highest

international collaboration rates based on CI, including Germany (CI of 1.53), Iceland (1.41), the

Netherlands (1.38) and Denmark (1.33). Note also the presence of India and China at the very

bottom of the ranking, with CI scores of 0.49 and 0.47, respectively.

Lithuania obtains the highest ARC score (2.96), but has one of the lowest percentages of

publications among the 10% most-cited publications in Security research (2.9%). Its low number

of only 54 publications can explain this difference. Turkey, which is second in terms of ARC

(2.40), has the highest percentage of publications among the 10% most-cited publications

(30.1%). Spain, Brazil, India, Switzerland, Denmark and Portugal also rank highly for these two

indicators, but it should be highlighted that relatively few in the list of 42 countries rank below

the world level in terms of scientific impact in this research area. Somewhat surprisingly, Brazil

publishes, on average, its publications in the most highly cited journals (ARIF of 1.55), followed

by Portugal (1.39) and Spain (1.34). Among large producers of Security-related research, the US

ranks at or slightly above the world level for the three indicators. Russia, China and the UK obtain

scores below the world level for these three indicators.


44

Table XVIII Publications in Security for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 305 218 1.41 1.32 0.54 1.20 1.12 12.6%

Belgium BE 583 450 1.08 1.22 0.79 1.36 1.14 14.6%

Bulgaria BG 68 45 0.93 1.21 0.52 0.42 1.04 0.0%

Cyprus CY 48 29 1.82 1.25 1.73 n.c. 0.94 n.c.


Denmark DK 413 290 0.83 1.33 0.75 1.33 1.20 17.1%

Estonia EE 40 29 1.35 0.86 1.00 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Finland FI 360 290 1.14 0.98 0.74 1.33 1.29 14.4%

France FR 2,286 1,801 1.28 1.27 0.68 1.23 1.08 13.1%

Germany DE 1,809 1,328 1.21 1.53 0.37 1.14 1.07 11.5%

Greece EL 1,053 886 1.39 0.91 2.16 1.31 1.14 11.9%

Hungary HU 104 71 0.73 1.09 0.31 0.88 1.17 7.4%

Ireland IE 217 163 1.83 1.08 0.77 1.42 1.21 15.3%

Italy IT 2,668 2,205 1.51 1.18 1.05 1.28 1.15 12.1%


Lithuania LT 54 48 0.73 0.39 0.90 2.96 n.c. 2.9%



Netherlands NL 1,053 788 1.12 1.38 0.73 1.23 1.11 14.1%

Poland PL 433 377 1.45 0.64 0.46 1.06 1.29 10.1%

Portugal PT 579 473 1.41 1.02 1.63 1.32 1.39 17.4%

Romania RO 142 102 1.91 1.15 0.52 0.83 1.15 5.5%

Slovakia SK 60 43 1.19 1.00 0.37 0.88 1.23 3.1%

Slovenia SI 153 130 1.76 0.60 1.17 1.34 1.19 15.8%

Spain ES 2,037 1,725 1.77 1.02 1.02 1.64 1.34 17.6%

Sweden SE 606 483 1.12 1.02 0.67 1.26 1.08 12.3%


Total EU-27 17,680 15,820 1.25 n.a. 0.77 1.15 1.10 11.4%



Turkey TR 1,489 1,337 1.43 0.61 1.61 2.40 1.31 30.1%




Norway NO 1,053 825 0.97 1.12 2.65 0.82 0.92 6.8%

Switzerland CH 824 622 1.27 1.26 0.90 1.46 0.94 14.6%

Total EFTA 1,906 1,477 1.12 n.a. 1.45 1.09 0.93 10.0%

ERA Israel IL 650 537 0.94 0.86 1.13 0.85 0.89 7.2%

Total ERA 21,276 19,305 1.24 n.a. 0.84 1.21 1.09 12.3%

Asia China CN 13,434 12,798 1.38 0.47 1.44 0.65 0.77 6.9%

India IN 2,539 2,348 1.53 0.49 1.30 1.59 1.11 18.6%

Japan JP 2,120 1,748 0.90 1.12 0.40 0.76 1.11 5.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 1,322 1,109 1.44 0.96 0.74 1.27 1.32 12.9%

Other Brazil BR 696 607 1.74 0.71 0.52 1.64 1.55 19.8%

Russia RU 549 422 0.42 1.17 0.33 0.51 0.67 4.1%

United States US 22,216 19,908 0.86 0.82 1.21 1.05 1.04 10.1%



45

3.2 MAIN FIELDS

This section examines the scientific output and performance of the 42 selected countries in each

of the 22 main fields. First, Table XIX presents the countries’ performance overall in Scopus over

the 2000 to 2011 period. Note that this table does not display the Specialisation Index (SI) since,

given the nature of the indicator, it is 1 for each of the countries for the aggregation of all

research fields.

Among those selected, the US produced more publications than any other country in the sciences

in general (i.e., overall in Scopus) based on both full (FULL 4.9 million publications) and fractional

counting (FRAC 4.2 million publications). Clearly, the top producers in the ERA are the UK and

Germany, with respectively 1.3 million and 1.2 million publications (FULL; 991,000 publications

and 935,000 publications FRAC). France, Italy, Spain and the Netherlands produced the next

highest total outputs for ERA. Leading among non EU-27 countries are Turkey, Switzerland and

Israel, with approximately 238,000, 280,000 and 162,000 publications respectively (FULL;

214,000, 178,000 and 122,000 FRAC).

China currently ranks second among the 42 selected countries based on its output (2.5 million

FULL; 2.3 million FRAC). Looking at the GI, it becomes obvious that most of the countries that

have increased their output more rapidly than the world (GI 1.28) are relatively small producers

of scientific publications such as Romania, Luxembourg, Latvia and Malta, all of which have a GI

greater than 2. Romania is by far the largest producer among this group, with more than 69,000

publications (FULL; 54,000 FRAC). China (GI 1.77), India (1.72), Brazil (1.59) and the Republic of

Korea (1.41) are among other research-active countries in with an interesting GI. All of them

have at least 300,000 publications (FULL or FRAC).

Among the 42 countries in Table XIX, Switzerland has the highest CI score (1.55), meaning that

it collaborates 55% more often than expected with foreign countries taking into account the size

of its scientific production and the scaling relationship in the system. It is followed by nine EU-27

countries that have similar CI scores (1.37 to 1.27, in descending order): Belgium, Sweden, the

Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg, Austria, France, Denmark and the UK. The three candidate

countries and all other countries outside of the ERA collaborate less than expected based on their

size, particularly Turkey (CI of 0.43), China (CI of 0.47) and India (CI of 0.50).

Unsurprisingly, the performance of countries across the three indicators of scientific impact is

similar. Iceland, Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands, the US, Sweden, Belgium, Finland and

the UK are in the top 10 among the 42 countries in Table XIX and generally score above the

world level for these indicators. Iceland, Switzerland, Denmark and the Netherlands obtain the

top ARC scores, being cited, on average, at least 47% more than the world level. Similarly,

Switzerland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Iceland, the US and Belgium have the highest

percentages of their publications in the 10% most-cited publications (14.5% or more). Israel,

Switzerland, the Netherlands, the US and Iceland publish in more journals, on average, with

higher citation impact (ARIF of 1.25 or greater). In contrast, Slovakia, Macedonia, Croatia and

Russia systematically obtain the lowest scores for all citation indicators. It is worth noting that the

scientific impact scores of the Republic of Korea, Japan, Brazil and China are also similar to or

lower than the world average for the three indicators.


46

Table XIX Overall publications in Scopus for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 152,044 103,808 1.20 1.29 1.22 1.10 12.8%

Belgium BE 214,750 146,795 1.18 1.37 1.37 1.17 14.5%

Bulgaria BG 32,026 22,235 1.23 1.04 0.70 0.81 5.7%

Cyprus CY 7,710 4,475 2.01 1.18 1.13 1.15 11.2%

Czech Republic CZ 123,768 95,769 1.38 0.90 0.79 0.80 7.0%

Denmark DK 147,256 99,549 1.21 1.28 1.50 1.22 16.4%

Estonia EE 14,106 9,923 1.56 0.94 1.07 1.05 10.1%

Finland FI 137,354 101,211 1.11 1.10 1.33 1.21 13.5%

France FR 912,699 685,691 1.14 1.29 1.12 1.07 11.4%

Germany DE 1,235,480 935,203 1.13 1.30 1.19 1.08 12.6%

Greece EL 135,329 106,238 1.23 0.90 1.03 1.07 9.9%

Hungary HU 82,169 59,544 1.15 1.06 0.88 0.92 7.6%

Ireland IE 77,649 54,733 1.40 1.12 1.24 1.15 12.6%

Italy IT 685,013 540,559 1.18 1.08 1.13 1.10 11.2%

Latvia LV 6,878 4,853 2.19 0.83 0.74 0.79 5.9%

Lithuania LT 19,443 15,419 1.70 0.70 0.80 0.82 6.7%

Luxembourg LU 4,839 2,524 2.58 1.29 1.10 1.05 11.5%

Malta MT 1,821 1,237 2.16 0.77 1.00 0.92 10.2%

Netherlands NL 387,620 276,846 1.18 1.30 1.47 1.26 16.1%

Poland PL 261,242 211,889 1.20 0.80 0.69 0.76 5.3%

Portugal PT 104,384 76,191 1.58 1.13 1.10 1.05 10.6%

Romania RO 69,601 54,499 2.66 0.82 0.68 0.71 5.8%

Slovakia SK 41,136 30,035 1.30 0.97 0.67 0.70 5.1%

Slovenia SI 37,755 28,755 1.39 0.83 0.88 0.92 8.0%

Spain ES 550,098 435,326 1.30 1.04 1.07 1.06 10.5%

Sweden SE 264,863 186,843 1.06 1.30 1.38 1.22 14.2%

United Kingdom UK 1,308,444 991,708 1.10 1.27 1.31 1.22 14.1%

Total EU-27 6,038,673 5,281,856 1.19 n.a. 1.08 1.06 11.0%

Candidate Croatia HR 42,732 35,630 1.45 0.59 0.56 0.65 4.2%

Macedonia MK 4,152 2,795 1.28 0.94 0.56 0.70 4.6%

Turkey TR 237,697 214,084 1.38 0.43 0.74 0.77 6.0%

Total Candidate 284,009 252,509 1.39 n.a. 0.71 0.75 5.7%

EFTA Iceland IS 7,879 4,359 1.45 1.25 1.57 1.25 15.5%

Liechtenstein LI 586 277 0.97 1.10 1.26 1.15 14.4%

Norway NO 115,552 80,759 1.30 1.18 1.30 1.14 13.4%

Switzerland CH 279,662 178,276 1.15 1.55 1.55 1.26 17.3%

Total EFTA 399,774 263,671 1.20 n.a. 1.47 1.23 16.1%

ERA Israel IL 161,609 122,345 1.04 1.03 1.25 1.27 12.7%

Total ERA 6,673,485 5,920,382 1.19 n.a. 1.08 1.05 10.9%

Asia China CN 2,528,134 2,337,281 1.77 0.47 0.73 0.76 6.7%

India IN 528,095 476,170 1.72 0.50 0.69 0.77 5.8%

Japan JP 1,282,630 1,129,660 1.00 0.65 0.89 0.96 8.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 450,969 387,833 1.41 0.71 0.95 1.04 9.1%

Other Brazil BR 354,708 302,042 1.59 0.69 0.76 0.82 5.9%

Russia RU 400,273 324,582 1.11 0.87 0.50 0.55 4.0%

United States US 4,947,133 4,221,118 1.08 0.91 1.37 1.26 14.9%

World 17,500,890 17,500,890 1.28 n.a. 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: This table does not feature the SI since its value is always equal to 1.0 for the aggregation of all research

fields. The publication trend (the scale is not the same across countries), the growth index (pubs. in 2008–2011/pubs. in 2004–2007) and the specialisation index are based on fractional counting of publications. Publication trends do not include the years 2000 to 2003, to reflect years used for the computation of the growth indexes (2004–2011). The growth index, CI, SI, ARC, ARIF and % in top 10% most-cited pubs. are coloured according to the negative (red) or positive (green) departure from world level. The ARC and % in top 10% most-cited pubs. are based on 2000–2008 due to incomplete citation windows starting in 2009.



47

3.2.1 Applied Science

Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry

As seen in Table XX for the 2000–2011 period, the US, China, Brazil, Japan and India produced

the most publications in the field of Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry. The approximate size of

their output was 126,000, 44,000, 35,000, 32,000 and 30,000, respectively (FULL); or 109,000,

39,000, 31,000, 28,500 and 29,000 (FRAC). The five next biggest producers in this field are EU-

27 countries, namely the UK, Germany, Spain, France and Italy. In total, the world produced

about 540,000 publications in this area, and the ERA as a whole was responsible for about a third

of this amount (based on FRAC).

In examining the GI, Romania has the highest score (6.38) and is followed by Latvia,

Luxembourg, Lithuania and Slovenia, with values between 4.60 and 2.27. However, the increase

in the actual number of publications for these countries is modest, with Slovenia leading the

group with only 1,443 publications (FULL; 1,145 FRAC). On the other hand, Brazil, the Republic of

Korea, China, the Czech Republic and Croatia all produced a relatively large number of

publications combined with a high GI (in descending order from 2.18 to 1.76) compared to the

world GI of 1.27. Looking at the EU-27 countries in particular, 14 increased their output between

the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period at a pace equal to or greater than worldwide

growth in the field, whereas 12 fell behind, particularly Sweden and Finland (GIs of 0.90 and

0.89, respectively).

With an SI of 3.36, Brazil shows the highest research intensity in Agriculture, Fisheries &

Forestry. As seen in Figure 3 (Section 2.3), the US, Japan and China are not specialised in this

research area. Several EU-27 members that traditionally have a large research output are also

not specialised (e.g., Italy, France, Germany and the UK), whereas those that are most

specialised include Iceland, the Czech Republic, Ireland, India and Turkey (SI of 1.96 or greater).

In terms of collaboration, the UK, the Netherlands, Macedonia, Switzerland and Iceland have the

highest CI scores (1.53, 1.45, 1.38, 1.34 and 1.29, respectively), indicating that they produced a

relatively large number of international co-publications considering the size of their scientific

outputs. Of the 42 countries examined, Brazil, Poland, Turkey and India collaborated the least,

with CI scores of 0.47 or less.

Scientific impact, as measured by the ARC, is highest for Denmark, the Netherlands, Latvia, the

UK, Switzerland and Norway (in descending order from 1.59 to 1.49). The highest ARIF scores

are observed in the case of Denmark, Sweden, Israel, Finland and the Netherlands (in descending

order from 1.39 to 1.33). Latvia and the Netherlands are the countries with the highest

percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications (20.5% and 18.7% respectively),

followed by Denmark, Norway, the UK and Switzerland, with at least 17.5% of their publications

in the 10% most-cited publications. The majority of countries obtaining high scores for these

three impact indicators are from the EU-27, although Israel and the US also consistently score

above the world level. In contrast, countries with important output in this field such as Brazil,

Russia, Poland and India systematically rank the lowest for these three impact indicators.


48

Table XX Publications in Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,177 2,880 1.12 1.27 0.89 1.19 1.10 13.2%

Belgium BE 8,254 6,140 1.10 1.27 1.34 1.42 1.26 16.9%

Bulgaria BG 886 715 1.98 0.65 1.04 0.58 0.82 3.7%

Cyprus CY 103 55 1.73 1.05 0.41 1.12 1.21 12.1%


Denmark DK 7,197 5,284 0.97 1.22 1.71 1.59 1.39 18.6%

Estonia EE 548 420 1.68 0.72 1.39 1.30 1.22 14.6%

Finland FI 6,611 5,363 0.89 0.88 1.71 1.36 1.33 15.4%

France FR 22,227 16,987 1.02 1.27 0.80 1.26 1.18 14.3%

Germany DE 27,035 21,029 1.01 1.20 0.72 1.13 1.06 12.4%

Greece EL 4,321 3,601 1.03 0.75 1.10 1.11 1.15 10.4%

Hungary HU 3,168 2,551 1.00 0.76 1.39 0.71 0.73 6.4%

Ireland IE 4,498 3,450 1.30 1.04 2.04 1.45 1.23 16.9%

Italy IT 16,473 13,579 1.26 0.93 0.81 1.22 1.19 13.4%

Latvia LV 121 76 4.60 0.82 0.54 1.49 1.15 20.5%

Lithuania LT 867 717 3.24 0.54 1.50 0.72 0.67 6.6%



Netherlands NL 10,297 7,242 0.97 1.45 0.84 1.58 1.33 18.7%

Poland PL 12,112 11,002 1.33 0.45 1.67 0.58 0.65 3.7%

Portugal PT 4,345 3,315 1.54 1.11 1.42 1.34 1.23 14.9%

Romania RO 495 355 6.38 0.78 0.22 1.14 0.84 9.9%

Slovakia SK 2,087 1,699 1.39 0.73 1.83 0.64 0.67 4.6%

Slovenia SI 1,443 1,145 2.27 0.73 1.29 0.98 0.95 9.7%

Spain ES 23,387 19,517 1.37 0.99 1.44 1.41 1.31 16.1%

Sweden SE 8,073 5,933 0.90 1.25 1.02 1.47 1.36 16.2%


Total EU-27 179,641 159,143 1.16 n.c. 0.97 1.19 1.14 12.8%


Macedonia MK 133 85 0.29 1.38 1.01 0.42 0.54 2.0%

Turkey TR 14,011 13,026 1.41 0.37 1.96 0.67 0.68 5.4%

Total Candidate 16,398 15,081 1.44 n.c. 1.92 0.66 0.67 5.2%

EFTA Iceland IS 582 341 1.40 1.29 2.52 1.45 1.19 17.4%


Norway NO 6,218 4,603 1.02 1.22 1.84 1.49 1.24 17.7%

Switzerland CH 6,738 4,627 1.08 1.34 0.83 1.49 1.29 17.5%

Total EFTA 13,304 9,572 1.06 n.c. 1.17 1.47 1.26 17.4%

ERA Israel IL 2,912 2,223 1.01 0.97 0.58 1.33 1.35 14.6%

Total ERA 206,061 186,018 1.17 n.c. 1.01 1.16 1.11 12.4%

Asia China CN 43,625 39,347 1.79 0.70 0.55 0.83 0.87 7.4%

India IN 30,436 28,792 1.44 0.27 1.98 0.38 0.47 2.8%

Japan JP 31,895 28,504 0.98 0.72 0.81 0.76 0.87 6.0%

Rep. of Korea KR 10,068 8,431 1.93 0.87 0.70 0.89 0.95 8.0%

Other Brazil BR 34,678 31,407 2.18 0.47 3.36 0.67 0.67 4.7%

Russia RU 3,485 2,921 1.19 0.67 0.29 0.43 0.48 3.9%

United States US 125,974 108,555 0.96 0.94 0.82 1.23 1.20 13.3%

World 539,945 539,945 1.27 n.c. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: The publication trend (the scale is not the same across countries), the growth index (pubs. in 2008–



Built Environment & Design

As seen in Table XXI, Built Environment & Design is a rather small field with about 112,000

publications produced globally between 2000 and 2011. Whether by full or fractional counting,

the 10 largest producers in this research area are the US, China, the UK, Germany, France,

Japan, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain and Turkey. Of the 42 countries examined, no other


49

produced more than 2,500 publications (FULL). Indeed, the bottom 10 countries produced fewer

than 120 publications each (FULL) in this research field.

Romania has the highest GI by a wide margin (9.38), while the three following countries are all in

the range of 2.52 to 1.88. These include Cyprus, Slovakia and Ireland. However, these countries

all published a rather small number of papers in this area since the year 2000 (fewer than 500

each). Alternatively, China, Spain, Italy and the Republic of Korea increased their outputs relative

to the world level (GI of 1.32) and produced more than 2,000 publications.

Table XXI Publications in Built Environment & Design for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 591 445 1.48 1.31 0.67 1.18 1.08 13.7%

Belgium BE 1,242 976 1.38 1.33 1.03 1.37 1.23 16.2%

Bulgaria BG 63 48 0.55 0.89 0.33 0.72 1.06 6.1%

Cyprus CY 73 52 2.52 1.21 1.87 0.68 1.05 5.4%


Denmark DK 1,025 775 1.35 1.47 1.21 2.13 1.45 23.0%

Estonia EE 87 69 1.36 0.85 1.11 0.91 1.21 5.7%

Finland FI 1,225 1,078 1.06 0.73 1.66 0.90 0.86 9.3%

France FR 3,639 2,966 1.25 1.33 0.67 1.20 1.20 12.4%

Germany DE 5,726 4,913 1.12 0.90 0.82 0.68 0.64 7.0%

Greece EL 1,005 868 1.15 0.83 1.28 1.24 1.27 14.0%

Hungary HU 295 242 1.82 0.95 0.64 1.39 1.12 14.5%

Ireland IE 426 347 1.88 1.00 0.99 0.94 1.12 6.4%

Italy IT 3,158 2,689 1.56 1.09 0.77 0.96 1.07 10.0%


Lithuania LT 270 255 1.38 0.28 2.58 0.97 0.64 6.7%

Luxembourg LU 33 15 1.36 1.88 1.06 n.c. n.c. n.c.


Netherlands NL 3,087 2,560 1.42 1.26 1.44 1.20 1.06 11.9%

Poland PL 1,353 1,209 1.07 0.42 0.89 0.37 0.61 3.6%

Portugal PT 872 743 1.83 0.91 1.54 0.99 1.20 8.4%

Romania RO 286 245 9.38 0.71 0.73 0.42 0.72 2.5%

Slovakia SK 160 130 2.24 0.84 0.68 0.77 1.11 7.6%

Slovenia SI 238 210 1.40 0.61 1.14 0.78 1.22 6.5%

Spain ES 2,869 2,495 1.88 0.98 0.89 1.14 1.16 11.5%

Sweden SE 1,763 1,495 1.20 1.00 1.25 1.40 1.22 14.5%


Total EU-27 38,985 35,629 1.29 n.c. 1.05 1.05 1.02 10.7%



Turkey TR 2,799 2,590 1.25 0.51 1.88 1.03 0.96 10.9%




Norway NO 591 477 1.22 1.13 0.92 1.26 1.28 12.1%

Switzerland CH 1,176 871 1.45 1.59 0.76 1.46 1.26 16.7%

Total EFTA 1,790 1,371 1.37 n.c. 0.81 1.38 1.27 15.0%

ERA Israel IL 852 711 0.89 0.99 0.90 1.38 1.29 14.5%

Total ERA 43,818 40,408 1.28 n.c. 1.06 1.06 1.02 10.9%

Asia China CN 18,854 17,470 1.41 0.78 1.18 0.88 0.91 8.0%

India IN 1,710 1,485 1.51 0.83 0.49 1.13 1.24 11.0%

Japan JP 3,621 3,144 1.34 1.02 0.43 0.74 1.03 6.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,454 2,014 1.61 1.32 0.81 1.18 1.33 11.7%

Other Brazil BR 1,304 1,104 1.63 0.93 0.57 0.80 1.05 8.1%

Russia RU 321 246 1.76 1.13 0.12 0.55 0.76 4.0%

United States US 32,648 29,242 1.23 1.01 1.08 1.13 1.03 11.7%

World 112,423 112,423 1.32 n.c. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

The country with the highest SI in Built Environment & Design is Lithuania (2.58), followed by

Turkey (1.88), Cyprus (1.87) and Finland (1.66). A number of other EU-27 countries are


50

specialised, with an SI demonstrably greater than 1, including the UK, Portugal, the Netherlands,

Finland and Greece. In terms of international collaboration, only 12 countries performed well,

with CI values ranging from 1.88 (Luxembourg) to 1.13 (Norway), all of which are ERA countries

except the Republic of Korea (CI 1.32) and Russia (1.13). Top producers such as the US, China,

Japan and Germany collaborated near or below their expected level.

With regard to scientific impact indicators, Denmark has the highest values for all three indicators

(ARC 2.13, ARIF 1.45 and 23% of publications in the top 10% most cited). The next highest ARC

scores are observed for Switzerland, Sweden, Hungary and Israel (from 1.46 to 1.38), while ARIF

scores are high for the Republic of Korea, Israel and Norway (around 1.30). Switzerland, Belgium,

Israel, Sweden and Hungary round off the top five for the largest percentage of highly cited

publications. Generally, the countries with the lowest impact scores have a small total output in

this field (e.g., Romania, Croatia, Russia), but some of the larger producers, such as China,

Germany and Japan, also have scores below the world level for these three indicators.

Enabling & Strategic Technologies

Bibliometric indicators for the field of Enabling & Strategic Technologies during the 12-year period

analysed are shown in Table XXII. The three countries with the highest output in this research

area are China, the US and Japan (for FULL and FRAC). The output of these three countries

combined accounts for more than half of the world’s total output of about 1.6 million publications.

By contrast, the entire EU-27 produced 397,000 publications (FULL; 346,000 FRAC), similar to

the output of China, the largest producer (431,000 FULL; 410,000 FRAC). The leaders in the EU-

27 are Germany, the UK and France, while the Republic of Korea, India and Russia (all outside

the ERA) also appear in the top 10 by either full or fractional counting. Luxembourg, Cyprus and

Iceland show the highest growth (GIs of 2.62, 2.54 and 2.25, respectively based on the 2004–

2011 period) but produced a relatively small number of publications during the whole period

under study (i.e., fewer than 270 publications each based on FRAC). Recently industrialized

countries including China, India and Brazil coupled a relatively high output with good increases in

this output (GI in descending order from 1.91 to 1.40, as compared to the world GI of 1.33). The

UK, Germany, the US and Japan, despite their high outputs, lost ground relative to the world with

GI scores below the world level (1.07, 1.04, 0.99 and 0.95, respectively).

Only 12 of the 42 countries examined are specialised in research relating to Enabling & Strategic

Technologies. Of these, seven are EU-27 members (Latvia, Bulgaria, Romania, Liechtenstein,

Portugal, Lithuania and Estonia), while Russia and all the Asian countries analysed are also

specialised. Except for Lichtenstein, no EFTA or candidate country is specialized in this field.

Meanwhile, a majority of EU-27 members collaborated more than expected internationally based

on the size of their outputs. A ranking based on CI shows that Switzerland, Belgium and France

produce the most publications in collaboration relative to expectations given the size of their

outputs in Enabling & Strategic Technologies (all CI values close to 1.50). Austria, Cyprus, the

Netherlands and the UK follow, all with a CI around 1.41. Japan, Turkey, India and China have

the lowest CI scores among the studied countries (0.67 or lower).

The three indicators used to determine the scientific impact of countries (i.e., ARC, ARIF and

percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications) are closely linked and often

reflective of one another. For example, Liechtenstein displays the highest scores for all three

indicators (ARC of 1.92, ARIF of 1.52 and 20.5% of its publications in the 10% most-cited

publications). Other countries that often score highly for all three indicators include Denmark,

Switzerland, Cyprus, the Netherlands and Israel. In contrast, Eastern European countries in


51

general—and Romania, Slovakia, Latvia and Russia in particular—systematically receive impact

scores below the world level.

Table XXII Publications in Enabling & Strategic Technologies for 42 countries, 2000–

2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 9,606 6,568 1.26 1.42 0.70 1.30 1.24 12.8%

Belgium BE 13,551 9,312 1.29 1.48 0.70 1.42 1.30 14.8%

Bulgaria BG 3,822 2,786 0.89 1.13 1.39 0.84 0.94 7.1%

Cyprus CY 502 266 2.54 1.42 0.67 1.61 1.15 15.2%


Denmark DK 8,552 5,926 1.22 1.35 0.66 1.73 1.48 18.6%

Estonia EE 1,254 979 1.17 0.80 1.11 1.03 1.17 10.4%

Finland FI 8,153 6,202 1.09 1.09 0.68 1.10 1.14 12.2%

France FR 63,227 46,655 1.18 1.46 0.75 1.29 1.31 13.7%

Germany DE 94,647 71,637 1.04 1.36 0.84 1.27 1.17 13.5%

Greece EL 8,866 6,959 1.44 0.98 0.73 1.32 1.36 13.6%

Hungary HU 4,580 3,328 1.01 1.11 0.62 0.95 1.10 9.1%

Ireland IE 5,784 4,234 1.16 1.19 0.86 1.29 1.32 12.8%

Italy IT 38,228 30,126 1.29 1.18 0.61 1.26 1.30 13.0%

Latvia LV 948 721 1.38 0.87 1.74 0.63 0.83 4.2%

Lithuania LT 1,936 1,567 0.91 0.76 1.12 0.86 0.98 7.3%

Luxembourg LU 221 118 2.62 1.30 0.53 0.86 1.23 7.0%

Malta MT 69 44 1.88 0.93 0.41 0.90 1.12 7.1%

Netherlands NL 19,865 14,121 1.17 1.41 0.56 1.48 1.33 15.5%

Poland PL 18,373 14,836 1.08 0.95 0.77 0.84 1.06 7.4%

Portugal PT 10,036 7,723 1.38 1.15 1.14 1.14 1.21 11.6%

Romania RO 8,060 6,498 2.00 0.90 1.38 0.72 0.83 6.5%

Slovakia SK 3,016 2,225 1.25 1.09 0.82 0.71 0.83 5.7%

Slovenia SI 3,392 2,671 1.33 0.90 1.03 1.05 1.19 10.5%

Spain ES 33,904 26,322 1.34 1.24 0.67 1.44 1.43 15.3%

Sweden SE 17,816 13,180 0.96 1.26 0.78 1.35 1.25 14.4%


Total EU-27 397,245 345,996 1.16 n.c. 0.72 1.20 1.22 12.4%


Macedonia MK 260 167 0.96 1.05 0.68 0.95 1.19 10.2%

Turkey TR 16,588 14,848 1.59 0.52 0.76 1.34 1.11 14.4%


EFTA Iceland IS 255 145 2.25 1.26 0.37 1.80 1.34 10.2%


Norway NO 7,704 5,568 1.21 1.12 0.76 1.09 1.09 10.7%

Switzerland CH 16,647 11,351 1.03 1.49 0.70 1.69 1.45 18.3%

Total EFTA 24,501 17,095 1.09 n.c. 0.71 1.51 1.35 15.9%

ERA Israel IL 8,898 6,922 0.98 1.04 0.62 1.45 1.49 16.1%

Total ERA 437,684 386,511 1.17 n.c. 0.72 1.21 1.22 12.5%

Asia China CN 430,738 409,711 1.91 0.36 1.96 0.77 0.76 7.3%

India IN 58,220 53,081 1.60 0.51 1.25 0.93 1.01 9.1%

Japan JP 140,540 126,075 0.95 0.67 1.23 1.05 1.06 10.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 65,788 57,891 1.17 0.75 1.65 1.03 1.15 10.4%

Other Brazil BR 23,287 20,102 1.40 0.71 0.74 0.87 1.02 8.3%

Russia RU 48,682 41,293 0.97 0.76 1.40 0.52 0.60 4.5%

United States US 343,328 295,771 0.99 0.90 0.77 1.27 1.17 13.2%

World 1,578,845 1,578,845 1.33 n.c. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Engineering

The field of Engineering consists of a total of about 1.5 million publications for the years 2000 to

2011 (Table XXIII). The ranking of the 42 selected countries based on their absolute output in

this field is almost identical to that seen for the research area of Enabling & Strategic

Technologies. The three countries with the highest output in this research area are China, the US

and Japan (both for FULL and FRAC). The leaders in the EU-27 are the UK, Germany and France,


52

while the Republic of Korea and India also appear in the top 10 by either full or fractional

counting. In addition, the entire EU-27 produced 396,000 publications (FULL; 351,000 FRAC),

similar to the output of China, the largest producer of scholarly papers in Engineering (404,000

FULL; 385,000 FRAC). The top five countries with the highest increase in output based on the

2004–2011 period include Latvia, Romania, Lithuania, Cyprus and Croatia, with GI values ranging

from to 3.79 to 1.98. By contrast, the world GI value is 1.27. Note, however, that Latvia and

Croatia published fewer than 1,000 publications. Among the biggest producers, China, India,

Brazil and the Republic of Korea also increased their outputs between the first and second half of

the 2004–2011 period (GIs of 1.58 to 1.38), whereas some of the countries noted earlier for their

large output (Japan, the US and the UK) fell behind in terms of growth.

Table XXIII Publications in Engineering for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 9,433 7,122 1.20 1.19 0.80 1.08 1.04 11.3%

Belgium BE 11,187 8,223 1.30 1.35 0.65 1.60 1.35 17.4%

Bulgaria BG 1,693 1,215 0.97 1.13 0.64 0.95 1.16 9.2%

Cyprus CY 749 431 2.27 1.39 1.15 1.34 1.15 11.3%


Denmark DK 7,031 4,961 1.19 1.38 0.58 1.63 1.29 17.9%

Estonia EE 918 754 1.67 0.71 0.90 0.93 1.24 9.7%

Finland FI 8,672 7,204 0.96 0.83 0.83 1.24 1.22 13.3%

France FR 59,792 47,082 1.12 1.34 0.80 1.22 1.25 12.9%

Germany DE 70,129 56,744 1.23 1.15 0.71 1.16 1.01 12.1%

Greece EL 10,319 8,645 1.08 0.81 0.95 1.22 1.25 13.3%

Hungary HU 4,503 3,640 1.14 0.87 0.72 0.78 0.94 7.6%

Ireland IE 4,795 3,661 1.23 1.08 0.78 1.18 1.17 12.5%

Italy IT 48,157 40,355 1.16 1.01 0.87 1.34 1.33 14.3%

Latvia LV 477 396 3.79 0.54 1.01 0.71 0.98 7.7%

Lithuania LT 2,549 2,366 2.44 0.33 1.79 1.28 1.11 10.9%

Luxembourg LU 328 164 1.67 1.56 0.77 1.46 1.37 18.5%

Malta MT 140 88 1.43 1.13 0.87 0.92 0.88 8.3%

Netherlands NL 23,567 17,370 1.10 1.43 0.73 1.47 1.35 16.0%

Poland PL 21,832 19,468 1.64 0.56 1.07 0.67 0.79 5.7%

Portugal PT 10,540 8,434 1.42 1.07 1.31 1.35 1.24 14.3%

Romania RO 9,142 7,753 3.42 0.75 1.73 0.80 0.76 7.5%

Slovakia SK 1,860 1,449 1.77 0.90 0.57 0.91 0.95 8.9%

Slovenia SI 3,403 2,860 1.22 0.71 1.16 0.94 1.01 9.7%

Spain ES 31,374 25,728 1.29 1.10 0.69 1.37 1.32 14.4%

Sweden SE 14,612 11,298 1.03 1.18 0.70 1.44 1.33 15.3%


Total EU-27 396,155 351,171 1.21 n.c. 0.78 1.19 1.17 12.4%


Macedonia MK 318 195 0.69 1.19 0.84 0.59 1.01 3.8%

Turkey TR 16,198 14,047 1.46 0.71 0.76 1.37 1.28 14.3%


EFTA Iceland IS 317 186 1.32 1.30 0.50 1.44 0.97 11.7%


Norway NO 7,253 5,467 1.36 1.13 0.79 1.20 1.13 12.9%

Switzerland CH 14,329 10,161 1.25 1.50 0.66 1.69 1.31 18.6%

Total EFTA 21,865 15,850 1.29 n.c. 0.70 1.52 1.24 16.6%

ERA Israel IL 8,335 6,584 0.99 1.03 0.62 1.49 1.55 15.0%

Total ERA 435,871 390,250 1.22 n.c. 0.77 1.20 1.17 12.5%

Asia China CN 404,413 384,856 1.58 0.42 1.95 0.73 0.72 6.3%

India IN 36,728 32,904 1.57 0.62 0.82 1.13 1.20 11.3%

Japan JP 115,499 98,891 1.05 0.63 1.02 0.89 0.91 8.6%

Rep. of Korea KR 50,166 43,722 1.38 0.80 1.32 1.09 1.24 11.1%

Other Brazil BR 20,075 17,223 1.46 0.79 0.67 0.90 1.03 8.4%

Russia RU 24,486 21,219 1.08 0.66 0.76 0.48 0.54 4.3%

United States US 352,783 306,449 0.99 0.95 0.84 1.25 1.21 13.3%



53

Only eight countries are clearly specialised in Engineering, namely China, Lithuania, Romania,

Liechtenstein, the Republic of Korea, Portugal, Slovenia and Cyprus (SI in descending order from

1.95 to 1.14). Except for Liechtenstein, all EFTA countries, as well as candidate countries and

other comparables (the US, Brazil and Russia), are among the least specialised countries in that

field. Looking at international collaboration, Luxembourg has the highest ratio of the observed

compared to expected number of co-publications (CI of 1.59) and it is followed by Switzerland,

the Netherlands, Cyprus, the UK and Denmark (CI in descending order from 1.56 to 1.38).

Countries that collaborate the least include Poland, Latvia, Croatia, China and Lithuania, with CI

scores of 0.56 or lower.

In terms of scientific impact indicators, Switzerland, Denmark and Belgium have the highest ARC

values (1.69, 1.63 and 1.60, respectively) and the largest proportion of highly cited papers

(18.6%, 17.9% and 17.4%, respectively) along with Luxembourg (18.5%). The Netherlands,

Sweden and Israel also performed well for these two indicators. A ranking based on the ARIF

places Liechtenstein, Israel, Luxembourg, Belgium and the Netherlands in the top five, with

scores from 1.59 to 1.35 in descending order. A few other countries also consistently display high

ARC and ARIF values as well as having large percentages of publications in the 10% most-cited

publications. These countries include Italy, Sweden, Spain and Turkey. Alternatively, the impact

indicators for Romania, China, Croatia and Russia are the lowest among the 42 countries.

Information & Communication Technologies

Bibliometric indicators for the field of Information & Communication Technologies (ICT) are shown

in Table XXIV. For the period examined, 2000 to 2011, the world’s output in this research area

was about 1.4 million publications, with the ERA producing about one-third of these papers (FULL

454,000; FRAC 409,000). The top 10 countries are those with consistently high production

outputs in many of the other main fields and are identical when ranked by either full or fractional

counting. These countries include China, the US, Japan, Germany, the UK, France, the Republic of

Korea, Italy, Spain and India.

Liechtenstein, Malta, Latvia, Luxembourg and Romania have the highest GI scores, although

except for Romania these countries have a relatively small total output in ICT. China and India—

which produced a large output as previously mentioned—rank not far from the top, with GIs of

2.13 and 2.47 respectively, well above the GI score of 1.42 for the world. Interestingly, the

second largest producer, the US, has the lowest GI among selected countries and slightly

decreased its output between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period (GI of 0.98).

Looking at the SI scores, the top producing countries are not particularly specialised in ICT. The

exceptions here are China and the Republic of Korea (SI of 1.80 and 1.63 respectively).

Luxembourg, Cyprus and Macedonia have the highest SI scores (3.07, 2.31 and 2.18,

respectively), whereas Russia has the lowest score of the 42 countries examined (SI of 0.30).

In terms of collaboration, Iceland and Switzerland have the highest ratio of observed to expected

international co-publications taking into account the size of their output (CI of 1.68 and 1.67,

respectively). The remaining countries with high CI values are all in the EU-27 with the exception

of Norway, Israel, Liechtenstein and the US. China is among the bottom three (with Lithuania and

Latvia), with a CI score of 0.47.

The countries that produced the most-cited publications on average were Switzerland (ARC of

1.99), Israel (1.71) and the US (1.58). Similarly, these countries also had the highest percentage

of publications in the 10% most-cited publications (19.8%, 18.8% and 16.0%, respectively). This


54

is slightly different from the countries with the highest ARIF, which were Israel, Turkey and the

US. Russia, Croatia, Macedonia, Lithuania and Latvia consistently show the lowest scores for all

three of these indicators in ICT.

Table XXIV Publications in Information & Communication Technologies for 42



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 12,919 10,010 1.49 1.25 1.23 1.14 0.92 11.6%

Belgium BE 12,623 9,591 1.24 1.34 0.83 1.50 1.18 15.7%

Bulgaria BG 1,803 1,356 1.49 1.08 0.78 0.46 0.69 4.3%

Cyprus CY 1,198 790 1.63 1.39 2.31 0.96 1.07 11.3%


Denmark DK 6,930 4,920 1.28 1.46 0.63 1.21 1.01 13.3%

Estonia EE 665 527 2.44 0.81 0.69 1.01 0.68 9.6%

Finland FI 13,461 11,028 1.10 1.00 1.40 1.11 1.02 11.2%

France FR 61,919 48,967 1.32 1.41 0.91 1.15 1.05 11.9%

Germany DE 74,779 60,847 1.35 1.26 0.83 1.13 0.95 11.7%

Greece EL 15,811 13,131 1.23 0.97 1.59 1.09 1.19 11.6%

Hungary HU 5,159 3,949 1.26 1.15 0.85 0.84 0.97 8.3%

Ireland IE 7,426 5,777 1.26 1.16 1.35 1.10 1.01 11.2%

Italy IT 47,771 39,482 1.25 1.17 0.93 1.20 1.09 12.7%

Latvia LV 538 486 3.42 0.35 1.36 0.49 0.54 6.4%

Lithuania LT 1,369 1,239 1.95 0.43 1.03 0.64 0.56 5.1%

Luxembourg LU 972 592 3.42 1.56 3.07 0.97 0.78 11.3%

Malta MT 176 146 3.46 0.61 1.58 0.72 0.81 8.2%

Netherlands NL 23,006 17,317 1.27 1.42 0.80 1.42 1.07 15.3%

Poland PL 13,396 11,270 1.33 0.83 0.68 0.77 0.79 7.4%

Portugal PT 10,103 8,251 1.69 1.00 1.41 0.86 0.87 8.3%

Romania RO 6,245 5,270 2.96 0.81 1.29 0.64 0.76 5.7%

Slovakia SK 2,478 1,942 2.07 0.97 0.83 0.71 0.84 6.9%

Slovenia SI 3,247 2,705 1.15 0.80 1.21 0.88 0.80 7.3%

Spain ES 41,333 34,291 1.39 1.14 1.01 1.02 1.07 10.7%

Sweden SE 14,207 10,735 1.19 1.33 0.73 1.17 1.12 11.9%


Total EU-27 412,576 369,057 1.32 n.c. 0.89 1.09 1.02 11.2%


Macedonia MK 593 463 1.50 0.84 2.18 0.46 0.57 4.4%

Turkey TR 11,813 10,275 1.51 0.72 0.61 1.17 1.36 12.4%


EFTA Iceland IS 562 297 2.78 1.68 0.87 1.36 1.11 15.0%


Norway NO 7,159 5,176 1.49 1.38 0.82 1.25 1.01 12.7%

Switzerland CH 15,851 11,125 1.21 1.67 0.80 1.99 1.30 19.8%

Total EFTA 23,521 16,619 1.31 n.c. 0.81 1.76 1.21 17.6%

ERA Israel IL 14,070 10,735 1.11 1.33 1.12 1.71 1.59 18.8%

Total ERA 453,640 409,052 1.32 n.c. 0.88 1.12 1.05 11.5%

Asia China CN 342,810 324,465 2.13 0.47 1.80 0.72 0.83 6.8%

India IN 38,095 34,450 2.47 0.59 0.94 0.71 0.90 7.1%

Japan JP 77,649 70,015 1.14 0.66 0.79 0.63 0.75 5.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 54,766 49,315 1.10 0.67 1.63 0.76 0.97 7.9%

Other Brazil BR 17,417 14,924 1.41 0.88 0.63 0.70 0.90 6.8%

Russia RU 9,286 7,722 1.15 0.86 0.30 0.43 0.65 4.1%

United States US 303,039 258,942 0.98 1.11 0.78 1.58 1.32 16.0%


3.2.2 Arts & Humanities

Communication & Textual Studies

Communication & Textual Studies is a relatively small field with about 90,500 publications at the

world level between 2000 and 2011. Looking at Table XXV, it is interesting to note that the US


55

contribution to this field (about 39,000 publications based on FULL) is larger than the total ERA

contribution of about 34,000 papers. The UK is next on the list with 10,500 publications (FULL),

followed by France, Germany, Spain, China, the Netherlands, Japan, Belgium and Italy. Note that

country rankings based on FULL and FRAC are extremely similar. Over the 2004–2011 period, 10

countries featured a growth index value of 2.20 or higher, an increase distinctly greater than that

seen at the world level (1.49). However, note that these 10 countries produced a very small

number of publications in this field, except for Spain (3,400 FULL) and Italy (1,300 FULL). The

UK, France and the US, countries that traditionally have large scientific output, experienced a

relative decline compared to the world (i.e., their GI was less than 1.49).

Table XXV Publications in Communications & Textual Studies for 42 countries, 2000–

2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 407 368 1.96 1.12 0.69 0.77 0.86 8.5%

Belgium BE 1,429 1,299 1.99 1.35 1.72 0.76 0.87 6.3%

Bulgaria BG 50 44 1.05 0.66 0.45 0.86 0.51 3.2%

Cyprus CY 68 57 1.71 1.25 2.55 0.77 1.03 2.9%


Denmark DK 620 566 1.81 1.13 1.11 0.95 0.87 8.2%

Estonia EE 198 184 3.76 0.68 3.66 0.63 0.55 5.0%

Finland FI 635 586 1.48 1.00 1.13 0.85 0.95 7.4%

France FR 5,159 4,935 1.43 0.73 1.40 0.35 0.42 2.3%

Germany DE 4,064 3,729 1.55 1.51 0.77 0.79 0.82 8.0%

Greece EL 271 249 1.31 0.82 0.46 0.72 1.02 5.4%

Hungary HU 311 287 2.16 0.93 0.94 0.48 0.99 3.6%

Ireland IE 411 385 1.60 0.77 1.37 0.87 0.97 8.6%

Italy IT 1,331 1,253 2.04 0.83 0.45 0.68 0.89 7.4%


Lithuania LT 49 40 0.66 1.54 0.60 0.26 n.c. 2.9%



Netherlands NL 1,875 1,648 1.43 1.96 1.16 1.26 1.20 14.8%

Poland PL 384 355 2.35 0.91 0.33 0.43 0.80 4.8%

Portugal PT 155 142 2.61 0.79 0.37 0.56 0.98 2.6%

Romania RO 139 131 4.78 0.58 0.49 0.28 0.48 2.8%


Slovenia SI 390 370 2.37 0.57 2.51 0.60 0.77 7.0%

Spain ES 3,407 3,266 2.13 0.70 1.46 0.47 0.53 4.4%

Sweden SE 766 687 2.40 1.49 0.71 1.03 0.98 10.9%


Total EU-27 32,067 30,893 1.62 n.c. 1.14 0.84 0.82 8.6%



Turkey TR 326 299 2.23 0.99 0.27 0.79 0.91 6.6%

Total Candidate 408 370 2.27 n.c. 0.28 0.66 0.87 5.6%

EFTA Iceland IS 34 26 3.14 1.55 1.45 n.c. n.c. n.c.


Norway NO 511 465 1.84 1.15 1.12 0.99 1.03 8.8%

Switzerland CH 706 632 1.72 1.33 0.69 0.61 0.74 5.5%

Total EFTA 1,247 1,123 1.80 n.c. 0.83 0.78 0.87 6.9%

ERA Israel IL 988 906 1.28 1.07 1.43 1.17 1.32 11.1%

Total ERA 34,483 33,291 1.62 n.c. 1.09 0.85 0.84 8.5%

Asia China CN 2,863 2,619 1.70 1.46 0.22 0.89 0.98 7.8%

India IN 187 167 1.95 0.98 0.07 0.59 0.97 8.1%

Japan JP 1,733 1,588 1.13 1.37 0.27 0.66 0.80 6.6%

Rep. of Korea KR 576 467 1.63 2.44 0.24 0.90 1.07 7.9%

Other Brazil BR 531 489 1.28 0.95 0.32 0.32 0.47 3.0%

Russia RU 186 158 2.21 1.44 0.09 0.60 0.69 4.9%

United States US 38,825 37,454 1.37 0.85 1.72 1.26 1.22 12.7%



56

Looking at SI, Estonia ranks highly, with an SI of 3.66. Cyprus, the UK, Slovenia, the US,

Belgium, Israel, Spain and France are also highly specialised in Communication and Textual

Studies, having SI scores of 1.40 or greater. More than half of the 42 countries examined are not

specialised in this field.

The Republic of Korea leads in terms of CI (2.44) indicating that it has the highest propensity to

collaborate with foreign partners when taking into account the size of its scientific output in

Communication & Textual Studies. Other leaders in terms of international collaboration include

the Netherlands, Iceland, Lithuania and Germany.

In terms of the three scientific impact indicators, only four countries actually have values that are

well above the world average. These are the US, the Netherlands, the UK and Israel. Their ARC

scores are, respectively, 1.26, 1.26, 1.25 and 1.17. When considering the proportion of a

country’s papers in the 10% most-cited publications, the order changes to the Netherlands, the

UK, the US and Israel (between 11.1% and 14.8% of their publications are in the 10% most-cited

papers). When considering the ARIF, it is observed that Israel leads, followed by the US, the

Netherlands and the UK. Interestingly, France and Spain, despite relatively high output and

specialisation in Communication & Textual Studies, have the least impact in this field, with ARC

and ARIF scores of 0.53 or lower and less than 4.4% of their publications in the top 10% most-

cited papers.

Historical Studies

Table XXVI features bibliometric data relating to Historical Studies, which comprises more than

133,000 publications at the world level for the period from 2000 to 2011. The US leads in output

based on both full and fractional counting (about 39,000 and 35,000 publications, respectively),

followed by the UK (about 20,000 FULL; 16,000 FRAC). Completing the top seven are other major

players in Europe, namely France, Germany, Spain, Italy and Poland. A few countries outside the

ERA, including Russia, China and Japan, also have a relatively large output in Historical Studies.

The largest growth indices, once again, are seen for countries with a modest output (i.e.,

Romania, Cyprus, Hungary), except for Brazil (GI of 2.16 compared to the world score of 1.33).

Among the largest producers, the US, the UK and Germany see slight decreases in their outputs

relative to the world, while France shows an increase, with a GI of 1.42.

With an SI of 8.39, the candidate country Croatia is the most specialised in Historical Studies.

Estonia, Malta and Iceland also devote a greater share of their overall production than the world

to this area, albeit to a lesser degree (SI ranging from 5.84 to 3.78 in descending order). Eleven

EU-27 countries are also quite specialised (SI in descending order from 2.46 to 1.60), namely

Poland, the UK, Romania, Hungary, Belgium, France, Slovenia, Cyprus and Lithuania.

Surprisingly, the most actively collaborating country in Historical Studies is China (CI of 1.61). It

is followed by Switzerland, Sweden and Iceland (CI in descending order from 1.58 to 1.35). Eight

EU-27 countries also collaborate more than would be expected based on the size of their output.

By contrast, the US, which is the largest producer in Historical Studies, collaborates less than

would be expected, with a CI of 0.73.

Concerning scientific impact, countries with high ARC scores also have a high ARIF and a high

percentage of research publications in the 10% most-cited publications, such as Iceland, Norway

Denmark and Switzerland. Several EU-27 members (including Italy, France and Spain), as well as

Japan, produced publications that are less cited, on average, than the world level (i.e., ARCs of

less than 1). Publications from Iceland, Norway, Israel, Denmark and the US (ARIFs in


57

descending order from 1.36 to 1.26) are also published in highly cited journals. Despite being

among the top producers in Historical Studies, Poland ranks second to last for all three impact

indicators.

Table XXVI Publications in Historical Studies for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,204 852 1.29 1.18 1.08 0.97 1.00 9.8%

Belgium BE 2,440 1,916 1.51 0.95 1.71 0.98 0.97 9.5%

Bulgaria BG 227 149 0.99 1.20 0.88 0.71 0.87 6.9%

Cyprus CY 69 54 2.60 0.56 1.62 0.89 1.12 6.7%


Denmark DK 1,460 990 1.62 1.27 1.30 1.56 1.26 18.8%

Estonia EE 554 434 1.53 0.86 5.84 0.79 0.83 4.9%

Finland FI 703 535 1.59 0.92 0.70 1.31 1.15 16.1%

France FR 11,110 8,949 1.42 1.07 1.71 0.86 0.87 8.2%

Germany DE 10,801 8,313 1.13 1.20 1.16 1.07 1.02 11.1%

Greece EL 1,002 763 1.40 0.93 0.95 1.01 1.08 9.1%

Hungary HU 959 805 2.53 0.66 1.78 0.61 0.67 5.9%

Ireland IE 840 640 1.31 0.89 1.54 1.13 1.16 11.7%

Italy IT 5,335 4,468 1.50 0.83 1.08 0.90 1.02 8.3%

Latvia LV 45 31 1.53 0.70 0.95 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Lithuania LT 234 188 1.51 0.69 1.60 0.39 0.71 0.8%


Malta MT 45 37 0.88 0.46 4.09 0.61 n.c. 6.1%

Netherlands NL 3,441 2,615 1.40 1.08 1.24 1.36 1.17 14.8%

Poland PL 4,431 3,968 1.22 0.51 2.46 0.45 0.45 2.5%

Portugal PT 663 475 2.20 1.12 0.83 0.93 1.07 8.7%

Romania RO 993 837 18.60 0.55 2.11 0.82 0.62 8.8%

Slovakia SK 219 147 2.23 1.13 0.65 0.68 0.79 4.2%

Slovenia SI 458 370 1.69 0.70 1.69 0.58 0.68 3.9%

Spain ES 6,086 5,100 1.67 0.89 1.54 0.81 0.87 7.9%

Sweden SE 2,085 1,420 1.42 1.39 1.00 1.44 1.17 16.5%


Total EU-27 67,454 61,388 1.41 n.c. 1.53 0.98 0.96 9.9%



Turkey TR 805 649 1.64 0.78 0.40 0.69 0.86 5.8%


EFTA Iceland IS 224 126 1.51 1.35 3.78 2.25 1.36 27.8%


Norway NO 1,381 947 1.67 1.25 1.54 1.74 1.33 22.9%

Switzerland CH 2,123 1,331 1.36 1.58 0.98 1.49 1.22 18.7%

Total EFTA 3,665 2,403 1.48 n.c. 1.19 1.59 1.26 20.2%

ERA Israel IL 1,559 1,312 1.36 0.72 1.40 1.16 1.29 12.2%

Total ERA 73,673 68,017 1.42 n.c. 1.51 0.97 0.95 9.7%

Asia China CN 3,102 2,187 1.66 1.61 0.12 1.20 1.16 13.4%

India IN 1,369 1,176 1.53 0.54 0.33 0.55 0.71 4.7%

Japan JP 2,845 2,256 1.06 0.93 0.26 0.91 1.03 8.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 492 365 1.59 1.07 0.12 0.78 1.19 5.8%

Other Brazil BR 2,007 1,740 2.16 0.62 0.76 0.74 0.67 6.9%

Russia RU 3,260 2,651 1.17 0.89 1.07 0.60 0.62 4.9%

United States US 39,428 34,626 1.18 0.73 1.07 1.34 1.26 14.7%


Philosophy & Theology

In the research field of Philosophy & Theology approximately 61,000 publications were produced

over the 20002011 period (Table XXVII). The total ERA output (about 25,000 publications FULL

and 24,000 FRAC) is less than that produced by the US alone, which is the top publisher by a

large margin (26,000 FULL; 25,000 FRAC). For instance, the second largest producer, with about

7,700 publications, is the UK, followed by France and Germany with about 2,700 papers each


58

(FULL). More than half of the 42 selected countries published fewer than 500 publications (FULL)

in this field. Again, we must take into account the limitations relative to Social Sciences and

Humanities discussed previously (and in section 6.5), that is, the language bias and the fact that

most of these publications appear in books rather than in journals.

Croatia, Cyprus and Brazil are the countries that increased their production the most between the

first and second half of the 2004–2011 period (with GIs of 7.12, 3.67 and 2.96, respectively),

although their output remains small. The two largest producers (the US and the UK) are slightly

below the overall increase at the world level (GI 1.41) in this area.

Table XXVII Publications in Philosophy & Theology for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 253 219 1.92 1.05 0.61 0.88 0.86 8.4%

Belgium BE 1,292 1,160 1.55 1.06 2.27 0.83 0.78 8.2%


Cyprus CY 42 38 3.67 0.30 2.53 n.c. 1.15 n.c.


Denmark DK 367 335 2.56 0.98 0.97 1.13 1.13 13.1%

Estonia EE 38 30 1.91 0.96 0.90 n.c. 1.08 n.c.

Finland FI 454 415 1.60 1.04 1.18 1.15 1.19 10.7%

France FR 2,668 2,535 1.56 0.81 1.06 0.44 0.49 4.0%

Germany DE 2,626 2,378 1.45 1.14 0.73 0.74 0.85 7.1%

Greece EL 137 120 1.67 0.96 0.33 0.75 0.98 8.2%

Hungary HU 103 95 1.67 0.70 0.46 0.63 0.83 4.0%

Ireland IE 220 195 1.77 1.09 1.03 0.92 1.06 8.5%

Italy IT 1,140 1,046 2.12 1.21 0.56 0.72 0.78 6.8%





Netherlands NL 1,847 1,648 1.49 1.67 1.71 1.26 1.04 12.6%

Poland PL 148 135 0.75 0.83 0.18 0.99 0.99 7.9%

Portugal PT 101 84 2.35 1.46 0.32 1.21 1.05 12.9%

Romania RO 532 517 2.51 0.33 2.97 0.28 0.60 1.4%

Slovakia SK 625 608 1.08 0.09 6.77 0.48 0.40 4.4%

Slovenia SI 70 65 2.59 0.53 0.70 n.c. 0.82 n.c.

Spain ES 1,164 1,079 2.01 1.09 0.72 0.63 0.69 6.7%

Sweden SE 701 645 1.42 1.11 0.99 1.53 1.27 16.5%


Total EU-27 22,141 21,130 1.56 n.c. 1.15 0.98 0.94 10.0%



Turkey TR 221 208 1.89 0.61 0.28 0.73 1.03 4.8%




Norway NO 526 458 2.23 1.54 1.64 1.39 1.21 15.0%

Switzerland CH 639 549 1.93 1.60 0.88 1.06 0.84 11.6%

Total EFTA 1,194 1,039 2.01 n.c. 1.13 1.22 1.02 13.1%

ERA Israel IL 1,271 1,205 1.30 0.73 2.83 0.83 0.98 8.1%

Total ERA 24,824 23,794 1.58 n.c. 1.16 0.98 0.94 9.9%

Asia China CN 1,021 941 2.41 1.15 0.12 0.86 0.86 9.1%

India IN 297 262 1.69 1.13 0.16 0.46 0.62 2.6%

Japan JP 266 236 1.31 1.16 0.06 0.88 0.98 8.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 188 162 2.11 1.38 0.12 0.86 1.09 7.6%

Other Brazil BR 395 367 2.96 0.80 0.35 0.43 0.55 4.7%

Russia RU 157 145 1.08 0.43 0.13 0.28 0.62 1.0%

United States US 26,141 25,099 1.27 0.98 1.71 1.16 1.12 11.6%



59

Interestingly, all specialised countries in Philosophy & Theology are from the ERA, except the US.

Romania and Israel lead the way (SI of 6.77 and 2.97, respectively), followed by Cyprus,

Belgium, Iceland and the UK, all within the range of 2.09 to 2.83. By contrast, all Asian countries

and Russia rank at the bottom in terms of specialisation, with SI scores of 0.16 or lower, far

beneath the world level. However, Asian countries do collaborate more than would be expected

based on the size of their output at the international level, while very specialized countries like

Romania and Cyprus have very poor CIs. The Netherlands, the UK and Switzerland lead the pack

in terms of collaboration, with scores of 1.6 or greater.

Considering the scientific impact, fewer than 10 countries consistently had scores above the world

level for all three indicators. A ranking based on ARC places Sweden (1.53), the UK (1.41) and

Norway (both 1.39) at the top. These same countries rank in the same order for the proportion of

their papers falling within the 10% most-cited publications (all above 15%). Similarly, the highest

ARIF scores can be observed for Sweden (1.26), the UK (1.24) and Norway (1.21). It is

surprising to find France, a country that traditionally performs well in scientific impact and the

third largest producer of papers in Philosophy & Theology, ranking among the bottom countries

for the three impact indicators, along with Croatia, Slovakia and the Czech Republic.

Visual & Performing Arts

The last field presented in this section is Visual & Performing Arts and is also the smallest with

just over 13,800 publications for the 20002011 period at the world level (Table XXVIII). The

country with the largest output is the US (5,500 publications FULL; 5,300 FRAC) followed by the

UK (1,900 FULL; 1,800 FRAC). Notable is the presence of Turkey in third place (albeit with only

500 publications), a country that rarely makes the top 10. The remaining top producers are all

EU-27 countries.

Because of the small size of this field, many indicators could not be calculated for all countries.

For those countries where the GI could be calculated, the ranking places the Republic of Korea,

Brazil, Norway and Greece as the countries that most increased their output over the 2004–2011

period, although all these countries show fewer than 160 publications. Spain, Poland and Japan

show a decrease in their output in comparison with the world growth (GI 1.48), with GI values of

1.13, 0.99, and 0.77, respectively. In terms of specialisation, for the countries where an SI could

be calculated, Hungary, Turkey and the Czech Republic rank at the top with SI scores of 4.58,

4.36 and 3.25, respectively. The US and several EU-27 countries are also specialised in the Visual

& Performing Arts.

Finland, Greece and Denmark lead in terms of CI (2.18, 2.02 and 1.99), indicating that they

collaborate the most with other countries when taking into account the size of their output.

Countries with the lowest collaboration rates include Israel and many countries from Eastern

Europe.

An ARC score above the world level is observed for nine countries, where scientific impact

indicators could be calculated, the majority of which are members of the EU-27, along with the

US and Israel. Leading the way is Finland, with an ARC of 3.52. The very same pattern can be

observed for the percentage of papers in the 10% most-cited publications, except that Ireland is

near the world level instead of being above it. Italy ranks fourth according to this indicator. A

ranking based on ARIF shows Finland, Belgium, Denmark, Japan, the US and Sweden with scores

above 1.20. Only three other countries have an ARIF above the world level. Switzerland, a

country that traditionally ranks highly for the three impact indicators, is found near the bottom of

the list along with Spain, Turkey, Hungary and the Czech Republic.


60

Table XXVIII Publications in Visual & Performing Arts for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 137 128 1.35 0.75 1.73 0.81 0.76 7.5%

Belgium BE 109 99 2.18 1.29 0.94 1.81 1.31 19.7%




Denmark DK 82 69 1.47 1.99 0.97 1.35 1.31 14.0%


Finland FI 88 75 1.86 2.18 0.98 3.52 1.85 33.9%

France FR 531 501 1.36 1.03 0.95 0.73 0.80 8.4%

Germany DE 522 489 2.02 1.32 0.68 0.85 0.93 7.1%

Greece EL 45 36 2.61 2.02 0.46 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Hungary HU 185 180 1.35 0.44 4.58 0.17 0.43 2.1%

Ireland IE 93 86 1.74 0.91 2.06 1.26 1.04 9.9%

Italy IT 275 252 1.53 1.39 0.61 1.18 0.99 15.0%





Netherlands NL 256 237 1.90 1.20 1.12 2.00 1.13 18.0%

Poland PL 48 44 0.99 0.59 0.27 0.40 n.c. 6.6%

Portugal PT 42 34 2.35 1.96 0.69 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Romania RO 4 4 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.



Spain ES 470 453 1.13 0.74 1.36 0.62 0.44 7.1%

Sweden SE 192 177 1.46 1.28 1.24 1.20 1.21 11.0%


Total EU-27 5,119 4,933 1.58 n.c. 1.22 0.95 0.96 10.0%

Candidate Croatia HR 32 29 2.34 0.80 1.43 n.c. n.c. n.c.


Turkey TR 672 665 1.25 n.c. 4.36 0.34 0.46 4.1%




Norway NO 65 61 2.79 0.71 1.07 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Switzerland CH 118 108 2.25 1.52 0.79 0.30 0.62 2.5%

Total EFTA 189 175 2.51 n.c. 0.86 0.55 0.85 5.7%

ERA Israel IL 109 105 1.19 0.32 1.12 1.46 0.96 13.1%

Total ERA 6,098 5,909 1.55 n.c. 1.31 0.87 0.87 9.2%

Asia China CN 136 124 1.32 1.51 0.07 0.51 0.99 6.3%

India IN 24 22 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Japan JP 94 84 0.77 1.26 0.10 1.01 1.27 7.8%

Rep. of Korea KR 154 143 9.71 0.81 0.56 0.55 0.90 6.0%

Other Brazil BR 118 108 2.79 1.07 0.47 0.55 0.85 7.3%

Russia RU 17 16 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

United States US 5,533 5,325 1.39 1.02 1.64 1.25 1.24 11.9%


3.2.3 Economic & Social Sciences

Economics & Business

Table XXIX presents bibliometric indicators relating to Economics & Business for the 12-year

period analysed. The total output in this field is about 355,000 publications, a large proportion of

which belongs to the US (140,000 based on FULL and 122,000 based on FRAC). The top 10

producers include seven EU-27 countries, as well as China and Japan. Altogether, the combined

output of all these countries is only slightly larger than that of the US. In terms of increase in

scientific output of countries, calculated on the 2004–2011 period, Romania displays an

exceptionally high GI of 23.05 compared to the world level of 1.51. This is potentially due to an


61

increase in Scopus’ coverage of economics and business journals from Romania, since there is a

clear break in the growth trend for this country (see Table XXIX). As such, the GI of Romania is

likely overestimated. Countries with relatively large output and high GI include China (GI 3.21),

Brazil (3.47) and Portugal (2.10). The majority of the 42 selected countries are either on a par

with or above the world in this field, whereas the US and the UK are below it with GIs of 1.24 and

1.17, respectively.

Table XXIX Publications in Economics & Business for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,963 2,198 1.44 1.23 1.05 0.95 0.92 9.3%

Belgium BE 4,810 3,296 1.41 1.51 1.11 1.12 1.01 12.3%

Bulgaria BG 145 99 2.23 1.10 0.22 0.42 0.79 3.5%

Cyprus CY 447 289 1.49 1.44 3.28 0.86 0.94 7.4%


Denmark DK 3,487 2,581 1.45 1.23 1.28 1.23 1.09 13.2%

Estonia EE 217 177 3.10 0.71 0.90 0.48 0.63 2.8%

Finland FI 3,765 3,066 1.75 0.91 1.50 1.03 0.96 9.4%

France FR 14,630 11,433 1.62 1.12 0.83 0.80 0.84 7.4%

Germany DE 18,173 13,746 1.62 1.28 0.73 1.00 0.93 10.0%

Greece EL 3,425 2,788 1.59 0.92 1.31 0.90 0.84 7.4%

Hungary HU 1,037 870 1.87 0.64 0.73 0.45 0.57 4.3%

Ireland IE 2,122 1,601 1.44 1.14 1.46 0.95 0.92 7.8%

Italy IT 9,628 7,536 1.74 1.16 0.69 0.95 0.97 9.1%

Latvia LV 161 137 4.60 0.54 1.68 0.44 0.46 0.7%

Lithuania LT 791 731 1.49 0.32 2.35 1.04 0.67 12.3%

Luxembourg LU 227 123 2.58 1.55 2.47 1.05 1.07 11.6%

Malta MT 32 19 0.60 1.15 0.83 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Netherlands NL 11,734 8,715 1.34 1.39 1.56 1.33 1.17 14.6%

Poland PL 873 679 2.51 0.88 0.16 0.51 0.74 3.8%

Portugal PT 2,236 1,698 2.10 1.15 1.12 0.88 0.91 8.0%

Romania RO 1,199 1,091 23.05 0.37 1.04 0.46 0.34 2.9%

Slovakia SK 847 759 1.10 0.42 1.26 0.38 0.33 2.4%

Slovenia SI 806 683 1.54 0.66 1.18 0.62 0.59 6.2%

Spain ES 11,230 9,286 1.69 0.94 1.06 0.93 0.95 9.2%

Sweden SE 6,034 4,778 1.41 1.06 1.27 1.20 1.13 12.3%


Total EU-27 129,408 113,968 1.48 0.00 1.07 0.99 0.95 9.7%


Macedonia MK 37 21 4.78 1.26 0.48 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Turkey TR 3,039 2,414 1.82 1.00 0.56 0.89 0.86 8.8%

Total Candidate 4,202 3,471 1.74 0.00 0.68 0.68 0.70 6.4%

EFTA Iceland IS 137 82 2.74 1.39 0.94 0.84 0.99 10.1%


Norway NO 3,461 2,711 1.46 1.03 1.67 1.16 1.12 12.2%

Switzerland CH 4,697 3,229 1.46 1.51 0.90 1.35 1.11 14.8%

Total EFTA 8,281 6,040 1.48 0.00 1.13 1.26 1.11 13.6%

ERA Israel IL 3,401 2,513 1.27 1.26 1.01 1.28 1.29 13.8%

Total ERA 141,551 125,992 1.48 0.00 1.06 1.00 0.95 9.7%

Asia China CN 33,263 28,949 3.21 0.80 0.62 0.77 0.95 7.1%

India IN 5,910 5,167 1.88 0.62 0.55 0.57 0.62 4.4%

Japan JP 7,374 6,255 1.37 0.81 0.27 0.64 0.82 5.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 5,099 3,622 1.65 1.46 0.46 0.80 0.95 7.0%

Other Brazil BR 3,714 3,188 3.47 0.66 0.52 0.57 0.61 4.7%

Russia RU 812 575 1.96 1.18 0.09 0.66 0.83 6.4%

United States US 140,429 122,100 1.24 0.86 1.43 1.27 1.21 13.8%

World 355,004 355,004 1.51 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

About half of the 42 countries are specialised in this research area. They are all in the ERA,

except for the US. Those with the highest SI values include Liechtenstein, Cyprus, Luxembourg,


62

Lithuania and the UK (SI in descending order from 4.80 to 1.7). Note that all non-ERA countries

(other than the US) feature an SI score well below the world level.

Regarding international collaboration, Luxembourg leads with a CI score of 1.55, followed by

Switzerland, Belgium and the Republic of Korea, all around 1.50. They are followed by a number

of ERA countries and Russia. Meanwhile, the US is in the bottom half of the 42 countries, with a

CI of 0.86. China, the third most active country in Economics & Business, also has a low CI

(0.80).

The scientific impact in Economics & Business appears to be concentrated among a small group of

countries. Indeed, in terms of ARC scores and the percentage of publications in the 10% most-

cited publications, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the US and Israel obtain the highest scores,

while most other countries perform at or below the world level. For the ARIF, the best scores are

obtained by Israel, the US, the Netherlands and Sweden.

Social Sciences

As noted for Table XL, certain limitations apply in the analysis of bibliometric data in the Social

Sciences. In Table XXX, below, the scientific production of 42 nations in the Social Sciences is

presented for the 20002011 period. Throughout the world, approximately 458,000 publications

were published in this area. The US produced the largest number of publications (211,000 FULL;

198,000 FRAC) in this field, more than the total for the ERA as a whole (161,000 FULL; 151,000

FRAC). The UK is the second largest producer (60,000 FULL; 54,000 FRAC), whereas Germany,

China and France each produced more than 10,000 publications in both FULL and FRAC.

The largest increase in output between the first and the second half of the 2004–2011 period is

seen for Romania (GI 10.04), although its total output is less than 900 papers. It is followed by

Turkey and Luxembourg (GI scores of 5.59 and 4.82, respectively). The majority of EU-27

countries have a GI higher than the world level of 1.43, with the exception of major producers

such as the UK, Germany and France. The US and Japan exhibit the lowest scores, with GIs of

1.20 and 1.19, respectively. The other large producer, China, has an average performance with a

GI of 1.78.

The countries that are specialised in Social Sciences are all within the ERA, except for the US (SI

1.81). Those at the top of the ranking are Cyprus, Malta and the UK (5.08, 3.62 and 2.11,

respectively). The majority of EU-27 countries, all Asian countries, as well as Brazil and Russia,

are not specialised. This may, however, be due to a regional or language bias in the database. A

ranking based on the CI illustrates that Switzerland, the Republic of Korea and Belgium (1.56,

1.55 and 1.51, respectively) collaborate the most relative to expectations when taking into

account the size of their output. This is also the case for the Netherlands, Austria, Iceland,

Luxembourg, China and Sweden, all with CI scores ranging from 1.20 to 1.44. With a CI of 0.62,

the US collaborates less than expected based on the size of its output.

As the scientific impact indicators are often reflective of one another, countries with the highest

ARC scores are also those with, in general, the highest percentage of publications in the 10%

most-cited publications. These are the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, the UK, Norway, Finland

and Sweden. The ranking based on the ARIF is slightly different, with the Netherlands, the

Republic of Korea, Finland, Iceland and Israel making it to the top of the list. Considering all three

indicators, the US performs moderately, while France and Germany exhibit scores that are below

the world level for all three indicators. Again, these performances may very well be due to a

regional or language bias in the database.


63

Table XXX Publications in Social Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,056 1,671 1.69 1.29 0.62 0.84 0.88 9.4%

Belgium BE 4,280 3,489 1.63 1.51 0.92 1.33 1.17 14.5%

Bulgaria BG 225 177 2.24 1.03 0.31 0.31 0.69 2.3%

Cyprus CY 706 575 2.66 1.13 5.08 1.19 1.18 13.5%


Denmark DK 2,730 2,323 1.69 1.09 0.90 1.29 1.18 12.3%

Estonia EE 460 380 2.05 0.99 1.51 0.86 1.00 8.0%

Finland FI 3,486 3,050 1.52 0.97 1.17 1.24 1.22 13.1%

France FR 13,079 11,691 1.26 0.88 0.66 0.45 0.51 3.7%

Germany DE 17,422 15,257 1.31 1.07 0.63 0.81 0.76 8.0%

Greece EL 2,434 2,140 1.76 0.85 0.78 0.98 1.17 9.4%

Hungary HU 1,426 1,234 1.63 0.80 0.80 0.64 0.69 5.8%

Ireland IE 2,555 2,192 2.02 1.04 1.55 1.10 1.10 11.1%

Italy IT 5,972 5,169 1.67 1.14 0.37 0.95 0.98 10.0%

Latvia LV 145 126 3.83 0.64 1.07 0.47 0.77 1.7%

Lithuania LT 663 625 4.26 0.32 1.57 0.32 0.37 2.2%

Luxembourg LU 141 105 4.82 1.21 1.64 0.64 0.99 4.7%

Malta MT 140 111 1.95 1.05 3.62 0.60 0.86 1.4%

Netherlands NL 10,188 8,555 1.56 1.44 1.19 1.57 1.35 17.5%

Poland PL 1,998 1,819 1.93 0.61 0.33 0.33 0.50 1.6%

Portugal PT 1,591 1,331 2.48 1.10 0.69 0.74 0.89 5.4%

Romania RO 874 774 10.04 0.75 0.57 0.59 0.55 6.9%

Slovakia SK 577 509 1.99 0.70 0.66 0.55 0.48 4.1%

Slovenia SI 1,573 1,487 1.79 0.39 2.00 0.33 0.52 2.5%

Spain ES 9,777 8,751 2.76 0.98 0.78 0.78 0.93 7.4%

Sweden SE 4,811 4,089 1.73 1.20 0.84 1.22 1.16 11.8%


Total EU-27 142,982 133,184 1.52 n.c. 0.97 1.03 1.00 10.4%


Macedonia MK 136 116 4.58 0.70 1.64 0.41 0.59 3.4%

Turkey TR 6,375 5,983 5.59 0.51 1.08 0.80 0.76 7.2%


EFTA Iceland IS 242 183 1.43 1.29 1.62 1.17 1.22 12.4%


Norway NO 3,898 3,322 1.70 1.13 1.59 1.25 1.13 13.1%

Switzerland CH 3,665 2,895 1.57 1.56 0.63 1.21 1.03 13.4%

Total EFTA 7,765 6,405 1.63 n.c. 0.94 1.21 1.08 13.1%

ERA Israel IL 5,642 4,969 1.31 0.97 1.56 1.13 1.21 11.4%

Total ERA 161,503 151,351 1.60 n.c. 0.99 1.03 1.00 10.4%

Asia China CN 14,537 12,807 1.78 1.20 0.21 1.07 1.16 10.5%

India IN 4,455 4,053 2.45 0.68 0.33 0.46 0.68 3.1%

Japan JP 4,673 4,117 1.19 0.97 0.14 0.57 0.81 5.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,663 2,115 2.28 1.55 0.21 0.96 1.32 9.7%

Other Brazil BR 5,115 4,647 2.75 0.70 0.60 0.44 0.47 2.9%

Russia RU 1,622 1,347 1.59 1.01 0.16 0.50 0.54 4.2%

United States US 211,102 198,297 1.20 0.62 1.81 1.09 1.06 11.2%


3.2.4 Health Sciences

Biomedical Research

Bibliometric indicators for Biomedical Research are presented in Table XXXI for the 2000 to 2011

period. This is a relatively large research area, representing close to 1.3 million publications at

the world level. The US produced the largest number of publications (about 469,000 FULL;

391,000 FRAC), which comes close to the total ERA output in this field (about 526,000 FULL;

455,000 FRAC). With minor changes in ranks between full and fractional counting, the other top-

producing countries in Biomedical Research are the UK, Japan, Germany, France and China, each

publishing less than one quarter of the US output.


64

Table XXXI Publications in Biomedical Research for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 12,031 7,547 1.16 1.24 1.00 1.17 1.09 13.1%

Belgium BE 18,987 11,815 1.09 1.32 1.11 1.28 1.15 14.7%

Bulgaria BG 2,004 1,330 1.06 0.90 0.83 0.53 0.67 4.0%

Cyprus CY 248 111 1.47 1.16 0.35 0.99 1.04 13.2%


Denmark DK 16,935 10,658 1.04 1.26 1.47 1.37 1.14 15.7%

Estonia EE 1,188 716 1.19 1.02 1.01 1.07 0.99 10.5%

Finland FI 11,248 7,505 0.98 1.13 1.02 1.25 1.16 12.7%

France FR 82,715 59,718 0.95 1.18 1.20 1.06 1.04 10.8%

Germany DE 104,345 75,281 1.02 1.23 1.11 1.15 1.07 12.2%

Greece EL 7,451 5,493 1.26 0.87 0.71 0.94 0.98 8.7%

Hungary HU 6,239 4,088 1.07 1.08 0.95 0.89 0.93 7.7%

Ireland IE 6,416 4,009 1.38 1.11 1.01 1.28 1.13 14.5%

Italy IT 53,313 40,979 1.05 0.95 1.04 0.95 1.00 9.2%

Latvia LV 458 278 2.36 0.88 0.84 0.88 0.78 6.9%

Lithuania LT 945 561 1.07 1.02 0.50 0.77 0.84 6.8%

Luxembourg LU 521 221 1.94 1.23 1.23 1.14 1.05 12.1%

Malta MT 98 45 1.39 0.90 0.53 0.89 0.97 12.3%

Netherlands NL 33,948 22,110 1.10 1.30 1.10 1.36 1.20 16.0%

Poland PL 14,000 10,425 1.15 0.83 0.68 0.66 0.78 4.4%

Portugal PT 7,307 4,862 1.40 1.14 0.89 1.03 1.02 8.9%

Romania RO 2,066 1,526 3.47 0.65 0.40 0.60 0.59 5.8%

Slovakia SK 3,682 2,594 0.97 0.87 1.20 0.67 0.69 4.0%

Slovenia SI 2,279 1,561 1.32 0.89 0.75 0.81 0.92 6.8%

Spain ES 43,928 33,641 1.15 0.94 1.06 0.96 1.01 8.9%

Sweden SE 26,091 17,125 0.94 1.27 1.26 1.24 1.13 13.0%


Total EU-27 484,029 411,689 1.05 n.c. 1.07 1.05 1.04 10.6%


Macedonia MK 261 202 4.41 0.50 1.02 0.31 0.41 1.7%

Turkey TR 11,540 10,083 1.26 0.39 0.65 0.54 0.58 3.5%


EFTA Iceland IS 706 359 1.05 1.11 1.14 1.74 1.36 17.2%


Norway NO 8,707 5,663 1.10 1.12 0.97 1.22 1.08 12.6%

Switzerland CH 27,000 15,800 1.05 1.44 1.22 1.39 1.22 16.4%

Total EFTA 36,101 21,825 1.07 n.c. 1.14 1.35 1.18 15.4%

ERA Israel IL 13,440 9,649 0.97 1.00 1.08 1.15 1.15 11.9%

Total ERA 526,067 454,912 1.05 n.c. 1.06 1.05 1.04 10.6%

Asia China CN 81,588 67,782 1.76 0.68 0.41 0.70 0.79 5.4%

India IN 31,620 27,942 1.44 0.48 0.82 0.60 0.73 3.3%

Japan JP 107,331 91,864 0.93 0.67 1.12 0.86 0.92 7.4%

Rep. of Korea KR 28,750 24,156 1.52 0.65 0.86 0.81 0.90 6.0%

Other Brazil BR 28,648 23,794 1.42 0.67 1.09 0.72 0.81 5.0%

Russia RU 31,095 26,408 1.07 0.61 1.12 0.31 0.35 2.3%

United States US 468,964 390,615 0.99 0.87 1.27 1.27 1.16 14.4%

World 1,260,691 1,260,691 1.12 n.c. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0%


The country with the largest increase in output is Macedonia, followed by Romania, Latvia and

Luxembourg. However, their absolute numbers of publications over the study period remain

modest (1,530 or fewer, based on FRAC counting). China, an upcoming global player, has the

fourth highest GI (1.76), well above the world level (1.12). Having produced a relatively large

number of publications, several EU-27 countries increased their output to a greater extent than

the world, such as Portugal, Greece, Ireland and the Czech Republic. Brazil, the Republic of Korea

and India also combine high GI scores with large outputs (more than 23,000 papers, FRAC). By

contrast, the UK, the US, France and Japan (four of the six most publishing countries) all have GI

values below 1, indicating a stable output or a relative decrease in output compared to the world.


65

In terms of specialisation, Denmark has the highest research intensity in Biomedical Research,

with an SI of 1.47. It is followed by the US, Sweden, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Slovakia and

France, all with an SI between 1.27 and 1.20. Despites their high growth, Romania and China are

clearly not specialised in this field, with SI values of 0.40 and 0.41, respectively.

A ranking based on the CI in Biomedical Research shows that Switzerland has the greatest

propensity to collaborate with foreign partners relative to the size of its output (CI 1.44). The CI

varied little (between 1.32 and 1.18) for the remainder of the top 10 collaborating nations, which

are all EU-27 countries. Russia, Macedonia, India and Turkey have the lowest CI scores (0.61 or

lower) among the 42 countries examined.

With regard to scientific impact in Biomedical Research, Iceland, Switzerland and Denmark obtain

the highest relative citation rates (ARCs of 1.74, 1.39 and 1.37, respectively), although several

ERA countries—i.e., the Netherlands, Belgium, Ireland, the UK and the US—are not far behind,

with ARC scores of 1.27 or greater. Similarly, Iceland, Switzerland and the Netherlands display

the highest ARIF values (between 1.36 and 1.20). These are also the three countries with the

highest percentages of publications in the 10% most-cited publications. Meanwhile, Turkey,

Bulgaria, Macedonia and Russia are consistently among the countries with the lowest scores for

the three scientific impact indicators.

Clinical Medicine

Table XXXII presents the bibliometric indicators for the largest of the main fields, Clinical

Medicine, which totals about 4.2 million publications for the 2000 to 2011 period. The ERA

produced 40% of these papers (about 1.7 million based on FRAC). Based on both full and

fractional counting, the US has the highest publication output, with more than 1 million scientific

articles. Following, all in the range of 300,000 publications, are the UK, Germany, Japan and

China based on full counting, whereas the order switches to Japan, Germany, UK and China

based on fractional counting. The majority of EU-27 countries produced more than 10,000

publications in this research area and only four (Luxembourg, Malta, Cyprus and Latvia) produced

fewer than 1,000 papers. However, these four countries are among the top 10 countries with the

highest GI scores. In fact, with a GI of 2.99, Malta is the country that showed the largest increase

of output between the first and the second half of the 2004–2011 period. It is followed by

Romania, Lithuania and Cyprus (GIs of 2.44, 2.31 and 1.81, respectively). The Republic of Korea,

India, China and Brazil are also notable for high numbers of publications and GIs ranging from

1.47 to 1.74, well above the world’s GI of 1.14. On the other hand, despite many publications,

the US, the UK, Germany and Japan remain below the world level for the increase in their

scientific output in Clinical Medicine.

The country with the highest level of specialisation in Clinical Medicine is the EU candidate

country Turkey (SI 1.72), followed by a group of EU-27 countries including the Netherlands, Italy,

Malta, Austria, Denmark and Greece (SIs in descending order from 1.41 to 1.31). Russia is the

least specialised country in Clinical Medicine, with a very low SI score of 0.21. When ranked

based on the CI (from highest to lowest), the countries with the highest propensity to collaborate

internationally are almost all from the EU-27 and most of them are also specialised in Clinical

Medicine. For example, this is the case for Sweden, Belgium, the UK, the Netherlands, Austria,

Denmark and Germany. The same applies to EFTA countries including Switzerland (CI 1.83; SI

1.27) and Norway (1.33; 1.12). By contrast, China, India and the Republic of Korea, despite

relatively high output and growth, are not specialised and collaborated less than expected, with

CI and SI values below 1.


66

Table XXXII Publications in Clinical Medicine for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 46,582 33,443 0.97 1.42 1.37 1.25 1.08 12.9%

Belgium BE 60,363 42,524 1.05 1.54 1.23 1.51 1.14 15.2%

Bulgaria BG 5,161 4,022 0.84 0.70 0.77 0.46 0.57 3.4%

Cyprus CY 733 375 1.81 1.32 0.36 0.75 0.92 5.8%


Denmark DK 45,253 32,035 1.17 1.37 1.37 1.56 1.18 15.9%

Estonia EE 1,724 1,022 1.28 1.30 0.45 1.34 1.13 10.7%

Finland FI 32,018 23,549 0.95 1.35 0.99 1.65 1.36 16.3%

France FR 218,509 179,709 1.03 1.13 1.11 1.02 0.91 10.1%

Germany DE 339,136 276,163 1.02 1.30 1.25 1.13 0.99 11.4%

Greece EL 39,669 32,574 1.17 0.94 1.31 0.89 0.92 7.6%

Hungary HU 19,527 14,781 1.01 1.12 1.06 0.91 0.86 7.3%

Ireland IE 18,268 13,085 1.34 1.24 1.02 1.30 1.15 12.5%

Italy IT 214,578 177,488 1.09 1.12 1.39 1.10 1.03 10.6%

Latvia LV 594 322 1.73 1.22 0.30 1.63 1.06 10.4%

Lithuania LT 2,008 1,401 2.31 0.96 0.39 0.95 0.88 7.1%

Luxembourg LU 934 443 1.71 1.42 0.76 1.23 1.08 13.4%

Malta MT 556 387 2.99 0.77 1.39 1.35 0.98 13.3%

Netherlands NL 122,175 92,342 1.13 1.45 1.41 1.55 1.30 16.4%

Poland PL 64,270 56,215 1.03 0.55 1.13 0.55 0.51 3.4%

Portugal PT 15,121 11,052 1.54 1.11 0.63 0.99 0.87 9.3%

Romania RO 5,456 4,079 2.45 0.86 0.33 0.77 0.70 5.3%

Slovakia SK 7,993 6,373 1.09 0.78 0.91 0.51 0.46 3.5%

Slovenia SI 6,055 4,804 1.50 0.76 0.71 0.74 0.77 6.0%

Spain ES 141,061 119,772 1.13 0.86 1.17 0.85 0.81 7.7%

Sweden SE 76,448 54,980 0.99 1.60 1.25 1.51 1.24 14.8%


Total EU-27 1,648,393 1,475,762 1.06 n.c. 1.19 1.01 0.98 10.1%


Macedonia MK 711 498 0.93 0.88 0.78 0.58 0.65 6.2%

Turkey TR 92,724 86,635 1.14 0.31 1.72 0.51 0.62 2.8%


EFTA Iceland IS 1,948 1,051 1.29 1.37 1.03 2.07 1.36 19.1%


Norway NO 29,418 21,165 1.13 1.33 1.12 1.44 1.14 13.8%

Switzerland CH 80,644 53,627 1.08 1.83 1.27 1.51 1.23 16.4%

Total EFTA 111,007 75,901 1.09 n.c. 1.22 1.48 1.20 15.6%

ERA Israel IL 44,683 35,425 0.90 1.04 1.22 1.12 1.14 10.2%

Total ERA 1,859,271 1,684,494 1.07 n.c. 1.21 0.98 0.96 9.7%

Asia China CN 298,921 267,830 1.48 0.63 0.49 0.54 0.65 4.3%

India IN 95,582 88,283 1.64 0.42 0.80 0.48 0.58 3.1%

Japan JP 336,526 305,359 1.00 0.61 1.15 0.79 0.88 6.6%

Rep. of Korea KR 77,245 68,775 1.74 0.64 0.76 0.91 0.97 7.9%

Other Brazil BR 89,126 76,590 1.47 0.75 1.08 0.73 0.75 5.3%

Russia RU 19,516 16,183 1.01 0.78 0.21 0.44 0.42 3.1%

United States US 1,267,047 1,089,334 1.08 1.16 1.09 1.50 1.38 16.6%


Regarding scientific impact, the countries with the highest ARC values are Iceland, Finland and

Latvia (ARCs of 2.07, 1.65 and 1.63, respectively), indicating that their publications relating to

Clinical Medicine were cited at least 63% more frequently, on average, than the world average.

Similarly, the US, Iceland and Finland are observed to have the highest ARIF values, which

indicates that their publications generally appeared in highly cited journals. The four countries

with the highest percentages of publications in the 10% most-cited publications are Liechtenstein,

Iceland, the US and Switzerland. Several other EU-27 countries consistently found themselves at

the top for all three indicators of scientific impact, including the Netherlands, Denmark, Belgium,

the UK and Sweden. No matter which indicator is used, the scientific impact of the EU-27


67

candidate countries, as well as Russia, India and China, is consistently below the world average in

this field.

Psychology & Cognitive Sciences

As shown in Table XXXIII, the US has the largest output in Psychology & Cognitive Sciences

based on FULL (approximately 143,000 publications) as well as based on FRAC (126,000). Its

output is greater than that of the ERA as a whole (approximately 125,000 FULL and 111,000

FRAC) and a little less than half that of the world output (299,000). Most of the largest research

producers from the EU-27 (i.e., the UK, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Spain and Italy) are

found in the top 10, along with Japan, China and Switzerland.

Table XXXIII Publications in Psychology & Cognitive Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,029 1,374 1.56 1.34 0.78 1.03 0.97 11.3%

Belgium BE 4,711 3,483 1.40 1.28 1.40 1.05 1.00 11.6%

Bulgaria BG 109 61 1.57 1.19 0.16 0.72 0.79 9.0%

Cyprus CY 124 72 1.21 1.15 0.97 0.58 0.84 6.8%


Denmark DK 1,793 1,324 1.31 1.07 0.79 0.97 0.96 9.0%

Estonia EE 225 167 1.21 0.84 1.01 1.12 0.96 10.6%

Finland FI 2,715 2,119 1.42 1.03 1.24 0.99 1.05 8.9%

France FR 14,586 12,295 1.22 0.81 1.06 0.60 0.64 5.3%

Germany DE 22,523 17,839 1.36 1.15 1.13 1.12 1.03 12.2%

Greece EL 898 680 1.47 0.89 0.38 0.78 0.86 7.8%

Hungary HU 698 470 1.66 1.22 0.47 1.16 1.07 13.9%

Ireland IE 1,237 819 1.62 1.29 0.89 0.83 0.89 7.1%

Italy IT 7,724 6,033 1.47 1.13 0.66 0.89 1.00 8.2%


Lithuania LT 59 30 1.18 1.10 0.12 0.85 0.84 11.4%



Netherlands NL 11,928 9,144 1.45 1.26 1.95 1.26 1.18 13.6%

Poland PL 929 706 1.50 0.87 0.20 0.68 0.82 5.6%

Portugal PT 1,149 770 2.44 1.32 0.61 0.79 0.85 6.4%

Romania RO 209 138 3.27 1.04 0.16 0.77 0.77 9.6%

Slovakia SK 409 348 1.16 0.52 0.69 0.33 0.32 2.3%

Slovenia SI 382 327 1.08 0.45 0.67 0.36 0.40 3.0%

Spain ES 8,751 7,198 1.72 0.89 0.98 0.78 0.77 6.0%

Sweden SE 4,408 3,387 1.07 1.07 1.07 1.08 0.99 10.6%


Total EU-27 113,523 99,987 1.32 n.c. 1.12 0.97 0.94 9.6%



Turkey TR 1,362 1,127 1.47 0.69 0.31 0.56 0.69 3.7%


EFTA Iceland IS 224 134 1.71 1.25 1.82 0.97 0.87 10.0%


Norway NO 2,634 1,948 1.55 1.12 1.43 0.95 0.94 8.7%

Switzerland CH 4,931 3,296 1.58 1.50 1.09 1.11 1.01 11.7%

Total EFTA 7,720 5,380 1.57 n.c. 1.20 1.04 0.98 10.5%

ERA Israel IL 4,520 3,569 1.25 0.97 1.72 1.02 1.07 9.6%

Total ERA 124,859 111,255 1.33 n.c. 1.11 0.95 0.93 9.3%

Asia China CN 5,767 4,390 2.22 1.21 0.11 0.87 0.96 6.6%

India IN 866 681 1.41 0.82 0.09 0.49 0.82 3.3%

Japan JP 7,900 6,714 1.12 0.72 0.35 0.57 0.75 4.7%

Rep. of Korea KR 1,577 1,108 1.73 1.21 0.17 0.87 0.96 7.4%

Other Brazil BR 2,516 2,085 1.93 0.80 0.41 0.65 0.82 5.7%

Russia RU 1,066 859 1.05 0.68 0.16 0.38 0.42 3.3%

United States US 142,568 126,158 1.19 0.70 1.76 1.18 1.14 12.7%



68

More than half of the selected 42 countries feature a growth index above the world level, which

itself indicates an increase in the global output between the first and second half of the period in

this area (i.e., a growth index of 1.28). Among the large producers, China has a GI of 2.22 and is

followed by Spain (1.72), Italy (1.47) and the Netherlands (1.45). The US performs well below

most EU-27 countries in this regard, with a GI (1.19), below the world level.

Despite widespread growth, only nine countries are clearly specialised in Psychology & Cognitive

Sciences, namely Croatia, the Netherlands, the UK, Iceland, the US, Israel, Norway, Belgium and

Finland. Their SI values range in descending order from 1.97 to 1.24. All Asian countries, as well

as Russia, Bulgaria, Romania and Lithuania, rank at the bottom in terms of specialisation.

In terms of international collaboration (i.e., the countries that collaborate more than expected

based on the size of their production), Switzerland, Austria and Portugal lead with CI scores of

1.50, 1.34 and 1.32, respectively. Among producers with appreciable output, Spain, France and

the US collaborate respectively 11%, 19% and 30% less than would be expected based on their

scientific production, with low CI scores of 0.89, 0.81 and 0.70.

Similar to specialisation, few countries exhibit scores that are above the world level for the

scientific impact indicators. For example, only seven countries (the Netherlands, the US, Hungary,

Estonia, Germany, the UK and Switzerland) have an ARC score above 1.10. When examining

countries with the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications, the

same seven countries rank close to the top along with Sweden, Belgium and Austria. Slovakia,

Slovenia and Croatia consistently rank at the bottom of the list for all three impact indicators.

Public Health & Health Services

Bibliometric indicators for the main field of Public Health & Health Services are presented in Table

XXXIV for the 2000 to 2011 period. This research area represents more than 415,000

publications at the world level. The US produced the largest number of Health-related

publications (FULL 198,000; FRAC 179,000). Notably, no other country reached a production of

100,000 publications in the same period and the ERA as a whole falls behind the US output by

roughly 60,000 publications. The second largest producer is the UK, with approximately 55,000

publications (FULL; 47,000 FRAC). The other top 10 most-publishing countries include EU-27

members as well as Brazil, China and Japan.

The country with the highest growth between the first and the second half of the 2004–2011

period is Cyprus, with a GI of 4.89. Considering the very small number of publications by this

country, this increase remains modest in absolute terms. Portugal, Macedonia, Romania and

Croatia follow with GIs from 3.12 to 2.22, all of them having around 1,000 papers or fewer.

Brazil, which ranks sixth in this regard, is notable with an output close to 17,000 papers coupled

with a GI of 2.17, showing that its output increased substantially faster than the world as a whole

(GI 1.29). By contrast the US, the UK and Germany (three of the 10 most-publishing countries)

all have GIs of 1.15 or lower, indicating a relative decrease in output compared to the world.

In terms of specialisation, Iceland has the highest research intensity in Public Health & Health

Services with an SI of 2.39. In total, 11 countries display an SI value greater than the world level

and all of these are in the ERA, with the exception of Brazil and the US. Eastern European

countries such as Bulgaria, Romania, Latvia and Russia show very low specialisation indexes.


69

Table XXXIV Publications in Public Health & Health Services for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,448 938 1.48 1.13 0.38 1.08 1.07 13.3%

Belgium BE 3,600 2,416 1.46 1.31 0.70 1.23 1.14 14.2%

Bulgaria BG 119 69 1.54 1.01 0.13 1.01 1.01 9.7%

Cyprus CY 145 74 4.89 1.16 0.74 1.13 1.07 7.7%


Denmark DK 3,917 2,736 1.50 1.16 1.17 1.30 1.15 14.7%

Estonia EE 283 160 1.32 1.10 0.70 1.02 1.12 8.9%

Finland FI 4,366 3,316 1.18 1.00 1.39 1.29 1.19 13.4%

France FR 12,340 10,151 1.22 0.72 0.63 0.63 0.62 5.8%

Germany DE 12,527 9,732 1.12 0.97 0.44 0.93 0.86 9.7%

Greece EL 1,716 1,196 1.60 1.07 0.48 1.17 1.14 12.4%

Hungary HU 578 344 1.20 1.12 0.25 1.08 1.14 11.5%

Ireland IE 2,571 1,921 1.72 0.91 1.50 1.19 1.09 11.9%

Italy IT 6,450 4,818 1.39 1.05 0.38 1.16 1.15 12.9%

Latvia LV 45 11 1.61 1.30 0.11 1.23 1.08 10.0%

Lithuania LT 192 97 0.69 1.12 0.27 0.94 1.08 9.6%

Luxembourg LU 78 32 1.98 1.15 0.56 0.81 0.93 6.8%

Malta MT 77 49 0.99 0.82 1.75 1.14 0.93 16.7%

Netherlands NL 12,542 9,767 1.32 1.02 1.50 1.28 1.15 14.0%

Poland PL 1,841 1,443 1.28 0.65 0.29 0.56 0.67 5.5%

Portugal PT 1,078 725 3.12 1.01 0.41 0.94 0.90 10.2%

Romania RO 210 108 2.41 1.07 0.09 0.73 0.99 6.5%

Slovakia SK 514 390 0.87 0.62 0.55 0.41 0.49 2.8%

Slovenia SI 337 218 1.98 0.84 0.32 0.88 1.08 10.5%

Spain ES 8,551 6,963 1.54 0.77 0.68 0.77 0.82 7.1%

Sweden SE 11,150 8,836 1.15 0.99 2.01 1.31 1.19 13.7%


Total EU-27 127,273 113,782 1.22 n.c. 0.92 0.99 0.98 9.9%


Macedonia MK 45 30 3.03 0.59 0.70 n.c. n.c. n.c.

Turkey TR 2,854 2,604 1.24 0.28 0.52 0.76 0.93 6.0%


EFTA Iceland IS 386 245 1.30 0.99 2.39 1.23 1.27 14.2%


Norway NO 4,647 3,304 1.64 1.15 1.74 1.25 1.16 12.8%

Switzerland CH 4,819 2,866 1.31 1.56 0.68 1.24 1.09 14.4%

Total EFTA 9,726 6,416 1.47 n.c. 1.03 1.24 1.13 13.5%

ERA Israel IL 3,162 2,604 1.15 0.69 0.90 0.93 1.10 8.0%

Total ERA 139,569 125,905 1.23 n.c. 0.90 0.99 0.99 9.8%

Asia China CN 11,645 9,322 1.67 1.02 0.17 0.93 1.17 8.6%

India IN 2,428 1,824 2.04 1.00 0.17 0.84 1.04 6.8%

Japan JP 7,852 6,930 1.37 0.55 0.26 0.69 0.92 5.4%

Rep. of Korea KR 3,517 2,872 1.47 0.74 0.32 0.84 1.07 7.6%

Other Brazil BR 16,775 15,465 2.17 0.35 2.18 0.50 0.48 2.6%

Russia RU 668 330 1.09 1.48 0.04 0.98 1.10 9.1%

United States US 197,577 179,226 1.15 0.54 1.80 1.13 1.09 12.0%


A ranking based on the CI in Public Health & Health Services shows that Switzerland has the

highest propensity to partner with foreign authors in producing its publications in this area (CI

1.56). The CIs range from 1.16 to 1.48 for the remaining countries in the top five. Countries with

the highest CI scores are most often within the ERA with the exception of Russia. Croatia, Brazil

and Turkey had the lowest CI scores (less than 0.50) among the 42 selected countries.

With regards to scientific impact, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and the Netherlands have the

highest ARC values (1.31, 1.30, 1.29 and 1.28, respectively), although several countries are not

far behind (i.e., Iceland, Latvia, Belgium, Switzerland and Norway) with ARC scores of 1.23 or

greater. Similarly, Iceland, Sweden and Finland display the highest ARIF values (between 1.19


70

and 1.27) with China not far behind (ARIF 1.17). The three countries with the highest percentage

of publications in the 10% most-cited publications are Malta, Denmark and Switzerland.

Meanwhile the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia and Brazil are consistently among the countries

with the lowest scores for the three scientific impact indicators in Public Health & Health Services.

3.2.5 Natural Sciences

Biology

Table XXXV presents bibliometric indicators for the 42 countries (ERA and selected comparables)

in the field of Biology (2000–2011). About 636,000 papers were published in this area of research

globally, with the ERA producing one third of this amount (about 213,000 based on FRAC). The

US is the country with the highest publication output, with more than three times as many

publications as its nearest competitors, namely China, the UK, Germany and Japan (based on

either FULL or FRAC).

Table XXXV Publications in Biology for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 5,481 3,261 1.12 1.35 0.85 1.21 1.14 12.8%

Belgium BE 8,889 5,747 1.17 1.34 1.06 1.36 1.24 15.5%

Bulgaria BG 1,460 993 1.55 0.94 1.21 0.63 0.65 3.7%

Cyprus CY 168 73 2.45 1.15 0.45 0.92 0.83 7.9%


Denmark DK 7,228 4,342 1.04 1.37 1.18 1.50 1.31 17.8%

Estonia EE 1,349 946 1.30 0.85 2.63 1.34 1.20 15.4%

Finland FI 6,812 4,751 1.04 1.09 1.28 1.36 1.26 14.9%

France FR 31,881 21,439 1.13 1.39 0.85 1.36 1.30 15.5%

Germany DE 41,152 28,614 1.12 1.33 0.83 1.38 1.27 16.2%

Greece EL 3,964 3,019 1.26 0.82 0.77 0.97 0.97 8.3%

Hungary HU 5,572 4,462 1.41 0.71 2.04 0.70 0.72 6.5%

Ireland IE 2,159 1,341 1.23 1.11 0.67 1.11 1.17 11.2%

Italy IT 20,646 15,955 1.34 0.95 0.80 0.99 0.97 9.4%

Latvia LV 316 224 3.09 0.66 1.33 0.87 0.68 8.0%

Lithuania LT 611 436 1.93 0.79 0.77 0.69 0.68 5.1%

Luxembourg LU 255 113 1.22 1.32 1.24 1.25 1.05 14.5%

Malta MT 95 53 2.15 0.86 1.23 0.72 0.75 2.5%

Netherlands NL 14,307 9,188 1.05 1.37 0.90 1.45 1.31 17.3%

Poland PL 10,901 9,058 1.18 0.63 1.16 0.60 0.70 3.8%

Portugal PT 5,796 3,902 1.46 1.18 1.41 1.14 1.03 11.7%

Romania RO 947 667 3.95 0.77 0.35 0.75 0.66 7.7%

Slovakia SK 2,302 1,733 1.13 0.76 1.57 0.57 0.58 4.0%

Slovenia SI 1,233 851 1.33 0.91 0.81 0.84 0.82 7.2%

Spain ES 25,691 19,329 1.32 1.07 1.20 1.18 1.13 11.8%

Sweden SE 12,544 8,166 0.95 1.28 1.18 1.47 1.30 17.2%


Total EU-27 223,130 187,782 1.17 n.c. 0.96 1.17 1.14 12.6%


Macedonia MK 140 81 1.05 0.95 0.81 0.65 0.57 4.9%

Turkey TR 8,459 7,445 1.75 0.45 0.94 0.52 0.51 3.0%


EFTA Iceland IS 422 227 0.96 1.10 1.41 1.11 1.12 10.6%


Norway NO 6,711 4,410 1.15 1.17 1.48 1.20 1.18 13.1%

Switzerland CH 10,799 6,555 1.14 1.40 0.99 1.63 1.39 19.3%

Total EFTA 17,762 11,196 1.14 n.c. 1.15 1.45 1.31 16.6%

ERA Israel IL 5,777 4,232 1.07 1.01 0.93 1.21 1.24 12.7%

Total ERA 247,713 213,231 1.18 n.c. 0.98 1.14 1.12 12.2%

Asia China CN 53,858 47,180 1.72 0.64 0.56 0.70 0.78 5.9%

India IN 27,884 25,551 1.36 0.37 1.48 0.44 0.52 2.6%

Japan JP 35,463 30,064 1.05 0.74 0.72 1.09 1.16 10.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 8,365 6,601 1.48 0.84 0.46 0.94 0.98 9.7%

Other Brazil BR 26,704 22,980 1.64 0.62 2.07 0.76 0.76 5.4%

Russia RU 12,356 10,012 1.27 0.70 0.83 0.42 0.52 3.4%

United States US 174,126 141,551 1.04 0.96 0.91 1.31 1.24 14.8%

World 635,603 635,603 1.27 n.c. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0%



71

While Romania, Latvia and Cyprus have the highest GI scores, these are tempered by a

publication output lower than 950 papers. On the other hand, Turkey, China and Brazil increased

importantly the size of their scientific production between the first and second half of the 2004–

2011 period (GI in descending order from 1.75 to 1.64) although they have a much larger total

output in Biology. Interestingly, few other countries with appreciable production increased their

output to a greater extent than the world (GI 1.27). For the most part (about 60%), the EU-27

members either kept pace with, or decreased their output relative to, the world.

Estonia, Brazil and Hungary, three of the minority of countries having increased their scientific

production at a faster pace than the world in Biology, are also the most specialised in this area

with SIs of 2.63, 2.07 and 2.04, respectively. They are followed by Croatia (SI 1.92). The

countries with the highest propensity to collaborate internationally are the UK (CI 1.42) and

Switzerland (CI 1.40), followed by France, the Netherlands and Denmark (CIs of 1.39, 1.37 and

1.37, respectively). All of the Asian countries and other comparables considered in this study

(Brazil, Russia and the US), as well as candidates countries, have poor CIs in Biology, the least

collaborating country being India, with a CI of 0.37.

Examining the scientific impact indicators, Switzerland has the highest ARC and ARIF scores and

the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications in Biology (1.63, 1.39

and 19.3%, respectively). With minor variations, countries have similar rankings across these

three indicators. For example, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK and Germany

consistently rank on top (and above the world level), whereas Bulgaria, Malta, Poland, India,

Russia, Croatia and Turkey typically obtain the lowest scores. Among countries with appreciable

output in Biology (more than 20,000 FRAC), Brazil, India and China still have a very low impact

overall.

Chemistry

China, the US and Japan produced the most publications in the field of Chemistry for the 2000–

2011 period, as shown in Table XXXVI. Their approximate outputs were 234,000, 233,000 and

121,000, respectively (FULL), or 221,000, 199,000 and 111,000 (FRAC). Five of the remaining

countries produced more than 50,000 publications (FULL): Germany, the UK, France, India and

Russia. In total, the world produced about 1.3 million publications in this field, while the total ERA

output in Chemistry was about 456,000 (FULL).

When analysing the growth of output, Luxembourg has the highest GI score (2.98), followed by

Lithuania and Iceland. These performances are influenced by the very small production of these

countries (1,500 papers for Lithuania, fewer than 172 for the two others, based on FULL).

However, non-ERA countries such as India, China, the Republic of Korea and Brazil have

considerable output and also display a high GI (1.50, 1.46, 1.40 and 1.31, respectively), above

the world level of 1.16. Of the 42 countries, only 14 increased their output between the first and

second half of the 2004–2011 period at a pace greater than the world. The top producers, the US

and Japan, fell behind the world’s level of increase with GIs of 1.01 and 0.76, respectively.

With an SI of 2.47, Romania showed the highest specialisation in Chemistry, closely followed by

India, Macedonia, Russia, Bulgaria and Latvia, all ranging from 1.64 to 2.13. These are followed

by a group of eastern EU-27 countries including Slovakia, Poland, the Czech Republic and

Hungary, all producing between 45% and 54% more Chemistry papers than expected given their

total output. Despite its many publications in Chemistry the US is not specialised in this field, with

an SI of 0.64.


72

Table XXXVI Publications in Chemistry for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 9,795 6,721 1.07 1.37 0.89 1.16 1.15 12.2%

Belgium BE 14,128 9,322 1.01 1.55 0.87 1.24 1.25 12.8%

Bulgaria BG 3,666 2,683 1.08 1.08 1.65 0.72 0.81 5.5%

Cyprus CY 436 270 1.60 1.09 0.84 1.45 1.38 16.8%


Denmark DK 7,057 4,933 1.03 1.22 0.68 1.44 1.33 17.3%

Estonia EE 727 510 1.27 0.90 0.71 0.91 1.00 8.9%

Finland FI 6,520 4,641 1.02 1.18 0.63 1.09 1.18 10.5%

France FR 63,219 46,562 1.05 1.43 0.93 1.17 1.22 11.5%

Germany DE 94,431 72,233 1.06 1.35 1.05 1.25 1.25 13.3%

Greece EL 7,501 5,862 1.06 1.00 0.76 1.20 1.25 12.0%

Hungary HU 8,476 6,286 0.88 1.12 1.45 0.79 1.01 5.7%

Ireland IE 4,143 2,965 1.52 1.17 0.74 1.27 1.26 14.7%

Italy IT 46,298 37,567 1.04 1.09 0.95 1.16 1.25 11.1%

Latvia LV 687 547 1.02 0.58 1.64 0.36 0.55 1.3%

Lithuania LT 1,516 1,238 1.90 0.66 1.10 0.59 0.65 4.5%

Luxembourg LU 155 72 2.98 1.31 0.40 0.99 1.14 4.6%


Netherlands NL 17,745 12,611 0.96 1.37 0.62 1.55 1.38 17.8%

Poland PL 27,752 22,969 1.01 0.82 1.48 0.70 0.84 4.8%

Portugal PT 8,978 6,757 1.41 1.23 1.23 1.07 1.14 9.7%

Romania RO 11,226 9,423 1.43 0.74 2.47 0.38 0.45 2.2%

Slovakia SK 4,575 3,363 1.11 1.14 1.54 0.65 0.71 4.4%

Slovenia SI 3,573 2,690 1.14 0.96 1.28 0.80 0.87 6.5%

Spain ES 48,016 38,104 1.03 1.16 1.20 1.20 1.25 11.7%

Sweden SE 13,324 9,444 0.89 1.31 0.69 1.37 1.29 14.9%


Total EU-27 417,091 367,467 1.05 n.c. 0.95 1.12 1.16 11.0%


Macedonia MK 682 413 0.71 1.24 2.07 0.49 0.59 2.2%

Turkey TR 16,718 15,035 1.28 0.52 0.96 0.75 0.69 5.6%


EFTA Iceland IS 172 101 1.86 1.06 0.32 0.88 1.12 5.4%


Norway NO 3,736 2,640 0.95 1.13 0.45 1.06 1.14 10.4%

Switzerland CH 20,109 13,851 1.02 1.37 1.06 1.48 1.32 17.6%

Total EFTA 24,003 16,621 1.01 n.c. 0.86 1.41 1.29 16.4%

ERA Israel IL 6,921 5,241 0.98 1.05 0.58 1.31 1.41 14.3%

Total ERA 455,815 407,742 1.06 n.c. 0.94 1.11 1.15 11.0%

Asia China CN 234,146 220,721 1.46 0.41 1.31 0.82 0.78 8.4%

India IN 79,121 72,983 1.50 0.51 2.13 0.73 0.72 6.2%

Japan JP 121,456 111,062 0.76 0.54 1.34 0.94 1.08 8.8%

Rep. of Korea KR 39,807 35,204 1.40 0.66 1.25 0.97 0.94 9.5%

Other Brazil BR 24,002 21,171 1.31 0.62 0.96 0.80 0.84 5.7%

Russia RU 53,929 47,406 1.02 0.67 1.99 0.35 0.40 2.2%

United States US 233,536 198,783 1.01 0.95 0.64 1.48 1.37 17.4%


In terms of collaboration, more than half of the 42 countries produced a larger than expected

share of international co-publications, with CI values ranging from 1.06 to 1.55. Interestingly, all

of them are EU-27 or EFTA countries. On top of the list of the 23 most collaborative countries are

Belgium and France. Actually, no country outside the ERA has a CI score greater than 0.95.

Considering the scientific impact indicators, the highest values for ARC and percentage of papers

in the 10% most-cited publications are observed for the Netherlands, Switzerland, the US,

Cyprus, Denmark and Sweden (in descending order from 1.55 to 1.37, with about 16% of papers

in the 10% most-cited papers). Meanwhile, the highest ARIF values are observed for Israel, the

Netherlands, Cyprus, the US, Denmark and Switzerland (in descending order from 1.41 to 1.32).


73

Candidate countries all obtain low scores for the impact indicators, as do Brazil, Russia and the

Asian countries considered in this study.

Earth & Environmental Sciences

In the research field of Earth & Environmental Sciences (Table XXXVII), the US is the leading

country for the size of its scientific production based on both full (157,000) and fractional

(127,000) counting for the 20002011 period. Note that the world produced approximately

489,000 publications in this research field. China is the second largest producer (with 69,000

FULL; 61,000 FRAC), followed by the UK, Germany and France. Outside the EU-27, Japan, Russia

and India also make the top 10 based on either full or fractional counting.

Table XXXVII Publications in Earth & Environmental Sciences for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,912 2,581 1.29 1.43 0.88 1.29 1.10 13.7%

Belgium BE 5,608 3,316 1.23 1.34 0.80 1.51 1.25 17.3%

Bulgaria BG 843 482 1.31 1.16 0.77 0.81 0.92 5.3%

Cyprus CY 211 95 2.58 1.19 0.80 0.85 0.96 10.0%


Denmark DK 5,652 3,333 1.23 1.29 1.18 1.51 1.23 16.8%

Estonia EE 825 547 1.41 0.89 1.98 1.07 0.97 10.3%

Finland FI 5,576 3,715 1.05 1.11 1.30 1.22 1.09 12.8%

France FR 31,479 20,235 1.13 1.45 1.04 1.39 1.23 15.0%

Germany DE 37,905 24,426 1.14 1.44 0.92 1.39 1.19 15.5%

Greece EL 4,771 3,522 1.10 0.87 1.18 0.98 0.99 8.7%

Hungary HU 2,273 1,582 1.01 0.90 0.94 0.82 0.80 8.1%

Ireland IE 1,879 1,054 1.30 1.21 0.68 1.20 1.22 12.1%

Italy IT 22,036 16,469 1.33 1.01 1.08 1.12 1.08 11.1%

Latvia LV 111 69 1.92 0.81 0.53 0.70 0.96 5.3%

Lithuania LT 511 406 0.84 0.53 0.93 0.49 0.68 3.2%

Luxembourg LU 169 72 1.61 1.29 1.03 1.22 1.18 10.8%

Malta MT 73 40 1.83 0.88 1.18 1.56 0.89 22.6%

Netherlands NL 11,511 7,048 1.17 1.34 0.90 1.43 1.24 15.9%

Poland PL 6,173 4,997 1.48 0.65 0.83 0.61 0.74 4.3%

Portugal PT 3,575 2,552 1.60 0.96 1.20 1.01 1.13 9.4%

Romania RO 1,166 729 2.91 1.00 0.49 0.83 0.96 5.9%

Slovakia SK 1,274 887 1.28 0.92 1.05 0.70 0.72 5.2%

Slovenia SI 1,167 908 1.01 0.62 1.12 0.76 0.80 6.8%

Spain ES 14,492 10,631 1.35 1.05 0.86 1.15 1.18 11.7%

Sweden SE 8,403 5,017 1.10 1.32 0.95 1.45 1.23 15.1%


Total EU-27 175,887 145,088 1.19 n.c. 0.97 1.18 1.13 12.2%


Macedonia MK 71 40 1.32 0.94 0.54 0.63 0.70 5.0%

Turkey TR 6,414 5,545 1.33 0.49 0.91 0.82 0.80 7.1%


EFTA Iceland IS 740 375 0.77 1.31 3.04 1.35 1.26 14.2%


Norway NO 8,476 4,970 1.36 1.35 2.18 1.40 1.18 15.1%

Switzerland CH 10,602 6,061 1.25 1.46 1.20 1.79 1.32 21.7%

Total EFTA 19,362 11,407 1.28 n.c. 1.53 1.60 1.26 18.5%

ERA Israel IL 2,744 1,888 1.01 1.00 0.54 1.15 1.20 11.2%

Total ERA 194,506 164,754 1.20 n.c. 0.98 1.17 1.13 12.1%

Asia China CN 69,411 61,305 1.63 0.61 0.94 0.79 0.75 7.3%

India IN 19,660 17,694 1.30 0.40 1.34 0.51 0.63 3.2%

Japan JP 27,546 21,239 1.02 0.97 0.66 1.00 1.07 9.3%

Rep. of Korea KR 7,490 5,557 1.50 0.96 0.51 0.92 1.03 8.5%

Other Brazil BR 7,431 5,558 1.34 0.93 0.65 0.85 0.96 7.3%

Russia RU 23,550 19,366 1.17 0.70 2.10 0.42 0.43 3.1%

United States US 156,957 127,287 1.01 0.93 1.06 1.30 1.19 14.6%



74

Among this top 10, only China, Spain, Italy and India have a GI that is superior to the world level

of 1.20 (i.e., 1.63, 1.35, 1.33 and 1.30, respectively). Romania, Cyprus, Latvia and Malta greatly

increased their output between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period, with GIs of

1.83 or higher, but of these, only Romania produced more than 1,000 publications (FULL) during

the 2000–2011 period. Many countries with important global production in this field have not

increased their output in the 2004–2011 period, namely the US, the UK, Germany, France and

Japan. All of them have GI values of 1.14 or lower.

Iceland, Norway and Russia are by far the most specialised in this field (SIs of 3.04, 2.18 and 2.1

respectively), with Estonia ranking close behind among the 42 selected countries (SI 1.98).

Interestingly, the majority of the 42 selected countries are not specialised in Earth and

Environmental Sciences.

All countries that collaborate more than expected with foreign partners based on the size of their

output are part of the ERA, with Switzerland (1.46), France (1.45) and Germany (1.44) leading

the ranking based on CI. Meanwhile Russia (0.70), China (0.61) and Turkey (0.49) are some of

the major producers trailing behind in the CI ranking.

In terms of the indicators of scientific impact, Switzerland has the highest ARC (1.79) and ARIF

(1.32) as well as the second highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited

publications (21.7%), behind Malta with 22.6%. Whereas many EU-27 countries (e.g., Belgium,

Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, the UK, Germany and France) and the US perform above the

world level for most indicators of scientific impact, candidate countries and those outside the ERA

consistently have scores below the world level.

Mathematics & Statistics

The main field presented here is that of Mathematics & Statistics (Table XXXVIII). Between 2000

and 2011, close to 386,000 publications were produced at the world level, most of which were

from the US (FULL 97,000; FRAC 78,000) and China (FULL 55,000; FRAC 48,000). France,

Germany, the UK, Russia, Italy, Japan and Spain all produced more than 10,000 publications in

Mathematics and Statistics by either full or fractional counting.

Luxembourg and Romania are the countries that increased their output by the greatest extent

between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period (GIs of 4.54 and 2.10, respectively),

although Luxembourg produced fewer than 120 papers. On the other hand, India, China, Turkey,

the Republic of Korea and Brazil all produced more than 6,000 publications (FULL), with a GI

above the world level of 1.28 (in descending order from 1.85 to 1.41). In addition, the majority of

countries with a GI below the world level still show an increase in their output between the two

periods, such as Italy, Spain, the UK, France and the US (GIs in descending order from 1.20 to

1.11).

In terms of specialisation, the highest SI scores are observed for Romania, Russia and Cyprus

(2.78, 2.68 and 2.64, respectively), although the latter only has 400 publications (FULL). At the

same time, some of the countries with the highest output that are not specialised in Mathematics

& Statistics including China, Germany, the US and the UK. Regarding the CI, most of the EU-27

countries collaborate more than expected, with the leader being Ireland (CI 1.49), followed by

Luxembourg (1.45) and Switzerland (1.39). Note also the presence of Japan, China and Russia

near the bottom of the ranking, with CI scores of 0.69, 0.68 and 0.55, respectively.


75

Norway, Switzerland and the US are consistently in the top five when ranked by ARC, ARIF and

the percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications, indicating that these countries

have a high scientific impact in Mathematics & Statistics. Among large producers in this field,

France, the UK and Germany consistently have good scores for the three impact indicators, while

Russia obtains some of the lowest scores.

Table XXXVIII Publications in Mathematics & Statistics for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 3,968 2,794 1.24 1.25 1.21 1.31 1.08 15.0%

Belgium BE 4,786 3,420 1.14 1.28 1.04 1.22 1.10 13.7%

Bulgaria BG 1,169 830 1.15 1.13 1.68 0.82 0.90 7.2%

Cyprus CY 400 257 1.38 1.35 2.64 0.89 1.05 7.5%


Denmark DK 1,955 1,352 0.99 1.24 0.61 1.31 1.20 16.0%

Estonia EE 340 273 1.06 0.69 1.26 0.74 0.81 5.1%

Finland FI 2,280 1,647 1.29 1.17 0.73 1.21 1.11 12.7%

France FR 32,149 24,550 1.13 1.18 1.61 1.22 1.20 12.9%

Germany DE 26,775 19,674 1.18 1.29 0.94 1.18 1.12 12.6%

Greece EL 3,814 3,005 1.13 0.91 1.28 0.91 0.92 8.2%

Hungary HU 3,407 2,508 1.26 1.03 1.90 0.81 0.86 7.1%

Ireland IE 1,761 1,082 1.34 1.49 0.89 1.03 0.98 8.7%

Italy IT 20,249 16,063 1.20 1.03 1.34 1.06 1.07 10.7%

Latvia LV 144 131 1.31 0.30 1.29 0.38 0.52 4.2%

Lithuania LT 908 794 0.90 0.49 2.32 0.60 0.65 4.0%

Luxembourg LU 116 66 4.54 1.45 1.19 0.99 1.13 6.5%


Netherlands NL 5,250 3,686 1.06 1.28 0.60 1.21 1.15 12.9%

Poland PL 8,230 6,383 1.39 0.95 1.36 0.78 0.88 6.7%

Portugal PT 3,493 2,632 1.46 1.09 1.58 1.01 1.00 9.7%

Romania RO 4,292 3,223 2.10 1.07 2.78 0.99 0.88 10.4%

Slovakia SK 987 718 1.71 1.03 1.08 0.99 0.84 10.6%

Slovenia SI 1,383 1,051 1.10 0.96 1.65 0.94 0.93 8.5%

Spain ES 16,253 12,693 1.19 1.11 1.31 1.08 1.06 10.8%

Sweden SE 4,195 3,044 1.00 1.15 0.73 1.22 1.14 12.5%


Total EU-27 154,273 132,001 1.20 n.c. 1.12 1.08 1.08 11.0%


Macedonia MK 133 93 1.03 1.00 1.54 0.41 0.71 3.2%

Turkey TR 6,285 5,453 1.77 0.62 1.14 0.81 0.79 7.2%


EFTA Iceland IS 95 58 1.68 1.25 0.60 0.76 1.13 5.2%


Norway NO 2,199 1,562 1.35 1.18 0.87 1.40 1.20 16.1%

Switzerland CH 4,312 2,891 1.17 1.39 0.73 1.35 1.26 15.1%

Total EFTA 6,589 4,511 1.24 n.c. 0.77 1.36 1.24 15.3%

ERA Israel IL 5,878 4,062 1.06 1.34 1.49 1.07 1.17 10.8%

Total ERA 169,869 147,073 1.22 n.c. 1.12 1.07 1.07 10.9%

Asia China CN 55,093 48,231 1.80 0.68 0.94 1.06 0.93 11.1%

India IN 9,996 8,480 1.85 0.72 0.81 0.65 0.77 5.0%

Japan JP 16,784 14,281 1.17 0.69 0.57 0.87 0.99 7.7%

Rep. of Korea KR 9,146 7,277 1.43 0.96 0.85 0.91 0.92 8.7%

Other Brazil BR 6,648 5,127 1.41 1.07 0.77 0.92 1.02 8.5%

Russia RU 23,434 19,419 1.08 0.55 2.68 0.44 0.48 3.2%

United States US 96,793 78,452 1.11 1.01 0.83 1.30 1.22 14.1%


Physics & Astronomy

Physics & Astronomy is one of the largest scientific fields with more than 1.8 million publications

for the 20002011 period (Table XXXIX). ERA countries contributed not quite half that amount

with about 760,000 publications (FULL; 639,000 FRAC). However, with more than 445,000


76

publications based on FULL (344,000 FRAC), the US has the largest output, followed by China

(280,000 FULL; 251,000 FRAC) and Japan (208,000 FULL; 178,000 FRAC). Germany and France

round out the top five by full counting, whereas Russia takes fifth place using fractional counting.

Other countries outside the ERA such as the Republic of Korea, India and Brazil, also have

considerable output in this research field.

Table XXXIX Publications in Physics & Astronomy for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 18,230 10,174 1.12 1.32 0.92 1.32 1.17 14.1%

Belgium BE 27,876 16,294 0.98 1.29 1.04 1.17 1.08 12.3%

Bulgaria BG 6,847 3,711 1.22 1.21 1.57 0.89 0.98 7.5%

Cyprus CY 992 345 1.80 1.31 0.74 1.62 1.55 15.4%


Denmark DK 13,926 7,497 1.11 1.30 0.71 1.47 1.23 17.3%

Estonia EE 1,829 1,123 1.17 1.00 1.08 0.95 1.02 8.3%

Finland FI 15,134 8,911 1.07 1.20 0.83 1.29 1.15 12.2%

France FR 144,513 91,966 1.04 1.25 1.26 1.17 1.11 12.0%

Germany DE 200,987 130,790 1.05 1.26 1.31 1.31 1.15 14.3%

Greece EL 14,605 9,041 0.99 1.11 0.80 1.09 1.13 10.6%

Hungary HU 11,575 6,297 0.99 1.26 1.00 1.13 1.08 9.4%

Ireland IE 7,950 4,445 1.27 1.20 0.77 1.28 1.20 13.5%

Italy IT 100,623 67,449 0.97 1.17 1.17 1.14 1.10 11.3%

Latvia LV 1,599 892 1.80 1.12 1.84 0.70 0.80 5.8%

Lithuania LT 3,562 2,425 1.42 0.91 1.48 0.75 0.91 6.3%

Luxembourg LU 295 151 4.42 1.19 0.58 0.78 0.99 4.6%

Malta MT 64 39 2.08 0.93 0.31 1.01 0.83 12.2%

Netherlands NL 39,062 22,175 0.92 1.28 0.75 1.41 1.19 15.7%

Poland PL 47,060 30,694 1.09 1.08 1.36 0.90 0.93 7.6%

Portugal PT 13,486 7,895 1.22 1.22 0.99 1.23 1.07 11.7%

Romania RO 12,378 7,811 1.82 1.00 1.41 0.74 0.81 6.5%

Slovakia SK 6,549 3,378 1.13 1.28 1.06 0.86 0.96 7.4%

Slovenia SI 5,440 3,075 1.15 1.10 1.01 1.18 1.18 11.8%

Spain ES 64,648 40,296 1.14 1.24 0.87 1.22 1.15 11.9%

Sweden SE 29,950 17,565 0.94 1.26 0.88 1.24 1.14 12.6%


Total EU-27 712,307 586,121 1.05 n.c. 1.04 1.12 1.08 11.5%


Macedonia MK 421 236 1.08 1.06 0.81 0.75 0.90 6.1%

Turkey TR 13,891 11,043 1.21 0.63 0.48 0.86 0.91 7.2%


EFTA Iceland IS 535 246 1.84 1.21 0.53 0.98 1.10 11.6%


Norway NO 7,200 3,748 1.18 1.23 0.44 1.28 1.18 13.2%

Switzerland CH 41,911 21,736 1.01 1.42 1.14 1.56 1.23 17.7%

Total EFTA 49,143 25,784 1.04 n.c. 0.92 1.51 1.22 17.0%

ERA Israel IL 22,057 14,373 0.98 1.06 1.10 1.30 1.30 13.6%

Total ERA 762,335 639,498 1.05 n.c. 1.02 1.12 1.08 11.5%

Asia China CN 280,034 250,626 1.43 0.41 1.02 0.83 0.89 7.6%

India IN 63,781 52,840 1.55 0.59 1.06 0.91 0.95 7.6%

Japan JP 207,985 177,662 0.91 0.57 1.48 0.99 1.01 9.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 72,454 59,380 1.18 0.61 1.45 0.99 1.04 9.4%

Other Brazil BR 35,125 26,285 0.99 0.84 0.82 0.88 1.05 7.0%

Russia RU 136,432 101,681 1.13 0.85 2.93 0.64 0.67 5.2%

United States US 445,456 344,505 0.95 0.89 0.76 1.44 1.22 16.1%


Luxembourg, Malta and Iceland exhibit the largest growth over the 2004-2011 period (GIs

between 4.42 and 1.84). Given their small output, the absolute increase in their production is not

as marked as for China or India, which combine large outputs with high GIs (1.43 and 1.55,

respectively), much higher than worldwide growth (GI 1.11). Romania is also notable for a GI of


77

1.82 and an output exceeding 12,000 publications. By contrast, some of the top producers, while

still increasing their output, fall behind the world level. These include Germany (1.05) and France

(1.04).

Only a handful of countries in the selection of 42 are specialised in Physics & Astronomy. These

include a number of ERA countries as well as Japan and the Republic of Korea. At the very top are

Russia, Liechtenstein and Latvia (SIs of 2.93, 1.88 and 1.84, respectively). On the other hand,

the great majority of countries collaborate more than expected internationally based on the size

of their output and this includes most of the EU-27 countries. Switzerland has the highest CI

score (1.42) and is followed by Austria, Cyprus and Denmark with scores of 1.32, 1.31 and 1.30,

respectively. Meanwhile, all Asian countries as well as Brazil, Russia and the US rank at the

bottom of the list based on the CI.

Examining the scientific impact indicators, Cyprus, Switzerland, Denmark, the US and the

Netherlands rank in the top five for the highest ARC scores and percentages of their publications

in the 10% most-cited papers. Actually, these countries often have appreciable scientific impact

in many of the other main fields related to the natural sciences or Engineering. Cyprus, Israel,

Denmark, Switzerland and the US rank in the top five regarding the ARIF. For all three indicators

Brazil, China and Russia, despite relatively large output, have relatively little scientific impact,

ranking near the bottom of the list.

3.2.6 General Fields

General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences

Before discussing the results for General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences (Table XL (Table XL),

it is important to take note of a few limitations as detailed in Section 6.5 of this report.

Specifically, bibliometric data should be interpreted with care for the Social Sciences and

Humanities (SSH). Methodological limitations appear in these fields, notably because an

important fraction of SSH research output is not published in journals. Compared to the Natural

Sciences and Engineering (NSE), SSH research output is more frequently disseminated through

books, which are not indexed in the Scopus database. In addition, one must consider the local

orientation of SSH research when performing bibliometric analyses. This means that while

research questions in the NSE tend to be universal, SSH research subjects are often more local in

orientation/focus and, as a result, the target readership is more often limited to a particular

country or region. Consequently, SSH scholars publish somewhat more frequently in a language

other than in English—and in journals with a national rather than international distribution—than

do NSE researchers. Because the major citation databases (e.g., WoS, Scopus) that are suitable

to perform analysis of scientific impact are somewhat biased in favour of scientific literature

authored in English, the uninformed or careless use of bibliometrics to benchmark SSH research

can lead to erroneous conclusions. This methodological note of caution also applies to data

presented elsewhere in this document, including Table XXX (Social Sciences) and Table XXVIII

(Visual & Performing Arts).

With approximately 18,600 publications for the 20002011 period, the field of General Arts,

Humanities & Social Sciences is the second smallest among the 22 fields presented in this study.

Note that as per the limitations explained above, the total output in this research area may be

underrepresented. The US and the UK each produced a large proportion of these publications

(US: FULL 8,000 and FRAC 7500; UK: FULL 2270 and FRAC 2000), which may be expected based


78

on the known coverage bias of Scopus towards literature written in English. France, Germany, the

Netherlands, China and Italy follow, with India just behind.

Table XL Publications in General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences for 40 countries,

2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 101 84 1.88 1.39 0.77 1.18 1.03 11.6%

Belgium BE 138 118 1.78 1.27 0.76 0.98 1.06 9.7%



Czech Republic CZ 21 17 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.

Denmark DK 127 106 0.73 1.43 1.01 1.60 1.17 17.8%

Estonia EE 63 60 21.54 0.39 8.42 n.c. 0.87 n.c.

Finland FI 132 117 2.06 0.95 1.10 1.34 1.23 14.1%

France FR 718 642 1.17 1.06 0.89 0.60 0.70 5.8%

Germany DE 594 518 2.26 1.41 0.52 1.45 1.03 15.9%

Greece EL 80 70 2.01 0.92 0.62 0.26 0.82 0.0%

Hungary HU 42 34 1.74 1.07 0.59 n.c. 0.87 n.c.

Ireland IE 100 88 1.75 0.95 1.54 0.70 0.84 4.6%

Italy IT 245 202 1.85 1.46 0.36 1.22 1.08 10.5%





Netherlands NL 372 320 1.41 1.49 1.10 1.49 1.15 16.1%

Poland PL 68 57 0.79 1.29 0.26 0.94 1.52 9.7%

Portugal PT 59 50 1.55 1.03 0.63 0.89 1.09 8.6%

Romania RO 14 11 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.



Spain ES 217 177 2.56 1.63 0.39 1.08 1.18 14.7%

Sweden SE 201 173 1.44 1.42 0.88 1.65 1.23 15.6%


Total EU-27 5,313 4,915 1.40 n.c. 0.88 1.19 1.07 12.8%

Candidate Croatia HR 35 34 15.54 0.10 1.35 n.c. n.c. n.c.


Turkey TR 185 171 3.62 0.76 0.76 0.91 0.84 9.6%




Norway NO 139 120 1.10 1.12 1.41 0.74 1.03 9.3%

Switzerland CH 148 125 1.42 1.23 0.66 1.57 1.01 15.2%

Total EFTA 295 253 1.28 n.c. 0.91 1.15 1.02 11.7%

ERA Israel IL 178 162 1.38 0.81 1.25 1.28 0.98 11.6%

Total ERA 5,945 5,537 1.45 n.c. 0.89 1.19 1.05 12.7%

Asia China CN 250 214 2.25 1.46 0.09 0.80 0.92 5.8%

India IN 237 213 1.61 0.95 0.43 0.85 1.08 8.2%

Japan JP 142 127 1.30 0.86 0.11 0.88 1.02 9.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 102 85 2.40 1.34 0.21 0.74 1.21 8.3%

Other Brazil BR 159 141 1.25 0.91 0.44 0.50 1.07 3.6%

Russia RU 172 161 12.10 0.44 0.56 0.30 0.32 3.9%

United States US 8,033 7,531 1.00 0.93 1.69 1.06 1.12 10.7%


The largest increases in output are observed for Estonia (GI 21.54), Croatia (15.54), Russia

(12.10) and Turkey (3.62), but these countries have very low output (185 publications or fewer,

based on FULL counting). Again, these results must be considered in light of the several factors

that could bias the data in the SSH. For instance, Elsevier only recently began to expand its

coverage of the Humanities in Scopus, which may have artificially inflated the growth index of a

number of countries due to artefacts such as uneven rates of inclusion of Humanities journals


79

across countries. Nonetheless, the majority of EU-27 countries have a GI higher than the world

level of 1.40, whereas the UK and the US fell behind the world level (1.10 and 1.00,

respectively).

Seven countries, led by Estonia (SI 8.42), are specialised in the General Arts, Humanities & Social

Sciences. None of the six remaining countries scored above 2.0 for SI. They include, in

descending order, the UK, the US, Ireland, Norway, Croatia and Israel. All of the Asian countries,

as well as Brazil and Russia, are not specialised (i.e., SI of 0.56 or less), although this may be

due to a regional or language bias in the database. A ranking based on the CI illustrates that

several EU-27 countries (primarily Spain and the UK, with a CI of 1.60 or higher) collaborate the

most relative to expectations given the size of their output. This is also the case for the

Netherlands, Italy, China and Denmark. With a CI of 0.93, the US collaborates somewhat less

than would be expected based on the size of its output.

While many countries did not produce a large enough output to calculate impact indicators,

Sweden, Denmark, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Germany lead with ARC scores of 1.5 or

above. Meanwhile Poland, Finland, Sweden and the Republic of Korea have the highest ARIFs with

scores ranging from 1.21 to 1.52. The countries with more than 15% of their publications in the

10% most-cited papers are Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, the Netherlands, Denmark and

Liechtenstein. In the EU-27 countries, Ireland and France show very low scores for scientific

impact, as do Brazil and Russia among other comparable countries in General Arts, Humanities &

Social Sciences.

General Science & Technology

As seen in Table XLI, 209,000 publications were produced in the field of General Science &

Technology between 2000 and 2011, with the largest share of the world production being

generated in the US and China, which are nearly tied. These countries actually exchange first

place in the ranking depending on whether publications are summed up based on full or fractional

counting. Since the US leads in FULL (77,000 compared to 68,000 for China) whereas China leads

in FRAC (65,000 compared to 63,000 for the US), China does not author its publications, on

average, with as many foreign authors as does the US. These two leaders are followed by the UK,

Germany, France, Japan, Italy, Spain, Switzerland and the Netherlands in the top 10 with little

difference in the rankings between full and fractional counting.

Estonia is the country with the highest GI (10.68) calculated for the 2004 to 2011 period,

meaning that it greatly increased its output between the first and second half of this period. It is

followed by India (GI 5.66), Slovenia (3.98), Bulgaria (3.79) and Portugal (3.78) but except for

India (2,800 FULL) none of these countries produced more than 1,200 publications during the

whole study period. By contrast, Spain, the Netherlands, France, Germany and Italy all have GIs

higher than the world level (GI 1.63) and produced at least 4,000 publications (FULL) in the

whole study period. Japan, the US and China, despite being top producers, all trail with GIs below

the world level (GIs in descending order from 1.56 to 1.28).

Considering specialisation in General Science & Technology, only three countries have an SI score

strongly above the world level. These are Bulgaria (SI 3.72), China (2.35) and the US (1.25).

Eastern European countries are the less specialized in this field. On the other hand, the majority

of countries in the selection collaborated more than expected based on the size of their output

with foreign partners. Germany and Switzerland have the highest CI score (tied at 1.50) followed

by Belgium, Austria, Sweden, Russia and France, all with a CI score equal to or above 1.44.


80

China, which is notable for its large output and high specialisation index, has the lowest CI score

among selected countries (0.19).

As for scientific impact indicators, 27 countries consistently have scores above the world level for

all three indicators, including most ERA countries, the US, Japan, the Republic of Korea and

Russia. With regard to the ARC, Iceland, Ireland, Austria, Finland, Belgium, the Netherlands and

Denmark all have scores above 2.10, whereas the highest ARIF scores are observed for Iceland,

Switzerland and Croatia, all above 1.75. Considering the percentage of publications in the 10%

most-cited publications, Iceland leads again (34.9%) and is followed by Austria, Ireland, the

Netherlands, Switzerland and Germany, all with 21.5% or more of their papers in the 10% most-

cited publications. China again ranks last for all three impact indicators.

Table XLI Publications in General Science & Technology for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,393 644 2.04 1.45 0.52 2.36 1.69 24.6%

Belgium BE 1,750 847 2.39 1.47 0.48 2.22 1.49 20.9%

Bulgaria BG 1,138 995 3.79 0.45 3.72 0.23 0.18 2.8%



Denmark DK 1,855 953 1.96 1.37 0.79 2.13 1.56 21.2%

Estonia EE 202 103 10.68 1.07 0.87 1.63 1.35 18.8%

Finland FI 1,031 518 2.86 1.34 0.43 2.27 1.53 21.4%

France FR 9,774 5,723 2.06 1.44 0.69 1.74 1.51 17.7%

Germany DE 12,591 7,440 2.03 1.50 0.66 2.04 1.64 21.6%

Greece EL 653 385 1.14 1.02 0.30 1.47 1.13 12.3%

Hungary HU 590 293 1.64 1.29 0.41 1.46 1.39 15.0%

Ireland IE 583 262 3.30 1.31 0.40 2.95 1.62 23.3%

Italy IT 5,312 3,207 1.88 1.31 0.49 1.74 1.34 17.8%


Lithuania LT 60 26 0.61 1.11 0.14 0.94 1.08 11.4%



Netherlands NL 4,178 2,324 2.43 1.38 0.70 2.21 1.64 23.2%

Poland PL 1,050 643 1.30 0.94 0.25 1.02 0.94 10.7%

Portugal PT 756 347 3.78 1.32 0.38 1.67 1.29 17.0%

Romania RO 145 67 2.78 1.05 0.11 1.15 0.93 5.7%

Slovakia SK 180 92 1.02 1.13 0.25 0.85 0.86 5.3%

Slovenia SI 191 109 3.98 0.94 0.31 1.24 1.16 15.3%

Spain ES 4,671 2,922 2.45 1.14 0.56 1.46 1.19 12.7%

Sweden SE 3,389 1,832 2.37 1.44 0.81 2.02 1.50 19.4%


Total EU-27 54,659 41,364 2.01 n.c. 0.65 1.53 1.39 15.4%



Turkey TR 770 630 1.68 0.44 0.24 0.61 0.58 5.5%


EFTA Iceland IS 99 33 2.81 1.30 0.62 4.80 2.41 34.9%


Norway NO 998 465 3.20 1.37 0.48 1.99 1.60 19.9%

Switzerland CH 4,385 2,235 1.84 1.50 1.04 2.06 1.80 22.8%

Total EFTA 5,404 2,733 2.03 n.c. 0.86 2.07 1.77 22.3%

ERA Israel IL 2,401 1,502 1.38 1.17 1.01 1.75 1.49 15.9%

Total ERA 59,715 46,287 1.98 n.c. 0.65 1.53 1.40 15.3%

Asia China CN 68,094 65,351 1.28 0.19 2.35 0.12 0.17 0.8%

India IN 2,816 2,270 5.66 0.58 0.40 0.63 0.65 6.1%

Japan JP 8,675 5,949 1.56 1.10 0.44 1.90 1.50 19.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 1,645 868 2.76 1.27 0.19 1.88 1.47 19.8%

Other Brazil BR 2,608 1,878 2.21 0.83 0.52 0.71 0.75 6.9%

Russia RU 1,088 467 1.50 1.44 0.12 1.76 1.45 16.8%

United States US 77,411 63,782 1.51 0.92 1.25 1.85 1.65 19.1%

World 209,001 209,001 1.63 n.c. 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. China’s impact is underestimated (see discussion in Section 5). Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


81

3.3 ECONOMIC SECTORS (NACE)

This section examines the scientific output and performance of the 42 selected countries in each

of the 28 economic sectors for the 2000 to 2011 period. As mentioned in Section 2, great care

should be taken in comparing an entity’s (e.g., a country, a region, an institution) output or

specialisation across economic sectors since some of them will be erroneously inflated or deflated

due to false negatives/positives. (see Section 6.4 for more information on the Methods for

Matching Scientific Subfields to Economic Sectors.)

Note also that in nearly all economic sectors (except Manufacture of Food Products, Beverages

and Machinery for these Products and Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals), the world output in full

counting is substantially larger than in fractional counting. This is because the matching of

scientific subfields to economic sectors was not mutually exclusive (i.e., one subfield could be

matched to multiple sectors) and, as requested by the Commission, the publications were

fractionated to ensure that the sum in the number of papers across economic sectors adds up to

the total number of unique documents when all sectors are combined. Consequently, variation

across entities in the difference between the number of publications based on full versus

fractional counting should not be interpreted as variation in the propensity of those entities to

co-author their papers.

Economic Sectors (Grouped)

Table XLII presents bibliometrics indicators for the 42 selected countries for all economic sectors

taken as a whole. From 2000 to 2011, the world produced more than 7 million publications linked

to economic sectors. The total production of the ERA (about 2.3 million publications FULL; 2

million FRAC) represents roughly 30% of the world total. The US leads in output size with more

than 1.6 million papers (FULL; 1.42 million FRAC), followed by China (1.5 million FULL; 1.46

million FRAC) and Japan (576,000 FULL; 511,000 FRAC). Note that, using fractional counting,

China surpasses the US for first place. In fact, both countries have a production of comparable

size. Yet, China’s output is growing fast, whereas that of the US is rather stable (see below).

Other important producers are, in descending order, Germany, the UK, France, the Republic of

Korea, India and Italy, with outputs ranging from 443,000 to 240,000 (FULL). The smallest

productions are those of Iceland, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Malta and Liechtenstein, none of which

exceed 2,200 publications (FULL).

On the other hand, small countries like Luxembourg or Malta obtain high GI scores, reflecting an

increase in their output between the first and the second half of the 2004 to 2011 period. A

ranking by GI scores places Luxembourg (2.91), Latvia (2.41), Malta (2.36), Romania (2.03) and

Cyprus (1.81) in the top five, far above the world score of 1.27. Note that Romania couples a

high growth with an appreciable output of 38,000 papers (FULL). China also does well with a GI

of 1.76. The two other top three producers, the US and Japan, present a rather stable production

(or very slight decrease in their output), with respective GI scores of 0.99 and 0.94.

Looking at the specialisation profiles, Liechtenstein, China, the Republic of Korea, Romania and

Lithuania are the most specialised countries in economic sectors taken as a whole, with SIs of

1.57 to 1.39, in descending order. All Asian countries are specialised in economic sectors

(grouped), whereas Israel, Denmark, the UK and Iceland have the lowest SI scores.

Looking at collaboration, the countries having the highest propensity to collaborate given the size

of their output are, in descending order, Switzerland, France, the UK, Belgium and the


82

Netherlands, with CIs ranging from 1.52 to 1.40. Asian countries collaborate less, as do Brazil,

Lithuania, Croatia and Turkey.

Table XLII Publications in economic sectors (grouped) for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 54,592 38,174 1.23 1.31 0.91 1.17 1.08 12.2%

Belgium BE 75,222 52,386 1.14 1.41 0.88 1.39 1.22 15.1%

Bulgaria BG 13,529 9,547 1.13 1.11 1.07 0.76 0.92 6.5%

Cyprus CY 3,219 1,907 1.81 1.24 1.08 1.19 1.15 11.9%


Denmark DK 43,003 28,978 1.18 1.35 0.72 1.55 1.28 17.4%

Estonia EE 5,206 3,859 1.44 0.87 0.98 0.99 1.03 9.8%

Finland FI 51,478 39,502 1.04 1.03 0.97 1.18 1.12 12.5%

France FR 332,813 247,594 1.13 1.41 0.89 1.18 1.16 12.2%

Germany DE 442,854 335,907 1.13 1.33 0.89 1.21 1.07 13.0%

Greece EL 55,687 44,438 1.16 0.92 1.04 1.13 1.18 11.6%

Hungary HU 27,866 20,393 1.03 1.09 0.85 0.87 1.00 7.7%

Ireland IE 28,527 20,588 1.26 1.15 0.93 1.20 1.17 12.5%

Italy IT 239,599 190,293 1.15 1.13 0.87 1.20 1.19 12.4%

Latvia LV 3,358 2,482 2.41 0.81 1.34 0.63 0.76 5.1%

Lithuania LT 10,356 8,674 1.74 0.63 1.39 0.86 0.87 7.5%

Luxembourg LU 2,128 1,192 2.91 1.32 1.19 1.10 1.03 12.2%

Malta MT 550 375 2.36 0.83 0.79 0.99 0.88 12.0%

Netherlands NL 123,787 87,116 1.09 1.40 0.78 1.41 1.23 15.6%

Poland PL 103,547 85,373 1.23 0.83 1.00 0.73 0.84 6.0%

Portugal PT 46,649 35,771 1.48 1.08 1.18 1.13 1.12 11.3%

Romania RO 38,001 30,939 2.03 0.81 1.47 0.60 0.68 5.1%

Slovakia SK 15,253 11,313 1.35 1.01 0.94 0.67 0.76 5.4%

Slovenia SI 16,504 13,176 1.24 0.79 1.14 0.89 0.93 8.4%

Spain ES 195,419 153,766 1.26 1.15 0.87 1.18 1.21 12.0%

Sweden SE 83,350 59,785 1.01 1.29 0.79 1.36 1.24 14.4%


Total EU-27 2,107,985 1,845,872 1.16 0.00 0.86 1.13 1.12 11.6%


Macedonia MK 2,010 1,338 1.10 1.01 1.22 0.55 0.73 4.4%

Turkey TR 77,985 69,013 1.37 0.55 0.80 1.03 1.01 9.8%

Total Candidate 93,689 82,109 1.36 0.00 0.80 0.94 0.96 8.8%

EFTA Iceland IS 2,160 1,187 1.45 1.31 0.67 1.31 1.10 12.5%


Norway NO 34,925 24,204 1.29 1.23 0.74 1.24 1.12 13.0%

Switzerland CH 88,657 58,734 1.12 1.52 0.81 1.69 1.30 18.8%

Total EFTA 125,123 84,297 1.17 0.00 0.79 1.56 1.25 17.1%

ERA Israel IL 48,429 36,483 1.01 1.10 0.73 1.45 1.46 15.5%

Total ERA 2,310,133 2,048,761 1.16 0.00 0.86 1.14 1.12 11.7%

Asia China CN 1,551,336 1,460,177 1.76 0.42 1.57 0.75 0.78 7.0%

India IN 242,648 220,872 1.74 0.49 1.17 0.79 0.88 7.1%

Japan JP 575,904 510,569 0.94 0.64 1.12 0.91 0.98 8.7%

Rep. of Korea KR 262,508 230,631 1.21 0.70 1.48 0.96 1.08 9.5%

Other Brazil BR 122,463 105,890 1.50 0.69 0.87 0.79 0.91 6.6%

Russia RU 176,602 147,641 1.06 0.81 1.12 0.47 0.53 3.7%

United States US 1,667,265 1,419,886 0.99 0.97 0.83 1.36 1.23 14.7%

World 7,024,530 7,024,530 1.27 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: The publication trend (the scale is not the same across countries), the growth index (pubs. in 2008–



Interestingly, the countries that collaborate the most are also the ones with the strongest

scientific impact overall. A ranking based on ARC places Switzerland on top with a score of 1.69,

followed by Denmark, Israel, the Netherlands and Belgium, with ARCs ranging from 1.55 to 1.39

in descending order. Those countries also have the highest proportion of their papers falling


83

within the 10% most-cited publications. A ranking based on ARIF gives slightly different results,

with Israel on top (ARIF 1.46), followed by Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands.

In general, for all three scientific indicators, the US ranks in sixth place.

Manufacture of Food Products, Beverages and Manufacture of Machinery for these

Products

Table XLIII presents bibliometric data for the 42 selected countries in Manufacture of Food

Products and Beverages and Manufacture of Machinery for these Products for the years 2000 to

2011. The world produced about 167,000 papers related to this sector during the whole period.

The ERA taken as a whole published close to half of this amount (about 74,500 FULL; 68,000

FRAC). The US has the biggest output with about 38,000 papers (FULL; 32,000 FRAC) and is

followed by Spain, China, the UK, Japan, Germany and France.

A ranking based on the growth from the second compared to the first period places Luxembourg

at the top (GI 10.01), followed by Russia, Romania, Latvia and the Republic of Korea (GIs ranging

from 5.38 to 2.49). However, except for the Republic of Korea, their output is very low. China is

notable for a GI of 2.28 combined with a substantial output of more than 10,000 publications.

Overall, 17 countries have a GI above the world level of 1.35.

Iceland is the most specialised country, with an SI of 3.08, with Ireland, Spain, Portugal and

Brazil completing the top five (SIs ranging from 2.55 to 1.93). Countries like the UK, the US,

Japan, Germany or China are not specialised in this sector even though they each have a large

output.

The countries having the highest propensity to collaborate in this sector given the size of their

output are Switzerland, the Netherlands, the UK, Norway and Sweden, with CIs ranging from

1.54 to 1.35. Asian countries collaborate less than expected, as do Brazil, Turkey, Russia and

most Eastern European countries.

The countries that collaborate the most in this sector are also the ones with the strongest

scientific impact overall. Based on ARC, Finland comes on top with a score of 1.67, followed by

Norway, the Netherlands, Sweden and Switzerland, with ARCs ranging from 1.56 to 1.44. Those

countries also have the highest proportion of their papers in the top 10% most-cited publications.

Based on ARIF, the ranking gives slightly different results, with the Netherlands on top (ARIF

1.31) followed by Sweden, Denmark, Cyprus and Finland. Among the biggest producers, the UK

and US have the highest impact and rank between 7th and 11th place depending on the scientific

impact indicator used.


84

Table XLIII Publications in Manufacture of Food Products, Beverages and Manufacture

of Machinery for these Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,225 858 1.44 1.14 0.86 1.02 0.96 12.2%

Belgium BE 2,503 1,822 1.31 1.28 1.28 1.33 1.14 15.2%

Bulgaria BG 212 144 1.29 0.98 0.67 0.97 0.95 9.4%

Cyprus CY 49 21 2.34 1.26 0.51 0.00 1.23 0.0%


Denmark DK 2,506 1,777 1.04 1.29 1.85 1.41 1.24 16.2%

Estonia EE 62 40 0.95 0.82 0.43 1.22 1.15 9.8%

Finland FI 1,763 1,313 1.13 1.12 1.35 1.67 1.23 21.0%

France FR 9,305 7,356 0.98 1.20 1.11 0.98 0.97 10.0%

Germany DE 9,364 7,497 1.13 1.06 0.83 1.01 0.93 11.0%

Greece EL 2,210 1,825 1.14 0.80 1.79 1.21 1.11 12.7%

Hungary HU 759 581 1.14 0.89 1.02 0.73 0.82 7.3%

Ireland IE 1,752 1,339 1.47 1.08 2.55 1.22 1.12 13.0%

Italy IT 8,504 7,181 1.38 0.87 1.38 1.02 0.98 11.2%

Latvia LV 31 18 3.30 0.91 0.46 0.00 1.02 0.0%

Lithuania LT 108 71 1.15 1.00 0.48 1.12 0.99 11.4%

Luxembourg LU 38 22 10.01 1.00 1.05 0.00 1.02 0.0%


Netherlands NL 4,537 3,211 1.24 1.46 1.20 1.49 1.31 18.2%

Poland PL 2,605 2,202 2.33 0.70 1.08 0.93 0.88 9.5%

Portugal PT 1,781 1,427 1.80 1.03 1.97 1.23 1.11 14.2%

Romania RO 148 105 4.56 0.75 0.21 0.95 0.84 10.8%

Slovakia SK 401 331 1.27 0.61 1.15 0.71 0.78 5.3%

Slovenia SI 332 269 2.21 0.66 0.97 1.25 1.04 14.2%

Spain ES 12,175 10,501 1.31 0.86 2.50 1.08 1.06 11.1%

Sweden SE 2,519 1,726 0.98 1.35 0.96 1.44 1.26 16.3%


Total EU-27 67,381 61,030 1.24 0.00 1.20 1.06 1.04 11.1%



Turkey TR 3,747 3,403 1.12 0.48 1.65 0.95 0.86 10.1%

Total Candidate 4,215 3,793 1.15 0.00 1.56 0.94 0.85 9.9%

EFTA Iceland IS 201 129 1.59 1.23 3.08 1.20 1.10 11.9%


Norway NO 1,652 1,107 1.14 1.36 1.43 1.56 1.22 17.9%

Switzerland CH 2,474 1,615 1.13 1.54 0.94 1.44 1.17 17.5%

Total EFTA 4,260 2,852 1.15 0.00 1.12 1.46 1.19 17.2%

ERA Israel IL 871 632 1.09 1.02 0.53 1.21 1.20 12.4%

Total ERA 74,514 68,307 1.23 0.00 1.20 1.06 1.03 11.2%

Asia China CN 11,468 10,058 2.28 0.90 0.45 1.10 1.09 11.2%

India IN 6,891 6,400 1.30 0.44 1.42 0.63 0.75 4.9%

Japan JP 10,053 9,068 1.18 0.64 0.83 0.77 0.89 6.4%

Rep. of Korea KR 5,240 4,532 2.49 0.80 1.22 0.89 0.95 7.5%

Other Brazil BR 6,174 5,591 1.69 0.53 1.93 0.71 0.81 5.4%

Russia RU 414 328 5.38 0.75 0.10 0.96 0.60 6.8%

United States US 38,219 32,483 1.06 1.06 0.80 1.23 1.16 13.5%


Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and Manufacture of Machinery for these Products

Table XLIV display bibliometric data of the 42 selected countries for the publications related to

Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and Manufacture of Machinery for these Products. From 2000 to

2011, the world produced close to 49,000 publications in that sector (FULL; 19,000 FRAC). China

is the leader in terms of output with 10,000 papers (FULL; 3,700 FRAC) and is followed by Japan,

the US, India and the Republic of Korea. China’s output almost equals the total for all EU-27

countries (about 11,000, FULL; about 3,800, FRAC).


85

Table XLIV Publications in Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and Manufacture of

Machinery for these Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 210 56 1.08 1.74 0.50 1.09 1.19 4.5%

Belgium BE 298 70 1.06 1.85 0.43 1.54 1.19 11.0%

Bulgaria BG 192 78 0.77 1.11 3.25 0.80 0.92 2.8%



Denmark DK 93 23 1.30 1.28 0.21 1.37 1.38 7.8%


Finland FI 242 73 1.94 1.04 0.67 1.31 1.32 5.9%

France FR 1,685 469 1.31 1.88 0.63 1.32 1.25 7.1%

Germany DE 1,780 448 0.91 1.67 0.44 1.08 1.00 5.2%

Greece EL 343 101 1.14 1.10 0.88 1.27 1.27 6.4%

Hungary HU 68 22 1.26 1.15 0.33 0.96 1.06 3.6%

Ireland IE 45 11 3.76 1.14 0.20 0.00 1.14 0.0%

Italy IT 805 275 1.30 1.23 0.47 1.37 1.17 9.2%


Lithuania LT 176 60 1.21 0.40 3.58 0.41 0.42 0.0%



Netherlands NL 476 120 0.92 1.44 0.40 1.28 1.20 6.9%

Poland PL 1,292 462 0.87 0.65 2.00 0.65 0.71 1.8%

Portugal PT 354 112 1.76 1.40 1.38 1.31 1.19 7.7%

Romania RO 549 182 1.01 0.46 3.21 0.33 0.50 1.0%

Slovakia SK 100 27 0.86 1.09 0.83 0.81 0.82 1.4%

Slovenia SI 308 104 0.79 0.94 3.34 0.55 0.56 0.9%

Spain ES 952 284 0.93 1.23 0.60 1.12 1.25 4.9%

Sweden SE 324 87 1.05 1.21 0.43 1.65 1.27 10.4%

United Kingdom UK 1,821 631 0.90 1.55 0.59 1.03 1.11 5.2%

Total EU-27 11,270 3,846 1.06 0.00 0.67 1.03 1.04 4.9%



Turkey TR 1,551 610 1.18 0.45 2.61 1.01 0.93 3.7%

Total Candidate 1,998 748 1.15 0.00 2.72 0.83 0.79 3.0%



Norway NO 91 24 1.65 1.07 0.27 2.01 1.43 16.7%

Switzerland CH 283 68 0.99 1.69 0.35 1.41 1.25 10.0%

Total EFTA 381 93 1.16 0.00 0.32 1.52 1.29 11.2%

ERA Israel IL 158 46 0.83 0.92 0.34 1.62 1.34 10.8%

Total ERA 13,487 4,733 1.08 0.00 0.73 1.01 1.01 4.8%

Asia China CN 10,098 3,710 1.38 0.59 1.48 1.14 1.10 5.0%

India IN 3,929 1,402 1.01 0.54 2.75 1.00 0.94 4.9%

Japan JP 7,236 2,549 0.92 0.55 2.07 0.67 0.77 2.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 3,806 1,365 1.35 0.88 3.24 1.09 1.06 4.7%

Other Brazil BR 784 248 1.32 0.84 0.76 1.06 1.23 3.3%

Russia RU 1,291 398 0.87 0.63 1.12 0.25 0.36 0.6%

United States US 6,058 1,949 0.88 1.47 0.42 1.40 1.23 8.8%

World 48,925 18,829 1.13 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 4.7% Note: Ibid.

In this sector, there are only 4.7% highly cited papers at the world level instead of 10%. This is because this sector was matched to specific journals while the 10% most-cited papers were identified by subfield to make sure that each subfield (not each journal) is equally represented in the top 10%. The world output in full counting is larger than in fractional counting. This is because the matching of scientific subfields to economic sectors was not mutually exclusive (i.e., one subfield could be matched to multiple sectors) and as a result publications were fractionated to ensure that the sum in the number of publications across economic sectors adds up to the total number of papers when all sectors are combined.


Considering the GI over the 2004–2011 period, Ireland, Finland, the Czech Republic, Portugal and

Norway exhibit the best scores (GIs ranging from 3.76 to 1.65), although their total production

does not exceed 360 papers. Only China and the Republic of Korea combine a high output (more

than 3,500 articles, FULL) with important growth (GIs of 1.38 and 1.35, respectively). Among the

19 countries with a GI below the world level of 1.13, 7 have seen a clear decrease in their output


86

during this period in this economic sector (GI less than 0.90; GIs between 0.90 and 1.1 are

considered as somewhat stable outputs).

The most specialised countries in this sector are Lithuania, Croatia, Slovenia, Bulgaria, the

Republic of Korea and Romania, although (except for the Republic of Korea) their output does not

exceed 600 publications. All Asian countries are specialised in this sector, whereas Israel,

Hungary, Norway, Denmark and Ireland are not at all specialised with very low SI scores.

However, note that Norway and Ireland are experiencing some of the strongest growth in this

sector.

The countries having the highest propensity to collaborate given the size of their output in this

sector are France, Belgium, Austria, Switzerland, Germany, the UK and the US, with CIs ranging

from 1.88 to 1.47. Asian countries, as well as Romania, Turkey and Lithuania, collaborate less

than expected given their size.

With a few exceptions (Austria, Germany and the UK), the countries that collaborate the most are

also the ones with the strongest scientific impact. A ranking based on ARC places Norway at the

top with 2.01, followed by Sweden, Israel, Belgium and Switzerland (ARCs ranging from 1.65 to

1.41 in descending order). Those countries also have the highest proportion of their papers falling

within the 10% most-cited publications. A ranking based on ARIF gives slightly different results,

with Norway at the top (ARIF 1.43) followed by Denmark, Israel, Finland and Greece. Considering

all three factors, Asian countries have low scientific impact in general, especially Japan. Countries

with the least overall scientific impact include Romania, Lithuania, Russia and Croatia.

Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods

Table XLV presents the scientific output and performance of the 42 selected countries in

Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods. This is one of the biggest

fields, with close to 1.5 million publications produced worldwide from 2000 to 2011 (FULL;

819,000 FRAC). The ERA countries taken as a whole produced about one third of this amount.

China leads the pack in terms of output with 367,000 papers (FULL; 207,000 FRAC), followed by

the US (287,000 FULL; 124,000 FRAC). Japan, Germany and France complete the top five. Note

that all selected Asian countries qualify in the top 10.

In terms of growth, as usual, small producers like Malta, Luxembourg and Latvia take the first

places with GI scores ranking from 4.36 to 3.10 for their production during the 2004–2011

period. Interestingly, they are closely followed by more important players such as India (GI 2.94)

and China (GI 2.52). Romania is also notable as it combines a high GI (2.75) with more than

10,000 publications. Big producers such as the UK, Japan and the US are way below the world

level (GI 1.51) for this period, with GIs of 1.11, 1.08 and 0.99, respectively.

Luxembourg, Latvia, Macedonia, China and Romania are the five most specialised countries in

this sector, with SIs ranging from 3.24 to 1.87. Important players in terms of output are not

specialised in Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods, particularly the

UK, Brazil, Russia and the US.

The countries having the highest propensity to collaborate given the size of their output are

Switzerland, Belgium, Liechtenstein, the UK and France, with CIs ranging from 1.54 to 1.39 in

descending order. The Asian countries and Turkey collaborate less, with CI scores lower than

0.70.


87

Looking at the scientific impact, a ranking based on ARC places Switzerland on top with 1.76,

followed by Israel, the US, Belgium and the Netherlands, with scores ranging from 1.55 to 1.38 in

descending order. These countries also have the highest proportion of their papers in the 10%

most-cited publications, although Lithuania overtakes them when using this impact indicator with

21.1% of its papers featuring in the top 10% most-cited publications. Considering ARIF, Israel,

Turkey, the US, the UK and Switzerland hit the top five with scores ranging from 1.46 to 1.19 in

descending order. Russia and Eastern European countries in general consistently have the lowest

performance in terms of scientific impact.

Table XLV Publications in Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured

Goods for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 12,907 5,993 1.52 1.28 1.22 1.13 0.97 12.1%

Belgium BE 16,392 6,366 1.20 1.46 0.91 1.42 1.10 15.2%

Bulgaria BG 2,927 1,082 1.42 1.26 1.03 0.70 0.89 5.9%

Cyprus CY 753 373 1.75 1.19 1.80 0.84 1.05 8.7%


Denmark DK 5,737 2,556 1.32 1.34 0.54 1.30 1.06 14.8%

Estonia EE 1,240 439 2.06 1.03 0.95 1.05 0.94 10.9%

Finland FI 9,370 4,857 1.15 0.96 1.02 1.15 1.05 11.4%

France FR 79,147 32,544 1.26 1.39 1.00 1.13 1.07 11.6%

Germany DE 95,374 39,233 1.29 1.36 0.88 1.18 1.01 12.5%

Greece EL 12,241 6,636 1.21 0.98 1.32 1.07 1.16 11.4%

Hungary HU 5,398 2,444 1.29 1.23 0.87 0.83 0.94 7.2%

Ireland IE 7,036 3,436 1.23 1.19 1.33 1.08 0.99 11.6%

Italy IT 47,980 22,789 1.23 1.11 0.89 1.09 1.06 11.4%

Latvia LV 1,278 501 3.10 0.99 2.32 0.63 0.65 5.3%

Lithuania LT 3,293 1,209 2.23 0.76 1.66 0.71 0.76 5.9%

Luxembourg LU 807 378 4.24 1.39 3.24 1.03 0.85 11.7%

Malta MT 96 48 4.36 0.73 0.93 1.26 0.99 21.1%

Netherlands NL 22,173 10,200 1.21 1.29 0.78 1.38 1.07 15.0%

Poland PL 23,907 9,975 1.43 1.07 1.00 0.75 0.82 6.0%

Portugal PT 10,185 5,307 1.62 1.08 1.50 1.03 1.00 10.2%

Romania RO 10,304 4,614 2.75 0.96 1.87 0.69 0.77 6.3%

Slovakia SK 3,104 1,322 1.95 1.26 0.94 0.75 0.95 6.9%

Slovenia SI 4,078 2,051 1.13 0.77 1.51 0.91 0.85 8.2%

Spain ES 38,962 22,245 1.34 1.14 1.08 1.05 1.09 10.4%

Sweden SE 14,655 5,473 1.03 1.27 0.62 1.16 1.15 12.4%


Total EU-27 448,792 231,436 1.29 0.00 0.93 1.10 1.04 11.3%


Macedonia MK 446 250 2.10 0.96 1.94 0.68 0.65 6.8%

Turkey TR 13,116 7,120 1.33 0.66 0.70 1.15 1.27 11.4%

Total Candidate 15,306 8,314 1.37 0.00 0.70 1.09 1.21 10.7%

EFTA Iceland IS 376 157 2.36 1.35 0.76 1.33 1.05 14.6%


Norway NO 5,121 2,502 1.49 1.18 0.66 1.27 1.01 12.9%

Switzerland CH 17,118 6,802 1.19 1.54 0.80 1.76 1.19 18.7%

Total EFTA 22,630 9,479 1.28 0.00 0.76 1.65 1.15 17.4%

ERA Israel IL 10,869 5,211 0.96 1.10 0.90 1.55 1.45 16.2%

Total ERA 485,465 254,440 1.29 0.00 0.91 1.12 1.06 11.5%

Asia China CN 367,404 206,860 2.52 0.42 1.90 0.83 0.89 7.7%

India IN 46,966 23,312 2.94 0.61 1.05 0.93 1.05 8.9%

Japan JP 150,331 57,180 1.08 0.61 1.07 0.83 0.88 7.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 76,591 32,790 0.88 0.64 1.79 0.83 0.97 7.9%

Other Brazil BR 19,967 9,968 1.34 0.86 0.70 0.78 1.01 7.0%

Russia RU 43,059 10,691 1.27 0.97 0.69 0.51 0.56 3.5%

United States US 286,941 123,848 0.99 1.02 0.62 1.43 1.27 15.4%

World 1,484,068 818,722 1.51 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0%



88


Coatings and Glues and Gelatines

Table XLVI shows the scientific output and performances over the 2000–2011 period of the 42

selected countries in Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Manufacture of Paints, Varnishes and

Similar Coatings and Glues and Gelatines. The world produced over 738,000 publications during

this period (FULL; 551,000 FRAC), while the ERA’s total production was 240,000 (FULL; 163,500

FRAC), amounting to about one third of the world output. The US, China, Japan, Germany and

India make the top five in this sector with outputs ranging from 152,000 to 34,000 (FULL;

100,000 to 19,000 FRAC). With the Republic of Korea in sixth place, all selected Asian countries

are important players in this economic sector.

Table XLVI Publications in Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Manufacture of Paints,

Varnishes and Similar Coatings and Glues and Gelatines for 42 countries,

2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 3,764 1,922 1.09 1.40 0.58 1.04 1.11 9.9%

Belgium BE 7,197 3,578 1.06 1.61 0.76 1.40 1.30 15.9%

Bulgaria BG 2,400 1,399 1.36 1.15 1.98 0.74 0.88 5.6%

Cyprus CY 306 140 1.09 1.14 1.00 1.34 1.42 13.5%


Denmark DK 4,073 2,152 1.20 1.46 0.68 1.56 1.33 19.1%

Estonia EE 330 190 1.54 1.04 0.61 0.90 1.04 7.4%

Finland FI 4,085 2,221 1.01 1.19 0.69 1.19 1.25 12.0%

France FR 33,890 18,956 1.10 1.58 0.87 1.25 1.26 12.5%

Germany DE 46,470 26,110 1.10 1.48 0.87 1.31 1.23 14.3%

Greece EL 4,494 2,372 1.05 1.06 0.70 1.38 1.27 14.9%

Hungary HU 3,970 2,359 0.79 1.20 1.25 0.78 1.00 6.1%

Ireland IE 1,399 763 1.58 1.30 0.44 1.46 1.38 17.1%

Italy IT 21,343 13,763 1.03 1.17 0.80 1.20 1.26 12.2%

Latvia LV 195 83 1.37 0.83 0.57 0.46 0.73 1.3%

Lithuania LT 907 512 2.49 0.57 1.04 0.55 0.60 4.5%

Luxembourg LU 89 27 3.94 1.34 0.34 0.77 1.03 4.8%


Netherlands NL 12,644 6,569 0.95 1.47 0.74 1.56 1.39 18.6%

Poland PL 17,183 11,311 0.97 0.74 1.67 0.66 0.76 4.9%

Portugal PT 5,888 3,161 1.37 1.25 1.32 1.29 1.23 12.5%

Romania RO 9,013 6,504 1.22 0.66 3.91 0.33 0.38 1.7%

Slovakia SK 2,450 1,465 0.88 1.06 1.54 0.68 0.74 4.8%

Slovenia SI 1,747 885 1.35 0.99 0.97 0.77 0.89 6.0%

Spain ES 22,100 12,963 1.17 1.28 0.93 1.28 1.33 12.6%

Sweden SE 7,286 4,062 0.98 1.42 0.68 1.52 1.34 16.9%


Total EU-27 215,883 144,031 1.08 0.00 0.86 1.15 1.16 11.6%


Macedonia MK 473 235 0.75 1.37 2.71 0.36 0.43 1.3%

Turkey TR 10,989 7,142 1.43 0.43 1.05 0.90 0.79 7.7%

Total Candidate 14,117 9,235 1.33 0.00 1.15 0.77 0.73 6.2%

EFTA Iceland IS 77 25 2.26 1.44 0.18 1.16 1.11 11.7%


Norway NO 3,087 1,645 1.13 1.26 0.64 1.24 1.21 13.3%

Switzerland CH 10,020 5,908 1.01 1.42 1.04 1.40 1.23 16.1%

Total EFTA 13,176 7,591 1.04 0.00 0.90 1.37 1.23 15.5%

ERA Israel IL 4,444 2,650 1.07 1.15 0.68 1.32 1.40 13.5%

Total ERA 240,477 163,507 1.09 0.00 0.87 1.13 1.14 11.4%

Asia China CN 141,170 95,091 1.42 0.45 1.29 0.78 0.77 7.5%

India IN 41,703 30,117 1.54 0.45 2.02 0.75 0.75 6.0%

Japan JP 77,229 52,307 0.73 0.58 1.45 0.89 1.05 8.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 30,217 18,673 1.41 0.71 1.52 0.97 0.93 9.1%

Other Brazil BR 12,233 7,845 1.28 0.71 0.82 0.86 0.97 6.4%

Russia RU 27,072 17,930 1.06 0.63 1.73 0.34 0.40 2.1%

United States US 152,031 99,964 1.07 1.01 0.74 1.44 1.35 16.8%

World 738,149 550,898 1.17 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


89

In terms of growth for the 2004 to 2011 period, Luxembourg, Lithuania, Iceland, Ireland and

Estonia lead the pack with GIs of 3.94, 2.49, 2.26, 1.58 and 1.54, respectively. Their production

is, however, rather low, with fewer than 1,400 papers each. On the other side, India, Turkey,

China and the Republic of Korea combine high output and high GI (ranging, in order, from 1.54 to

1.41). France, Germany, the US, the UK and Japan are below the world level (GI 1.17) in terms

of growth.

The most specialised countries in this sector are Romania, Macedonia, India, Bulgaria and Russia,

with SIs of 3.91, 2.71, 2.02, 1.98 and 1.73, respectively. All selected Asian countries are

specialised, while the US and the major European players (e.g. France, Germany and the UK) are

not. The countries which collaborate the most given the size of their output include Belgium,

France, the UK, Germany and the Netherlands

Considering the scientific impact, a ranking based on ARC places Belgium, Sweden, Cyprus and

Switzerland as the most cited countries relative to their output, with ARC values ranging from

1.51 to 1.44 in descending order. These countries also have the highest proportion of their papers

figuring in the top 10% most-cited publications. Based on ARIF, Norway, Sweden, Denmark and

Israel take the first places. The Asian countries, Brazil, Russia and Eastern European countries

have rather low scientific impact in that sector.

Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals

Table XLVII presents bibliometrics data for the 42 countries in Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals.

The worldwide scientific production is about 364,500 over the 2000 to 2011 period (FULL and

FRAC). The ERA produced about one third of the world total (129,500 FULL; 116,000 FRAC) and

most of them are EU-27 countries’ publications.

The US is the biggest producer with close to 90,000 papers (FULL; 77,500 FRAC), followed by

three Asian countries: China, Japan and India, with 50,000, 30,000 and 27,500 papers,

respectively (FULL). Note that the Republic of Korea comes in eighth place, ensuring that all

selected Asian countries are important players in this sector. Completing the top 10 producers are

the UK, Germany, Italy, France and Spain.

Countries with the biggest increases of their publications in the second compared to the first half

of the 2004 to 2011 period are Romania, India, Luxembourg, Malta and Estonia, with GIs of 5.09,

2.69, 2.48, 2.16 and 1.76, respectively in descending order. However, except for India, these

countries have very few publications. China comes sixth in terms of growth with a GI of 1.69,

which is well above the world level (GI 1.27). Other important countries above the world level are

Brazil (GI 1.51) and the Republic of Korea (GI 1.32). Big producers such as the US, Japan and

the UK are far below the world level in terms of growth, with GIs ranging from 1.02 to 0.95.

A ranking based on SI places India, Slovenia, Bulgaria, Slovakia and the Republic of Korea in the

top five, with SI values of 2.68, 1.54, 1.50, 1.37 and 1.36, respectively. Japan (SI 1.17) is

slightly specialised, while China (SI 0.97) devotes about the same fraction of its total scientific

production as the world does in Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals. Other important players like

Germany, the UK, the US, and France are not specialised in this sector.

The countries having the highest propensity to collaborate given the size of their output are, in

order, Switzerland, Belgium, Sweden, the UK and Austria, with CIs ranging from 1.79 to 1.39.

France, Italy and Germany also tend to collaborate more than expected given their production

size, while the US collaborates as much as expected. The Asian countries, Brazil and Turkey

collaborate less, with CI scores ranging from 0.69 (Japan) to 0.33 (India).


90

Table XLVII Publications in Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals for 42 countries, 2000−2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,609 1,841 0.99 1.39 0.85 1.25 1.26 13.8%

Belgium BE 4,775 3,161 1.06 1.68 1.03 1.40 1.40 15.1%

Bulgaria BG 865 695 0.67 0.85 1.50 0.58 0.68 4.8%

Cyprus CY 61 32 0.80 1.08 0.35 1.20 1.25 13.2%


Denmark DK 2,914 2,075 1.03 1.37 0.99 1.35 1.31 15.1%

Estonia EE 195 120 1.76 1.18 0.59 1.34 1.03 16.6%

Finland FI 2,092 1,642 0.97 1.04 0.78 1.47 1.32 16.2%

France FR 14,924 11,624 0.99 1.35 0.81 1.11 1.12 11.4%

Germany DE 24,400 19,417 1.12 1.18 0.99 1.06 0.98 11.7%

Greece EL 2,938 2,460 1.20 0.93 1.11 0.68 0.94 6.2%

Hungary HU 2,129 1,660 0.76 1.05 1.34 0.95 1.22 8.4%

Ireland IE 1,102 778 1.52 1.15 0.68 1.27 1.41 12.4%

Italy IT 15,536 12,928 1.20 1.22 1.14 1.33 1.42 14.3%

Latvia LV 84 53 1.53 1.07 0.55 0.85 1.14 7.1%

Lithuania LT 183 132 1.17 0.93 0.41 0.72 0.71 6.3%

Luxembourg LU 75 43 2.48 1.27 0.83 1.79 1.63 26.1%

Malta MT 30 20 2.16 0.71 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.0%

Netherlands NL 7,298 5,781 0.83 1.12 1.00 1.06 1.17 11.2%

Poland PL 5,883 5,247 1.13 0.63 1.18 0.76 0.79 5.0%

Portugal PT 1,557 1,165 1.64 1.20 0.74 1.13 1.21 11.3%

Romania RO 727 596 5.09 0.72 0.55 0.69 0.74 5.9%

Slovakia SK 1,016 857 0.82 0.67 1.37 0.55 0.50 3.9%

Slovenia SI 1,093 926 1.23 0.62 1.54 0.70 0.69 7.6%

Spain ES 10,243 8,421 1.09 1.07 0.92 0.95 1.08 9.2%

Sweden SE 4,560 3,215 0.96 1.52 0.82 1.64 1.47 17.8%


Total EU-27 118,971 105,426 1.06 0.00 0.95 1.09 1.13 11.3%


Macedonia MK 70 52 0.62 0.81 0.91 0.60 0.64 6.4%

Turkey TR 4,569 4,128 1.04 0.55 0.92 0.66 0.64 4.9%

Total Candidate 5,617 5,037 1.12 0.00 0.95 0.65 0.64 4.9%

EFTA Iceland IS 168 120 0.76 0.95 1.32 1.24 0.92 10.1%


Norway NO 1,041 752 1.20 1.12 0.45 1.40 1.29 14.9%

Switzerland CH 5,561 3,545 1.10 1.79 0.95 1.73 1.43 21.5%

Total EFTA 6,745 4,419 1.11 0.00 0.80 1.67 1.40 20.2%

ERA Israel IL 1,746 1,340 0.93 1.04 0.52 1.38 1.52 14.3%

Total ERA 129,490 116,222 1.06 0.00 0.94 1.09 1.12 11.3%

Asia China CN 49,918 46,871 1.69 0.48 0.97 0.57 0.58 4.6%

India IN 27,510 26,301 2.69 0.33 2.68 0.69 0.60 5.4%

Japan JP 30,395 27,714 0.99 0.69 1.17 1.02 1.04 8.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 12,023 11,020 1.32 0.62 1.36 0.93 0.86 8.1%

Other Brazil BR 8,204 7,557 1.51 0.50 1.20 0.76 0.76 5.5%

Russia RU 4,446 3,939 0.95 0.61 0.58 0.27 0.31 2.2%

United States US 89,918 77,546 1.02 1.06 0.87 1.44 1.39 16.6%


Looking at scientific impact, Luxembourg has the highest ARC (1.79), followed by Switzerland,

Sweden, Finland and the US, with ARC scores of 1.73, 1.64, 1.47 and 1.44, respectively. As seen

with many other economic sectors, the countries with the best ARC scores also have the highest

proportion of their papers falling within the top 10% most-cited publications. Considering ARIF,

the ranking is slightly different, with Luxembourg, Israel, Sweden, Switzerland and Italy in the

top five with scores ranging from 1.63 to 1.42 in descending order. Considering impact factors in

general, the countries with the highest impact all belong to the ERA, with the exception of the US.

Asian countries have rather low impact in general (especially China), as do Russia and the

Eastern European countries.


91

Manufacture of Plastic Products

Bibliometrics indicators in Manufacture of Plastic Products for the 42 selected countries for the

2000 to 2011 period are presented in Table XLVIII. The world produced close to 210,000 papers

(FULL; 98,000 FRAC) during this period. The ERA taken as a whole has close to 61,000

publications (FULL; 26,000 FRAC). The top producer is China (43,000 FULL; 19,000 FRAC),

followed by the US, Japan, Germany, the Republic of Korea, Russia, India, France and the UK,

with outputs ranging from 36,000 to 7,000 papers (FULL). Note that all selected Asian countries

qualify in the top 10.

Table XLVIII Publications in Manufacture of Plastic Products for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 999 331 1.01 1.43 0.57 1.35 1.19 13.9%

Belgium BE 2,173 708 0.97 1.76 0.85 1.63 1.42 18.9%

Bulgaria BG 615 204 0.73 1.30 1.63 0.85 1.04 6.6%

Cyprus CY 105 37 1.15 1.14 1.48 1.99 1.78 27.6%


Denmark DK 550 181 1.21 1.31 0.32 1.64 1.39 21.0%

Estonia EE 37 14 1.98 0.61 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.0%

Finland FI 987 340 1.41 1.28 0.60 1.43 1.33 16.5%

France FR 8,709 3,045 0.99 1.78 0.79 1.46 1.38 15.1%

Germany DE 12,310 4,465 0.99 1.72 0.84 1.47 1.29 16.5%

Greece EL 1,476 501 1.00 1.42 0.84 1.64 1.47 18.4%

Hungary HU 666 249 0.56 1.10 0.74 0.92 1.03 9.0%

Ireland IE 279 89 1.31 1.33 0.29 1.34 1.31 11.8%

Italy IT 4,689 1,859 0.96 1.17 0.61 1.30 1.36 13.2%

Latvia LV 105 40 1.75 0.50 1.57 0.33 0.53 0.0%

Lithuania LT 488 195 3.50 0.46 2.24 0.49 0.53 2.8%

Luxembourg LU 41 9 5.04 1.47 0.70 0.00 1.03 0.0%


Netherlands NL 3,290 1,133 0.83 1.65 0.72 1.69 1.43 20.7%

Poland PL 4,025 1,588 0.88 0.74 1.33 0.80 0.83 5.9%

Portugal PT 1,329 464 1.09 1.49 1.10 1.24 1.19 12.8%

Romania RO 2,554 1,045 1.36 0.72 3.55 0.54 0.64 2.9%

Slovakia SK 778 281 0.76 1.17 1.67 0.80 0.90 6.6%

Slovenia SI 598 196 1.45 1.03 1.21 0.57 0.75 3.1%

Spain ES 4,569 1,719 1.08 1.28 0.70 1.20 1.33 10.6%

Sweden SE 1,707 631 0.90 1.19 0.60 1.60 1.38 17.8%


Total EU-27 54,531 22,663 0.99 0.00 0.76 1.25 1.20 12.7%


Macedonia MK 74 26 0.78 0.78 1.69 0.68 0.65 5.1%

Turkey TR 4,001 1,621 1.40 0.56 1.34 1.03 0.95 8.1%

Total Candidate 4,836 1,926 1.37 0.00 1.35 0.88 0.87 6.7%



Norway NO 408 141 0.83 1.12 0.31 1.35 1.40 12.8%

Switzerland CH 1,549 508 0.75 1.55 0.50 1.51 1.33 18.1%

Total EFTA 2,016 665 0.78 0.00 0.45 1.48 1.35 17.1%

ERA Israel IL 780 287 0.75 1.05 0.41 1.32 1.32 13.2%

Total ERA 60,823 25,541 1.01 0.00 0.76 1.22 1.18 12.3%

Asia China CN 43,035 18,967 1.40 0.51 1.46 1.01 0.89 10.2%

India IN 10,104 4,100 1.19 0.57 1.55 0.81 0.85 6.2%

Japan JP 28,296 12,454 0.34 0.52 1.95 0.75 1.18 7.3%

Rep. of Korea KR 11,399 4,607 1.16 0.81 2.11 1.05 1.01 9.7%

Other Brazil BR 3,004 1,189 1.21 0.75 0.70 0.97 1.05 6.4%

Russia RU 10,507 4,503 0.96 0.55 2.45 0.30 0.33 2.0%

United States US 35,585 14,577 0.80 1.16 0.61 1.36 1.21 15.8%


The countries which have increased their outputs the most between the first and second half of

the 2004 to 2011 period are Luxembourg, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and Slovenia, with GIs


92

ranging from 5.04 to 1.45. These countries, however, have very few publications (fewer than 600

FULL). Among the largest producers in the sector of Manufacture of Plastic Products, China and

Turkey have increased their production importantly (GIs of 1.40). It is worth noting that the

world (GI 0.95), as well as important producers like Germany, France and Russia, slightly

decreased its output in this economic sector. The UK, the US and most of all Japan, show a more

important drop, with GI scores of 0.82, 0.80 and 0.34, respectively.

In terms of specialisation, Liechtenstein, Romania, Russia, Lithuania and the Republic of Korea

rank in the top five in Manufacture of Plastic Products, with SI scores of 6.72, 3.55, 2.45, 2.24

and 2.11, respectively. All other selected Asian countries are specialised in this sector, with SIs of

1.95 (Japan), 1.55 (India) and 1.46 (China). Among the least specialised in this sector are the

UK, Israel, Denmark, Norway, Estonia and Ireland.

The countries that tend to collaborate the most given the size of their output are all from the

ERA. The top five includes France, Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK, with CIs

ranging from 1.78 to 1.60. Asian countries have poor collaboration indices, as do Turkey, Russia,

Latvia, Croatia and Lithuania.

The countries that published, on average, the most-cited publications relative to the world are

Cyprus (ARC 1.99), the Netherlands (1.69), Denmark (1.64), Greece (1.64) and Belgium (1.63).

These countries also have the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited

publications. With the addition of Liechtenstein and Norway, they also have the highest ARIF

scores (albeit not in the same order). As in many other economic sectors, EU-27 and EFTA

members typically rank highly based on the three scientific impact indicators. On the other hand,

Russia and the Eastern European countries consistently show the lowest scores for all three of

these indicators for their Manufacture of Plastic Products publications.

Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products

Table XLIX presents bibliometric data for Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products for

the 42 selected countries over the 2000 to 2011 period. This is one of the biggest research

sectors, with close to 1.4 million publications produced by the world during this term (FULL;

703,000 FRAC). Whether full or fractional counting is used, the 10 largest producers in this sector

are China, the US, Japan, Germany, the Republic of Korea, France, Russia, the UK, India and

Italy. Their output varies from 353,000 to 36,000 in descending order (FULL).

Malta, Cyprus, Luxembourg, Iceland and China have the highest GIs (3.30 to 1.67 in descending

order). India and Romania also rank well, combining appreciable outputs with growth indices of

1.50 and 1.48, respectively, while the world GI is 1.28. The US, Japan and Germany, as well as

Macedonia and Liechtenstein, show the highest decrease in their output for the 2004 to 2011

period.

The most specialised country in the sector of Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products

is Liechtenstein (SI 3.14), followed by Latvia, China, the Republic of Korea and Russia (SIs of

2.65, 2.23, 2.04 and 1.61, respectively), which makes three top producers in the top five in

terms of specialisation. Other important players like Japan and India have good SI scores (1.57

and 1.20, respectively).

The leading countries in terms of collaboration are Belgium (CI 1.46), Switzerland (1.43), France

(1.42), Austria (1.38) and Luxembourg (1.33). They are followed mainly by EU-27 countries. In

terms of CI, Asian countries do not perform as well, with CI scores in the range of 0.66 to 0.38.


93

Liechtenstein and Slovakia score high on both dimensions (high SI and CI), whereas the US,

Brazil, Malta and Turkey score low on both dimensions.

Table XLIX Publications in Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products for 42



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 9,966 3,448 1.17 1.38 0.82 1.22 1.14 12.0%

Belgium BE 14,987 4,144 1.07 1.46 0.69 1.36 1.20 14.7%

Bulgaria BG 3,575 912 0.94 1.25 1.01 0.86 1.02 7.2%

Cyprus CY 377 66 2.81 1.33 0.37 1.17 1.07 8.1%


Denmark DK 5,593 1,566 1.00 1.29 0.39 1.69 1.48 17.5%

Estonia EE 1,093 319 1.32 1.10 0.80 0.98 1.00 10.4%

Finland FI 7,409 2,457 0.91 1.00 0.60 1.07 1.03 11.4%

France FR 70,188 22,515 1.07 1.42 0.81 1.15 1.19 12.0%

Germany DE 105,404 38,763 0.85 1.28 1.02 1.16 1.07 12.2%

Greece EL 7,387 2,247 1.19 1.18 0.52 1.22 1.30 12.7%

Hungary HU 5,122 1,958 0.91 1.22 0.81 0.86 1.02 7.4%

Ireland IE 5,187 1,398 0.99 1.21 0.63 1.16 1.21 12.2%

Italy IT 36,158 11,507 1.12 1.17 0.52 1.13 1.23 11.5%

Latvia LV 1,427 492 1.67 1.08 2.65 0.66 0.71 4.6%

Lithuania LT 2,702 692 1.28 0.98 1.10 0.84 0.92 8.0%

Luxembourg LU 252 64 2.81 1.33 0.66 0.84 1.16 6.5%

Malta MT 64 26 3.30 0.63 0.56 1.32 1.11 20.0%

Netherlands NL 17,002 4,933 0.96 1.30 0.44 1.41 1.24 14.9%

Poland PL 25,211 8,507 1.00 1.08 0.99 0.70 0.88 5.5%

Portugal PT 8,571 3,670 1.03 1.14 1.20 1.04 1.12 10.1%

Romania RO 9,987 2,702 1.48 0.96 1.28 0.69 0.81 6.2%

Slovakia SK 3,920 1,806 1.25 1.21 1.49 0.69 0.83 5.6%

Slovenia SI 3,539 1,655 1.23 0.87 1.42 0.85 0.99 8.0%

Spain ES 27,712 10,039 1.06 1.29 0.57 1.23 1.33 12.6%

Sweden SE 13,740 4,585 0.87 1.32 0.60 1.40 1.29 14.9%


Total EU-27 390,221 155,105 1.00 0.00 0.72 1.10 1.13 11.3%


Macedonia MK 208 61 0.74 1.12 0.55 0.98 0.97 10.8%

Turkey TR 12,492 6,153 1.26 0.59 0.71 1.04 1.04 10.0%

Total Candidate 14,224 6,809 1.27 0.00 0.66 1.03 1.03 9.8%

EFTA Iceland IS 179 46 2.64 1.11 0.26 1.90 1.30 12.9%


Norway NO 3,210 1,365 1.18 1.09 0.42 1.37 1.23 14.2%

Switzerland CH 14,476 4,174 0.93 1.43 0.57 1.64 1.37 17.7%

Total EFTA 17,888 5,620 0.99 0.00 0.52 1.59 1.34 17.1%

ERA Israel IL 7,948 2,330 0.87 1.02 0.47 1.27 1.42 13.3%

Total ERA 419,784 169,863 1.01 0.00 0.71 1.11 1.13 11.4%

Asia China CN 352,747 209,342 1.96 0.36 2.23 0.83 0.85 8.2%

India IN 44,654 22,746 1.50 0.59 1.20 0.99 1.14 9.3%

Japan JP 166,622 72,169 0.86 0.59 1.57 1.01 1.02 9.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 77,141 31,998 0.90 0.66 2.04 0.95 1.08 9.3%

Other Brazil BR 18,022 8,338 1.30 0.79 0.68 0.81 1.06 7.2%

Russia RU 62,692 21,344 1.16 0.88 1.61 0.56 0.62 4.4%

United States US 275,972 99,336 0.87 0.88 0.58 1.34 1.17 14.2%

World 1,396,807 703,007 1.28 0.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

With regard to scientific impact indicators, Iceland has the highest ARC for its publications in

Manufacture of other Non-metallic Mineral Products (1.90), followed by Denmark, Switzerland,

Liechtenstein and the Netherlands (1.69, 1.64, 1.52 and 1.41, respectively). The highest ARIF

scores are observed for Denmark, Israel, Switzerland, Spain and Greece (from 1.48 to 1.30). In

general, high-scoring countries for these two scientific impact indicators are EU-27 countries, in

addition to Israel and Switzerland. A similar pattern is observed for countries with the highest

percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications. Malta leads the pack (20.0%),


94

followed by Switzerland (16.6%), Liechtenstein (15.8%) and then EU-27 members along with

Norway and Israel. Countries that have the lowest impacts scores include Romania, Slovakia,

Poland, Latvia and Russia.

Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools

Table L displays bibliometric data relating to the sector of Manufacture of General Purpose

Machinery and Machine Tools, which comprises close to 532,000 publications at the world level

for the 2000 to 2011 period. In terms of output, China leads by far with 179,000 publications

(FULL; 62,000 FRAC), which is more than ERA’s total output of 134,000 (FULL; 45,000 FRAC).

The US comes in second, followed by Japan, the UK, France and Germany, with output ranging

from 108,500 to 21,200. Completing the top 10 are the Republic of Korea, Italy, India and

Russia.

In terms of growth for the 2004–2011 period, the largest GIs are observed for countries with a

modest output (i.e., Croatia, Latvia, Luxembourg, Romania and Cyprus, with scores ranging from

3.17 to 2.14). The exceptions are China and India, both registering GI scores above the world

level (1.80 and 1.64 respectively, while the world level is 1.36). Among the largest producers, the

UK has seen a decrease in its output (GI smaller than 1).

China is the most specialised in Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools,

with an SI of 2.40. It is followed by Liechtenstein, Slovenia, Macedonia, the Republic of Korea and

Romania (SIs between 2.39 and 1.35). Big producers such as France, the US, Germany and the

UK are not specialised in this economic sector, meaning that they devote a smaller share of their

scientific production to this area than the world on average.

On the other hand, many countries with low SI scores produced more of their publications in

collaboration with foreign countries than expected based on the size of their production in this

sector, namely Luxembourg (top position with CI of 2.92), the UK (1.57), Switzerland (1.53) and

Belgium (1.42). Other countries perform well in both dimensions (SI and CI), like Cyprus and

Macedonia. The countries that collaborate far less than expected based on the size of their output

are the selected Asian countries, Croatia, Latvia and Lithuania.

Concerning scientific impact, countries with high ARC scores typically also have a high percentage

of publications in the 10% most-cited ones, such as Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark, Norway, the

Netherlands and Sweden. Israel, Luxembourg, Estonia, the Netherlands and Belgium, with ARIF

scores between 1.87 and 1.47, publish, on average, in the most highly cited journals. Most EU-27

countries have a global scientific impact above the world level, while Japan, Russia and Croatia

consistently obtain low impact scores.


95

Table L Publications in Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine

Tools for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,362 689 1.35 1.19 0.59 1.14 1.20 12.5%

Belgium BE 3,140 871 1.23 1.42 0.53 1.88 1.47 20.5%

Bulgaria BG 408 107 0.79 1.12 0.43 1.02 1.35 11.6%

Cyprus CY 262 61 2.14 1.64 1.29 1.48 1.46 9.8%


Denmark DK 1,613 457 1.61 1.25 0.41 1.67 1.47 20.0%

Estonia EE 273 85 1.44 0.78 0.78 1.04 1.52 9.8%

Finland FI 1,696 556 0.90 0.78 0.49 0.83 1.17 8.4%

France FR 23,355 7,120 1.17 1.39 0.93 1.33 1.41 14.4%

Germany DE 21,296 6,620 1.40 1.18 0.63 1.16 1.11 12.5%

Greece EL 3,021 968 1.04 0.86 0.82 1.20 1.42 13.5%

Hungary HU 1,362 480 0.99 0.87 0.72 0.79 1.04 7.7%

Ireland IE 1,290 336 0.88 1.34 0.55 1.42 1.40 14.6%

Italy IT 15,953 5,125 1.14 1.09 0.85 1.42 1.45 15.4%

Latvia LV 102 25 3.16 0.63 0.49 0.95 1.12 12.4%

Lithuania LT 805 198 2.00 0.34 1.15 0.57 0.79 2.3%

Luxembourg LU 98 15 2.92 1.66 0.53 1.13 1.60 14.6%


Netherlands NL 5,447 1,582 1.30 1.41 0.51 1.56 1.49 17.5%

Poland PL 5,671 1,752 1.40 0.68 0.74 0.73 1.18 6.7%

Portugal PT 3,004 989 1.26 1.10 1.18 1.33 1.29 14.5%

Romania RO 2,750 785 2.18 1.06 1.35 0.94 1.00 9.6%

Slovakia SK 404 132 1.91 1.01 0.40 0.82 1.00 7.5%

Slovenia SI 1,721 606 1.11 0.77 1.89 0.90 0.97 9.8%

Spain ES 7,403 2,546 1.24 1.13 0.52 1.32 1.46 14.3%

Sweden SE 5,395 1,611 1.11 1.12 0.77 1.52 1.45 16.6%


Total EU-27 122,542 40,760 1.21 0.00 0.69 1.25 1.31 13.4%


Macedonia MK 174 46 0.50 1.50 1.51 0.49 1.18 4.3%

Turkey TR 4,904 1,460 1.35 0.83 0.61 1.40 1.35 15.1%

Total Candidate 6,182 1,985 1.58 0.00 0.70 1.23 1.24 13.1%

EFTA Iceland IS 60 17 0.44 0.96 0.35 0.70 0.88 3.9%


Norway NO 1,607 455 1.40 1.24 0.50 1.61 1.46 19.5%

Switzerland CH 3,626 990 1.26 1.53 0.49 2.16 1.46 22.4%

Total EFTA 5,296 1,469 1.28 0.00 0.50 1.97 1.45 21.2%

ERA Israel IL 2,838 809 1.07 1.01 0.59 1.86 1.87 18.8%

Total ERA 134,333 45,024 1.22 0.00 0.68 1.28 1.32 13.6%

Asia China CN 179,306 61,939 1.80 0.44 2.40 0.68 0.68 5.6%

India IN 11,404 3,577 1.64 0.66 0.68 1.17 1.30 12.7%

Japan JP 51,690 16,181 1.08 0.59 1.28 0.73 0.72 6.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 18,274 6,103 1.40 0.77 1.41 1.02 1.24 10.4%

Other Brazil BR 5,229 1,764 1.41 0.86 0.52 1.07 1.17 10.9%

Russia RU 9,239 3,086 1.16 0.68 0.85 0.45 0.56 3.8%

United States US 108,525 34,171 1.03 1.04 0.72 1.43 1.30 15.2%


Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery

Table LI features bibliometric data related to Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery

for the 42 selected countries. During the 2000–2011 period, the world produced about 963,000

publications in full counting in this sector and about 387,000 in fractional counting. China leads in

terms of output with 256,500 papers (FULL; 89,000 FRAC), which is about as much as the total

production of ERA countries (276,000 FULL; 97,000 FRAC). The US is the second largest

producer, with 204,000 papers (FULL; 70,000 FRAC), followed by Japan, the UK, Germany,

France, the Republic of Korea, Italy, India and Brazil. Note that all selected Asian countries

qualify in the top 10.


96

Table LI Publications in Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery for 42



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 5,650 1,615 1.26 1.14 0.7 1.17 1.12 12.7%

Belgium BE 7,743 2,359 1.11 1.33 0.72 1.72 1.45 19.0%

Bulgaria BG 1,073 446 3.05 0.91 0.91 0.73 1.01 7.0%

Cyprus CY 433 88 2.21 1.4 0.9 1.41 1.27 10.7%


Denmark DK 5,255 1,892 1.15 1.33 0.85 1.92 1.47 22.5%

Estonia EE 743 238 1.66 0.65 1.1 0.83 1.18 8.0%

Finland FI 5,265 1,785 0.92 0.71 0.8 1.18 1.24 13.4%

France FR 39,808 11,889 1.17 1.32 0.78 1.25 1.3 13.5%

Germany DE 41,992 13,960 1.25 1.16 0.67 1.22 1.11 13.3%

Greece EL 6,125 2,068 1.10 0.74 0.88 1.14 1.26 12.1%

Hungary HU 3,089 1,251 0.83 0.79 0.95 0.76 0.89 7.3%

Ireland IE 3,014 808 1.15 1.13 0.67 1.33 1.32 13.9%

Italy IT 30,341 8,829 1.19 0.98 0.73 1.37 1.37 14.6%

Latvia LV 313 71 4.00 0.41 0.7 0.76 0.85 8.3%

Lithuania LT 1,928 613 3.15 0.3 1.79 0.6 0.72 3.5%

Luxembourg LU 196 31 2.09 1.52 0.57 1.7 1.47 23.2%

Malta MT 106 16 1.37 1.01 0.62 1.09 0.99 11.5%

Netherlands NL 13,129 4,155 1.11 1.47 0.67 1.64 1.45 18.5%

Poland PL 15,058 4,522 1.78 0.52 0.96 0.63 0.74 5.3%

Portugal PT 5,637 1,707 1.33 1.02 1.02 1.24 1.2 12.7%

Romania RO 5,903 1,401 3.00 0.84 1.21 0.84 0.89 7.8%

Slovakia SK 1,323 470 1.87 0.79 0.71 0.63 0.73 5.6%

Slovenia SI 2,702 1,023 1.86 0.66 1.61 0.9 0.93 9.4%

Spain ES 20,361 7,370 1.35 1.06 0.76 1.33 1.33 14.1%

Sweden SE 10,133 3,077 1.01 1.16 0.74 1.5 1.4 16.9%


Total EU-27 251,398 86,421 1.23 0 0.74 1.22 1.21 12.9%


Macedonia MK 284 66 0.74 1.19 1.09 0.56 0.98 4.4%

Turkey TR 11,099 4,703 1.81 0.64 0.99 1.19 1.08 12.0%

Total Candidate 13,407 5,582 1.85 0 1 1.06 1.02 10.6%

EFTA Iceland IS 130 42 0.45 0.98 0.43 0.89 1.08 8.6%


Norway NO 3,423 1,048 1.10 1.18 0.59 1.41 1.3 16.2%

Switzerland CH 8,781 2,242 1.26 1.51 0.56 1.93 1.45 21.4%

Total EFTA 12,305 3,341 1.18 0 0.57 1.77 1.41 19.7%

ERA Israel IL 5,082 1,652 1.01 1.01 0.6 1.58 1.67 15.3%

Total ERA 276,377 96,996 1.26 0 0.74 1.23 1.21 13.0%

Asia China CN 256,541 89,079 1.70 0.46 1.74 0.7 0.71 5.9%

India IN 27,117 13,171 1.54 0.54 1.27 0.84 0.95 8.5%

Japan JP 81,766 24,474 1.08 0.59 0.97 0.79 0.82 7.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 30,814 8,470 1.38 0.75 0.99 1.03 1.26 10.6%

Other Brazil BR 26,115 17,946 2.42 0.55 2.68 0.76 0.75 6.0%

Russia RU 13,895 5,551 1.05 0.62 0.77 0.42 0.48 3.7%

United States US 203,777 70,447 0.98 1 0.75 1.38 1.28 14.8%

World 963,404 387,352 1.34 0 1 1 1 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

When ranked according to the GI, the countries that have increased their publication output the

most during the 2004–2011 period are small producers: Latvia (GI 4.0), Lithuania (3.15) and

Bulgaria (3.05). Completing the top five are countries with more important productions, namely

Romania (GI 3.0) and Brazil (GI 2.42). Other important players that rank well considering their

output and compared to the world level (GI 1.34) are Turkey, Poland, India and China (GIs

between 1.81 and 1.54). Despite their important output, countries like Japan, the US and the UK

are far below the world level, the latter two even showing a decrease in output from 2004-2007

to 2008-2011 (GI lower than 1.0).


97

Only seven countries are clearly specialised in Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry

Machinery, namely Brazil, Lithuania, China, Slovenia, Liechtenstein, India and Romania, with SI

values between 2.68 and 1.21. Except for Liechtenstein, EFTA countries are not specialised, nor

are Malta, Israel, Luxembourg, or the UK. On the other hand, these latter countries tend to

collaborate more than expected given the size of their output. Thus, Luxembourg, Switzerland

and the UK rank first, second and fourth, respectively, with CIs of 1.52, 1.51 and 1.45.

Completing the top five are the Netherlands (CI 1.47) and Cyprus (CI 1.40). Russia, Japan, Brazil

and China are among the biggest producers which collaborate less than expected given their size.

Looking at scientific impact indices, the countries with the most cited publications relative to the

world are Switzerland, Denmark, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands, with ARC scores

ranging from 1.93 to 1.64. As usual, these countries also exhibit the highest percentage of their

production in the top 10% most-cited publications. A ranking based on ARIF shows a somewhat

different result, with Liechtenstein at the top (ARIF 1.74), followed by Israel, Denmark,

Luxembourg and Belgium. Considering the global scientific impact (the three indices together),

Slovakia, Lithuania, China, Croatia and Russia consistently rank at the bottom.

Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition

Error! Reference source not found. presents bibliometric indices related to publications of

relevance to the Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition for the years between 2000 and 2011.

The total output worldwide exceeds 1.2 million publications in full counting and is about 600,000

in fractional counting. The ERA produced about one third of these publications. The US and China

lead regarding the number of publications of relevance to the Manufacture of Weapons and

Ammunition with about 389,000 and 270,000 papers, respectively (FULL; 172,000 and 92,000

respectively, FRAC). They are followed by Germany, Japan, the UK and France, with outputs

ranging from 89,000 to 69,000 in descending order (FULL).

The GI, as measured by the total number of papers for the 2008-2011 period divided by the total

of the 2004-2007 period, is greater, as usual, for countries with few publications, as seen for

Cyprus, leading the rating with a GI of 2.23, followed by Malta (1.89) and Luxembourg (1.84).

Interestingly, China, the second largest producer of publications of relevance to the Manufacture

of Weapons and Ammunition, comes fourth with a GI of 1.56, followed by India (1.53), another

important actor in this sector. This growth is notable compared to the world (GI 1.06). On the

other hand, Russia, the UK, Japan and the US have seen a decrease in this sector over the 2004–

2011 period (GIs between 0.94 and 0.88).

Among the 42 selected countries for this study, only seven specialise in Manufacture of Weapons

and Ammunition. They are, in order, Iceland (SI 1.75), Russia (1.53), Finland (1.31), Estonia

(1.24), the US (1.17), China (1.16) and Italy (1.15). The average effort of all other countries in

this sector is close to or below the world level. The less specialised countries are Brazil (SI 0.55),

Turkey (0.41) and Slovenia (0.35). The countries that collaborate the most given the size of their

output are the Netherlands, Switzerland, France, the UK and Denmark, with CIs between 1.61

and 1.47. Other important players in this field also have notable CI scores, namely Germany

(1.47), Spain (1.38) and Italy (1.32). However, top producers like the US, Japan, the Republic of

Korea, India and China collaborate less than expected (SI below 1.0) in this sector.

As for the scientific impact, countries whose publications are the most cited relative to the world

are Switzerland (ARC 1.83), Denmark (1.47), Sweden (1.47), Israel (1.45) and the US (1.42).

These countries also have the highest percentage of their publications in the top 10% most-cited

articles, albeit in a somewhat different order. A ranking based on ARIF places Israel, Greece,


98

Switzerland, Denmark and Sweden in the top five countries in terms of the average ‘quality’ of

the journals in which they published their papers; ARIF values between 1.46 and 1.43. EU-27 and

EFTA countries, as well as the US, consistently have high scores for the three scientific impact

indices, while Asian countries score on the world average or lower and Brazil, Russia, Slovakia,

Latvia, and candidate countries (except Turkey) have low scores.

Table LII Publications in Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition for 42 countries,

2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 9,898 3,321 0.97 1.36 0.93 1.12 1.00 11.5%

Belgium BE 12,701 4,064 1.09 1.38 0.80 1.38 1.15 14.4%

Bulgaria BG 2,469 654 0.93 1.17 0.85 0.85 1.01 7.4%

Cyprus CY 680 137 2.23 1.21 0.91 1.12 1.11 10.8%


Denmark DK 7,954 2,416 1.01 1.47 0.70 1.47 1.25 15.2%

Estonia EE 856 418 1.12 1.01 1.24 1.03 1.03 11.7%

Finland FI 12,787 4,584 0.96 1.16 1.31 1.21 1.08 12.8%

France FR 69,170 25,746 1.03 1.49 1.08 1.22 1.10 13.0%

Germany DE 89,248 33,476 1.00 1.47 1.03 1.29 1.08 14.2%

Greece EL 10,606 3,650 1.01 1.00 1.00 1.19 1.30 12.4%

Hungary HU 3,564 1,154 0.98 1.18 0.56 1.20 1.17 12.0%

Ireland IE 5,753 1,471 1.09 1.17 0.78 1.20 1.20 11.9%

Italy IT 53,434 21,515 1.00 1.32 1.15 1.27 1.18 13.5%

Latvia LV 355 99 1.45 0.65 0.63 0.44 0.68 3.6%

Lithuania LT 1,020 309 0.86 0.81 0.58 0.72 0.90 7.3%

Luxembourg LU 328 71 1.84 1.33 0.83 1.02 1.19 10.5%

Malta MT 140 39 1.89 0.76 0.96 1.15 0.67 14.5%

Netherlands NL 26,285 9,251 0.87 1.61 0.96 1.32 1.13 14.5%

Poland PL 13,618 4,846 1.00 0.91 0.66 0.73 0.90 6.6%

Portugal PT 6,298 1,843 1.29 1.12 0.71 1.16 1.07 11.3%

Romania RO 5,587 1,199 1.50 0.76 0.66 0.68 0.83 6.1%

Slovakia SK 1,791 796 1.16 0.94 0.77 0.55 0.70 4.3%

Slovenia SI 1,127 344 0.81 0.85 0.35 0.73 1.01 7.4%

Spain ES 33,072 11,769 1.10 1.38 0.78 1.14 1.17 11.9%

Sweden SE 15,876 4,993 1.08 1.42 0.77 1.47 1.23 15.2%


Total EU-27 375,939 172,242 1.00 0.00 0.94 1.13 1.11 11.8%


Macedonia MK 318 74 1.02 0.68 0.79 0.41 0.79 2.8%

Turkey TR 8,256 3,059 1.23 0.68 0.41 1.14 1.18 11.6%

Total Candidate 10,599 3,995 1.16 0.00 0.46 1.00 1.11 9.7%

EFTA Iceland IS 657 263 0.70 1.35 1.75 1.39 1.12 12.5%


Norway NO 7,003 2,610 1.12 1.40 0.94 1.28 1.14 13.5%

Switzerland CH 17,429 5,854 1.01 1.55 0.95 1.83 1.29 19.6%

Total EFTA 24,739 8,729 1.03 0.00 0.96 1.67 1.25 17.7%

ERA Israel IL 10,297 3,307 0.96 1.03 0.78 1.45 1.46 15.7%

Total ERA 406,592 188,274 1.01 0.00 0.92 1.14 1.12 11.9%

Asia China CN 269,798 92,264 1.56 0.36 1.16 0.68 0.75 6.5%

India IN 30,088 12,543 1.53 0.55 0.77 0.66 0.98 6.2%

Japan JP 82,353 30,752 0.92 0.73 0.79 0.94 1.00 9.3%

Rep. of Korea KR 42,357 11,805 1.29 0.65 0.88 0.94 1.12 10.0%

Other Brazil BR 13,542 5,772 1.06 0.96 0.55 0.81 1.00 7.9%

Russia RU 38,300 17,222 0.94 0.94 1.53 0.60 0.73 5.5%

United States US 388,845 171,950 0.88 0.93 1.17 1.42 1.19 14.5%



99

Manufacture of Domestic Appliances

Table LIII displays the scientific performance of the 42 selected countries as relates to the

production of publications of relevance to the Manufacture of Domestic Appliances for the 2000–

2011 period. The worldwide publication output for this period is about 574,000 (in FULL counting)

or 177,000 (using FRAC counting). China leads this sector with 154,000 articles (FULL; 38,000

FRAC) and is followed by the US (121,000 FULL; 38,000 FRAC). Completing the top five are

Japan, the UK and France, with output between 51,000 and 25,000 papers (FULL). Note that all

selected Asian countries qualify in the top 10 producers.

Table LIII Publications in Manufacture of Domestic Appliances for 42 countries, 2000–

2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 3,113 736 1.32 1.20 0.70 1.20 1.22 12.6%

Belgium BE 4,916 1,572 0.95 1.24 1.05 1.47 1.29 16.1%

Bulgaria BG 534 120 0.82 1.24 0.53 0.87 1.32 8.5%

Cyprus CY 219 39 3.18 1.41 0.87 1.25 1.26 12.7%


Denmark DK 3,143 941 1.16 1.57 0.93 1.98 1.45 21.2%

Estonia EE 412 77 1.63 0.60 0.78 0.68 1.28 5.5%

Finland FI 4,226 1,208 0.99 0.73 1.18 1.04 1.02 10.8%

France FR 25,305 8,168 1.02 1.36 1.17 1.21 1.30 12.6%

Germany DE 24,505 7,065 1.15 1.18 0.74 1.09 0.98 11.6%

Greece EL 3,895 1,054 1.05 0.82 0.98 1.19 1.26 13.2%

Hungary HU 1,230 234 1.16 0.99 0.39 1.04 1.04 11.3%

Ireland IE 2,028 423 1.09 1.16 0.76 1.13 1.17 11.8%

Italy IT 19,252 4,799 1.12 0.94 0.87 1.20 1.30 12.7%

Latvia LV 246 44 4.94 0.41 0.95 0.69 0.86 7.9%

Lithuania LT 1,509 343 2.18 0.37 2.19 0.79 0.86 4.6%

Luxembourg LU 88 20 5.01 1.47 0.81 1.42 1.56 15.2%

Malta MT 89 10 1.29 1.28 0.80 1.11 0.98 11.4%

Netherlands NL 6,529 1,897 1.04 1.37 0.67 1.52 1.38 16.7%

Poland PL 11,233 2,743 1.43 0.54 1.28 0.56 0.73 4.6%

Portugal PT 3,242 789 1.50 0.96 1.04 1.30 1.26 13.0%

Romania RO 4,195 753 2.26 1.02 1.42 0.89 0.96 8.4%

Slovakia SK 736 138 2.09 0.90 0.46 0.68 0.84 5.5%

Slovenia SI 1,272 309 1.06 0.67 1.06 1.12 1.19 12.1%

Spain ES 10,611 2,623 1.30 1.09 0.59 1.33 1.30 13.2%

Sweden SE 6,467 1,954 0.94 1.07 1.03 1.28 1.29 13.5%


Total EU-27 159,440 48,082 1.11 0.00 0.90 1.14 1.16 11.8%


Macedonia MK 110 19 1.24 0.97 0.69 0.47 0.99 2.8%

Turkey TR 7,431 1,869 1.30 0.62 0.86 1.23 1.12 12.4%

Total Candidate 8,201 2,028 1.32 0.00 0.79 1.16 1.11 11.7%

EFTA Iceland IS 45 10 4.53 1.26 0.24 0.00 1.21 0.0%


Norway NO 2,078 648 1.20 1.11 0.79 1.27 1.29 13.9%

Switzerland CH 5,311 1,219 1.14 1.55 0.67 1.56 1.33 17.2%

Total EFTA 7,425 1,882 1.16 0.00 0.70 1.47 1.32 16.2%

ERA Israel IL 2,792 839 1.00 0.91 0.67 1.58 1.66 16.4%

Total ERA 174,848 52,830 1.12 0.00 0.88 1.16 1.17 12.0%

Asia China CN 153,977 37,915 1.56 0.45 1.62 0.74 0.71 6.3%

India IN 13,091 3,576 1.45 0.65 0.75 1.16 1.31 12.0%

Japan JP 50,821 12,049 0.99 0.59 1.05 0.78 0.85 7.4%

Rep. of Korea KR 20,770 4,712 1.44 0.87 1.20 1.09 1.27 11.1%

Other Brazil BR 6,116 1,523 1.30 0.81 0.50 0.97 1.19 9.7%

Russia RU 9,269 4,115 1.06 0.77 1.24 0.49 0.61 4.0%

United States US 120,963 38,159 0.93 1.07 0.89 1.34 1.24 14.4%



100

When ranked according to GI, countries with small output feature in the first positions, namely

Luxembourg, Latvia, Iceland, Cyprus and Romania, with GI scores from 5.01 to 2.26, which is far

above the world level of 1.18. China, India and the Republic of Korea also increased their outputs

during the 2004–2011 period, with GI scores of 1.56, 1.45 and 1.44, respectively. Meanwhile,

France, Japan, the UK and the US rank near the bottom, with GI scores not exceeding 1.02.

When comparing specialisation, the countries that put the greatest relative effort in Manufacture

of Domestic Appliances are, in descending order, Lithuania, China, Romania, Poland and Russia,

with SI scores varying between 2.19 and 1.24. Only 8 of the 42 selected countries can be

considered as specialised in this field. EFTA and candidate countries, Brazil and Israel are among

the less specialised countries in Manufacture of Domestic Appliances. The CI scores show a

different portrait, as many non-specialised countries rank at the top with regard to their

propensity to collaborate given the size of their output. Denmark, Switzerland, Luxembourg,

Cyprus and the UK hit the top five with CI values of 1.57, 1.55, 1.47, 1.41 and 1.40, respectively.

While the US collaborates slightly more than expected, other countries with important output,

such as Italy, the Republic of Korea, India, Japan and China, collaborate much less than expected

given the size of their output.

Considering scientific impact, a ranking based on ARC places Denmark at the top with 1.98,

followed by Israel, Switzerland, the Netherlands and Belgium (ARCs of 1.58, 1.56, 1.52 and 1.47,

respectively). Here again, these countries have the highest percentages of their papers hitting the

top 10% most-cited publications, albeit in different order. The ARIF, which is an indirect measure

of impact based on the journals in which articles are published, ranks the countries somewhat

differently. Israel comes first (ARIF 1.66), followed by Luxembourg, Denmark, the Netherlands

and Switzerland, with values between 1.56 and 1.33. With an ARIF of 1.32, Bulgaria ranks in

sixth place, although its scores in other impact indices are rather low. Japan, Slovakia, Poland,

China and Russia exhibit consistently low scores for the three indicators.

Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers

Table LIV displays the scientific performance of selected countries as relates to the production of

publications of relevance to the Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers, covering the

2000 to 2011 period. This is a rather small sector, with barely 40,000 publications produced by

the world during this term (FULL; 10,000 FRAC). The US exhibits the highest output, with close to

19,000 papers (FULL; 4,000 FRAC), which is more than the total ERA production (13,500 FULL;

3,000 FRAC). China is second, with about 3,000 publications (FULL), and is followed by Germany,

France and the UK.

Russia, with a GI of 10.72, exhibits by far the greatest increase in its output between the first

and the second half of the 2004–2011 period. Russia is followed by Estonia (3.45), China (2.01),

Denmark (1.59) and Slovakia (1.57). However, except for China, these scores are not that

impressive given the very low output of these countries (fewer than 120 in full counting, and

fewer than 25 in fractional counting). The world displays a GI of 1.13, while the US has

experienced a decrease in its production during this period (GI 0.90).

With an SI of 4.16, Estonia leads in terms of specialisation, followed by Cyprus, Greece, the US

and Portugal. However, except for the US, their output does not exceed 520 articles over the

whole period. Germany, the UK, Japan and China have smaller research intensity in Manufacture

of Office Machinery and Computers, with SI values equal to or lower than 0.88. Russia is the least

specialised in this sector, with a score of 0.09.


101

Table LIV Publications in Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers for 42



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 326 65 1.47 0.95 1.08 1.25 0.98 8.2%

Belgium BE 559 101 0.92 1.39 1.19 1.25 1.12 15.1%

Bulgaria BG 9 1 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Cyprus CY 47 8 1.55 1.2 3.44 0 0.94 0.0%


Denmark DK 117 21 1.59 1.13 0.42 1.02 1.12 15.9%

Estonia EE 102 22 3.45 0.66 4.16 0.42 0 0.0%

Finland FI 401 84 1.10 0.77 1.45 0.79 0.74 3.9%

France FR 1,972 400 1.34 1.16 1.01 0.87 0.89 7.9%

Germany DE 2,263 472 1.26 1.05 0.88 0.82 0.81 7.4%

Greece EL 515 107 1.43 0.91 1.75 0.84 0.97 9.2%

Hungary HU 50 10 0.76 0.8 0.31 0.29 0 2.9%

Ireland IE 157 31 0.85 0.91 0.99 0.61 0.85 2.7%

Italy IT 1,695 343 1.09 1.16 1.11 0.98 0.97 9.4%




Malta MT 1 0 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Netherlands NL 986 190 1.19 1.26 1.2 1.3 0.86 13.5%

Poland PL 234 43 1.19 1.15 0.35 0.88 0.73 8.2%

Portugal PT 364 71 1.51 1.1 1.66 1.11 0.84 12.5%

Romania RO 70 13 0.87 0.94 0.44 0.57 0 3.7%

Slovakia SK 38 7 1.57 0.85 0.5 0 0 0.0%

Slovenia SI 31 6 1.29 0.64 0.37 0 0 0.0%

Spain ES 1,394 279 1.37 1.27 1.12 0.8 1.05 6.3%

Sweden SE 712 136 1.00 1.26 1.27 0.97 0.87 7.9%

United Kingdom UK 1,883 371 1.01 1.25 0.65 0.94 0.99 8.2%

Total EU-27 12,750 2,836 1.21 0 0.94 0.88 0.91 8.2%


Macedonia MK 1 0 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Turkey TR 147 26 1.27 1.16 0.22 1.01 1.01 11.9%

Total Candidate 149 26 1.29 0 0.19 1.01 1.02 11.8%


Liechtenstein LI 0 0 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway NO 126 24 1.50 0.97 0.6 0.96 0.96 11.8%

Switzerland CH 536 85 1.30 1.79 0.83 1.48 1.13 17.9%

Total EFTA 661 109 1.35 0 0.72 1.38 1.11 16.7%

ERA Israel IL 226 45 0.99 0.94 0.64 1.19 0.98 14.1%

Total ERA 13,508 3,017 1.22 0 0.89 0.9 0.92 8.5%

Asia China CN 3,334 716 2.01 0.96 0.54 0.86 1.03 8.9%

India IN 1,350 290 1.31 0.83 1.08 0.5 0.73 2.6%

Japan JP 1,798 389 1.22 0.78 0.6 0.73 0.77 5.7%

Rep. of Korea KR 1,174 240 1.29 1.04 1.08 0.79 1.12 6.9%

Other Brazil BR 736 153 1.02 0.93 0.88 0.63 0.85 5.1%

Russia RU 84 17 10.72 0.65 0.09 0 0.54 0.0%

United States US 18,876 4,198 0.90 0.87 1.73 1.25 1.1 13.4%

World 40,095 10,024 1.13 0 1 1 1 10.0% Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

In terms of collaboration, as in many other sectors, Switzerland, Belgium, Spain, the Netherlands

and Sweden have the highest scores (CIs of 1.79, 1.39, 1.27, 1.26 and 1.26, respectively),

indicating that they produced a larger number of co-publications than expected given the size of

their publication output. Among the biggest players, the UK, France and Italy collaborate more

than expected, while China, the US, India and Japan present CI scores below average.

The scientific impact, as measured by ARC, is highest for Switzerland, the Netherlands, Austria,

Belgium and the US (values ranging from 1.48 to 1.25). With the exception of Austria (with a


102

score of 8.2%), these countries also exhibit the highest percentages of papers featuring in the

top 10% most-cited publications and along with Denmark, all of them have a score of at least

13.4%. Similarly, the highest ARIF scores are observed for Switzerland, Belgium, Denmark and

the US, along with the Republic of Korea (ARIFs between 1.13 and 1.10). All of the countries

obtaining high scores for the three indicators are from the ERA, although the US also consistently

scores above the world level. By contrast, Brazil, India, Russia and most of Eastern European

countries systematically rank the lowest for these three impact indicators.

Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers

Table LV presents bibliometric data for publications of relevance to the Manufacture of Electrical

Motors, Generators and Transformers for the 42 selected countries for the 2000–2011 period.

From 2000 to 2011, the world produced over 625,000 articles related to this sector in FULL

counting, or about 239,000 using FRAC counting. China is the largest country, with about

167,000 publications (FULL), which is slightly less than the total combined ERA output (176,000;

FULL). Using fractional counting, China’s output (63,500) exceeds that of the ERA (56,500). The

US is the second largest producer, with an output of about 120,000 articles (FULL; 39,000 FRAC).

It is followed, in descending order, by Japan, the UK, Germany, France, the Republic of Korea,

Italy, India and Russia, with outputs ranging from 53,000 to 18,000 (FULL). Note that all selected

Asian countries make the top 10.

Considering the increase in output between the first and the second half of the 2004–2011

period, Romania, Latvia, Cyprus, Poland and Luxembourg have the highest GI values (from 3.91

to 1.89). Except for Romania and Poland, the increase in the actual number of publications for

these countries is modest, considering their total output stands at fewer than 350 publications

over the 10-year period. China stands out, combining the highest output with a GI of 1.70, far

above the world level of 1.40.

Estonia, Lithuania, China, Russia and Macedonia show the highest research intensity, relative to

the world, in Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers, as shown by their

SIs ranging, in descending order, from 2.30 to 1.41. All Asian countries are specialised in this

sector, while most of the important producers from the ERA, along with the US, are not.

In terms of collaboration, Switzerland, Germany, France, Denmark, Cyprus and the UK produced

a larger number of co-publications than expected considering the size of their publication output,

with CI scores of 1.61, 1.52, 1.50, 1.49, 1.47 and 1.47, respectively. None of the countries

outside the ERA collaborate more than expected. The US, with a CI of 1.01, reaches the expected

number of co-publications, while other countries with important output have CI scores below the

world average in this economic sector (e.g., Asian countries, Brazil, Poland, Russia and Turkey).

Considering the scientific impact indicators, a ranking based on ARC places Denmark, Cyprus,

Luxembourg, Switzerland and Spain at the top, with values ranging between 2.14 and 1.62. This

means that these countries are cited, on average, more than other countries in this sector. As

expected, the same countries have the highest percentage of their publication in the top 10%

most cited, with minor changes in their order. Based on ARIF, the ranking places Israel on top

(ARIF 1.65), followed by Spain, Iceland, Denmark and the Republic of Korea with similar ARIF

scores (between 1.48 and 1.46). With the exception of the Republic of Korea and the US, all

countries with high scores for the three impact indicators belong to the ERA, while Japan, Brazil

and India have scores close to the average level and China, Romania, Slovakia, Croatia, Latvia

and Russia systematically rank lowest according to these three indicators.


103

Table LV Publications in Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and

Transformers for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 3,466 826 1.42 1.37 0.59 1.18 1.21 12.0%

Belgium BE 5,307 1,373 1.49 1.43 0.69 1.39 1.33 14.1%

Bulgaria BG 1,035 292 1.24 1.41 0.98 1.17 1.28 10.2%

Cyprus CY 287 62 2.00 1.47 1.05 1.95 1.33 21.4%


Denmark DK 3,615 994 1.37 1.49 0.74 2.14 1.46 22.6%

Estonia EE 876 301 1.20 0.63 2.30 0.99 1.20 10.0%

Finland FI 4,353 1,125 1.10 0.94 0.83 1.19 1.18 13.5%

France FR 23,334 6,755 1.29 1.50 0.73 1.31 1.30 13.8%

Germany DE 26,304 7,586 1.32 1.52 0.60 1.44 1.22 14.7%

Greece EL 4,325 1,378 1.44 0.79 0.97 1.33 1.31 13.6%

Hungary HU 1,830 470 1.45 1.09 0.59 1.11 1.15 11.0%

Ireland IE 2,063 489 1.64 1.13 0.67 1.29 1.31 13.7%

Italy IT 19,284 5,207 1.38 1.01 0.72 1.33 1.28 13.6%

Latvia LV 346 83 2.11 0.76 1.36 0.53 1.04 2.9%

Lithuania LT 1,385 425 1.43 0.45 2.05 0.80 0.96 6.0%

Luxembourg LU 69 20 1.89 1.05 0.62 1.91 1.35 18.1%

Malta MT 98 13 1.20 1.40 0.81 1.18 1.01 10.4%

Netherlands NL 7,558 2,100 1.41 1.40 0.56 1.37 1.33 14.4%

Poland PL 9,498 2,213 1.95 0.65 0.78 0.89 0.89 8.2%

Portugal PT 3,559 967 1.79 1.16 0.96 1.41 1.32 15.3%

Romania RO 3,954 972 3.91 0.87 1.39 0.75 0.79 6.7%

Slovakia SK 848 182 1.74 1.03 0.45 0.71 0.90 6.4%

Slovenia SI 1,316 403 1.38 0.76 1.04 1.22 1.20 13.2%

Spain ES 14,669 4,222 1.62 1.19 0.72 1.62 1.48 16.7%

Sweden SE 8,264 2,646 0.90 1.16 1.05 1.21 1.14 13.2%


Total EU-27 158,751 49,887 1.40 0.00 0.70 1.25 1.22 12.8%


Macedonia MK 209 51 1.34 1.11 1.41 0.80 1.19 7.4%

Turkey TR 7,142 2,592 1.81 0.51 0.90 1.59 1.25 17.3%

Total Candidate 8,484 3,007 1.79 0.00 0.89 1.42 1.21 15.3%

EFTA Iceland IS 81 23 1.86 1.19 0.38 1.32 1.47 15.9%


Norway NO 4,268 1,379 1.29 1.22 1.27 0.89 1.00 8.0%

Switzerland CH 6,532 1,660 1.30 1.61 0.69 1.73 1.38 18.9%

Total EFTA 10,824 3,062 1.30 0.00 0.86 1.41 1.24 14.7%

ERA Israel IL 1,948 588 1.03 1.04 0.36 1.59 1.65 17.7%

Total ERA 175,774 56,544 1.41 0.00 0.71 1.26 1.22 12.9%

Asia China CN 167,400 63,530 1.70 0.36 2.05 0.76 0.72 7.0%

India IN 18,382 6,976 1.56 0.52 1.11 0.96 1.06 9.2%

Japan JP 53,186 17,190 1.12 0.63 1.13 1.12 1.13 11.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 22,440 6,859 1.45 0.78 1.32 1.28 1.46 14.2%

Other Brazil BR 9,589 3,216 1.32 0.77 0.79 1.04 1.23 10.6%

Russia RU 17,598 7,316 1.13 0.61 1.67 0.37 0.40 3.0%

United States US 120,466 39,357 1.11 1.01 0.69 1.21 1.12 12.7%


Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; Manufacture of Insulated

Wire and Cable; Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary Batteries;

Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply

Table LVI presents bibliometric indicators computed using a dataset of publications of relevance

to the Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; Manufacture of Insulated

Wire and Cable; Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary Batteries; Electricity,

Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply. The total number of publications produced by the world over

the period analysed is about 510,000 in FULL counting, or 240,000 using FRAC counting. China is

the largest producer, with 158,000 articles (FULL; 69,000 FRAC), which is more than the ERA’s

total output of 128,500 (FULL; 54,000 FRAC). The US comes in second place with close to 98,000


104

papers (FULL; 39,000 FRAC). It is followed by Japan, the UK, Germany, France, Russia, the

Republic of Korea, India and Italy, with outputs between 36,500 and 12,000 (FULL). It is worth

noting that all Asian countries feature in the top 10 producers of publications.

Table LVI Publications in Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control

Apparatus; Manufacture of Insulated Wire and Cable; Manufacture of

Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary Batteries; Electricity, Gas, Steam

and Hot Water Supply for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,337 748 1.49 1.45 0.53 1.27 1.22 12.7%

Belgium BE 3,761 1,237 1.54 1.57 0.62 1.30 1.32 13.3%

Bulgaria BG 834 276 1.17 1.37 0.92 1.38 1.36 12.9%

Cyprus CY 212 59 1.80 1.36 1.00 2.31 1.68 27.5%


Denmark DK 2,886 994 1.43 1.32 0.74 1.93 1.49 21.1%

Estonia EE 664 278 1.14 0.68 2.11 1.27 1.33 13.1%

Finland FI 2,463 911 1.17 1.12 0.67 1.20 1.26 13.7%

France FR 17,411 6,276 1.34 1.55 0.68 1.45 1.39 15.8%

Germany DE 20,498 7,242 1.30 1.57 0.57 1.45 1.26 14.9%

Greece EL 3,566 1,397 1.53 0.81 0.98 1.59 1.49 16.6%

Hungary HU 1,439 503 1.50 0.92 0.63 1.12 1.26 10.1%

Ireland IE 1,218 415 1.89 1.22 0.56 1.61 1.52 18.2%

Italy IT 12,142 4,619 1.50 1.14 0.63 1.46 1.43 15.5%

Latvia LV 228 73 1.58 1.06 1.18 0.77 1.43 6.0%

Lithuania LT 1,485 565 1.31 0.45 2.71 1.59 1.46 14.3%

Luxembourg LU 78 22 1.70 1.14 0.67 1.16 1.30 9.4%


Netherlands NL 6,069 2,075 1.42 1.42 0.55 1.24 1.21 12.8%

Poland PL 4,625 1,768 1.60 0.85 0.62 1.21 1.44 11.9%

Portugal PT 3,037 1,050 1.67 1.20 1.03 1.67 1.51 19.3%

Romania RO 1,951 767 4.79 0.83 1.09 0.78 0.85 7.7%

Slovakia SK 448 145 1.41 1.23 0.36 1.22 1.41 12.1%

Slovenia SI 990 382 1.39 0.85 0.98 1.41 1.49 16.6%

Spain ES 9,768 3,753 1.72 1.22 0.64 1.91 1.69 20.5%

Sweden SE 6,550 2,521 0.91 1.12 1.00 1.22 1.16 13.4%


Total EU-27 113,565 46,877 1.40 0.00 0.66 1.36 1.34 14.3%


Macedonia MK 135 45 1.47 1.09 1.22 0.92 1.38 9.1%

Turkey TR 6,085 2,627 1.72 0.50 0.91 1.71 1.40 19.2%

Total Candidate 7,154 3,043 1.74 0.00 0.89 1.56 1.36 17.3%

EFTA Iceland IS 84 23 1.94 1.27 0.40 1.45 1.52 16.9%


Norway NO 5,233 1,752 1.32 1.14 1.61 0.86 0.88 8.0%

Switzerland CH 4,664 1,525 1.32 1.63 0.63 1.78 1.39 19.5%

Total EFTA 9,932 3,302 1.33 0.00 0.92 1.30 1.13 13.5%

ERA Israel IL 1,543 586 1.04 0.97 0.35 1.81 1.77 21.4%

Total ERA 128,575 53,807 1.41 0.00 0.67 1.36 1.33 14.3%

Asia China CN 157,849 69,497 1.67 0.32 2.23 0.77 0.70 6.9%

India IN 15,864 6,984 1.54 0.50 1.10 0.97 1.08 9.3%

Japan JP 36,559 15,681 1.11 0.75 1.03 1.21 1.19 11.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 16,096 6,556 1.50 0.87 1.25 1.37 1.47 15.0%

Other Brazil BR 7,735 3,164 1.34 0.77 0.78 1.06 1.27 10.8%

Russia RU 16,691 7,275 1.14 0.58 1.65 0.35 0.40 2.8%

United States US 97,678 39,027 1.13 1.02 0.68 1.11 1.09 11.6%


In terms of growth between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period, Romania comes in

first by far with a GI of 4.79, and is followed by Iceland (1.94), Ireland (1.89), Croatia (1.88) and

Cyprus (1.80). However, among these only Romania and Ireland produced more than 1,000


105

publications (in FULL counting). China, the biggest publisher in this economic sector, reaches the

tenth position in terms of growth (GI 1.67), which is typical for this rapidly growing country.

Turkey and Spain are also worth noting, with high GI scores (both 1.72) and outputs greater than

6,000 papers (FULL). Among the 42 selected countries, only Sweden exhibits a decrease in its

output during the 2004–2011 period (GI below 1). The ERA kept pace with the world in terms of

growth (both having a GI of 1.41), while France, Germany, the UK, the US and Japan stand below

the world level.

Looking at specialisation, several large producers specialise in this sector, namely China, Russia,

the Republic of Korea, India and Japan, with SI values ranging from 2.23 (China) to 1.10 (Japan).

Overall, only seven out of the 42 countries can be considered clearly specialised in this sector (SI

of 1.10 or greater; scores between 1.00 and 1.10 are interpreted as slight specialisation). Among

important producers, France, the US, Spain, the UK, Italy and Germany have poor SI scores,

ranging from 0.68 to 0.57.

A ranking reflecting the level of international collaboration shows completely different results:

Switzerland comes first, followed by Germany, Belgium, France and the UK, with CI values

between 1.63 and 1.5. This ranking is typical, as these countries tend to produce more co-

publications than expected given their size in a large number of research fields. As usual, Asian

countries collaborate less than expected, as do Brazil, Russia, Turkey, Croatia and Lithuania.

Looking at the scientific impact, Cyprus, Denmark, Spain, Israel and Switzerland exhibit the best

ARC scores (from 2.31 to 1.78) as well as the highest percentage of publications featuring in the

top 10% most-cited articles. Although presenting a low overall output, Cyprus is remarkable with

27.5% of its papers in the top 10% most-cited ones. In terms of impact measured by the ARIF,

the ranking is somewhat different, with Israel on top, followed by Spain, Cyprus, Ireland and

Iceland (ARIF scores of 1.77 to 1.52). Considering impact indicators globally, 36 of the 42

selected countries generally have a scientific impact higher than the world level, and only

Norway, Romania, China and Russia are consistently below the average for the three indicators.

Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps

Table LVII presents bibliometric data based on a dataset of publications of relevance to the

Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps, for the 42 selected countries and covering

the 2000 to 2011 period. Using full counting, the world produced over 1.1 million publications in

this sector, while this number drops to 240,000 using fractional counting. The ERA produced

363,000 papers (FULL; 70,000 FRAC). Leaders in this sector are the US, China, Japan, Germany

and the Republic of Korea, with output ranging from 244,000 to 63,000 (FULL) or 45,000 to

13,000 (FRAC). Completing the top 10 are France, the UK, Russia, Italy and India.

As usual, countries with few publications show higher increases in output as measured by the GI.

In Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps, this is the case for Luxembourg,

leading with a GI of 4.65 and followed by Cyprus (3.20), Latvia (2.47), Malta (2.37) and Croatia

(1.83). Among larger producers, Romania, India and China stand out with GI scores between

1.52 and 1.39. The world barely increased its production over the 2004–2011 (GI 1.06), which

indicate that many countries have experienced a decrease in their output. It the case for 17

countries out of the 42 selected ones (GIs below 1.0). Major countries with the lowest scores

include Japan, the UK and the US.


106

Table LVII Publications in Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps for

42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 7,946 1,181 1.06 1.31 0.82 1.16 1.08 11.7%

Belgium BE 13,593 2,100 1.01 1.40 1.03 1.36 1.14 14.5%

Bulgaria BG 3,141 465 0.86 1.27 1.51 0.80 0.95 6.3%

Cyprus CY 432 50 3.20 1.34 0.82 1.23 1.00 8.9%


Denmark DK 5,416 746 1.05 1.34 0.54 1.80 1.40 18.5%

Estonia EE 1,075 162 1.35 0.99 1.20 0.87 0.92 8.8%

Finland FI 7,636 1,230 0.95 0.92 0.88 1.13 1.04 12.1%

France FR 58,834 9,649 0.94 1.36 1.01 1.06 1.05 10.8%

Germany DE 79,600 13,454 0.95 1.31 1.03 1.22 1.06 12.9%

Greece EL 7,102 1,140 1.03 1.09 0.77 1.17 1.22 12.0%

Hungary HU 3,996 575 0.98 1.28 0.70 0.91 1.04 7.8%

Ireland IE 5,260 793 0.95 1.18 1.05 1.09 1.13 11.2%

Italy IT 37,128 6,134 0.95 1.07 0.82 1.12 1.16 11.1%

Latvia LV 1,147 172 2.47 1.06 2.71 0.57 0.67 4.1%

Lithuania LT 2,946 502 1.82 0.85 2.34 0.86 0.91 8.2%

Luxembourg LU 183 24 4.65 1.32 0.72 1.22 1.12 9.0%

Malta MT 116 15 2.37 1.01 0.90 1.25 0.92 14.9%

Netherlands NL 15,614 2,410 0.92 1.27 0.63 1.39 1.17 14.8%

Poland PL 24,585 4,110 1.12 0.92 1.40 0.63 0.72 5.0%

Portugal PT 6,426 1,026 1.30 1.10 0.98 1.05 1.06 9.7%

Romania RO 10,610 1,762 1.52 0.91 2.43 0.68 0.76 6.1%

Slovakia SK 2,443 348 1.25 1.30 0.84 0.70 0.89 5.9%

Slovenia SI 2,373 415 1.19 0.80 1.04 0.76 0.82 7.0%

Spain ES 24,821 3,966 1.05 1.22 0.66 1.18 1.20 11.4%

Sweden SE 11,748 1,776 0.90 1.30 0.68 1.40 1.26 15.1%


Total EU-27 338,365 64,279 1.00 0.00 0.88 1.09 1.06 10.9%


Macedonia MK 228 28 1.61 1.12 0.73 0.88 0.89 7.8%

Turkey TR 9,319 1,761 1.34 0.60 0.59 1.13 1.00 11.1%

Total Candidate 10,891 2,007 1.39 0.00 0.57 1.08 0.99 10.5%

EFTA Iceland IS 141 20 1.58 1.10 0.32 1.16 1.34 15.5%


Norway NO 2,377 341 1.42 1.07 0.30 1.16 1.14 11.0%

Switzerland CH 13,165 1,913 0.95 1.41 0.77 1.60 1.27 17.2%

Total EFTA 15,699 2,286 1.01 0.00 0.62 1.53 1.25 16.3%

ERA Israel IL 6,982 1,155 0.82 1.02 0.68 1.17 1.29 11.8%

Total ERA 363,130 69,728 1.01 0.00 0.85 1.09 1.07 11.0%

Asia China CN 221,515 43,506 1.39 0.41 1.36 0.85 0.95 8.6%

India IN 29,817 5,948 1.49 0.60 0.91 0.87 1.01 8.2%

Japan JP 134,996 27,445 0.88 0.54 1.75 0.99 1.01 9.7%

Rep. of Korea KR 63,451 12,780 1.10 0.61 2.38 0.94 1.06 9.2%

Other Brazil BR 13,794 2,477 0.98 0.81 0.59 0.82 1.04 7.3%

Russia RU 49,803 9,542 0.96 0.91 2.11 0.56 0.63 4.4%

United States US 243,630 44,607 0.83 0.83 0.76 1.33 1.11 14.0%


Among the 42 selected countries for this study, only 11 specialise in Manufacture of Lighting

Equipment and Electric Lamps. Among them, Romania, the Republic of Korea, Russia, Japan,

Poland and China have more than 10,000 publications (FULL). Their SI scores range from 2.43

(Romania) to 1.36 (China). Compared to other economic sectors, the average effort of all other

countries in Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps is close to or below the world

level. The countries least specialised are Turkey, Brazil, Denmark, Croatia, Iceland and Norway

(SIs from 0.59 to 0.30).

With CI scores between 1.41 and 1.34, the countries that collaborate the most given the size of

their output are Switzerland, Belgium, France, Cyprus and Denmark. Other important players in


107

this field such as Germany, Sweden, the Netherlands, the UK and Spain have good CI scores

(between 1.31 and 1.22); however, some of the biggest producers like the US, the Republic of

Korea, India, Japan and China collaborate much less than expected in this sector (SIs from 0.83

to 0.41).

As for scientific impact, the countries whose publications are the most cited relative to the world

are Denmark (ARC 1.80), Switzerland (1.60), Sweden (1.40), the Netherlands (1.39) and

Belgium (1.36). The US, the biggest publisher in this sector, ranks sixth with an ARC of 1.33.

These countries also feature among those with the highest percentage of their articles in the top

10% most-cited publications, along with Malta and Iceland. A ranking based on ARIF places

Denmark, Iceland, Israel, Switzerland and Sweden in the top five countries in terms of impact

factors, reflecting the importance of the journals in which they publish. Their ARIF scores range

from 1.40 and 1.26. EFTA countries, Israel and the US consistently score well regarding the three

scientific impacts indices, while Asian countries have average or low scores and most Eastern

European countries, along with Russia, consistently display very low scores.

Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles

Table LVIII displays bibliometric data related to publications of relevance to the Manufacture of

Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles for the 42 selected countries. From 2000 to 2011,

the world produced close to 272,000 publications in that sector in full or 62,000 in fractional

counting. The US has the biggest output, with close to 60,000 publications (FULL; 14,000 FRAC),

followed very closely by China (60,000 FULL; 12,000 FRAC). Completing the top five are Japan,

the UK and the Republic of Korea (output from 25,000 to 13,000 FULL; 4,000 to 2,500 FRAC).

In terms of growth between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period, small producers

take the first place as usual, namely Latvia, Cyprus, Lithuania, Slovakia and Poland (GI scores

ranging from 7.71 to 2.32). More important players in this sector also have good GI scores,

namely India (1.70), China (1.61) or Spain (1.34). Conversely, many important producers did not

increase their output as fast as the world (GI 1.25) during this period, namely Germany, the

Republic of Korea, the UK, Japan and the US (GIs ranging from 1.20 to 1.08). Seven countries

exhibit a decrease in their output, Russia (0.57) in particular.

The most specialised countries in Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles

are, in descending order, Lithuania, Latvia, Croatia, Malta and the Republic of Korea (SI between

4.71 and 1.86). China combines high output with high specialisation (SI 1.44). Countries like the

US, Spain, France and Germany, although having relatively good output, do not publish as

intensely in this sector as in some others (SI below 1). The less specialised countries are Israel,

Brazil, India, Bulgaria and Russia.

Countries having the highest propensity to collaborate given the size of their output are typically

the same as in many other sectors: Denmark, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Malta and Cyprus in the

top five (between 1.70 and 1.50), with France, Bulgaria, the UK, the Netherlands and Sweden

completing the top 10. Brazil and the Asian and Eastern European countries (with the exception

of Bulgaria) have low CI scores. With a few exceptions, countries with the highest propensity to

collaborate also have high overall scientific impact.

Looking more specifically at the scientific impact, a ranking based on ARC places Denmark at the

top (ARC 2.10), followed by Cyprus (1.66), Switzerland (1.54), the Netherlands (1.52) and

Belgium (1.47). These countries also have, in the same order, the highest proportion of their

papers in the 10% most-cited publications. Denmark and Cyprus have particularly high impact,


108

with around 20% of their publications featuring in the top 10% most-cited papers. Considering

the ARIF, Israel, Switzerland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the Republic of Korea make up

the top five, with scores ranging from 1.48 to 1.28. China, Russia and most Eastern European

countries consistently have the lowest performances for the three impact indicators.

Table LVIII Publications in Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and

Vehicles for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,837 309 1.25 1.21 0.84 1.08 1.12 10.6%

Belgium BE 2,647 519 1.16 1.14 0.99 1.47 1.27 15.5%

Bulgaria BG 258 30 1.43 1.33 0.38 0.43 0.90 2.8%

Cyprus CY 131 17 3.15 1.50 1.11 1.66 1.01 20.3%


Denmark DK 1,635 293 0.99 1.70 0.83 2.10 1.25 21.1%

Estonia EE 260 38 1.99 0.47 1.08 0.35 0.65 2.9%

Finland FI 2,817 555 0.86 0.86 1.54 1.22 1.07 13.4%

France FR 9,614 1,764 1.21 1.36 0.72 1.01 1.06 10.0%

Germany DE 11,264 2,337 1.20 1.20 0.70 1.19 0.97 11.7%

Greece EL 2,298 516 1.07 0.89 1.37 1.09 1.10 11.4%

Hungary HU 1,056 212 1.19 0.91 1.01 0.78 0.71 8.6%

Ireland IE 1,291 225 0.95 1.05 1.16 0.99 1.04 10.1%

Italy IT 10,942 1,910 1.10 0.92 0.99 1.21 1.18 12.3%

Latvia LV 249 64 7.71 0.22 3.96 0.35 0.36 1.2%

Lithuania LT 976 258 2.41 0.32 4.71 0.89 0.71 9.1%

Luxembourg LU 34 8 1.75 1.55 0.98 0.00 1.36 0.0%

Malta MT 82 9 0.97 1.54 2.22 1.16 1.02 11.9%

Netherlands NL 4,058 931 1.29 1.28 0.94 1.52 1.32 16.5%

Poland PL 6,173 874 2.32 0.47 1.16 0.52 0.44 4.0%

Portugal PT 1,862 342 1.81 1.01 1.28 0.97 0.92 9.7%

Romania RO 2,341 318 2.20 0.91 1.71 0.72 0.80 6.5%

Slovakia SK 546 86 2.33 0.80 0.81 0.56 0.54 5.0%

Slovenia SI 624 133 1.19 0.53 1.30 0.76 0.65 7.3%

Spain ES 7,377 1,409 1.34 1.09 0.91 1.24 1.19 11.9%

Sweden SE 3,687 875 1.15 1.22 1.31 1.36 1.17 14.3%


Total EU-27 82,683 17,360 1.27 0.00 0.92 1.08 1.02 10.8%


Macedonia MK 88 11 1.25 1.01 1.12 0.56 0.64 3.7%

Turkey TR 2,494 428 1.89 0.77 0.56 1.29 1.08 12.9%

Total Candidate 3,566 767 1.42 0.00 0.85 0.95 0.86 9.0%



Norway NO 1,075 258 1.68 0.99 0.90 1.11 1.20 10.9%

Switzerland CH 2,755 395 1.14 1.59 0.62 1.54 1.37 16.5%

Total EFTA 3,851 659 1.34 0.00 0.70 1.43 1.32 15.1%

ERA Israel IL 1,054 236 0.95 1.05 0.54 1.30 1.48 13.0%

Total ERA 89,655 19,022 1.27 0.00 0.90 1.09 1.02 10.9%

Asia China CN 59,672 11,786 1.61 0.56 1.44 0.76 0.83 7.1%

India IN 4,987 823 1.70 0.64 0.49 0.96 1.05 9.7%

Japan JP 24,610 4,374 1.08 0.54 1.09 0.89 0.96 9.0%

Rep. of Korea KR 12,663 2,554 1.19 0.82 1.86 1.04 1.28 11.1%

Other Brazil BR 3,342 536 1.33 0.77 0.50 0.86 1.01 8.5%

Russia RU 1,384 189 0.57 0.94 0.16 0.54 0.51 5.2%

United States US 59,681 14,235 1.02 1.06 0.94 1.38 1.19 14.3%


Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components

As seen in Table LIX for the 2000–2011 period, the US, China and Japan produced the most

publications of relevance to the economic sector of Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes

and Other Electronic Components. The approximate size of their output is 59,500, 20,000 and

11,000, respectively (FULL), or 40,000, 16,000 and 8,000, respectively (FRAC). Completing the


109

top 10 most-publishing countries are six EU-27 countries and the Republic of Korea. In total, the

world produced about 161,000 publications in this sector (FULL; 130,500 FRAC), and the total

ERA output is about one third of this amount (both FULL and FRAC).

Table LIX Publications in Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other

Electronic Components for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 1,364 793 1.26 1.29 1.04 1.39 1.08 13.7%

Belgium BE 1,731 933 1.83 1.34 0.86 1.13 1.05 11.8%

Bulgaria BG 230 169 1.32 0.90 1.04 0.89 0.93 5.9%

Cyprus CY 165 82 2.37 1.20 2.62 0.69 0.49 6.0%


Denmark DK 835 504 1.68 1.36 0.69 1.14 1.06 10.4%

Estonia EE 235 134 1.66 0.61 1.87 0.44 0.45 1.6%

Finland FI 1,502 994 1.17 0.84 1.34 0.95 0.99 7.9%

France FR 6,495 3,944 0.96 1.22 0.78 0.90 1.00 8.5%

Germany DE 9,930 6,499 1.88 1.27 0.94 1.12 0.99 11.1%

Greece EL 1,662 1,027 1.37 0.88 1.32 0.71 0.76 6.0%

Hungary HU 335 224 1.62 0.86 0.51 0.86 0.73 6.7%

Ireland IE 1,373 991 1.85 0.97 2.47 1.09 1.02 11.3%

Italy IT 6,820 4,511 1.26 1.10 1.13 1.07 1.05 10.6%

Latvia LV 113 79 7.06 0.77 2.36 0.32 0.98 1.4%

Lithuania LT 91 62 1.62 0.80 0.56 0.49 0.87 4.5%



Netherlands NL 3,718 2,318 1.31 1.26 1.14 1.61 1.37 17.9%

Poland PL 1,255 869 1.54 0.89 0.56 0.63 0.75 4.0%

Portugal PT 1,570 986 2.40 1.15 1.79 1.32 1.14 14.5%

Romania RO 619 468 3.27 0.80 1.22 0.50 0.54 4.2%

Slovakia SK 121 50 1.69 1.34 0.24 0.54 0.93 1.5%

Slovenia SI 370 272 1.61 0.84 1.29 0.81 0.86 6.3%

Spain ES 4,200 2,364 1.68 1.29 0.74 0.98 1.08 9.2%

Sweden SE 2,039 1,083 1.33 1.37 0.79 1.16 1.15 11.0%


Total EU-27 51,588 36,687 1.45 0.00 0.95 1.04 1.02 10.0%



Turkey TR 1,411 1,127 2.17 0.67 0.72 1.00 1.06 9.5%

Total Candidate 1,523 1,209 2.18 0.00 0.65 0.97 1.02 9.1%

EFTA Iceland IS 42 25 7.07 1.14 1.15 0.00 0.68 0.0%


Norway NO 443 238 2.20 1.15 0.40 1.05 1.15 9.3%

Switzerland CH 3,480 2,170 1.20 1.63 1.65 1.28 1.03 15.3%

Total EFTA 3,968 2,440 1.30 0.00 1.26 1.26 1.04 14.7%

ERA Israel IL 1,099 719 1.23 1.05 0.80 1.49 1.37 17.3%

Total ERA 56,529 41,055 1.45 0.00 0.94 1.04 1.02 10.2%

Asia China CN 20,285 15,737 1.38 0.71 0.93 0.71 0.85 7.2%

India IN 2,869 1,604 1.89 0.73 0.47 0.74 0.96 5.3%

Japan JP 10,882 8,312 1.18 0.76 1.00 1.01 1.06 9.8%

Rep. of Korea KR 4,674 3,160 1.29 0.94 1.11 1.24 1.25 12.4%

Other Brazil BR 2,528 1,604 2.14 0.85 0.72 0.73 0.92 5.2%

Russia RU 1,369 1,157 1.15 0.54 0.48 0.27 0.32 1.9%

United States US 59,578 39,769 1.16 0.91 1.28 1.19 1.11 12.6%


In examining the temporal increase in scientific output, Iceland, Latvia and Romania have the

highest GI values (7.07, 7.06 and 3.27, respectively). However, the increase in the actual

number of publications for these countries is modest, considering that their total outputs stand at

fewer than 620 publications over the 11-year period for this economic sector. On the other hand,

Brazil, India and Germany all produced a relatively large number of publications for this sector

and show high GI scores (2.14, 1.89 and 1.88, respectively) compared to the world, which has a


110

GI of 1.40. Looking at the EU-27 countries, 16 increased their output between the first and

second half of the 2000–2011 period at a pace equal to or greater than the world, whereas nine

fell behind. France is the only country that experienced a decrease in its output, albeit a rather

slight one (GI 0.96).

With an SI of 2.62, Cyprus shows the highest research intensity in Manufacture of Electronic

Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components. Ireland, Estonia, Latvia and Portugal are also

specialised, but none of them show a large output. Only five countries with a relatively large

research output in this economic sector (more than 3,000) are specialised: Switzerland, the US,

the Netherlands, Italy and the Republic of Korea. Other countries with large or intermediate

output like France, Spain, Brazil, Russia and India are not specialised in this sector.

In terms of collaboration, Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Slovakia and the UK have the

highest CI scores (between 1.63 and 1.34), indicating that they produced a larger number of co-

publications than expected considering the size of their publication output. There are no countries

outside the ERA among the top 20 for this indicator except for the Republic of Korea and the US,

but none have a CI score greater than one. Of the 42 countries examined, India, China, the

Czech Republic, Turkey, Estonia and Russia collaborated the least, with CI scores of less than

0.75.

Scientific impact, as measured by the ARC, is highest for the Netherlands, Israel, Austria,

Portugal and Switzerland (values ranging from 1.61 to 1.28). As usual, these countries also have

the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications, with slight differences

in the ranking. The highest ARIF scores are observed for the Netherlands, Israel, the Republic of

Korea, Sweden and Norway. Among countries that published near 5,000 publications (FULL) in

this economic sector, only the US, the UK and the Republic of Korea consistently obtain high

scores for the three impact indicators. By contrast, France, Germany and China rank close to or

below the world average for the three indicators. Romania, Cyprus, Estonia and Russia rank the

lowest for scientific impact in general.

Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line Telephony

and Line Telegraphy as well as Television and Radio Receivers, Sound or Video

Recording or Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods

Table LX presents bibliometric data based on a dataset of publications of relevance to the

Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line Telephony and Line

Telegraphy as well as Television and Radio Receivers, Sound or Video Recording or Reproducing

Apparatus and Associated Goods. For the 2000–2011 period, China, the US and Japan produced

by far the most publications in this economic sector. Their approximate output sizes are 278,000,

246,000 and 138,000 (FULL) or 60,000, 48,000 and 29,000 (FRAC), respectively. Completing the

top 10 most-publishing countries are, in descending order, the Republic of Korea, Germany,

France, the UK, Italy, Russia and India, with output ranging from approximately 78,000 to 38,000

publications (FULL). Note that all selected Asian countries rank in the top 10 publishers in this

sector. In total, the world produced about 1.2 million publications in this sector (FULL; 285,000

FRAC).

Looking at the increase in scientific output during the 2004 to 2011 period, Luxembourg, Latvia,

Malta, Iceland and Cyprus have the highest GI values (from 3.37 to 2.16). As noted many times

before, the increase in the absolute number of publications for these countries is modest,

considering that their total output over the 12-year period is very small (in this case, fewer than


111

1,000 publications each). On the other hand, China and India produced a large number of

publications in this sector and show high GI scores (1.56 and 1.55) higher than the world level

(1.40). Romania and Turkey are also doing well, with more than 8,000 publications each (FULL)

and ranking in the top 10, with GI values of 1.83 and 1.63. Only nine EU-27 countries increased

their output at a greater pace than the world (GI 1.18) during this period, whereas 14 fell behind.

Interestingly, Japan and the US experienced a decrease in their output for this sector over the

last eight years (GIs of 0.91 each).

Table LX Publications in Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and

Apparatus for Line Telephony and Line Telegraphy as well as Television and

Radio Receivers, Sound or Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus and

Associated Goods for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 8,954 1,453 1.15 1.33 0.85 1.14 1.04 11.3%

Belgium BE 13,423 2,253 1.07 1.38 0.93 1.34 1.18 14.6%

Bulgaria BG 2,282 357 1.10 1.34 0.98 0.68 0.94 5.4%

Cyprus CY 638 94 2.13 1.22 1.31 1.01 1.15 9.9%


Denmark DK 4,612 681 1.14 1.41 0.42 1.69 1.22 18.0%

Estonia EE 954 147 1.51 1.01 0.92 0.93 0.94 10.0%

Finland FI 10,419 1,865 1.00 0.95 1.12 1.18 1.09 12.8%

France FR 60,881 10,688 1.09 1.42 0.95 1.07 1.07 10.9%

Germany DE 73,553 13,213 1.06 1.39 0.86 1.19 1.11 12.7%

Greece EL 10,140 1,844 1.10 1.03 1.06 1.13 1.20 11.6%

Hungary HU 4,231 657 1.05 1.28 0.67 0.90 1.00 7.5%

Ireland IE 5,141 860 1.17 1.15 0.96 1.26 1.19 12.9%

Italy IT 41,727 7,544 1.09 1.09 0.85 1.18 1.20 11.9%

Latvia LV 982 146 3.03 1.15 1.95 0.65 0.67 4.7%

Lithuania LT 2,514 438 2.08 0.87 1.73 0.78 0.87 6.9%

Luxembourg LU 365 52 3.37 1.38 1.30 1.14 1.23 9.2%

Malta MT 175 29 3.02 0.77 1.50 1.19 0.86 13.6%

Netherlands NL 15,056 2,470 1.03 1.34 0.54 1.33 1.26 14.8%

Poland PL 20,626 3,488 1.24 1.01 1.00 0.65 0.74 5.1%

Portugal PT 7,000 1,200 1.29 1.12 0.97 1.03 1.02 9.8%

Romania RO 8,228 1,405 1.83 0.98 1.64 0.66 0.74 5.8%

Slovakia SK 2,503 388 1.55 1.24 0.79 0.64 0.87 5.4%

Slovenia SI 2,480 452 1.19 0.78 0.96 0.71 0.78 6.7%

Spain ES 27,827 4,868 1.20 1.23 0.68 1.12 1.20 11.4%

Sweden SE 13,681 2,213 1.10 1.39 0.72 1.40 1.23 14.7%


Total EU-27 345,525 69,419 1.12 0.00 0.80 1.08 1.08 11.1%


Macedonia MK 457 77 1.18 0.87 1.72 0.49 0.72 3.4%

Turkey TR 9,978 1,923 1.63 0.70 0.55 1.15 1.05 11.5%

Total Candidate 12,633 2,421 1.52 0.00 0.58 1.01 0.99 9.8%

EFTA Iceland IS 240 34 2.34 1.17 0.48 1.24 1.29 15.6%


Norway NO 3,732 599 1.53 1.19 0.45 1.18 1.22 11.9%

Switzerland CH 13,220 2,040 1.05 1.51 0.69 1.85 1.35 19.3%

Total EFTA 17,206 2,685 1.16 0.00 0.62 1.70 1.32 17.7%

ERA Israel IL 7,574 1,395 1.10 1.02 0.69 1.31 1.45 13.1%

Total ERA 373,969 75,921 1.13 0.00 0.78 1.10 1.09 11.2%

Asia China CN 278,082 60,324 1.56 0.43 1.59 0.75 0.83 7.3%

India IN 38,402 8,122 1.55 0.60 1.06 0.75 0.93 6.9%

Japan JP 138,328 29,355 0.91 0.56 1.58 0.89 0.96 8.6%

Rep. of Korea KR 78,324 16,597 1.23 0.64 2.61 0.92 1.04 9.2%

Other Brazil BR 14,390 2,705 1.07 0.89 0.55 0.80 1.02 7.0%

Russia RU 40,706 8,176 1.09 0.98 1.53 0.50 0.55 3.5%

United States US 245,722 48,150 0.91 0.98 0.69 1.63 1.31 17.0%



112

Liechtenstein and the Republic of Korea show the highest research intensity in this economic

sector (both with an SI of 2.61). In the top 10 also feature other important publishing countries

like Romania, China, Japan and Russia (SIs of 1.64, 1.59, 1.58 and 1.53, respectively). However,

other countries with large outputs such as France, Germany, Italy, the US, the UK and Brazil are

not specialised in this sector.

In terms of collaboration, Switzerland, France, Denmark, Sweden and Germany have the highest

CI scores (between 1.51 and 1.39), indicating that they produced a larger number of co-

publications than expected considering the size of their publication output. None of the countries

outside the ERA have a CI score greater than one. All EFTA countries collaborated less than

expected, as well as all Asian countries, which have the lowest CI scores among the 42 countries

studied.

In terms of scientific impact, the highest ARC values belong to Switzerland, Denmark, the US,

Sweden and Belgium (values ranging from 1.85 to 1.34). These countries also have the highest

percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications (values ranging in the same order

from 19.3% to 14.6%), along with the Netherlands (14.8%) and Iceland (15.6%). The highest

ARIF scores are observed for Israel, Switzerland, the US, Iceland and the Netherlands. All EFTA

countries consistently obtain high scores for these three impact indicators. In contrast, Asian

countries are mostly below average, and candidate countries (apart from Turkey) as well as

Russia consistently rank low for the three indicators.

Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment

Table LXI presents bibliometric data for the NACE sector of Manufacture of Medical and Surgical

Equipment for the 42 selected countries. For the 2000–2011 period, the US, China and Japan

produced the most publications in this economic sector, with approximate output sizes of

102,000, 64,000 and 35,000 (FULL) or 61,000, 21,000 and 15,000 (FRAC), respectively.

Completing the top 10 most-publishing countries are, in order, Germany, the UK, Italy, France,

the Republic of Korea, Spain and India, with outputs ranging from approximately 26,000 to 8,000

publications (FULL). The world produced about 392,000 publications in this sector (FULL; 215,000

FRAC).

In terms of growth, Latvia, Lithuania and Cyprus increased importantly their output between the

first and the second half of the 2004 to 2011 period, with GIs ranging from 3.83 to 2.84,

although their global outputs remain modest (fewer than 700 each over the last 12 years). As

rapidly growing countries, Romania, China, the Republic of Korea and Brazil also show great GI

scores (2.47, 1.65, 1.46 and 1.42, respectively). Nine out of the selected countries experienced a

decrease in their output, including Germany, France and Japan. Turkey, Russia and Israel obtain

the lowest GI scores (0.83, 0.72 and 0.68 respectively), reflecting strong decreases in the

number of publications in this NACE sector.

Considering research intensity in Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment, Austria,

Belgium, Luxembourg, Bulgaria and Turkey exhibit the highest SI scores (values between 1.77

and 1.56). Completing the top 10 are rather important publishing countries, namely Germany,

the Republic of Korea, Switzerland, Italy and the Netherlands. However, other countries with a

large output such as the UK, Spain and China are not specialised in this sector.

In terms of collaboration, Switzerland, Denmark, Malta, the Netherlands and Cyprus rank at the

top, with CI scores between 1.74 and 1.46. Apart from Russia (CI 1.27) and the US (1.04), no

countries outside the ERA have collaborated more than expected given their publication output.


113

All Asian countries collaborated less than expected. Turkey, Lithuania and Latvia rank at the

bottom in terms of collaboration.

Looking at scientific impact, the highest ARCs are observed for Denmark, the Netherlands,

Switzerland, the US and Germany (values ranging from 1.87 to 1.37). As it is usually the case,

these countries also have the highest percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited

publications (values ranging in the same order from 19.2% to 14.5%). The highest ARIF scores

are observed for the Netherlands, Switzerland, the Republic of Korea, Denmark and Israel (values

between 1.45 and 1.24). All candidate countries consistently obtain low scores for these three

impact indicators.

Table LXI Publications in Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment for 42



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,294 2,251 0.98 1.37 1.77 1.21 1.18 12.2%

Belgium BE 5,744 3,203 1.01 1.20 1.77 1.28 1.15 13.9%

Bulgaria BG 702 436 1.14 0.76 1.60 0.18 0.30 0.9%

Cyprus CY 165 44 2.84 1.46 0.83 1.27 0.81 13.3%


Denmark DK 2,210 813 1.07 1.69 0.66 1.87 1.28 19.2%

Estonia EE 283 51 2.48 0.58 0.42 0.37 0.60 2.7%

Finland FI 3,220 1,130 1.00 0.87 0.91 1.15 1.14 12.0%

France FR 17,695 9,587 0.97 1.17 1.14 0.93 0.93 9.1%

Germany DE 26,432 16,289 0.98 1.25 1.42 1.37 1.12 14.5%

Greece EL 3,281 1,595 0.96 0.90 1.23 0.93 0.98 8.3%

Hungary HU 1,169 335 0.99 1.21 0.46 0.90 0.84 8.8%

Ireland IE 1,988 825 1.27 1.19 1.23 0.97 1.03 9.5%

Italy IT 18,218 8,853 1.10 0.93 1.33 1.09 1.04 10.5%

Latvia LV 198 56 3.83 0.31 1.00 0.34 0.45 2.3%

Lithuania LT 675 122 3.28 0.43 0.65 0.76 0.75 6.5%

Luxembourg LU 88 49 1.37 1.19 1.63 1.10 0.64 9.4%

Malta MT 99 16 2.49 1.65 1.08 1.16 0.89 12.7%

Netherlands NL 7,873 4,356 1.17 1.46 1.28 1.70 1.45 19.6%

Poland PL 7,338 1,916 1.22 0.54 0.74 0.49 0.45 3.7%

Portugal PT 1,940 520 1.54 1.06 0.56 0.89 0.94 8.0%

Romania RO 2,492 435 2.47 0.98 0.68 0.71 0.75 6.1%

Slovakia SK 628 136 2.06 1.00 0.37 0.66 0.64 6.2%

Slovenia SI 736 250 1.23 0.78 0.71 0.96 0.87 9.3%

Spain ES 10,160 4,440 1.21 1.02 0.83 1.04 1.00 9.5%

Sweden SE 4,368 1,857 1.06 1.37 0.81 1.19 1.15 12.2%


Total EU-27 133,351 72,256 1.06 0.00 1.11 1.07 1.02 10.7%


Macedonia MK 99 20 1.18 1.03 0.59 0.52 0.65 3.3%

Turkey TR 6,277 4,101 0.83 0.49 1.56 0.80 0.94 5.7%

Total Candidate 6,941 4,303 0.85 0.00 1.39 0.78 0.93 5.5%

EFTA Iceland IS 34 12 1.80 1.36 0.22 0.00 0.87 0.0%

Liechtenstein LI 9 3 n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c. n.c.Norway NO 1,393 593 1.34 1.28 0.60 0.98 1.07 9.0%

Switzerland CH 6,327 3,025 1.07 1.74 1.38 1.62 1.34 17.8%

Total EFTA 7,728 3,633 1.11 0.00 1.12 1.51 1.30 16.3%

ERA Israel IL 2,174 1,284 0.68 1.05 0.85 1.14 1.24 10.4%

Total ERA 146,989 81,476 1.04 0.00 1.12 1.07 1.02 10.6%

Asia China CN 63,974 20,721 1.65 0.50 0.73 0.68 0.72 6.2%

India IN 8,306 4,206 1.12 0.49 0.73 0.63 0.75 5.4%

Japan JP 34,981 15,437 0.96 0.52 1.11 0.88 0.98 8.5%

Rep. of Korea KR 15,662 6,718 1.46 0.68 1.42 1.07 1.29 11.1%

Other Brazil BR 4,894 2,013 1.42 0.79 0.54 0.76 0.89 7.0%

Russia RU 2,346 894 0.72 1.27 0.22 0.52 0.48 4.7%

United States US 101,790 60,654 1.04 1.04 1.17 1.38 1.23 14.9%



114



Instruments and Photographic Equipment

Table LXII presents bibliometric data based on a publication dataset of relevance to the

Manufacture of Instruments and Appliances for Measuring, Checking, Testing, Navigating and

Other Purposes, Industrial Process Control Equipment and Optical Instruments and Photographic

Equipment. For the 2000–2011 period, the US, China and Japan produced the most publications

in this economic sector, with approximate outputs of 287,000, 282,000 and 79,200 (FULL) or

120,000, 118,000 and 34,000 (FRAC), respectively. Completing the top 10 most-publishing

countries are, in descending order, Germany, the UK, the Republic of Korea, France, Italy, Spain

and Russia, with outputs ranging from approximately 67,000 to 31,000 publications (FULL). The

world produced about 1.6 million publications in this sector (FULL; 562,000 FRAC).

In terms of growth, Malta, Luxembourg, Iceland, Romania and Cyprus greatly increased their

outputs between the first and the second half of the 2004 to 2011 period, with GIs ranging from

3.10 to 1.89, although their total individual outputs since 2000 were lower than 620, with the

exception of Romania with over 6,000 publications (FULL). India, China and the Republic of Korea

also combine high outputs with high GI scores (1.85, 1.78 and 1.61, respectively). Only six EU-27

countries increased their output at a greater pace than the world (GI 1.30), as well as one

candidate and one EFTA country. Croatia, Sweden, Bulgaria, Macedonia and Lithuania exhibit GI

scores lower than one, reflecting that their publication outputs decreased between the first and

the second half of the 2004–2011 period.

The Czech Republic, China, Macedonia, Russia and Slovakia feature as the most specialised

countries in this sector (SI values ranging from 1.67 to 1.28), with Ireland, Spain, the Republic of

Korea, Romania and Portugal completing the top 10. Important publishing countries do not

specialise in this sector, with SIs below one—namely Japan, Germany, Italy, the US, France,

India and the UK.

Comparing collaboration performance in this sector, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium, the

UK and Denmark represent the top five countries with the most co-publications relative to their

publication output (CIs between 1.54 and 1.44). No country outside the ERA exhibits a positive

CI. All Asian countries, Turkey, Croatia, Brazil and Malta collaborated the least.

When ranking countries according to their scientific impact, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, the

US and the Netherlands ranks first in terms of their average number of citations relative to the

world (ARC values of 1.90 to 1.43). This indicator correlates with the percentage of articles in the

10% most-cited publications, so that the countries in the top five are the same, albeit in slightly

different order. Switzerland, in first place, has impressive impact with 20% of its 13,500 papers

in the 10% most-cited publications. A ranking based on ARIF values shows somewhat different

results, with Iceland standing at the top, followed by Israel, Switzerland, Denmark and Greece

(values between 1.44 and 1.35). Most Asian countries, Brazil and Russia consistently obtain low

scores for the three impact indicators.


115

Table LXII Publications in Manufacture of Instruments and Appliances for Measuring,

Checking, Testing, Navigating and Other Purposes, Industrial Process

Control Equipment and Optical Instruments and Photographic Equipment

for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 8,916 3,828 1.13 1.38 1.13 1.28 1.13 13.7%

Belgium BE 11,979 4,958 1.05 1.46 1.04 1.39 1.21 14.9%

Bulgaria BG 2,216 656 0.90 1.31 0.91 0.87 1.04 7.2%

Cyprus CY 610 117 1.89 1.35 0.83 1.06 1.10 9.4%


Denmark DK 6,940 2,811 1.29 1.44 0.87 1.62 1.37 18.1%

Estonia EE 551 290 1.15 0.78 0.91 0.91 0.97 7.9%

Finland FI 10,004 3,640 1.07 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.09 11.7%

France FR 48,735 18,410 1.26 1.43 0.82 1.17 1.17 12.2%

Germany DE 67,429 27,382 1.26 1.40 0.90 1.27 1.13 13.7%

Greece EL 9,318 3,440 1.11 0.97 1.00 1.20 1.35 12.5%

Hungary HU 4,327 2,225 1.03 1.14 1.15 0.86 1.11 7.2%

Ireland IE 5,961 2,187 1.32 1.26 1.23 1.26 1.24 12.4%

Italy IT 38,017 15,525 1.15 1.21 0.88 1.21 1.26 12.1%

Latvia LV 367 114 1.24 0.80 0.77 0.51 0.72 4.0%

Lithuania LT 1,140 443 0.87 0.96 0.88 0.91 1.05 9.9%

Luxembourg LU 303 79 2.90 1.39 0.99 0.92 1.23 7.6%

Malta MT 86 21 3.10 0.46 0.58 0.74 0.61 7.0%

Netherlands NL 15,871 6,271 1.19 1.49 0.70 1.43 1.24 15.3%

Poland PL 14,138 6,574 1.06 0.85 0.95 0.69 0.90 5.8%

Portugal PT 6,505 2,840 1.59 1.06 1.16 0.95 1.06 8.8%

Romania RO 6,445 2,028 2.50 0.91 1.20 0.69 0.80 5.9%

Slovakia SK 2,163 1,245 1.52 0.97 1.28 0.59 0.68 4.9%

Slovenia SI 1,600 814 1.11 0.92 0.87 0.76 0.97 7.1%

Spain ES 33,591 17,352 1.16 1.18 1.23 1.17 1.23 12.1%

Sweden SE 14,191 5,753 0.98 1.43 0.95 1.50 1.31 15.4%


Total EU-27 328,493 157,104 1.20 0.00 0.92 1.14 1.15 11.7%


Macedonia MK 374 130 0.88 0.75 1.47 0.50 0.79 3.0%

Turkey TR 8,375 3,657 1.43 0.72 0.52 1.15 1.12 12.0%

Total Candidate 10,448 4,437 1.33 0.00 0.54 1.02 1.06 10.2%

EFTA Iceland IS 220 56 2.84 1.34 0.40 1.39 1.44 13.5%


Norway NO 4,380 1,702 1.19 1.26 0.65 1.27 1.19 12.7%

Switzerland CH 13,572 5,390 1.15 1.54 0.93 1.90 1.41 20.0%

Total EFTA 18,105 7,156 1.17 0.00 0.83 1.74 1.36 18.2%

ERA Israel IL 9,856 3,904 1.11 1.08 0.98 1.36 1.44 14.5%

Total ERA 358,120 172,601 1.20 0.00 0.90 1.15 1.16 11.8%

Asia China CN 282,405 118,462 1.78 0.41 1.58 0.67 0.77 6.5%

India IN 27,457 12,189 1.85 0.52 0.80 0.68 0.90 6.5%

Japan JP 79,260 34,142 1.02 0.64 0.93 0.91 0.98 8.9%

Rep. of Korea KR 43,732 15,209 1.61 0.69 1.21 0.92 1.11 9.6%

Other Brazil BR 17,272 11,066 1.33 0.66 1.13 0.72 0.85 5.9%

Russia RU 31,273 15,140 1.00 0.85 1.43 0.54 0.68 4.9%

United States US 287,204 120,123 1.05 0.94 0.87 1.47 1.18 15.0%


Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles

and their Engines

Table LXIII presents bibliometric data based on a publication dataset of relevance to the

Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles and their

Engines. This is a rather small economic sector in terms of scientific publications, with about

58,000 papers (FULL; 20,000 FRAC) produced worldwide from 2000 to 2011. The US leads the

group of most active countries with an approximate output of 17,000 (FULL; 5,000 FRAC). The


116

total ERA output is similar to that of the US, with 17,000 publications (FULL; 6,000 FRAC). China

is the second largest producer of publications in this sector (14,000 FULL; 4,000 FRAC), followed

by Japan, the Republic of Korea, the UK, Germany and France.

Table LXIII Publications in Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and

Accessories for Motor Vehicles and their Engines for 42 countries, 2000–

2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 373 105 1.40 1.37 0.87 1.11 1.01 11.1%

Belgium BE 522 132 1.02 1.21 0.77 1.23 1.17 14.0%




Denmark DK 442 142 1.30 1.11 1.22 1.84 0.94 18.8%


Finland FI 657 233 0.84 1.05 1.98 1.19 0.87 12.3%

France FR 2,122 622 1.36 1.22 0.77 1.02 1.02 9.5%

Germany DE 3,310 1,091 1.17 1.05 1.00 0.87 0.82 8.0%

Greece EL 399 126 0.94 0.95 1.01 0.90 1.30 10.5%

Hungary HU 330 123 0.94 0.59 1.78 0.56 0.62 5.4%

Ireland IE 109 36 0.58 1.03 0.56 0.75 0.85 6.4%

Italy IT 1,949 595 1.14 1.04 0.94 1.05 1.08 11.3%





Netherlands NL 922 226 1.43 1.15 0.70 1.21 1.08 13.0%

Poland PL 391 113 0.95 0.56 0.46 0.76 0.99 8.1%

Portugal PT 349 107 1.37 0.84 1.22 0.84 0.93 8.2%

Romania RO 109 31 1.86 1.05 0.51 0.28 0.63 2.8%

Slovakia SK 36 10 0.86 1.10 0.29 0.00 0.45 0.0%

Slovenia SI 65 16 0.93 0.56 0.48 0.86 1.33 9.2%

Spain ES 1,114 357 1.30 1.07 0.70 1.06 1.13 9.8%

Sweden SE 1,085 360 0.97 0.98 1.65 1.20 0.85 9.2%


Total EU-27 16,304 5,534 1.19 0.00 0.90 1.01 0.99 9.8%



Turkey TR 396 110 1.90 0.94 0.44 1.12 1.20 12.0%

Total Candidate 436 120 1.85 0.00 0.41 1.12 1.18 12.3%



Norway NO 170 56 1.29 1.13 0.60 1.26 1.17 10.2%

Switzerland CH 365 85 1.24 1.51 0.41 1.51 1.25 17.9%

Total EFTA 545 143 1.26 0.00 0.46 1.40 1.22 14.9%

ERA Israel IL 305 71 0.94 0.89 0.49 1.34 1.42 15.5%

Total ERA 17,312 5,868 1.20 0.00 0.85 1.02 1.01 10.0%

Asia China CN 13,837 4,105 1.51 0.69 1.52 0.67 0.90 5.9%

India IN 832 222 1.42 0.80 0.41 0.98 1.22 10.3%

Japan JP 3,565 1,302 0.89 0.60 0.98 0.68 0.77 6.0%

Rep. of Korea KR 3,384 1,306 0.99 0.77 2.89 1.02 1.16 10.5%

Other Brazil BR 524 144 1.18 0.95 0.41 0.72 1.06 5.8%

Russia RU 189 43 0.93 1.25 0.11 0.50 0.82 3.4%

United States US 17,439 4,821 1.12 1.00 0.97 1.41 1.14 15.1%


Note that most bibliometric indicators could not be computed for 10 countries in this sector

because of their limited output. With that in mind, a ranking based on growth places Turkey,

Romania, Croatia, China and the Netherlands in the top five (GI values ranging from 1.90 to

1.43). Except from France and the UK, the most important countries in this economic sector in


117

terms of production volume (namely Germany, Italy and the US) increased their output at a

slower pace than the world (GI of 1.21) or experienced an absolute decrease of their output

between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period (the Republic of Korea, Japan). In

total, 12 countries have seen a decrease in their output in this sector during this period.

The Republic of Korea, Finland, Hungary, Sweden, China, Denmark and Portugal are the only

countries out of the 42 studied that specialise in this NACE sector (SI values between 2.89 and

1.22). Germany, Japan, the US, Italy and the UK’s research effort is similar to the average world

effort (SI values around 1.0), while all other countries are not specialised in this industrial sector.

Switzerland, Croatia, Austria, the UK and Russia collaborated the most given the size of their

output while all Asian countries, along with Hungary, Poland and Slovenia, produced much fewer

co-publications than expected given their size.

Looking at scientific impact, Denmark, Switzerland, the US and Israel occupy the first places both

for ARC and percentage of publications in the 10% most-cited publications, with minor differences

in the ranking. Israel, Slovenia, Greece, Switzerland and India rank at the top in term of ARIF

(values between 1.42 and 1.22). Overall, Switzerland, Israel, the US and Denmark show the

biggest impact for the three indicators, while Russia, Romania, Slovakia and Croatia rank at the

bottom.

Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft

Table LXIV presents the bibliometric indicators produced using a dataset of publications of

relevance to the Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft. This dataset comprises about 135,000

publications (FULL; 59,000 FRAC) for the 2000–2011 period. Based on both full and fractional

counting, the countries with the highest publication output are the US (about 60,000 FULL;

24,000 FRAC) and China (about 32,000 FULL; 13,000 FRAC). These countries both publish more

than the ERA as a whole, based on both full and fractional counting. No other country exceeds

7,000 publications (FULL; 2,500 FRAC) in the sector of Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft.

Interestingly, only seven countries have increased their output between the first and second half

of 2004–2011, namely Croatia, Denmark, China, the Republic of Korea, Belgium, Austria and

Spain (GI values from 1.50 to 1.07). Of these countries, only China, the Republic of Korea and

Spain produced more than 1,000 publications each (FULL). The world exhibits a GI of 0.91, while

major countries like Germany, France, the US and Japan all have scores below 0.90.

The countries with the greatest focus on Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft are China (SI

1.70) and the US (SI 1.66). Russia, Bulgaria and the Netherlands give slightly more than average

effort in this research sector, while all other countries display an SI score below 1.0. Candidate

and EFTA countries are among the least specialised in Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft.

Collaboration indices display a different ranking pattern, with Switzerland and Norway as the top

internationally collaborating countries based on the CI which takes account of the size of their

respective output (CIs of 1.58 and 1.57, respectively), followed by the Netherlands, Slovakia,

Austria and Belgium. Interestingly, the US and China, the two top-publishing countries, have the

lowest propensity to collaborate, along with India, Slovenia and Lithuania. In fact, China ranks

last, with a CI of 0.27.

Regarding scientific impact, the countries with the highest ARC values are Switzerland, Finland,

Greece and Israel (ARCs of 2.12, 1.62, 1.55 and 1.55, respectively). Switzerland stands out with

24.8% of its publications in the top 10% most cited. It is followed by Hungary (18.5%), Israel

(17.9%) and Greece (17.4%). However, among these countries, only Israel has an output higher


118

than 1,000 in full counting. Similarly, Denmark, Greece, Slovenia and Switzerland are observed

to have the highest ARIF values, which indicates that their publications generally appear in highly

cited journals. Several other countries consistently find themselves at the top for all three

indicators of scientific impact, including several EU-27 countries and Israel. No matter which

indicator is used, the scientific impacts of Lithuania and China are consistently below the world

average in this priority area.

Table LXIV Publications in Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft for 42 countries,

2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 686 192 1.12 1.46 0.55 1.23 1.28 14.7%

Belgium BE 889 228 1.16 1.38 0.46 1.37 1.29 14.3%

Bulgaria BG 213 78 0.74 0.83 1.05 1.29 1.36 13.6%



Denmark DK 441 101 1.36 1.37 0.30 1.52 1.53 16.7%


Finland FI 417 113 0.57 1.12 0.33 1.62 1.24 16.6%

France FR 4,945 1,579 0.85 1.30 0.68 1.26 1.28 12.9%

Germany DE 6,257 2,039 0.88 1.32 0.65 1.32 1.25 14.1%

Greece EL 444 127 0.86 1.03 0.36 1.55 1.51 17.4%

Hungary HU 259 78 0.85 0.87 0.39 1.52 1.34 18.5%

Ireland IE 166 41 0.94 1.37 0.23 1.05 1.22 11.0%

Italy IT 4,343 1,463 0.90 1.17 0.81 1.20 1.32 12.7%


Lithuania LT 62 24 0.82 0.41 0.49 0.79 0.73 9.1%



Netherlands NL 3,328 967 0.83 1.55 1.04 0.94 1.11 9.9%

Poland PL 717 225 0.77 0.86 0.32 1.01 1.25 10.7%

Portugal PT 432 114 0.89 1.24 0.45 1.06 1.19 11.3%

Romania RO 183 57 0.81 0.96 0.33 0.64 1.19 7.1%

Slovakia SK 84 18 0.75 1.50 0.18 1.44 1.19 15.8%

Slovenia SI 91 28 0.60 0.44 0.29 0.67 1.45 5.5%

Spain ES 1,705 526 1.07 1.21 0.36 1.30 1.31 13.7%

Sweden SE 1,228 356 0.91 1.13 0.57 1.31 1.25 13.0%


Total EU-27 29,242 10,681 0.89 0.00 0.60 1.18 1.26 12.3%



Turkey TR 806 273 0.89 0.82 0.38 1.03 1.30 11.2%

Total Candidate 850 284 0.90 0.00 0.34 1.03 1.29 11.4%



Norway NO 323 74 0.53 1.57 0.27 1.20 1.16 12.5%

Switzerland CH 645 145 0.99 1.58 0.24 2.12 1.45 24.8%

Total EFTA 979 223 0.80 0.00 0.25 1.74 1.36 19.7%

ERA Israel IL 1,012 334 0.64 1.06 0.81 1.55 1.71 17.9%

Total ERA 31,464 11,522 0.88 0.00 0.58 1.19 1.27 12.5%

Asia China CN 32,130 13,117 1.27 0.27 1.70 0.73 0.65 6.3%

India IN 2,628 1,002 0.85 0.65 0.64 0.79 1.38 8.4%

Japan JP 6,463 2,426 0.71 0.91 0.64 0.93 1.18 10.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,996 999 1.26 1.01 0.77 1.29 1.38 14.2%

Other Brazil BR 1,110 381 0.83 0.95 0.38 0.73 1.20 6.9%

Russia RU 3,138 1,178 0.86 1.20 1.08 1.05 1.31 11.1%

United States US 60,469 23,607 0.78 0.68 1.66 1.12 1.08 11.5%



119

Recycling

Table LXV presents bibliometric indicators based on a publication dataset of relevance to the

economic sector of Recycling for the 2000–2011 period. Overall, this sector comprises about

226,000 publications based on full or 97,500 using fractional publication counts. Based on both

counting methods, the countries with the highest publication output are the US (about 63,500

FULL; 23,000 FRAC) and China (about 33,000 FULL; 14,000 FRAC). Completing the top 10 are, in

descending order, the UK, Germany, India, France, Japan, Spain, Italy and the Netherlands, with

outputs ranging from about 14,000 to 6,000 (FULL) or about 5,000 to 2,000 (FRAC).

Table LXV Publications in Recycling, for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 2,163 602 1.29 1.24 1.03 1.20 0.97 13.0%

Belgium BE 3,082 958 1.14 1.35 1.15 1.57 1.34 17.9%

Bulgaria BG 311 95 1.50 1.08 0.76 0.72 0.85 6.5%

Cyprus CY 129 33 2.87 1.20 1.33 0.70 1.03 3.5%


Denmark DK 2,677 810 1.25 1.33 1.44 1.74 1.33 21.5%

Estonia EE 368 130 1.07 0.84 2.36 0.95 0.94 6.1%

Finland FI 1,816 644 1.07 0.94 1.13 1.35 1.27 14.0%

France FR 9,224 2,850 1.27 1.18 0.74 1.06 1.07 11.1%

Germany DE 13,432 4,303 1.16 1.19 0.81 1.15 0.99 12.3%

Greece EL 2,787 1,080 1.18 0.65 1.81 0.99 1.00 9.4%

Hungary HU 593 181 1.87 1.06 0.54 0.79 0.99 7.1%

Ireland IE 722 230 1.46 1.04 0.75 1.21 1.32 11.4%

Italy IT 7,378 2,629 1.32 0.96 0.86 1.22 1.22 12.5%

Latvia LV 73 23 1.98 0.70 0.90 0.83 0.89 7.6%

Lithuania LT 451 163 1.01 0.43 1.87 0.54 0.69 2.7%

Luxembourg LU 135 29 2.06 1.44 2.12 1.90 1.35 26.2%


Netherlands NL 5,631 1,640 1.22 1.49 1.05 1.56 1.30 16.8%

Poland PL 4,459 1,735 1.89 0.50 1.45 0.63 0.62 4.3%

Portugal PT 2,081 745 1.70 0.95 1.76 1.13 1.24 10.7%

Romania RO 1,201 389 12.11 0.66 1.32 0.84 0.75 5.7%

Slovakia SK 438 144 1.90 1.00 0.86 0.90 0.89 8.9%

Slovenia SI 585 204 1.14 0.86 1.26 1.04 1.12 9.7%

Spain ES 7,945 2,829 1.45 0.95 1.15 1.32 1.26 14.9%

Sweden SE 4,112 1,331 0.98 1.29 1.26 1.53 1.28 15.9%


Total EU-27 76,346 28,819 1.29 0.00 0.97 1.17 1.10 12.2%


Macedonia MK 37 10 0.87 1.11 0.75 0.00 0.00 0.0%

Turkey TR 4,921 2,079 1.45 0.39 1.72 0.79 0.76 6.2%

Total Candidate 5,604 2,338 1.42 0.00 1.64 0.76 0.76 5.9%

EFTA Iceland IS 79 17 0.81 1.26 0.68 0.79 1.38 6.2%


Norway NO 2,247 657 1.27 1.44 1.45 1.59 1.31 17.3%

Switzerland CH 3,943 1,101 1.25 1.57 1.09 1.97 1.43 23.5%

Total EFTA 6,201 1,777 1.25 0.00 1.19 1.81 1.38 20.9%

ERA Israel IL 1,336 409 1.24 0.96 0.59 1.16 1.35 9.3%

Total ERA 86,467 33,343 1.30 0.00 1.00 1.17 1.09 12.0%

Asia China CN 33,130 13,611 1.95 0.68 1.05 0.85 0.85 8.2%

India IN 12,814 5,601 1.40 0.38 2.12 0.53 0.60 4.0%

Japan JP 8,590 3,046 1.36 1.00 0.48 1.09 1.09 11.2%

Rep. of Korea KR 4,758 1,651 1.39 1.02 0.76 1.05 1.11 9.9%

Other Brazil BR 3,009 1,076 1.58 0.90 0.63 0.95 1.10 8.4%

Russia RU 1,910 575 1.06 0.87 0.31 0.51 0.55 4.2%

United States US 63,521 23,273 1.14 0.88 0.97 1.14 1.14 12.4%



120

Romania stands out with an impressive increase of its output between the first and second half of

2004–2011, with a GI of 12.11. However, it has a modest output of 1,200 publications (FULL)

over the last 12 years. China is notable as it ranks in fifth place in terms of growth (GI 1.95)

while having the second best output in this sector. Poland, Portugal and Brazil also perform well,

with outputs higher than 2,000 (FULL) and GIs of 1.89, 1.70 and 1.58, respectively. Several

important players in the NACE sector of Recycling, such as France, the Netherlands, Germany,

the US and the UK, increased their output at a slower pace than the world (GI 1.38).

The countries that contribute the greatest research intensity in Recycling are Estonia,

Luxembourg, India, Lithuania and Greece (SIs between 2.36 and 1.81). China and the US have

SIs close to one, while other important countries like Italy, the UK, Germany, France and Japan

are not specialised in Recycling. The latter, in fact, ranks among the five least specialised

countries in this economic sector, along with Brazil, Israel, Hungary and Russia.

In terms of the propensity of countries to collaborate internationally, patterns are similar to many

other economic sectors, with Switzerland, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Norway and Belgium

representing the top five (CI from 1.57 to 1.35), followed by the UK, Denmark, Sweden, Iceland

and Austria. The US and China collaborate less than expected given their size (CIs of 0.88 and

0.68 respectively), while Croatia, Turkey and India obtain the lowest CI scores (under 0.40).

Regarding scientific impact in Recycling, the countries with the highest ARC values are, as in

several other sectors, Switzerland, Luxembourg, Denmark, Norway and Belgium (ARCs of 1.97 to

1.57). Unsurprisingly, these countries also present the highest percentage of papers falling in the

top 10% most-cited publications (albeit with minor differences in ranking), as these two

indicators correlate. Luxembourg and Switzerland stand out with 26.2% and 23.5% of their

publications respectively in the top 10%. Considering the ARIF, Switzerland, Iceland,

Luxembourg, Israel and Belgium rank first (values between 1.43 and 1.34). Looking at the three

indicators together, most Eastern European countries and candidate countries, India and Russia

consistently have the lowest impact scores in Recycling.

Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water

Table LXVI presents bibliometric indicators for the economic sector of Collection, Purification and

Distribution of Water for years 2000 to 2011. The world total output for this sector is

approximately 468,000 publications (FULL; 202,500 FRAC). The US produced the largest number

of documents (112,000 FULL; 42,000 FRAC), with China very close behind (about 104,000 FULL;

42,000 FRAC). The UK, Germany, Japan and India follow, but their ranking changes whether full

or fractional counting is applied.

Romania, Cyprus, Latvia, Luxembourg and China obtain the best scores for the GI (4.99 to 1.59).

However, except for China and, to some extent, Romania, their absolute output for the whole

study period remains very low. Only seven EU-27 countries increased their output at a faster

paste than the world (GI 1.34) between the first and the second half of the 2004–2011 period.

Several important players in this research area increased their output at a slower pace than the

world, namely Italy, France, the US, Germany, the Netherlands and Japan. The UK exhibit a GI of

one, while Iceland and Macedonia see a slight absolute decrease in their research output of

relevance to this economic sector.

The countries with the greatest research intensity in Collection, Purification and Distribution of

Water compared to other sectors are Lithuania, Portugal, India, Norway and China (SIs between

2.20 and 1.55). Poland, Turkey and the Republic of Korea combine output of 8,000 or more


121

(FULL) with a relatively high level of specialisation (SIs of 1.39, 1.32 and 1.11, respectively).

Spain and the Netherlands have GI scores close to one, while other important countries like the

US, Germany, the UK, Italy, France and Japan are not specialised in research for this economic

sector. Israel, Ireland, Russia and Iceland are the least specialised countries in this economic

sector.

Unsurprisingly, Switzerland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Belgium and Denmark lead in terms

of collaboration (CIs from 1.54 to 1.36). They are followed by the UK, Iceland, France, Sweden

and Cyprus. Among important players in this field, the US, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Poland,

India, China and Turkey collaborate less than expected given their size (CIs of 0.91 to 0.44).

Table LXVI Publications in Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water for 42



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 3,099 924 1.29 1.19 0.76 1.13 0.99 11.5%

Belgium BE 4,527 1,424 1.20 1.39 0.83 1.53 1.35 17.7%

Bulgaria BG 683 217 1.08 1.20 0.83 0.91 1.02 7.9%

Cyprus CY 236 63 2.16 1.20 1.22 1.17 1.15 10.5%


Denmark DK 4,048 1,243 1.24 1.36 1.07 1.55 1.29 18.8%

Estonia EE 441 152 1.17 0.86 1.34 1.02 1.05 7.3%

Finland FI 2,971 1,097 1.10 0.92 0.93 1.25 1.28 12.5%

France FR 16,353 5,356 1.26 1.30 0.67 1.19 1.19 12.3%

Germany DE 24,700 8,590 1.16 1.12 0.78 1.14 0.97 11.9%

Greece EL 4,705 1,781 1.13 0.72 1.44 1.20 1.15 12.5%

Hungary HU 1,706 582 1.33 0.88 0.84 0.72 0.98 5.9%

Ireland IE 1,085 340 1.39 1.07 0.53 1.19 1.30 12.3%

Italy IT 12,439 4,473 1.28 0.97 0.71 1.32 1.32 14.3%

Latvia LV 120 38 1.71 0.62 0.71 0.98 1.25 9.7%

Lithuania LT 1,192 397 1.48 0.38 2.20 1.79 1.40 16.4%

Luxembourg LU 163 35 1.71 1.41 1.23 1.60 1.34 21.0%


Netherlands NL 9,665 3,085 1.10 1.40 0.95 1.48 1.27 16.3%

Poland PL 8,633 3,440 1.29 0.52 1.39 0.70 0.75 5.4%

Portugal PT 4,984 1,821 1.45 0.99 2.07 1.40 1.30 14.5%

Romania RO 1,907 628 4.99 0.78 1.03 0.86 0.91 7.2%

Slovakia SK 721 244 1.47 0.98 0.70 1.11 1.06 10.5%

Slovenia SI 1,088 396 1.17 0.78 1.18 1.11 1.19 11.3%

Spain ES 14,219 5,336 1.34 1.00 1.05 1.42 1.34 15.7%

Sweden SE 5,371 1,755 0.99 1.25 0.80 1.50 1.31 15.3%


Total EU-27 136,373 52,713 1.21 0.00 0.85 1.20 1.15 12.5%


Macedonia MK 60 18 0.68 1.01 0.58 1.20 0.96 10.1%

Turkey TR 7,939 3,302 1.45 0.44 1.32 1.12 1.01 11.0%

Total Candidate 9,034 3,715 1.44 0.00 1.26 1.06 0.99 10.4%

EFTA Iceland IS 97 20 0.82 1.32 0.40 0.84 1.35 8.3%


Norway NO 4,771 1,470 1.31 1.18 1.56 1.23 1.08 13.0%

Switzerland CH 5,512 1,611 1.37 1.54 0.77 1.85 1.40 21.9%

Total EFTA 10,305 3,105 1.33 0.00 1.00 1.54 1.25 17.6%

ERA Israel IL 2,442 835 1.14 0.89 0.58 1.20 1.35 10.8%

Total ERA 153,774 60,367 1.23 0.00 0.87 1.20 1.15 12.5%

Asia China CN 104,291 41,680 1.59 0.45 1.55 0.81 0.78 7.2%

India IN 22,038 9,506 1.44 0.45 1.74 0.85 0.83 7.4%

Japan JP 22,054 8,199 1.09 0.83 0.62 1.04 1.02 9.8%

Rep. of Korea KR 13,604 5,044 1.49 0.90 1.11 1.10 1.13 10.3%

Other Brazil BR 7,177 2,761 1.46 0.77 0.78 0.85 1.01 7.3%

Russia RU 4,674 1,719 1.08 0.78 0.45 0.52 0.60 3.9%

United States US 111,779 42,161 1.21 0.91 0.85 1.08 1.12 11.9%



122

Regarding scientific impact in Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water, Switzerland,

Lithuania, Luxembourg, Denmark and Belgium present the highest ARC values (ranging from 1.85

to 1.53). As it is usually the case, these countries also present the highest percentage of papers

falling in the top 10% most-cited publications (though ranked in a different order). Switzerland

and Luxembourg stand out with 21.9% and 21.0% of their publications respectively in the top

10%. Similarly, a ranking based on ARIF places Lithuania at the top, followed by Switzerland,

Belgium, Iceland and Israel (values between 1.40 and 1.35). Considering the three indicators

together, most of the ERA countries have higher scientific impacts than world references, while

China, Japan, Brazil and Russia have poor impact overall.

Construction

Table LXVII presents bibliometric data related to the economic sector of Construction for the 42

selected countries and the 2000 to 2011 period. Using full counting, the world produced about

140,000 papers in this sector; using fractional counting, this number drops to about 42,500.

China is the top producer in Construction, with about 46,000 publications (FULL; 14,000 FRAC),

which is more than ERA’s total output of 41,000 papers (FULL; 11,000 FRAC). The US comes in

second place (about 27,000 FULL; 7,000 FRAC), followed by the UK, Japan, Germany and the

Republic of Korea, with outputs ranging from approximately 9,000 to 4,500 (FULL; 2,000 to

1,000 FRAC). Completing the top 10 are Italy, France, Turkey and India.

The GI is greater, as usual, for small Eastern European countries with relatively small outputs, as

is the case for Romania, leading in terms of growth in the NACE sector of Construction with a GI

of 4.06, followed by Cyprus, Estonia, Latvia and Croatia (values ranging from 2.53 to 2.18).

Spain, the Republic of Korea and Italy combine a high GI with more than 2,000 publications each

(FULL). China’s growth (GI 1.38) is slightly above the world’s GI of 1.32. The US slightly

increased its production between the first and second half of the 2004–2011 period, while

Germany published 9% fewer papers between 2008 and 2011 than between 2004 and 2007 (GI

0.91).

Looking at specialisation, one sees that China, in addition to being the top publisher in

Construction, contributes much more intensely to this sector than the world on average, with an

SI of 2.53. It is in fact second only to Lithuania (SI 6.31). Norway, Portugal and Turkey complete

the top five in terms of specialisation in Construction (SIs of 2.52, 1.93 and 1.52, respectively).

Except for China, the Republic of Korea and Turkey, no country with more than 3,000 publications

(FULL) specialises in this economic sector, and only six EU-27 countries are clearly specialised.

Japan, India, Brazil, Russia and the US have SI scores below 0.70.

The countries that collaborate the most given the size of their output in Construction are

Switzerland, Denmark, France, Belgium and the UK (CIs between 1.53 and 1.40). These countries

generally rank in the top 10 most collaborative countries in most economic sectors. Other

important players in this field, such as the Republic of Korea and the US, have good CI scores

(between 1.27 and 1.25). In contrast, China trails near the bottom with a CI of 0.44.

As for the scientific impact, the countries whose publications are the most cited relative to the

world are Lithuania (ARC 2.84), Denmark (1.94) and Israel (1.84). Publications by big producers

like Japan, China and Germany obtain fewer citations compared to the world. A ranking based on

the percentage in top 10% most-cited publications shows similar results, with Lithuania again

leading (26.9%), followed by Cyprus, Denmark and Israel (all with values above 20%). Based on

ARIF, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Israel and Spain qualify in the top five, with scores ranging from


123

1.97 and 1.64. The highest scores in terms of global impact (i.e., considering all three impact

indicators together) all belong to ERA countries. India, the US, the Republic of Korea and Japan

stand close to the average level (slightly above or below), while China, Germany and Poland trail

near the end of the list.

Table LXVII Publications in Construction for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 534 124 1.56 1.11 0.49 1.20 1.17 9.5%

Belgium BE 930 194 1.40 1.40 0.54 1.61 1.45 18.5%

Bulgaria BG 71 14 0.45 1.16 0.26 1.30 1.31 16.2%

Cyprus CY 83 15 2.53 1.28 1.44 1.83 1.52 24.3%


Denmark DK 1,000 209 1.11 1.52 0.86 1.94 1.59 21.4%

Estonia EE 62 14 2.43 0.82 0.71 0.00 1.76 0.0%

Finland FI 1,002 230 0.97 0.70 0.93 0.86 0.90 8.7%

France FR 3,265 737 1.20 1.44 0.44 1.43 1.43 16.0%

Germany DE 5,492 1,324 0.91 0.78 0.58 0.62 0.61 6.4%

Greece EL 1,307 329 1.26 0.88 1.27 1.60 1.53 18.3%

Hungary HU 449 134 1.56 0.43 0.93 1.00 0.97 9.3%

Ireland IE 320 70 1.44 1.28 0.53 1.24 1.30 14.7%

Italy IT 3,346 855 1.55 1.03 0.65 1.31 1.55 15.0%

Latvia LV 42 11 2.20 0.62 1.28 0.00 1.97 0.0%

Lithuania LT 777 238 1.82 0.36 6.31 2.84 1.95 26.9%



Netherlands NL 1,831 420 1.25 1.33 0.62 1.00 0.98 10.0%

Poland PL 2,060 550 1.17 0.39 1.06 0.44 0.73 4.0%

Portugal PT 1,387 353 1.45 1.01 1.93 1.46 1.38 16.1%

Romania RO 444 117 4.06 0.48 0.92 0.63 1.11 6.6%

Slovakia SK 153 35 1.52 0.86 0.49 1.78 1.61 19.0%

Slovenia SI 271 69 1.55 0.60 0.98 1.31 1.56 16.3%

Spain ES 2,251 542 1.78 0.97 0.51 1.69 1.64 17.5%

Sweden SE 1,183 276 1.15 0.97 0.60 1.65 1.55 17.9%


Total EU-27 35,066 9,179 1.23 0.00 0.71 1.16 1.18 12.4%



Turkey TR 3,145 797 1.19 0.55 1.52 1.28 1.17 14.1%

Total Candidate 3,436 878 1.25 0.00 1.42 1.23 1.17 13.6%



Norway NO 1,851 496 1.47 1.04 2.52 0.85 0.78 8.6%

Switzerland CH 1,085 227 1.34 1.53 0.52 1.54 1.44 16.3%

Total EFTA 2,954 728 1.42 0.00 1.13 1.09 1.01 11.4%

ERA Israel IL 548 130 0.70 0.90 0.43 1.84 1.68 20.9%

Total ERA 41,134 10,916 1.23 0.00 0.75 1.16 1.17 12.5%

Asia China CN 46,299 14,268 1.38 0.44 2.53 0.84 0.76 7.2%

India IN 2,719 765 1.44 0.59 0.67 1.16 1.20 11.5%

Japan JP 6,399 1,724 1.21 1.06 0.62 0.93 1.03 9.1%

Rep. of Korea KR 4,510 1,177 1.76 1.27 1.25 1.13 1.27 11.0%

Other Brazil BR 1,616 433 1.49 0.83 0.59 0.89 1.09 9.1%

Russia RU 508 134 1.20 0.68 0.17 0.42 0.74 3.3%

United States US 27,469 7,000 1.10 1.25 0.68 1.16 1.19 12.2%


Cargo Handling and Storage

Table LXVIII presents bibliometric data related to the economic sector of Cargo Handling and

Storage for the 42 selected countries and covering the 2000 to 2011 period. The world produced

close to 115,000 publications in this sector (FULL; 93,500 FRAC). The US published the largest

number of papers in this sector, with about 38,000 papers (FULL; 26,000 FRAC), which is similar


124

to the ERA’s total production (approximately 38,000 papers FULL; 28,000 FRAC). Other leaders in

this sector are China, the UK, Germany and France, with outputs ranging from about 25,000 to

5,000 (FULL; 19,000 to 3,000 FRAC). Completing the top 10 are Italy, Japan, the Netherlands,

Spain and India.

Table LXVIII Publications in Cargo Handling and Storage for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 860 564 1.51 1.30 1.01 1.03 1.08 9.3%

Belgium BE 1,527 923 1.32 1.27 1.16 1.51 1.12 17.5%

Bulgaria BG 81 44 1.19 1.31 0.37 0.61 0.84 7.1%

Cyprus CY 70 39 1.09 1.23 1.65 1.45 1.20 15.0%


Denmark DK 617 371 1.16 1.20 0.69 1.37 1.28 15.2%


Finland FI 752 517 1.24 0.91 0.95 1.36 1.22 15.8%

France FR 4,672 3,082 1.44 1.32 0.83 1.11 1.11 11.1%

Germany DE 4,681 3,153 1.46 1.11 0.62 1.24 1.02 12.6%

Greece EL 1,349 890 1.50 0.82 1.56 1.38 1.17 14.4%

Hungary HU 351 249 1.40 0.98 0.78 0.82 1.03 7.5%

Ireland IE 376 227 1.26 0.87 0.77 1.05 1.07 10.8%

Italy IT 3,495 2,549 1.43 0.95 0.87 1.07 1.09 10.1%

Latvia LV 116 57 4.84 0.47 2.43 0.49 0.30 7.1%

Lithuania LT 416 215 1.38 0.32 2.58 1.06 0.65 11.7%

Luxembourg LU 47 23 1.24 1.50 1.69 0.00 1.22 0.0%


Netherlands NL 3,379 2,059 1.18 1.21 1.38 1.38 1.17 14.2%

Poland PL 974 778 1.18 0.72 0.68 0.88 0.85 8.8%

Portugal PT 903 591 1.61 1.11 1.46 1.30 1.14 14.4%

Romania RO 260 170 2.65 1.07 0.60 0.98 0.90 11.9%

Slovakia SK 94 56 1.34 0.67 0.34 0.76 0.56 5.8%

Slovenia SI 254 152 1.36 0.55 0.98 0.44 0.54 3.7%

Spain ES 3,307 2,325 1.67 0.92 0.99 1.12 1.14 10.5%

Sweden SE 1,519 862 1.24 0.98 0.85 1.46 1.29 16.4%


Total EU-27 33,667 24,509 1.35 0.00 0.86 1.18 1.08 12.1%



Turkey TR 1,501 1,050 1.74 1.21 0.91 1.43 1.19 14.0%

Total Candidate 2,109 1,348 1.54 0.00 0.99 1.02 0.92 9.7%

EFTA Iceland IS 50 18 4.32 1.66 0.93 0.00 1.12 0.0%


Norway NO 716 417 1.81 1.06 0.96 1.40 1.31 14.6%

Switzerland CH 808 444 1.43 1.51 0.46 1.44 1.19 14.8%

Total EFTA 1,569 878 1.63 0.00 0.62 1.43 1.24 15.0%

ERA Israel IL 1,396 930 1.07 1.15 1.40 1.26 1.24 13.0%

Total ERA 37,784 27,666 1.36 0.00 0.87 1.17 1.08 12.0%

Asia China CN 24,762 19,149 2.39 0.62 1.54 0.80 0.92 7.7%

India IN 2,220 1,693 1.85 0.87 0.67 1.06 0.91 8.4%

Japan JP 3,440 2,389 1.17 0.82 0.39 0.78 0.86 7.3%

Rep. of Korea KR 2,190 1,448 1.39 1.22 0.69 0.97 1.08 8.8%

Other Brazil BR 1,945 1,595 2.23 0.76 0.98 0.84 0.83 7.9%

Russia RU 592 409 1.02 1.15 0.23 0.41 0.67 3.1%

United States US 38,117 25,874 0.96 0.88 1.13 1.11 1.06 11.4%


As usual, most of the countries with a smaller output grow fastest, except for China, which as the

second largest producer of Cargo Handling and Storage publications stands in fourth place with a

GI of 2.39. The other countries in the top five are Latvia, Iceland, Romania and Brazil (GIs

between 4.84 and 2.23). Interestingly, the US ranks in last place in terms of growth, far below

the world index of 1.43, and actually shows a slight decrease in its output over this period, with a


125

GI of 0.96. Other important players with low GIs in this sector are the Netherlands, Japan and the

UK.

Among the 42 countries of the study, only 12 specialise in Cargo Handling and Storage. Most of

them are EU-27 countries, the exceptions being Croatia, Israel, China and the US. The most

specialised countries, which put on average much more effort into this sector than into other

areas, are mostly small publishing countries: Lithuania, Latvia, Luxembourg and Cyprus (SIs from

2.58 to 1.65). Among selected Asian countries, only China is specialised in Cargo Handling and

Storage. The countries that put the least effort into this sector are Japan, Bulgaria, Slovakia, the

Czech Republic and Russia.

The countries that collaborate the most given the size of their output are Iceland, Switzerland,

Luxembourg, France and Bulgaria, with CIs between 1.66 and 1.31. Other important players in

this field, like the UK, the Republic of Korea and the Netherlands, have good CI scores (1.23,

1.22 and 1.21, respectively). However, some of the biggest producers like the US, Japan and

China produced fewer co-publications than expected in this sector (CIs of 0.88, 0.82 and 0.62).

Belgium, Sweden, Cyprus, Switzerland and Turkey are on average the most cited countries, with

ARCs from 1.51 to 1.43. The US exhibits an ARC score of 1.11, while China ranks below the world

average with an ARC value of 0.80. A ranking based on the percentage of a country’s output

falling in the top 10% most-cited publications shows similar results, with Belgium and Sweden at

the top and Cyprus and Switzerland not far away. Also qualifying well for this indicator are

Finland and Denmark, ranking third and fourth. Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Israel and Finland

are the top five countries according to ARIF (scores ranging from 1.31 to 1.22), indicating that

they have the most publications featuring in highly cited journals. Countries that show higher

scores than average for the three indicators are all part of the ERA, with the exception of the US.

Asian countries rank mostly below average for the three indicators, and most Eastern European

countries, as well as Brazil and Russia, consistently display low scores.

Telecommunications

Table LXIX presents bibliometric data related to the economic sector of Telecommunications for

the 42 selected countries and covering the 2000 to 2011 period. The world production amounts to

about 796,000 publications (FULL). Based on fractional counting, the Telecommunications sector

comprises 199,500 documents. As in the majority of sectors, the leaders are China and the US,

with about 206,000 (FULL; 46,000 FRAC) and 201,000 (FULL; 46,000 FRAC) publications,

respectively. Japan, Germany, the UK, the Republic of Korea, France, Italy, India and Russia

complete the top 10, with outputs ranging from approximately 55,000 to 17,000 (FULL; 12,000

to 3,000 FRAC).

The countries with the greatest increase of output in Telecommunications from 2004 to 2011 are

Iceland, Luxembourg, Malta, Slovakia and Cyprus (SI ranging from 3.20 to 1.82). In terms of

absolute output, none of them exceeds 720 papers for the whole 2000 to 2011 term. Turkey,

China, India and Romania stand out with GIs above 1.60 and outputs of close to 5,000 or higher.

Only three other large producers increased their output at a pace faster than the world (GI of

1.20), namely the Republic of Korea, Spain and Brazil. The major countries with the lowest GI

scores are Japan, the US, Poland and Russia.

Among the 42 selected, only 11 countries specialise in Telecommunications, and of these only

China, the Republic of Korea, Romania, Finland and Greece have more than 4,900 publications

(FULL). China is specialised in this sector, producing 75% more Telecommunications documents


126

than expected (SI 1.75), and is only second to Malta (SI 1.90). Other important countries are not

specialised in Telecommunications, namely Japan and the US (SIs slightly below 1.0), France,

India and Germany (SIs between 0.82 and 0.78) and the UK, Spain, the Netherlands, Poland,

Turkey and Brazil (SIs from 0.69 to 0.40).

Table LXIX Publications in Telecommunications for 42 countries, 2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,704 891 1.19 1.28 0.75 1.23 1.08 12.1%

Belgium BE 6,852 1,361 1.15 1.38 0.80 1.50 1.28 15.8%

Bulgaria BG 1,523 223 0.74 1.35 0.87 0.85 1.04 7.3%

Cyprus CY 531 84 1.82 1.44 1.67 1.11 1.11 10.0%


Denmark DK 3,776 647 1.20 1.48 0.57 1.56 1.47 15.6%

Estonia EE 248 54 1.52 0.83 0.48 0.89 0.87 8.1%

Finland FI 7,314 1,592 1.00 1.11 1.37 1.14 1.09 12.3%

France FR 32,547 6,268 1.17 1.45 0.79 1.17 1.16 12.4%

Germany DE 42,913 8,845 1.14 1.35 0.82 1.26 1.12 13.3%

Greece EL 6,839 1,403 1.13 1.07 1.15 1.26 1.49 13.7%

Hungary HU 1,769 348 0.96 1.05 0.51 0.99 1.42 9.6%

Ireland IE 3,945 759 1.05 1.22 1.21 1.22 1.29 11.7%

Italy IT 24,759 4,795 1.14 1.26 0.77 1.31 1.35 13.7%

Latvia LV 247 43 1.36 0.66 0.81 0.42 0.64 3.6%

Lithuania LT 684 121 0.70 0.88 0.69 0.80 1.03 8.8%

Luxembourg LU 210 31 2.78 1.46 1.10 0.92 1.30 7.9%

Malta MT 88 24 2.05 0.49 1.90 0.64 0.59 4.9%

Netherlands NL 9,912 1,991 1.12 1.55 0.62 1.49 1.26 15.6%

Poland PL 7,898 1,467 0.80 0.81 0.60 0.61 0.86 5.9%

Portugal PT 3,818 766 1.43 1.02 0.89 0.95 1.08 9.3%

Romania RO 4,896 898 1.60 0.90 1.50 0.68 0.81 6.1%

Slovakia SK 716 139 1.94 0.81 0.40 0.65 0.91 6.2%

Slovenia SI 717 163 1.05 0.75 0.49 0.49 0.95 5.2%

Spain ES 16,625 3,329 1.20 1.30 0.67 1.15 1.30 12.6%

Sweden SE 8,627 1,734 1.17 1.48 0.81 1.61 1.39 16.4%


Total EU-27 203,956 46,559 1.14 0.00 0.77 1.14 1.17 11.9%


Macedonia MK 271 54 0.99 0.73 1.72 0.41 0.73 3.2%

Turkey TR 5,516 1,183 1.69 0.79 0.48 1.30 1.27 14.2%

Total Candidate 7,159 1,680 1.52 0.00 0.58 1.06 1.14 11.3%

EFTA Iceland IS 167 27 3.20 1.44 0.57 1.56 1.46 16.4%


Norway NO 2,776 522 1.38 1.39 0.56 1.38 1.32 13.7%

Switzerland CH 7,813 1,392 0.99 1.58 0.68 2.09 1.55 20.0%

Total EFTA 10,716 1,942 1.11 0.00 0.64 1.91 1.49 18.4%

ERA Israel IL 6,440 1,314 1.04 1.04 0.93 1.45 1.57 15.1%

Total ERA 223,407 51,496 1.15 0.00 0.76 1.17 1.19 12.1%

Asia China CN 205,655 46,430 1.67 0.40 1.75 0.66 0.77 6.5%

India IN 18,618 4,177 1.63 0.53 0.78 0.64 0.95 6.7%

Japan JP 54,688 12,342 0.97 0.62 0.95 0.89 0.96 9.0%

Rep. of Korea KR 34,823 7,527 1.32 0.69 1.69 0.92 1.11 9.9%

Other Brazil BR 6,645 1,394 1.31 0.83 0.40 0.76 0.98 8.4%

Russia RU 17,248 3,079 0.59 0.92 0.82 0.62 0.87 6.2%

United States US 200,971 46,006 0.91 0.92 0.94 1.53 1.18 14.8%


The countries that collaborate the most given the size of their output are Switzerland, the

Netherlands, Sweden, Denmark and Luxembourg, with CI scores between 1.58 and 1.46. These

are typically among the most collaborative countries in all economic sectors. France and the UK

also published more co-publications than expected given the size of their output, with CIs of 1.45

and 1.40, respectively. Other important players in this field, such as Germany, Spain and Italy,


127

collaborated more than expected in Telecommunications. Among other big players in this domain,

the US co-published slightly less internationally than expected, while the Republic of Korea,

Japan, India and China collaborated the least in this sector (CIs from 0.69 to 0.40).

Scientific impact, as measured by the ARC, is highest for Switzerland, Sweden, Denmark and

Iceland (ARCs from 2.09 to 1.56). The US, second largest in terms of output, completes the top

five with an ARC of 1.53. The ranking according to the highest percentage of publications in the

top 10% most-cited articles is similar, with Switzerland at the top (20.0%), followed by Sweden,

Iceland, Belgium and Denmark (from 16.4% to 15.6%). The US is in eighth place with 14.8%,

just below Israel and the Netherlands. In terms of ARIF, Israel stands at the top with a score of

1.57, followed by Switzerland, Greece, Denmark and Iceland (ARIF values between 1.55 and

1.46). Most of the important producers from EU-27 countries, EFTA countries, as well as Turkey

and the US, all qualify in the top 20 countries with the highest global scientific impact (i.e., when

looking at the three indicators combined). By contrast, most Eastern European and Asian

countries (except for the Republic of Korea), Brazil and Russia consistently have low scores for

the three scientific impacts indices.

Services for Computers and Related Activities

Table LXIX presents bibliometric data related to the economic sector of Services for Computers

and Related Activities for the 42 selected countries, covering the years 2000 to 2011. The world

production amounts to about 313,000 publications (FULL; about 245,000 FRAC). The US leads by

far in this sector, with approximately 110,000 publications (FULL; 72,500 FRAC). It is followed by

Germany, the UK, France, Japan, Italy, Spain, the Netherlands and the Republic of Korea, with

outputs ranging from approximately 45,000 to 7,000 (FULL; 31,000 to 5,000 FRAC).

Countries with the greatest increase of output in Services for Computers and Related activities

from 2004 to 2011 produced very few publications (Latvia, Liechtenstein, Malta, Luxembourg and

Estonia). More interesting are Turkey, Portugal and India, with GIs of 2.05, 2.04 and 1.85,

respectively, and outputs larger than a 1,000 papers. Among large producers (i.e., output above

10,000), only Germany (GI 1.43) increased its output at a faster pace than the world (GI 1.18).

Japan, the UK, China and the US barely increased their output over the 2004–2011 period (GI

scores between 1.08 and 1.03).

Countries that specialise the most in Services for Computers and Related Activities are mainly

small producers of scientific papers (Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Cyprus and Malta). Their SIs

range from 4.89 to 2.06. Very few countries with more than 5,000 papers (FULL) are specialised

in this sector. They are, in descending order, Israel (SI 1.98), the Netherlands (SI 1.22), the US

(SI 1.21) and Germany (SI 1.14). France and Italy, with SI of 1.05 and 1.03 respectively, cannot

be considered highly specialised in this sector with scores just above the world level. Japan, an

important player in this field with more than 14,000 articles (FULL), is clearly not specialised (SI

0.62).

Countries that collaborate the most given the size of their output are Iceland, Switzerland,

Cyprus, Luxembourg and Liechtenstein (CI scores between 1.69 and 1.35). Among them, only

Switzerland has an appreciable output (close to 5,000 FULL). Israel, the UK and France also

combine an important output with a high CI (from 1.35 to 1.19). All other major players in this

sector produced fewer co-publications than expected given their size, with the exception of

Germany (CI 1.03). Japan and China trail at the bottom in terms of collaboration (CIs of 0.63 and

0.58, respectively).


128

Scientific impact, as measured by the ARC, is highest for Israel, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the

US and Cyprus (ARCs from 1.70 to 1.27). The ranking according to the highest percentage of

articles in the top 10% most-cited publications is somewhat different: Israel is at the top (19.8%)

and is followed by Switzerland, Cyprus, Iceland, Latvia and Norway (from 15.9% to 14.2%). The

US takes eighth places with 13.7%. In terms of ARIF, Israel stands at the top with a score of

1.59, followed by Switzerland, the US, Belgium, Denmark and Italy (ARIF values between 1.20

and 1.13). Asian countries, Brazil and Russia consistently have low scores for the three scientific

impacts indices.

Table LXX Publications in Services for Computer and Related Activities for 42 countries,

2000–2011


(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

Trend

Growth

IndexCI SI ARC ARIF

% in top 10%

most cited pubs

EU-27 Austria AT 4,145 2,509 1.54 1.08 1.71 1.16 1.05 10.9%

Belgium BE 3,209 1,777 1.28 1.16 0.85 1.20 1.13 12.8%

Bulgaria BG 435 342 1.58 0.68 1.09 0.41 0.48 3.4%

Cyprus CY 292 135 0.87 1.41 2.19 1.27 1.11 14.7%


Denmark DK 2,531 1,563 1.22 1.22 1.11 1.21 1.13 13.1%

Estonia EE 251 118 2.41 0.82 0.86 1.08 0.89 6.8%

Finland FI 3,727 2,502 1.22 0.79 1.75 0.85 0.92 8.1%

France FR 16,304 10,195 1.17 1.19 1.05 1.05 1.07 10.8%

Germany DE 23,335 15,036 1.43 1.03 1.14 1.07 1.04 11.1%

Greece EL 3,607 2,377 1.25 0.89 1.59 1.01 1.12 10.1%

Hungary HU 1,704 1,094 1.26 1.23 1.31 0.85 1.00 7.9%

Ireland IE 2,059 1,214 1.33 1.11 1.58 0.96 1.07 9.8%

Italy IT 12,113 7,715 1.12 1.02 1.01 1.15 1.13 11.4%

Latvia LV 116 77 4.49 0.60 1.19 0.88 1.06 14.5%

Lithuania LT 421 360 1.78 0.39 1.65 0.68 0.67 4.2%

Luxembourg LU 227 119 2.44 1.37 3.51 0.89 0.81 10.3%

Malta MT 47 33 2.62 0.55 2.06 0.00 0.72 0.0%

Netherlands NL 7,847 4,774 1.27 1.15 1.22 1.38 1.07 14.2%

Poland PL 2,822 2,055 0.95 0.86 0.69 0.75 0.94 7.1%

Portugal PT 2,549 1,637 2.04 0.88 1.54 0.85 0.89 7.8%

Romania RO 908 596 2.08 0.99 0.81 1.12 1.01 11.0%

Slovakia SK 710 456 1.42 1.21 1.08 0.73 0.76 4.5%

Slovenia SI 940 652 1.08 0.99 1.61 0.87 0.81 7.9%

Spain ES 8,718 5,388 1.47 1.07 0.88 1.01 1.09 9.6%

Sweden SE 4,758 2,837 1.10 1.01 1.07 0.94 1.02 8.8%


Total EU-27 112,716 80,128 1.26 0.00 1.07 1.04 1.04 10.3%


Macedonia MK 45 27 1.40 0.90 0.79 0.00 0.69 0.0%

Turkey TR 1,164 712 2.05 0.94 0.24 1.09 1.06 11.6%

Total Candidate 1,606 1,072 1.83 0.00 0.30 0.81 0.87 8.2%

EFTA Iceland IS 192 83 2.30 1.69 1.35 1.15 1.12 14.6%


Norway NO 2,203 1,326 1.58 1.10 1.17 1.25 1.11 14.2%

Switzerland CH 4,912 2,601 1.38 1.42 1.03 1.44 1.20 15.9%

Total EFTA 7,302 4,028 1.46 0.00 1.08 1.38 1.17 15.4%

ERA Israel IL 5,423 3,446 1.23 1.35 1.98 1.70 1.59 19.8%

Total ERA 123,488 88,674 1.28 0.00 1.06 1.07 1.07 10.8%

Asia China CN 45,448 31,441 1.08 0.58 0.97 0.70 0.76 6.3%

India IN 5,758 3,520 1.85 0.79 0.53 0.69 0.89 6.0%

Japan JP 14,285 9,919 1.09 0.63 0.62 0.64 0.76 5.4%

Rep. of Korea KR 7,379 4,732 1.45 0.82 0.87 0.79 0.97 7.0%

Other Brazil BR 5,332 3,434 1.50 0.81 0.81 0.70 0.92 5.8%

Russia RU 2,184 1,689 1.46 0.73 0.37 0.55 0.67 4.3%

United States US 110,458 72,593 1.03 0.81 1.21 1.28 1.17 13.7%



129

4 REGIONAL-LEVEL (NUTS2) SCIENTIFIC PRODUCTION

PROFILES AND COLLABORATION PATTERNS

This section presents trends in the scientific production profiles and collaboration patterns of the

50 NUTS2 regions with the greatest scientific output in the database (i.e., in Scopus) using the

full counting method for the 2000–2011 period. Their output is analysed in the grouped FP7

thematic priorities (Section 4.2), in the sciences in general (i.e., overall in Scopus, Section 4.1),

as well as in the grouped NACE (economic) sectors (Section 4.3).

4.1 FP7 THEMATIC PRIORITIES (GROUPED)

Table LXXI presents the production profiles and collaboration patterns in FP7 thematic priorities

(grouped) for the 50 most actively publishing NUTS2 regions from 2000 to 2011. The top 10

NUTS2 regions for the number of papers based on full counting include the following: Île-de-

France, Inner London, Israel, Lombardia, Comunidad de Madrid, Oberbayern, Cataluña, Lazio,

Zuid-Holland and Rhône-Alpes. The size of their production ranges from about 232,000

publications (Île-de-France) down to 80,000 for Rhône-Alpes.

Using fractional counting (FRAC), the top 10 include similar regions but in a slightly different

order, namely Île-de-France, Inner London, Israel, Comunidad de Madrid, Lombardia, Cataluña,

Oberbayern, Lazio, Zuid-Holland and Berlin. The first two regions feature about 155,000 and

140,000 publications, respectively, a figure that quickly drops to 89,000 for the third region and

64,000 for the fourth. These differences between the two indicators (FULL and FRAC) are

attributable to co-authorship of scientific publications.

In terms of GI, only four regions surpass the world level of 1.28, namely Istanbul, Southern and

Eastern Ireland, Cataluña and Andalucía, with GIs ranging from 1.36 to 1.29. Other leading

regions in this category include Comunidad Valenciana, Comunidad de Madrid, Ankara,

Lombardia, Lazio and Zuid-Holland. The ERA as a whole shows a slight decrease in its output

compared to the world, with a GI of 1.18. The top 10 most-collaborating regions (i.e., with the

greatest number of co-publications involving at least two NUTS2 regions) include Île-de-France,

Inner London, Lombardia, Oberbayern, Zuid-Holland, Lazio, Rhône-Alpes, Noord-Holland, Berlin,

Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. France, Italy, the Netherlands, the UK and Germany

each have two regions in this top 10.

The 10 ERA regions with the greatest increase in terms of inter-regional co-publications within the

ERA (GI [Co-pub]) include Istanbul, Cataluña, Comunidad Valenciana, Andalucía, Southern and

Eastern Ireland, Ankara, Comunidad de Madrid, Prov. Vlaams-Brabant, Wien and Oslo og

Akershus. Their GIs (Co-pub) range from 1.70 to 1.40. The ERA exhibits an index of 1.26. Spain

has three regions within the top 10 while the UK, on the other hand, has four of its regions within

the bottom five listed.

Finally, the 10 most collaborative regions given the size of their output are Utrecht, Noord-

Holland, Gelderland, Zuid-Holland, Östra Mellansverige, Veneto, Braunschweig, Darmstadt,

Karlsruhe and Rhône-Alpes, with CIs ranging from 1.37 to 1.13. The top four regions belong to

the Netherlands and Germany has three regions in this top 10.


130

Table LXXI Publications in FP7 thematic priorities by selected NUTS2 regions (50 most-

publishing), 2000–2011

Code NUTS2 Name Country Pubs

(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub trend GI

(Pub)

Co-pubs*

(FULL)

Co-pub

trend

GI (Co-

pub)

CI

FR10 Île de France France 232,146 154,536 1.07 93,371 1.25 0.99

UKI1 Inner London United Kingdom 221,968 139,704 1.05 93,205 1.21 1.03

IL00 Israel Israel 113,342 88,653 1.03 16,236 1.25 0.34

ITC4 Lombardia Italy 97,108 61,056 1.19 45,248 1.33 1.09

ES30 Comunidad de Madrid Spain 92,387 63,984 1.21 35,167 1.50 0.89

DE21 Oberbayern Germany 88,997 53,340 1.14 42,665 1.32 1.12

ES51 Cataluña Spain 87,680 58,404 1.32 33,653 1.69 0.89

ITE4 Lazio Italy 83,519 52,917 1.19 40,301 1.30 1.12

NL33 Zuid-Holland Netherlands 81,123 48,003 1.18 42,158 1.33 1.21

FR71 Rhône-Alpes France 80,099 47,640 1.08 39,213 1.24 1.13

DE30 Berlin Germany 79,891 47,940 1.12 38,472 1.33 1.12

UKJ1 Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire United Kingdom 79,003 45,511 1.05 38,414 1.17 1.13

UKH1 East Anglia United Kingdom 75,052 43,839 1.04 36,329 1.20 1.12

NL32 Noord-Holland Netherlands 71,614 41,050 1.14 39,069 1.33 1.26

DEA2 Köln Germany 69,384 41,866 1.13 32,989 1.32 1.09

SE11 Stockholm Sweden 69,023 41,113 1.04 33,470 1.26 1.12

FI18 Etelä-Suomi Finland 63,548 41,115 1.03 28,307 1.21 1.02

DK01 Hovedstaden Denmark 63,386 38,348 1.12 28,433 1.28 1.03

DE12 Karlsruhe Germany 63,123 37,259 1.16 31,354 1.33 1.14

CH01 Région lémanique Switzerland 59,569 35,995 1.06 25,274 1.27 0.97

CH04 Zürich Switzerland 57,349 34,108 1.14 27,265 1.39 1.08

UKM2 Eastern Scotland United Kingdom 57,268 34,980 1.04 26,399 1.17 1.05

AT13 Wien Austria 54,127 35,245 1.14 22,067 1.40 0.93

ITD5 Emilia-Romagna Italy 53,714 32,967 1.12 26,798 1.26 1.13

TR51 Ankara Turkey 51,740 40,631 1.20 14,257 1.50 0.62

FR82 Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur France 50,948 30,594 1.11 25,107 1.27 1.12

NL31 Utrecht Netherlands 50,495 27,411 1.13 30,555 1.31 1.37

ITE1 Toscana Italy 49,385 31,128 1.16 23,064 1.31 1.06

ES61 Andalucía Spain 47,354 32,674 1.29 17,814 1.55 0.85

GR30 Attiki Greece 47,144 33,596 1.18 16,920 1.31 0.81

SE12 Östra Mellansverige Sweden 46,948 27,874 1.05 24,422 1.25 1.17

UKD3 Greater Manchester United Kingdom 46,720 28,988 1.03 20,989 1.15 1.01

UKG3 West Midlands United Kingdom 45,926 29,004 1.08 20,302 1.23 1.00

DE71 Darmstadt Germany 44,642 25,921 1.13 22,897 1.27 1.15

NL22 Gelderland Netherlands 43,615 24,839 1.15 24,321 1.39 1.25

IE02 Southern and Eastern Ireland 42,671 29,749 1.33 13,825 1.53 0.73

NO01 Oslo og Akershus Norway 42,665 26,239 1.17 19,474 1.40 1.02

UKK1 Gloucestershire, Wiltshire and Bristol/Bath area United Kingdom 42,452 25,524 1.04 20,534 1.12 1.08

DEA1 Düsseldorf Germany 41,436 24,232 1.05 20,227 1.34 1.09

TR10 Istanbul Turkey 41,223 31,621 1.36 11,387 1.70 0.62

CZ01 Praha Czech Republic 40,946 29,439 1.16 14,160 1.31 0.77

DE14 Tübingen Germany 40,259 23,513 1.06 20,216 1.27 1.12

BE24 Prov. Vlaams-Brabant Belgium 38,770 23,619 1.18 18,617 1.41 1.07

PL12 Mazowieckie Poland 38,145 26,964 1.08 12,482 1.19 0.73

ES52 Comunidad Valenciana Spain 37,293 25,497 1.24 13,825 1.57 0.83

FR62 Midi-Pyrénées France 36,706 21,336 1.16 18,631 1.29 1.13

ITD3 Veneto Italy 36,637 21,577 1.18 19,052 1.32 1.16

ITF3 Campania Italy 35,894 23,509 1.14 16,559 1.25 1.03

DE91 Braunschweig Germany 34,372 19,702 1.09 17,883 1.27 1.15

HU10 Közép-Magyarország Hungary 31,317 21,587 1.14 11,442 1.22 0.81

Total 50 most publishing NUTS2 regions** 2,673,177 2,026,341 1.13 391,502 1.30 n.a.

Total 50 most publishing NUTS2 regions 2,673,177 2,026,341 1.13 877,873 1.26 n.a.

Total ERA 4,719,527 4,228,784 1.18 1,079,526 1.26 n.a.

World 12,345,904 12,345,904 1.26 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Note: *Co-publications involving at least two NUTS2 regions. **Co-publications involving at least two of the top

50 most-publishing NUTS2 regions. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

4.2 OVERALL IN SCOPUS

The production profiles and collaboration patterns of selected NUTS2 regions in the sciences in

general (i.e., in Scopus) are presented in Table LXXII for the 2000 to 2011 period. Using full

counting, the ERA produced close to 6.7 million publications, with the top 10 regions in terms of

output being: Île-de-France, Inner London, Israel, Oberbayern, Rhône-Alpes, Comunidad de

Madrid, Lombardia, Cataluña, Lazio and Berlin (with a range of about 355,000 to 122,000

publications, in descending order). Based on fractional counting, the 10 regions with the greatest


131

publication output remain the same but with some changes in the ordering: Île-de-France, Inner

London, Israel, Comunidad de Madrid, Lombardia, Cataluña, Oberbayern, Rhône-Alpes, Lazio and

Berlin. The number of publications ranges from about 226,000 to 73,000.

Table LXXII Publications overall (in Scopus) by selected NUTS2 regions (50 most-



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub trend GI

(Pub)

Co-pubs*

(FULL)

Co-pub

trend

GI (Co-

pub)

CI



IL00 Israel Israel 161,609 122,345 1.04 28,438 1.23 0.40






ITE4 Lazio Italy 124,622 75,245 1.15 65,248 1.24 1.17




DEA2 Köln Germany 110,489 65,010 1.12 54,790 1.30 1.10













AT13 Wien Austria 77,403 48,884 1.16 34,226 1.38 0.96





TR51 Ankara Turkey 66,364 51,268 1.22 19,690 1.53 0.64


GR30 Attiki Greece 63,958 44,058 1.16 25,170 1.31 0.85












ITD3 Veneto Italy 55,411 30,839 1.19 31,564 1.29 1.22






Total 50 most publishing NUTS2 regions** 3,815,737 2,859,875 1.13 598,951 1.28 n.a.

Total 50 most publishing NUTS2 regions 3,815,737 2,859,875 1.13 1,328,361 1.24 n.a.

Total ERA 6,673,485 5,920,382 1.19 1,642,799 1.25 n.a.

World 17,500,890 17,500,890 1.28 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Looking at publication growth reflected in the GI, which represents the ratio between the

publication output of the second and the first half of the 2004–2011 period, the ERA (GI 1.19)

performed below the world level (1.28). Of the 50 regions examined, the majority of the top-

producing regions actually display modest or low growth, for example Île-de-France (1.09) and

Inner London (1.08). Among the top 10 for growth, most regions actually rank low for the size of


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their production, with the exception of the Spanish regions Cataluña (third; GI 1.30) and

Comunidad de Madrid (eighth; GI 1.21).

Turning to indicators of collaboration, the regions with the highest number of co-publications

involving at least two NUTS2 regions are: Île-de-France, Inner London, Rhône-Alpes, Oberbayern,

Lombardia, Lazio, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, Berlin, Zuid-Holland and

Comunidad de Madrid. Their numbers of co-publications involving at least two NUTS2 regions

range from about 156,000 to 57,000 (FULL) and contribute about 3% to 9% of the total 1.6

million ERA publications that were co-authored by at least two NUTS2 regions.

The regions that show the greatest increase in collaboration (GI [Co-pub]) within the ERA from

the first to the second half of the 2004–2011 period include Istanbul, Cataluña, Ankara, Southern

and Eastern Ireland, Comunidad Valenciana, Andalucía, Comunidad de Madrid, Zürich, Wien and

Prov. Vlaams-Brabant. With GIs for co-publications ranging from 1.75 to 1.38, all of these regions

are above the ERA score of 1.25.

Finally, considering the collaboration index, which measures the propensity of a region to

collaborate regionally within the ERA while taking into account the size of its scientific output, the

ranking is somewhat different. Utrecht, Noord-Holland, Veneto, Gelderland, Rhône-Alpes, Emilia-

Romania, Zuid-Holland, Lazio, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire and Karlsruhe form

the top 10, with CI scores ranging from 1.32 to 1.15. The least collaborative regions, given their

size, are Southern and Eastern Ireland, Ankara, Istanbul and Israel, with CIs ranging from 0.76

to 0.40.

4.3 ECONOMIC SECTORS (NACE) (GROUPED)

Table LXXIII presents the production profiles and collaboration patterns in this study’s set of 28

economic sectors (grouped) by selected NUTS2 region from 2000 to 2011. Based on full

publication counting, the world produced over 7 million documents linked to the selected

economic sectors in this period, and the ERA contributed to about 30% of this amount (about 2.3

million). The top 10 most-publishing regions in relation to the 28 economic sectors are Île de

France, Rhône-Alpes, Inner London, Oberbayern, Israel, Comunidad de Madrid, Cataluña,

Lombardia, Berlin and Köln. Their number of publications varies from about 114,000 to 40,000

(FULL). When using fractional counting, the ranking comprises the same regions with slight

differences, Israel becoming second, Rhône-Alpes fourth, and Berlin 10th. The output for the top

10 regions ranges from about 70,000 (Île the France) to 25,000 (Berlin) papers in fractional

counting. In either case, France, Spain and Germany each have two regions in the top 10. The

regions with the smallest output are West Midlands, Utrecht, Gelderland, Tübingen and Oslo og

Akershus, with outputs ranging from about 16,000 to 14,000 publications (FULL).

Considering the output over the 2004 to 2011 period, Cataluña ranks first in terms of growth with

a GI of 1.27 (which is equal to the world level) and is followed by Istanbul (1.26), Comunidad de

Valenciana (1.24), Andalucía (1.23) and Veneto (1.22). In terms of growth, Spain is represented

by three regions in the top five and four in the top 10 (with Comunidad de Madrid ranked

seventh). East Anglia, Greater Manchester and Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire (all

in the UK) as well as Östra Mellansverige (Sweden), Etelä-Suomi (Finland) and Közép-

Magyarország (Hungary) are among the regions showing a slight decrease in output for the 2004

to 2011 period.


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Considering the output in terms of co-publications involving at least two NUTS2 regions, the top

10 comprises the following regions: Île de France, Rhône-Alpes, Oberbayern, Inner London,

Lazio, Lombardia, Zuid-Holland, Comunidad de Madrid, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and

Oxfordshire and Berlin. Their number of co-publications (FULL) ranges from about 54,000 to

18,000. In contrast, Southern and Eastern Ireland, Tübingen, Oslo og Akershus, Ankara and

Istanbul are at the bottom of the list, with fewer than 7,000 co-publications each.

Table LXXIII Publications in economic sectors by selected NUTS2 regions (50 most-



(FULL)

Pubs

(FRAC)

Pub

trend

GI

(Pub)

Co-pubs*

(FULL)

Co-pub

trend

GI (Co-

pub)

CI





IL00 Israel Israel 48,429 36,483 1.01 8,105 1.22 0.41





DEA2 Köln Germany 39,589 25,061 1.09 17,762 1.24 1.07

ITE4 Lazio Italy 38,840 24,033 1.07 20,050 1.16 1.23
















AT13 Wien Austria 25,326 16,590 1.18 11,153 1.36 1.02

GR30 Attiki Greece 24,310 17,221 1.08 9,523 1.22 0.91









TR51 Ankara Turkey 20,717 15,972 1.16 6,091 1.47 0.67








ITD3 Veneto Italy 17,013 9,705 1.22 9,831 1.28 1.31






Total 50 most publishing NUTS2 regions** 1,260,778 953,347 1.10 183,942 1.20 n.a.

Total 50 most publishing NUTS2 regions 1,260,778 953,347 1.10 433,536 1.18 n.a.

Total ERA 2,310,133 2,048,761 1.16 550,960 1.20 n.a.

World 7,024,530 7,024,530 1.27 n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. Note: Ibid. Source: Computed by Science-Metrix using Scopus


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When looking at the growth of these co-publications over the 2004 to 2011 period, Cataluña,

Istanbul, Ankara, Comunidad Valenciana, Southern and Eastern Ireland, Comunidad de Madrid,

Wien, Zürich, Andalucía and Gelderland make up the top 10, with GIs (Co-pub) varying from 1.54

to 1.32. Among the regions presenting the least growth in inter-regional collaboration, two are

from the UK, namely Greater Manchester (GI [Co-pub] of 1.10) and East Anglia (1.05). None of

the countries show a decrease in terms of their number of inter-regional co-publications (i.e., GI

[Co-pub] lower than 1.0). When classified according to the CI, which represents the propensity of

a region to collaborate with other regions given the size of its global output, the ranking is

somewhat different, with Utrecht, Veneto, Noord-Holland, Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur,

Gelderland, Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire, Lazio, Emilia-Romagna, Oberbayern

and Zuid-Holland standing at the top (CIs of 1.42 to 1.22). Israel, with an appreciable volume of

publications (about 48,400 overall), has the lowest score in this respect (CI 0.41).


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5 CONCLUSION

The present report provides a bibliometric assessment of the scientific performance of European

countries and regions (at the NUTS2 aggregation level) based on their production profiles for the

years 2000 to 2011. To respond to the current needs of the Commission within the context of the

planning phase for the Eighth Framework Programme (FP8), the current report focused on

assessing the scientific performance of European countries and regions in the 17 thematic

priorities funded under the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological

Development (FP7). It also covered 22 main fields of research representing more traditional

scientific disciplines as well as 28 economic sectors according to the NACE classification (i.e.,

Nomenclature générale des activités économiques dans les Communautés européennes).

The comparative analysis presented in this report examines 42 countries and 50 NUTS2 regions

within the ERA. More specifically, the 42 countries comprise the EU-27, candidate EU countries,

members of the EFTA and other countries of interest, such as established (e.g., the United States

[US]) or upcoming (e.g., China) global players. Selected NUTS2 regions include the 50 regions

which published the largest number of peer-reviewed publications over the 20002011 period.

Scientific Production Profile of the ERA versus Selected Comparable Countries

The ERA published more peer-reviewed papers than China, Japan or the US (which were used as

comparable countries) in the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), overall in Scopus. The ERA also

produced more publications linked to economic sectors than the selected comparable countries,

both in full and fractional counting. Not only is the ERA a key player in terms of the absolute size

of its scientific output, but it is also second to China among selected comparables in terms of

growth, although below worldwide growth. China is in its own league in this respect, having

increased its output about 1.5 times more than the world from the 2004–2007 to the 2008–2011

period. (For the calculation of the growth index, the years 2000 to 2003 have been omitted, as

older data in Scopus may be incomplete.) By contrast, the ERA’s growth is slightly smaller than

that observed for the world, meaning that it is losing ground to more rapidly growing countries,

mainly Asian countries and Brazil. The relative decline in scientific output of the US and Japan is

also notable.

Regarding specialisation, the ERA is second to the US and devotes proportionately as much of its

total scientific effort to FP7 thematic priorities (grouped) as does the world. The US is only slightly

specialised, while China and Japan are below the world level in terms of their relative effort in FP7

thematic priorities overall. Contrary to the pattern observed in the FP7 priorities, the ERA and the

US are below the world level in terms of specialisation in the selected set of economic sectors

(grouped) while Japan (SI of 1.12), and particularly China (SI of 1.57), are specialised.

Within selected comparables, the US clearly stands out with a scientific impact noticeably above

the world level in FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), overall in Scopus and in economic sectors. By

comparison, although below that of the US, the ERA’s scientific impact is well above the world

level for the economic sectors overall (and slightly higher for FP7 and Scopus overall), while

Japan and China display an impact below that observed at the world level on average for these

three large themes.

When the above indicators are considered jointly, the ERA’s performance is superior to that of

China and Japan and somewhat equivalent to that of the US in FP7 thematic priorities (grouped)

and overall in Scopus. However, the ERA and the US each have their respective strengths and


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weaknesses. For instance, the overall performance of the ERA suffers somewhat from its lower

scientific impact, whereas that of the US suffers somewhat from the slightly smaller size of its

production and smaller growth. In the selected economic sectors, the gap separating the ERA and

the US from China is much less pronounced. Indeed, China’s output in fractional counting is

larger than that of the US and not far behind ERA’s production volume. Furthermore, in addition

to having the strongest growth, China is strongly specialised in these economics sectors which is

not the case of the ERA and the US. Its only weakness lies in its impact which is below world

level.

FP7 Thematic Priorities (disaggregated)

Interestingly, compared to other countries, the ERA appears to have distributed the intensity of

its research efforts more evenly across the FP7 thematic priorities, with a slight specialisation in

Health and in the Humanities, but less intensity in Space, Aeronautics, Other Transport

Technologies, Energy, New Production Technologies and Materials (excluding Nanotechnology). In

contrast, the three countries it is compared to exhibit a much greater variability in their

specialisation scores across FP7 thematic priorities, being highly specialised in some areas (e.g.,

China in Other Transport Technologies) and not at all in others (e.g., China in Socio-Economic

Sciences).

In all FP7 thematic priorities, the size of the ERA’s output (i.e., its number of publications)

exceeds or resembles that of the three countries to which it is compared. Interestingly, ERA’s

lowest impact scores are often found in fields in which it specialises, whereas its highest scores

are often seen in areas in which it does not specialise, such as Energy, Other Transport

Technologies, New Production Technologies and Security. The US generally leads in terms of

scientific impact by thematic priority and is followed by the ERA, Japan and China.

Main Fields (disaggregated)

Many of the observations made across FP7 thematic priorities hold true for the 22 main fields (or

overall in Scopus). For example, the ERA’s SI scores across main fields are generally near the

world level with only a handful of areas in which it shows a slight departure from the world’s level

of effort. For example, the ERA shows some specialisation in Historical Studies, Visual &

Performing Arts and Clinical Medicine, but is not specialised in Enabling & Strategic Technologies,

Engineering and General Science & Technology. In contrast, the three countries (China, Japan

and the US) to which it is compared show more variation in their specialisation across main fields,

being highly specialised in some fields (e.g., China in Enabling & Strategic Technologies) and not

at all specialised in others (e.g., China in Communication & Textual Studies)2.

Turning to scientific impact, the ERA is positioned close to or above the world level for the

majority of main fields and often has the highest level of impact in fields in which it does not

specialise. As seen in the FP7 thematic priorities, the scientific impact of the US is generally high

in all of the main fields, followed by the ERA, Japan and China.

2 Note that the global SI score for each entity is equal to 1 when considering Scopus overall (i.e., for the

aggregation of every main fields), as the SI is a zero-sum game.


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Economic Sectors (disaggregated)

Looking at economic sectors, the ERA appears to be less specialised in general, with only four

sectors in which its SI is slightly above world level (i.e., Food Products and Beverages and

Machinery, Medical and Surgical Equipment, Services for Computers and Related Activities and

Cargo Handling and Storage). In comparison, the US, China and Japan are highly specialized in

more fields. China, in particular, is specialized in most economic sectors.

In terms of scientific impact, the ERA again has higher impact in sectors where it is not

specialised (Electricity Distribution and Control, General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools,

Electrical Motors, Generators). For the other comparable countries, the same patterns appear in

the economic sectors as observed for the FP7 priorities and the main fields: the US has scientific

impact above average for all economic sectors, while Japan and China stand below expectations

in most sectors.

Country-level Scientific Production Profiles and Collaboration Patterns

The salient aspects of the scientific performance of the 42 countries, including those in the ERA

(EU-27 countries, candidate countries, EFTA countries and Israel) and selected comparable

countries (China, India, Japan, the Republic of Korea, Brazil, Russia and the US) are presented

below.

In FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), among countries with more than 95,000 publications

(FRAC) over the 2000 to 2011 period, those that stand out for a well-balanced performance

across indicators include the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Sweden.

China is remarkable for its very large output and high growth. When considering all 42 selected

countries, Iceland, Luxembourg, Denmark and Norway are worthy of mention. For example,

Denmark and Norway, although they have a smaller output than Switzerland, Belgium and

Sweden, show a higher growth and specialisation while maintaining a comparable scientific

impact. Iceland, with a rather small output, is strong in growth, specialisation and impact.

Luxembourg, also a small producer, comes out strongly because of its high growth and

specialisation as well as for its notable impact.

Overall in Scopus (or in the grouped 22 main fields), among countries with at least 175,000

papers (FRAC) from 2000 to 2011 in Scopus, countries that stand out for a well-balanced

performance across indicators include the US, the UK, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Germany

and Sweden. Again, China is remarkable for its very large output and high growth. Looking at the

performances without a minimum threshold in output, one sees that countries with much smaller

outputs can outperform bigger producers because they come out strongly in other indicators. For

example, Denmark (99,500 papers FRAC) has a slightly higher growth and much larger impact

(ARC of 1.50 vs. 1.19) than Germany (935,000 FRAC). Other countries that are worthy of

mention for the same reasons are Luxembourg, Iceland and Cyprus. Luxembourg and Cyprus are

strong mainly for their high growth indices and good impact, while Iceland has good growth and

high scientific impact scores.

In 28 economic sectors (grouped), among countries with output above 35,000 papers, few

are performing above the world level both in specialisation and scientific impact in the selected

economic sectors. Countries appear to perform strongly either in specialisation or in scientific

impact. The countries that stand out in the first group (i.e., mostly high output, growth and

specialisation) include China, the Republic of Korea, and India. The countries that stand out in the

second group (i.e., mostly high output and impact and, to a lesser extent, growth and


138

specialisation) include the US, Switzerland, Germany, France and Belgium. In fact, only one

country demonstrates a well-balanced performance across all indicators, namely Portugal. Among

countries with a smaller output, Luxembourg and Cyprus also have a well-balanced performance

across the other indicators (i.e., growth, specialisation and impact).

Following is a list of countries among the 42 selected that stand out based primarily on the size,


relates to the ARC) of their scientific output in each FP7 thematic priority:

Health: Among countries with at least 32,000 publications (FRAC), the US, the Netherlands,

Denmark, the UK and Switzerland stand out for having a well-balanced performance across

indicators. When considering all 42 selected countries, Malta and Iceland show good growth,


Food, Agriculture and Fisheries: Among countries with at least 11,000 publications





Biotechnology: Among countries with at least 1,900 publications (FRAC), the US, Germany,

the UK, Sweden, and the Netherlands stand out. China, India and the Republic of Korea are

worthy of mention for their growth and/or specialisation. Among smaller producers, Denmark

and Ireland are both specialised with an impact above the world level.

Information and Communication Technologies: Among countries with at least 9,000




progressing in growth and impact.

Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies: Among countries with at least 700 publications

(FRAC), the US, the Republic of Korea, China, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland

stand out. Note that China and the Republic of Korea do not have an impact above world

level, but they do have large outputs combined with strong growth and specialisation.

Among smaller producers, Ireland is worthy of mention as it is specialised with an impact

well above world level and its output is growing.

Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies): Among countries with at least 8,000

publications (FRAC), China, the US, Japan, the Republic of Korea, India and France stand

out. As is generally the case in other areas where China excels, its strengths are the size,

growth and specialisation of its output. Japan has similar strengths although its impact is

higher but its growth is not as strong (its output is actually decreasing).

New Production Technologies: Among countries with at least 3,500 publications (FRAC),

China, the US, Italy, France and the Netherlands stand out. The Republic of Korea and Japan

have a large output combined with a good specialisation. Among smaller producers, Cyprus

is remarkable for its high growth, specialisation and impact. Switzerland and Belgium have

the highest ARC.

Construction and Construction Technologies: Among countries with at least 1,400

publications (FRAC), the US, the UK, Turkey, the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. China

has a large output combined with a good growth and specialisation. Among smaller

producers, Denmark demonstrates very well-balanced performance across indicators.

Energy: Among countries with at least 4,500 publications (FRAC), China, the US, the

Republic of Korea, Turkey, Spain and Japan stand out. The Republic of Korea is remarkable

for being the only country among those with at least 4,500 papers to show both a high


139

specialisation and impact. It also has a large output and good growth. Among smaller

producers, Estonia is specialised with an impact above the world level.

Environment (including Climate Change): Among countries with at least 6,500

publications (FRAC), the US, Norway, Switzerland, the UK and Sweden stand out. Among

smaller producers, Iceland, Estonia and Denmark are both specialised with an impact above

world level.

Aeronautics and Space (the same finding applies to both thematic priorities):

Among countries with at least 750 papers (FRAC), the US, China, the Republic of Korea and

Russia stand out. Both the US and Russia are specialised with an impact slightly above world

level. Among smaller producers, Bulgaria is specialised with an impact above world level,

although its output is very small. Countries with a high impact also include Switzerland,

Greece, Finland and Israel. Each of these has a very small output.

Automobiles: Among countries with at least 170 papers (FRAC), the Republic of Korea,

China, the US, Finland, Denmark and Sweden stand out. Note that the Republic of Korea has

an impact near the world level combined with a large output and very strong specialisation.

Similarly, China’s impact is near the world level and it has a large output combined with

strong growth and specialisation.

Other Transport Technologies: Among countries with at least 2,700 papers (FRAC),

China, the US, Spain, the Republic of Korea and Turkey stand out. The Republic of Korea is

the only one among them to be specialised with an impact above world level. Among smaller

producers, Lithuania performs extremely well across all indicators. Portugal also has an

overall good performance.

Socio-Economic Sciences: Among countries with at least 3,600 papers (FRAC), the US the

UK, the Netherlands, Norway and Israel stand out. They are all specialised with impact

scores above world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus and Luxembourg are particularly

remarkable for their specialisation; their respective impact scores are near the world level.

Note: due to the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences, these results should be


Humanities: Among countries with at least 2,400 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK, Croatia,

the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. Except for Croatia and Sweden, they are specialised

with impact scores above world level. Croatia is remarkable for its high growth and strong

specialisation. Its impact is below world level. Sweden’s impact is above world level and its

SI is just below world level. Among smaller producers, Iceland, Norway and Denmark are

specialised with impact scores above world level and good growth. Note: due to the

limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences, these results should be interpreted with

care (see Section 6.5).

Security: Among countries with at least 350 papers (FRAC), the US, Turkey, China, Greece,

India, Spain and Portugal stand out. Turkey, Greece, India and Portugal have very well-

balanced performances across all indicators. Among smaller producers, Slovenia also has a

very well-balanced performance across indicators although its output is very small.

General observations in FP7 thematic priorities:

China, and to a lesser extent the Republic of Korea and India, come out strongly in diverse

areas. Most often, their strengths relate to the size, growth and specialisation of their

production. Only rarely do they show a good impact. This is, especially for China, due to a

database bias. See explanations later in this summary.

Eastern European countries, although they have smaller outputs, often show strong growth

and/or specialisation in many FP7 areas.

In particular, although Romania is not present among the countries that stand out across

areas, it consistently has a high growth with one of the largest outputs among Eastern

European countries.


140

Following is a list of countries among the 42 selected, that stand out based primarily on size,


relates to the ARC) of their scientific output in each main field:

Applied Sciences

Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry: Among countries with at least 11,000 publications





Built Environment & Design: Among countries with at least 1,400 papers (FRAC), the US,

the UK, the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. All four countries are specialised with an

impact above world level. Among smaller producers, Denmark is remarkable for a well-


Enabling & Strategic Technologies: Among countries with at least 11,000 papers (FRAC),

China, the US, Japan, Germany and the Republic of Korea stand out. Among them, Japan

and the Republic of Korea are the only ones to score above the world level for both

specialisation and impact. Among the other countries with more than 11,000 papers, many

(e.g., Spain and the Netherlands) have impact scores above those of the countries previously

mentioned, but do not perform as well for other indicators. Among smaller producers, Cyprus

and Iceland have strong growth and high impact scores.

Engineering: Among countries with at least 4,900 papers (FRAC), China, Romania, the US,

Portugal, and the Republic of Korea stand out. China and Romania are highly specialised with

a good growth (especially the latter). However, they both have an impact below world level.

Portugal is the most remarkable for its high specialisation combined with high impact. Among

the other countries with more than 4,900 papers, many (e.g., Switzerland, Denmark and

Belgium) have impact scores above those of the countries previously mentioned but they do

not perform as well for other indicators. Among smaller producers, Lithuania and Cyprus are

remarkable for their combined high growth, specialisation and impact.

Information & Communication Technologies: Among countries with at least 9,000




doing well in growth and impact.

Arts & Humanities (Note: due to the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences

and Humanities, these results should be interpreted with care.)

Communications & Textual Studies: Among countries with at least 400 papers (FRAC),

the US, the UK, the Netherlands, Israel and Sweden stand out. In particular, the first four

countries are clearly specialised with impact scores above the world level. None of the

smaller producers is specialised with an impact above world level. Eastern European

countries show strong growth.

Historical Studies: Among countries with at least 1,700 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK,

Germany and the Netherlands stand out. They are all specialised with an impact above world

level. Croatia has a remarkable growth and China has an unusually high impact clearly above

world level. Among smaller producers, Iceland, Norway and Denmark have a very well-


Philosophy & Theology: Among countries with at least 300 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK,

Norway, Sweden and the Netherlands stand out. Slovakia is remarkable for its very high

specialisation.


141

Visual & Performing Arts: Among countries with at least 124 papers (FRAC), the US, the

UK, the Netherlands and Sweden have the best performances, scoring well across most

indicators. The Republic of Korea is worthy of mention for its very high growth. Among

smaller producers, Finland and Ireland stand out.

Economics & Social Sciences

Economics and Business: Among countries with at least 2,000 papers (FRAC), the US, the

UK, the Netherlands, Norway, Denmark and Sweden stand out. Among smaller producers,

Luxembourg and Lithuania stand out. Romania has a huge growth.

Social Sciences: Among countries with at least 4,000 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK, the

Netherlands, Turkey and Israel stand out. Among smaller producers, Cyprus has a

remarkable performance combining a high growth, strong specialisation and impact above

world level. Norway, Ireland and Finland are also worthy of mention. Note: due to the

limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and Humanities, these results should be


Health Sciences

Biomedical Research: Among countries with at least 15,500 papers (FRAC), the US, the

UK, Switzerland, Germany, the Netherlands and Sweden stand out. Among smaller

producers, Denmark, Iceland and Luxembourg are worthy of mention.

Clinical Medicine: Among countries with at least 50,000 papers (FRAC), the US, the

Netherlands, the UK, Switzerland, Germany and Sweden stand out. Among smaller

producers, Malta is remarkable for its strong performance across most indicators except

output size. Iceland, Denmark, Belgium, Austria and Norway all perform well.

Psychology & Cognitive Sciences: Among countries with at least 1,900 papers (FRAC),

the US, the Netherlands, the UK, Israel and Germany stand out.

Public Health & Health Services: Among countries with at least 2,000 papers (FRAC), the

US, the UK, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Finland and Denmark are all performing very

well. Among smaller producers, Iceland, Ireland and Malta are all worthy of mention as they

are specialised with an impact above world level.

Natural Sciences

Biology: Among countries with at least 4,800 papers (FRAC), the US, the UK, Switzerland,

Sweden and Spain stand out. Sweden and Spain are both specialised with an impact above

world level. Brazil is worthy of mention for its large output, growth and specialisation. Among

smaller producers, Estonia, Denmark, Finland, Norway and Portugal stand out.

Chemistry: Among countries with at least 9,300 papers (FRAC), China, the US, India,

Germany and Switzerland stand out. China and India are worthy of mention for the size,

growth and specialisation of their production in Chemistry; their respective impact is below

world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus, Portugal and Liechtenstein stand out.

Earth & Environmental Science: Among countries with at least 4,000 papers (FRAC), the

US, Norway, Switzerland, the UK, France and Germany stand out. Among smaller producers,

Iceland, Estonia and Denmark are worthy of mention, in particular for their specialisation and

impact.

Mathematics & Statistics: Among countries with at least 5,000 papers (FRAC), the US,

China, France, Italy and Germany stand out. China’s impact is unusually high in this field as

its ARC is slightly above world level. Russia is worthy of mention for its high specialisation.

Among smaller producers, those with a high impact include Norway, Switzerland and

Denmark.

Physics & Astronomy: Among countries with at least 14,000 papers (FRAC), the US,

Germany, France, Switzerland and the UK stand out. Russia, China and Japan are worthy of


142

mention for their output size as well as their growth and/or specialisation. Among smaller

producers, Cyprus is remarkable for its growth and high impact. Finally, Liechtenstein is

specialised with an impact above world level.

General Fields

General Arts, Humanities & Social Sciences: Among countries with at least 160 papers,

the US, the UK, Sweden and the Netherlands stand out. Except Sweden, they are all

specialised in this field with an impact above world level. Sweden has the highest impact

among the 42 selected countries. Among smaller contributors, Denmark, Switzerland and

Finland stand out. Note: due to the limitations of bibliometrics in the Social Sciences and

Humanities, these results should be interpreted with care (see Section 6.5). For example,

there is a clear bias in favour of the US and the UK in terms of output size.

General Science & Technology: Among countries with at least 1,500 papers (FRAC), the

US, the UK, Switzerland, Germany and the Netherlands stand out mostly for the size of their

production, specialisation near or above world level and high impact. Among smaller

producers, Estonia stands out for a well-balanced output across indicators and a particularly

strong growth. Ireland is notable for its high impact. China is worthy of mention for its large

output and high specialisation. Note that its very low impact in this area is due to a database

bias in its disfavour. For instance, there are several important Chinese journals appearing in

this field which, given their small international visibility, will not be as cited by other nations

as Chinese publications appearing in international journals. Furthermore, a portion of

Chinese citations to these journals will not be appropriately taken into account since they do

not appear as source materials in Scopus. Adding this to the fact that the citation counts of

papers published in these journals are normalised against some of the most cited papers in

the world—Science and Nature appear in this field as well—the scientific impact of China is

further reduced. To appreciate the extent of negative bias in disfavour of China, its ARC in

this field is well below world level (i.e., 1.0) with a score of 0.12 in Scopus compared to a

score above world level when based on a data source focusing on international literature of

higher visibility to foreign nations.

General observations in main fields are similar to those listed above for FP7 thematic priorities.

Finally, the bullets below list countries among the 42 selected that stand out based primarily on

the size, growth, specialisation and impact (any reference to scientific impact in the following

summary relates to the ARC) of their scientific output in each economic sector:

Manufacture of Food Products and Beverages and Manufacture of Machinery for

these Products: Among countries with at least 3,200 papers (FRAC), the US, Spain, the

Netherlands, Italy and the UK stand out. The US is strong for its output and high impact.

Spain combines high output and specialisation, while the Netherlands’ strength is mostly

related to its high impact score. Countries with smaller output like Ireland, Denmark,

Portugal, Finland and Norway mostly stand out for their specialisation and their high impact

scores in this sector.

Manufacture and Sales of Textiles and Manufacture of Machinery for these

Products: Among countries with at least 240 papers (FRAC), China, the Republic of Korea,

India, Japan and the US present the best overall performance. In addition to having the

highest output, China’s performance is clearly above the world in all other indicators

(growth, specialisation and impact). The three other Asian countries are highly specialised in

that sector. Turkey is also notable for its high specialisation score. Among countries with

smaller output, Portugal exhibits high scores in growth, specialisation and impact.

Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods: Among countries

with at least 9,500 papers (FRAC), China, the US, India, Germany and France stand out.

China and India present high growth rates, and the scientific impact of the latter is close to

world level. Germany and France stand out for their high output and their impact above


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world level. Among smaller producers, Luxembourg, Latvia and Romania stand out for their

high growth and specialisation scores. Switzerland is strong for its scientific impact.


Coatings and Glues and Gelatins: Among countries with at least 5,500 papers (FRAC), the

US, China, India, Germany and the republic of Korea stand out. The three Asian countries

show high growth and specialisation but low impact, while the opposite applies to Germany

and the US. Among countries with smaller output, Portugal exhibits high scores in growth,


Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals: Among countries with at least 3,000 papers (FRAC), the

US, India, China, Switzerland and Italy stand out. The US has high output and strong impact,

while India is highly specialised and exhibits a high growth rate. Switzerland stands out

mainly for its high scientific impact. Among smaller producers, Romania shows a very high

growth rate in this sector, although its scientific impact remains low.

Manufacture of Plastic Products: Among countries with at least 1,000 papers (FRAC),

China, the US, Japan, Germany and France stand out. China’s output, growth and

specialisation are high, while the US scientific impact is more important. Japan has high

output and specialises in this sector, while Germany and France are clearly above the world

level in terms of scientific impact. Among smaller producers, Lithuania stands out for its high

growth and specialisation, and Belgium, as well as Greece, show high impact scores.

Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products: Among countries with at least

8,000 papers (FRAC), China, Japan, the US, the republic of Korea and India stand out.

China’s strengths are mostly related to the size, growth and specialisation of its output.

Japan and the republic of Korea are highly specialised, while India exhibits a high growth

index. Among countries with smaller output, Latvia combines high specialisation and growth

scores, while Switzerland and Denmark stand out for the high impact of their publications.

Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools: Among countries with

at least 1,400 papers (FRAC), the countries that stand out the most are China, the US,

France, the republic of Korea, France and Japan. China has high output, growth and

specialisation, but still exhibits a very low impact. The US and France are not specialised in

this sector, but have a high scientific impact. Japan stands out mostly for its high output and

its specialisation above world level. Smaller producers such as Croatia and Romania are

noticeable for their output growth and specialisation in this sector, while Switzerland stands

out for the scientific impact of its publications.

Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery: Among countries with at least

4,000 papers (FRAC), China, Brazil, the US, Turkey and India stand out. China and Brazil’s

strengths are mostly related to their output size, their growth rate and their specialisation in

this sector, while the US has strong output and impact. Considering countries with smaller

output, Denmark and Switzerland are noticeable for their strong impact.

Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition: Among countries with at least 3,000 papers

(FRAC), the countries that stand out the most are the US, China, Switzerland, Germany,

Italy and Finland. The US has by far the highest output, which is close to twice that of China.

Switzerland comes out strongly for its high scientific impact while Finland is clearly

specialised with an impact above world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus stands out

for its high growth rate, while Iceland combines high specialisation and impact in this sector.

Manufacture of Domestic Appliances: Among countries with at least 1,500 papers

(FRAC), China, the US, France, the Republic of Korea and the UK stand out. The US and

China’s output is far above any other selected countries. China’s growth and specialisation

are strong, while the US has a much higher scientific impact. It is worth noting that the

Republic of Korea scores above world level in terms of impact in this sector. Belgium is

worthy of mention for its scientific impact. Among smaller producers, Lithuania and Romania


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combine high growth and specialisation, while Denmark’s scientific impact is way above

world level.

Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers: Among countries with at least 80

papers (FRAC), the US, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Belgium and Greece stand out. There

are few publications in this sector, and the US output is far above all other countries. The US

is also specialised and has high scientific impact. Greece is specialised in this sector, while

the three other countries stand out mainly for their scientific impact.

Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers: Among countries with

at least 2,000 papers (FRAC), China, the US, the Republic of Korea, Turkey and Spain are

the most noticeable. China is very strong in terms of output, growth and specialisation. The

Republic of Korea is remarkable for its relatively strong impact in this sector, while Spain is

strong in both growth and impact. Japan is also noticeable for its high output in this sector.

Among countries with smaller outputs, Romania (high growth and specialisation), Cyprus

(high growth and impact) as well as Denmark (high impact) stand out.

Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; Manufacture of

Insulated Wire and Cable; Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary

Batteries; Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply: Among countries with at least

2,500 papers (FRAC), China, The US, Spain, Turkey and the Republic of Korea stand out. The

three latter combine a high growth rate with a strong impact. The US stands out mainly for

its high output, while China strongly specialises in this sector. Considering also smaller

producers, Lithuania is worth noting for its high specialisation and impact scores, and

Romania for the impressive growth of its output.

Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps: Among countries with at least

1,700 papers (FRAC), China, the US, Japan, the Republic of Korea and Germany stand out.

China, Japan and mostly the Republic of Korea are specialised in this sector, but only the US

and Germany have high scientific impact. Although they score lower on most indicators, the

Netherlands, Belgium, Switzerland and Sweden are noteworthy for their high impact. Among

smaller producers, Denmark exhibits a high impact even though it is not specialised in this

sector.

Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles: Among countries with

at least 800 papers (FRAC), the US, China, the Republic of Korea, the Netherlands and

Sweden show the best overall performances. The US and China stand far above all other

countries in terms of output. The Netherland and Sweden have strong impact, and the latter

is also specialised in this sector. Among countries with smaller output, Lithuania exhibits a

high growth and specialisation index, while Denmark has the highest impact of all 42

countries analysed in this study.

Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components:

Among countries with at least 700 papers (FRAC), the countries that stand out the most are

the US, Ireland, Portugal, the Netherlands and Switzerland. In addition to this selection,

Germany is noticeable for the high growth of its output in this sector. Ireland and Portugal

are strong in terms of growth, as well as specialisation and impact. Switzerland is clearly

specialised in this sector, and also exhibits an impact score above the world level.

Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line

Telephony and Line Telegraphy as well as of Television and Radio Receivers, Sound

or Video Recording or Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods: Among

countries with at least 1,800 papers (FRAC), China, the US, the Republic of Korea, Japan and

Switzerland stand out. China has the highest output, and shows also high growth and

specialisation indexes. The Republic of Korea and Japan also specialise in this sector, while

the US and Switzerland’s publications have stronger scientific impact. Among smaller

producers, Lithuania and Romania stand out for their growth and specialisation.


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Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment: Among countries with at least 1,800

papers (FRAC), the ones that stand out are the US, Germany, the Netherlands, Belgium and

Switzerland. The US output is by far the highest among the 42 selected countries. The US is

also slightly specialised and has a good impact score. The Netherlands and Switzerland stand

out for their high impact scores, while Germany and Belgium are more specialised. Among

smaller producers, Denmark stands out for the high scientific impact of its publications.



Instruments and Photographic Equipment: Among countries with at least 4,900 papers

(FRAC), China, the US, Spain and Germany stand out. China is strong mainly for its high

output, growth and specialisation index. The US combines high output and scientific impact,

while Switzerland stands out mainly for its high impact. Among smaller producers, Romania,

Ireland and Denmark stand out.

Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor

Vehicles and their Engines: Among countries with at least 200 papers (FRAC), the US,

China, the Republic of Korea, Finland and Sweden stand out. The four latter are highly

specialised with impact near or above world level, while the US has strong impact. Among

smaller countries, Denmark and Switzerland, although their output is very small, have high

impact scores. Denmark is also specialised although this is not the case for Switzerland.

Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft: Among countries with at least 300 papers

(FRAC), the US, China, Israel and Italy stand out. Both the US and China have large outputs

and are highly specialised. The US is stronger in terms of impact but shows a decrease in

output. On the contrary, China’s growth is high and its impact low. The Republic of Korea is

strong in both these indicators. Among smaller countries, Switzerland stands out for its very

high impact.

Recycling: Among countries with at least 1,600 papers (FRAC), the US, China, India, the

Netherlands and Spain stand out. India is highly specialised, while the Netherlands and Spain

present high impact scores. Among the smaller producers, Romania stands out for its

extremely high growth, while Denmark and Switzerland exhibit high impact scores.

Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water: Among countries with at least 800

papers (FRAC), China, the US, Portugal, Norway and Switzerland stand out. India is also

notable for its high specialisation score and output. Switzerland has the highest impact, while

Portugal and Norway score high in growth, specialisation and impact. Among countries with

smaller output, Lithuania also stands out in terms of growth, specialisation and impact.

Construction: Among countries with at least 400 papers (FRAC), China, the US, Spain,

Norway and the Republic of Korea stand out. China has by far the greatest output and shows

a very high specialisation score. The Republic of Korea and Spain are strong in terms of

growth, although the latter has a much higher impact score. Although its output is below the

400 threshold, Lithuania clearly stands out in this sector for growth, specialisation and

impact.

Cargo Handling and Storage: Among countries with at least 700 papers (FRAC), the US,

China, Greece, the Netherlands and Belgium stand out. China’s strengths are mostly related

to the size, growth and specialisation of its output. The others are specialised with an impact

above world level. Among smaller producers, Cyprus and Portugal are both specialised with

an impact clearly above world level.

Telecommunications: Among countries with at least 3,000 papers (FRAC), China, the US,

the republic of Korea, Germany and Italy stand out. China and the US stand far above all

other countries in terms of output. As in many other sectors, China exhibits high growth and

specialisation scores, but low impact, while the opposite applies to US. Among countries with

smaller output, Switzerland stands out for its high scientific impact.


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Services for Computer and Related Activities: Among countries with at least 2,300

papers (FRAC), the US, Israel, Austria, the Netherlands and Switzerland stand out. The US

has by far the largest output and is above the world level in terms of specialisation. Austria is

strong in terms of growth, while the three other countries show high scientific impact scores.

Among smaller countries, Luxembourg stands out for its growth and high level of

specialisation.

China and other upcoming global players (e.g., the Republic of Korea and India) stand out for the

size of their production as well as their growth in many of the selected economic sectors.

Established leaders in science (e.g., the US, Switzerland, the Netherlands) still make their mark

for their respective level of production although they often seem to be losing ground in terms of

their share of world output over time. On the other hand, traditional leaders often perform better

in terms of their scientific impact and propensity to collaborate internationally compared to China

and other emerging players. Note however, that China’s impact is increasing steadily over time.

For example, China’s ARC has risen from 0.51 in 1996 to 0.75 in 2008. The number of scientific

subfields in which its impact is clearly above world level also increased over time as measured

with Scopus which appears to underestimate China’s impact due, at least in part, to the inclusion

of Chinese journals of low international visibility as well as due to an incomplete coverage of

Chinese references. In fact, based on a data source which focuses on scientific literature

published in international journals, China is approaching the world level of impact (i.e., 1.0) in

the sciences in general and closing the gap with some established leaders (data not shown).

Thus, China may eventually place among scientific leaders in terms of the impact/influence of its

overall research published in international journals. Within the ERA, several Eastern European

countries show a pattern similar to that of China although their output size is much smaller.

Among them, Romania stands out for having an appreciable output size combined with a strong

growth in many economic sectors.

Regional-Level Scientific Production Profiles and Collaboration Patterns

FP7 thematic priorities (grouped): Combining performance according to the size of

output (FRAC), the growth index (GI), the growth index of the co-publications (GI [Co-pub])

and collaboration index (CI) in the FP7 thematic priorities (grouped), the leading region

overall is Île-de France. Completing the top 10 are Inner London, Cataluña, Lombardia, Zuid-

Holland, Comunidad de Madrid, Noord-Holland, Lazio, Utrecht and Oberbayern. The

Netherlands has three regions in the top 10, Spain and Italy each have two and France,

Germany and the UK are each represented by one region. Considering the collaboration

index only, the Netherlands stands out with four regions in the top five for their propensity to

collaborate given the size of their output: Utrecht, Noord-Holland and Gelderland. In terms of

growth of co-publications over the last eight years (2004 to 2011), Spain is important with

three regions in the top five, namely Cataluña, Comunidad de Valencia and Andalucía.

Although its collaboration index is still low, Spain is likely to become an important player in

terms of collaboration in the years to come.

Overall in Scopus: Considering the size of output (FRAC), the growth index (GI), the

growth index of the co-publications (GI [Co-pub]) and collaboration index (CI) in Scopus

together, the leading region overall is Île-de France. Completing the top 10 are Inner

London, Cataluña, Comunidad de Madrid, Oberbayern, Lombardia, Lazio, Zuid-Holland,

Rhône-Alpes and Karlsruhe. France, Spain, Germany and Italy each have two regions in the

top 10. The Netherlands and the UK each have one. Looking at the collaboration index only,

the Netherlands again stands out with three regions in the top five (Utrecht, Noord-Holland

and Gelderland), along with Italy (Veneto) and France (Rhône-Alpes). In terms of growth of

co-publications, Spain and Turkey have two regions in the top five and Ireland has one.


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Economic sectors (grouped): Considering the performance of regions in NACE economic

sectors (grouped) according to size of output (FRAC), the growth index (GI), the growth

index of the co-publications (GI [Co-pub]) and collaboration index (CI) altogether, the

leading region overall is again Île-de France. Cataluña, Oberbayern, Comunidad de Madrid,

Rhône-Alpes, Lombardia, Karlsruhe, Veneto, Berlin and Inner London complete the top 10.

Germany has three regions in the top 10. France, Spain and Italy have two regions each and

the UK is represented by one. Considering the collaboration index only, the Netherlands

again stands out with the same three regions in the top five as for the FP7 thematic priorities

and Scopus. Completing the selection are regions from Italy (Veneto) and France (Provence-

Alpes-Côte d’Azur). In terms of growth of co-publications, Spain and Turkey have two

regions in the top five and Ireland has one.


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6 METHODS

The bibliometric indicators in this report were produced using the Scopus database (Elsevier).

Science-Metrix hosts an in-house version of Scopus in the form of an SQL-relational database and

is licensed to use this database to produce bibliometric data and reports. Science-Metrix has

carefully conditioned the database for the purpose of producing large-scale comparative

bibliometric analyses.

Science-Metrix has also built a journal-based, mutually-exclusive classification scheme (i.e.,

taxonomy) to delineate the main fields and subfields of science.3 Moreover, subfields (and, where

necessary, journals) were matched to 17 FP7 thematic priorities and 22 industrial sectors (i.e.,

NACE). Documentation outlining the procedures used to develop the taxonomy and for the

matching have been previously provided to and approved by the DG Research.

6.1 BIBLIOMETRIC INDICATORS

In producing bibliometric data, only documents published in refereed scientific journals (i.e.,

articles and reviews) are retained, as these documents have been reviewed by peers prior to

being accepted for publication. The peer-review process ensures that the research is of good

quality and constitutes an original contribution to scientific knowledge. In the context of

bibliometrics, these documents are collectively referred to as “publications”.

Bibliometric indicators were calculated using either full counting (i.e., each paper was counted

once for each entity listed in the address field) or fractional counting (i.e., each author/entity is

attributed a fraction of the paper, so that the total across entities adds up to the total number of

papers), as specified.

Number of publications: Number of peer-reviewed scientific publications written by authors

located in a given geographical or organisational entity (e.g., the world, a country, a NUTS2

region, a university, an RPO or a company). Both full and fractional (at the level of author

addresses and FP7 thematic priorities) counting are used.

Growth index (GI): the GI represents the ratio in the output of a given entity (e.g., a

country or a NUTS2 region) between the first and second half of the study period. In other

words, the GI is a measure of the increase in the number of publications or co-publications in

a particular field obtained using fractional counting of publications. In order to obtain a more

accurate indicator, we use the last eight years of the actual study period for the calculation of

the GI, as older data in Scopus are often incomplete. In this report, the GI is calculated

considering the years 2004 to 2011.

GI = (Xb/Xa)

Where:

Xa = Publications from entity X in a given research area (e.g., papers by France in Health)

published between 2004 and 2007; and

Xb = Publications from entity X in a given research area published between 2008 and 2011.

3 This classification is publicly available on Science-Metrix’ website.


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A GI value above 1 means that a given entity experienced an increase in its output in this

research area during the second half of the study period compared to the first half; an index

value below 1 means the reverse. The GI value for a given entity can be compared to the GI

calculated for the world in this research area in order to ascertain whether the increase

experienced by the entity has kept pace with the world increase in this research area.

Specialisation Index (SI): The SI is an indicator of the research intensity of a given entity

(e.g., a country, a NUTS2 region or an institution) in a given research area (e.g., a field or

FP7 thematic priority), relative to the intensity of a reference entity (e.g., the world, or the

entire output as measured by the database) in the same research area. In other words, when

a country is specialised in a field, it places more emphasis on that field at the expense of

other research areas. Specialisation is therefore said to be a zero-sum game: the more an

entity specialises somewhere, the less it does elsewhere. The SI is formulated as follows:

Where:

XS = Publications (in fractional counting) from entity X in a given research area (e.g., papers

by Sweden in Biology);

XT = Publications (in fractional counting) from entity X in a reference set of papers (e.g., total

papers by Sweden);

NS = Publications (in fractional counting) from reference entity N in a given research area

(e.g., world papers in Biology);

NT = Publications (in fractional counting) from reference entity N in a reference set of papers

(e.g., total world papers).

An index value above 1 means that a given entity is specialised relative to the reference

entity, whereas an index value below 1 means the reverse.

Total number of citations: The total number of citations received by each publication is

counted from the year of publication plus a three-year citation window, unless otherwise

specified. The use of a fixed citation window is preferred over total citation counts, as it

corrects for differences in the age of publications. (Older papers have accumulated citations

over a longer period than recent ones, such that they tend to have higher citation counts.)

The use of a three-year citation window plus the publication year ensures that research

publications have reached their citation peak (i.e., the year in which they have received the

most citations), which usually occurs three to four years after publication. Thus, for papers

published in 2000, citations received in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 are counted.

Subsequently, the total number of citations for an aggregate (e.g., the world, a country, a

NUTS2 region, an institution) is obtained by totalling the number of citations of the

publications that were assigned to this aggregate. Citations are counted for the 2000–2008

period only since publications in 2009, 2010 and 2011 have incomplete citation windows.

Average of Relative Citations (ARC): The ARC is an indicator of the scientific impact of

papers produced by a given entity (e.g., the world, a country, a NUTS2 region, an institution)

relative to the world average (i.e., the expected number of citations). Because it is based on

the citations received by the actual publications of an entity, it is said to be a direct measure

of scientific impact. The number of citations received by each publication is counted for the

year in which it was published and for the three subsequent years. For papers published in

2000, for example, citations received in 2000, 2001, 2002 and 2003 are counted.

To account for different citation patterns across fields and subfields of science (e.g., there are

more citations in Biomedical Research than in Mathematics), each publication’s citation count


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is divided by the average citation count of all publications of the corresponding document

type (i.e., a review would be compared to other reviews, whereas an article would be

compared to other articles) that were published the same year in the same subfield to obtain

a Relative Citation count (RC). The ARC of a given entity is the average of the RCs of the

papers belonging to it. An ARC value above 1 means that a given entity is cited more

frequently than the world average, while a value below 1 means the reverse. The ARC is

computed for the 2000–2008 period only since publications in 2009, 2010 and 2011 have

incomplete citation windows.

Average of Relative Impact Factors (ARIF): The ARIF is a measure of the scientific

impact of publications produced by a given entity (e.g., the world, a country, a NUTS2 region,

an institution) based on the impact factors of the journals in which they were published. As

such, the ARIF is an indirect impact metric reflecting the scientific “quality” measured by the

average citation rate of the publication venue instead of the actual publications.

Thomson Reuters calculates an annual impact factor (IF) for each journal based on the

number of citations it received in the previous two years, relative to the number of

publications it published in the previous two years. Thus, each journal’s IF will vary from year

to year. The IF of a journal in 2007 is equal to the number of citations to articles published in

2006 (8) and 2005 (15) divided by the number of articles published in 2006 (15) and 2005

(23) (i.e., IF = numerator [23] / denominator [38] = 0.605). However, as pointed out by

Archambault (2009), this indicator carries the weight of history and of many choices that

were made a long time ago when their effect had not been studied thoroughly4. For example,

Moed and colleagues have described the effect of the observed asymmetry between the

numerator and denominator of the Thomson Reuters IF5:

ISI classifies documents into types. In calculating the nominator of the IF, ISI counts citations to all types of documents, while as citable documents in the denominator ISI includes as a standard only normal articles, notes and reviews. However, editorials, letters and several other types are cited rather frequently in a number of

journals. When they are cited, these types do contribute to the citation counts in the IF’s numerator, but are not included in the denominator. In a sense, the citations to

these documents are ‘for free’.

In this study, Science-Metrix therefore computes and uses a symmetric IF based on the

document types that are used throughout this entire project for producing bibliometric data.

The IF of publications is calculated by ascribing to them the IF of the journal in which they are

published, for the year in which they are published. Subsequently, to account for different

citation patterns across fields and subfields of science (e.g., there are more citations in

Biomedical Research than Mathematics), each publication’s IF is divided by the average IF of

all papers of the corresponding document type (i.e., a review would be compared to other

reviews, whereas an article would be compared to other articles) that were published the

same year in the same subfield to obtain a Relative Impact Factor (RIF). The ARIF of a given

entity is the average of its RIFs (i.e., if an institution has 100 publications, the ARIF is the

average of 100 RIFs, one per publication). When the ARIF is above 1, it means that an entity

scores better than the world average; when it is below 1, it means that on average, an entity

publishes in journals that are not cited as often as the world level.

4 Archambault É. and Larivière V. 2009. History of the journal impact factor: contingencies and

consequences. Scientometrics. 79(3).

5 Moed, H.F., Van Leeuwen, T.H.N., Reedijk, J. (1999). Towards appropriate indicators of journal impact. Scientometrics, 46: 575-589.


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Highly cited publications: The number of publications by an entity (e.g., the world, a

country, a NUTS2 region, an institution) in the 10% most-cited publications in the database is

determined using the relative citation (RC) scores of publications computed using a three-

year citation window. (See above description of the ARC for the computation of RC scores.)

Because some publications are tied based on their RC scores, including all publications in the

database that have an RC score equal to or greater than the 10% threshold, this often leads

to the inclusion of slightly more than 10% of the database. To ensure that the proportion of

publications in the 10% most-cited publications in the database is exactly equal to 10% of the

database, publications tied at the threshold RC score are each given a fraction of the number

of remaining places within the top 10%. For example, if a database contains 100 publications

(i.e., the top 10% should contain 10 publications) and the 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th publications

all have the same RC score, they are each given a quarter of the remaining two places in the

top 10% (0.5 publications of the top 10% each). An institution whose publications rank

second and ninth would therefore have 1.5 publications in the top 10% using whole counting

(at the level of addresses). Both full and fractional counting of publications based on author

addresses were used in providing data to the Commission. (Here there can be fractions of

fractions if, for example, the publication in ninth place in the top 10% has been co-authored.)

However, in this report, only the top 10% based on full counting is presented. This indicator is

computed for the 2000–2008 period only since publications in 2009, 2010 and 2011 have

incomplete citation windows.

Number of co-publications: A co-publication is defined as a publication that was co-

authored by different authors. When counting the number of co-publications from a country in

which all co-authors are from the said country, the number of domestic (or national) co-

publications for this country is obtained. When counting the number of co-publications from a

country in which the co-authors are from at least two different countries, the number of

international co-publications for this country is obtained. It is also interesting to compute the

number of single-authored publications (no co-authorship) for a country. When counting the

number of co-publications from a NUTS2 region in which the co-authors are from at least two

different regions, the number of within-ERA co-publications for this NUTS2 region is obtained.

The collaborations of a NUTS2 region can be broken down by the regions in which the co-

authors are located to draw collaboration maps or aggregated to count the total number of

co-publications of a region with other regions within the ERA. Full counting is used.

Collaboration Index (CI): There is often a power law relationship between an entity’s (i.e.,

NUTS2 region or country) number of papers and its number of co-publications (or

collaborations). In cases where a power law relationship exists between two variables, it is

better to use scale-adjusted indicators instead of percentages to appropriately take into

account the relative size of entities being compared; percentages, like the percentage of

publications authored in collaboration, assume a linear relationship.6 When both indicators

are log transformed, power law relationships can be analysed using linear regression models.

Therefore, the approach used to compute the collaboration index consists in performing a log-

log linear regression analysis between the number of co-authored publications and the

number of publications at a specific aggregation level (e.g., countries) in order to estimate

the constants (a and k) of the power law relationship:

Expp (M) = a *(M^k)

6 Katz, J. S. (2000). Scale independent indicators and research assessment. Science and Public Policy, 27: 23–36.


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Where:

Expp = the expected number of co-authored papers of an entity (e.g., a country) based on

the regression model; and

M = the observed number of publications of the entity (e.g., country) being measured.

The log-log linear regression analysis is performed using reduced major axis (RMA) to

estimate the constants (a and k) of the regression model. The indicator is simply the ratio of

observed to expected co-authored publications. When the indicator is above 1, an entity

produces more publications in collaboration than expected based on the size of its scientific

production, while an index value below 1 means the reverse.

6.2 GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF DATA

Science-Metrix used several types of graphical representation to ease the visualisation and

interpretation of bibliometric data, including radar graphs and dashboards.

6.2.1 Radar Graphs

Radar graphs, also called positional analyses, are used by Science-Metrix to aid in the

interpretation of relative strengths and weaknesses of an entity (e.g., a country or an institution)

through the combination of several separate indicators in one graph. This graphical

representation logically combines three of the indicators described in Section 6.1: the horizontal

axis of this graph corresponds to the specialisation index (SI), and the vertical axis to the ARC.

In radar graphs, the data are transformed to obtain a symmetrical distribution of possible values

between -1 and +1, with zero representing the world level. The size of the bubbles is proportional

to the number of publications (fractional counting) produced by the country or institution; the

colours can be customised for example, to differentiate ERA countries from the US and/or Asian

countries.

6.2.2 Dashboards

Dashboard tables are used to present several indicators side-by-side, often in the form of

microcharts (i.e., small graphics inserted in the table). Dashboard tables allow for rapid

comparisons between entities, and/or for the easy interpretation of trends over time.

Note for this report’s dashboards: The number of publications is presented based on both full

(FULL) and fractional counting (FRAC). Publication trends, the GI for publications, the SI and the

percentage of papers in the top 10% most-cited publications are based on fractional counting of

publications. The ARC, the ARIF, the number of co-authored publications, co-publication trends,

the GI for co-publications and the CI are based on whole counting of publications and/or citations.

Citations were counted from the year of publication plus three years in computing the ARC. Thus,

the ARC and the percentage of publications in the top 10% most-cited publications cover the

2000-2008 period since publications in 2009, 2010 and 2011 have incomplete citation windows.

The GI, SI, ARC and ARIF are displayed with a colour code indicating whether the entity performs

above (green), near (white) or below (red) the world level. The colour intensity relates to the

level of deviation from the world level. The same colour code is used for the CI and the

percentage of publications in the top 10% most-cited publications. In the case of the CI, green

indicates that an entity co-authored more publications than expected given the size of its

scientific production, white indicates that it co-authored about as many publications as expected


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given the size of its scientific production and red indicates that it co-authored fewer publications

than expected given the size of its scientific production. In the case of the percentage of papers

in the 10% most-cited publications, green indicates that an entity has a greater proportion of its

publications among highly cited publications than expected (more than 10%), white that it has a

proportion of highly cited publications similar to that expected (i.e., about 10%) and red that it

has a smaller proportion of highly cited publications than expected (less than 10%). For both of

these indicators, the colour intensity relates to the level of deviation from the expected value.

Publication and co-publication trends are represented using micro-histograms (i.e., bar charts) in

the dashboard tables. Each bar in a micro-histogram represents the number of publications or co-

publications for a given year. The scale is not the same across micro-histograms (i.e., across

countries or NUTS2 regions). These trends do not include the years 2000 to 2003 because older

data in Scopus may be incomplete.

6.3 METHODS FOR MATCHING SCIENTIFIC SUBFIELDS TO FP7 THEMATIC

PRIORITIES

The classification scheme developed by Science-Metrix to classify the scientific papers indexed in

Scopus resulted in a three-level taxonomy of scientific journals. The first level contains six broad

scientific domains (i.e., Natural Sciences; Health Sciences; Applied Sciences; Arts, Humanities &

Social Sciences; and a general category). The second level contains 22 scientific fields and the

third level contains 176 scientific subfields.

The goal of this exercise is to determine the best possible aggregation scheme of research fields

and subfields in order to match the FP7 thematic priorities. In the context of this project, the FP7

thematic priorities are defined as follows:

1. Health

2a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries

2b. Biotechnology

3. Information and Communication Technologies

4a. Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies

4b. Materials (excluding Nanotechnologies)

4c. New Production Technologies

4d. Construction and Construction Technologies

5. Energy

6. Environment (including Climate Change);

7a. Aeronautics

7b. Automobiles

7c. Other Transport Technologies

8a. Socio-Economic Sciences

8b. Humanities

9. Space

10. Security

It was expected by the Commission that the matching would be a direct association between

research fields and thematic priorities. However, the classification at the 22 fields’ level does not

offer enough granularity and thus a match solely based on fields would be highly imperfect. When

the match at the field level did not yield meaningful results, subfields were used instead.


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The match has been prepared essentially by using expert judgment supported by relevant

statistics. The first step was to delineate the breadth of each thematic priority by reading the

Work Programmes7 for all themes. The documents were also used to extract keywords relevant

to each thematic priority. These keywords were then used to perform keywords-in-title, in-

abstract and in-author keywords searches in Scopus to retrieve scientific publications of relevance

to each thematic priority. By measuring the Specialisation Index (SI) of the resulting datasets by

field and subfield of science, it was possible to identify the fields and subfields that were the most

relevant to each thematic priority.

In this case, the SI is an indicator of the concentration of a dataset in a given field (or subfield),

relative to the concentration in a reference dataset (i.e., the entire output as measured by the

database) for the same field (or subfield). In other words, when a dataset is specialised in a field,

it is more concentrated in that field at the expense of other research areas. The SI is formulated

as follows:

Where:

XS = Publications from dataset X in a given research area (e.g., papers associated to ICT

in Biology);

XT = Publications from entity X in a reference set of papers (e.g., total papers associated

to ICT);

NS = Publications from reference dataset N in a given research area (e.g., Scopus papers

in Biology);

NT = Publications from reference dataset N in a reference set of papers (e.g., total papers

in Scopus).

An index value above 1 means that a given dataset is specialised relative to the reference

dataset, whereas an index value below 1 means the reverse.

The matching was very straightforward and only few cases were less univocal. Table 25 presents

the resulting matching scheme between FP7 thematic priorities and the research classification of

Scopus scientific papers.

The resulting scheme matches one or more research field(s) and/or subfield(s) to each thematic

priority. All themes have been matched to at least one relevant field/subfield. No research field or

subfield has been matched with more than one theme except Aerospace & Aeronautics which has

been matched to both Space and Aeronautics. It is impossible to split Aerospace & Aeronautics in

two subfields even using a match that would be based on journals because many journals present

research on both Aerospace science and Aeronautics (e.g. Aircraft Engineering and Aerospace

Technology, Transactions of the Japan Society for Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Canadian

Aeronautics and Space Journal). However, it should be noted that this subfield includes

substantially more articles on Space science than on Aeronautics.

7 http://cordis.europa.eu/fp7/find-doc_en.html


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It should be noted that this solution contains missing links between thematic priorities and

scientific papers which are not classified under the suggested matching research field/subfield

(false negatives), and spurious links between thematic priorities and scientific papers which are

classified under the suggested match but which are not relevant to the theme. Nevertheless, our

extensive testing suggests this matching scheme is highly effective in linking the FP7 priorities

with scientific output (through bibliometric data).

Table LXXIV The matching scheme between FP7 priorities and the research classification

FP7 Thematic Priorities SM_Field SM_SubField

1. Health Biomedical Research All subfields

Clinical Medicine All subfields

Psychology & Cognitive Sciences All subfields

Public Health & Health Services All subfields

Engineering Biomedical Engineering

2a. Food, Agriculture and Fisheries Agriculture, Fisheries & Forestry All subfields

2b. Biotechnology Enabling & Strategic Technologies Biotechnology

Enabling & Strategic Technologies Bioinformatics

3. Information and Communication Technologies Information & Communication Technologies All subfields

4a.Nanosciences and Nanotechnologies Enabling & Strategic Technologies Nanoscience & Nanotechnology

4b. Materials (exluding nanotechnologies) Enabling & Strategic Technologies Materials

Chemistry Polymers

4c. New Production Technologies Engineering Industrial Engineering & Automation

Engineering Operations Research

4d. Construction and Construction Technologies Built Environment & Design All subfields

5. Energy Enabling & Strategic Technologies Energy

6. Environment (including Climate Change) Earth & Environmental Sciences All subfields

Engineering Environmental Engineering

Biology Ecology

7a. Aeronautics Engineering Aerospace & Aeronautics

7b. Automobiles Engineering Automobile Design & Engineering

7c. Other Transport Technologies Economics & Business Logistics & Transportation

Engineering Mechanical Engineering & Transports

Engineering Civil Engineering

8a. Socio-Economic Sciences Communication & Textual Studies Communication & Media Studies

Economics & Business All subfields except Logistics & Transportation

Social Sciences All subfields

8b. Humanities; Historical Studies All subfields

Communication & Textual Studies Languages & Linguistics

Communication & Textual Studies Literary Studies

Philosophy & Theology All subfields

Visual & Performing Arts All subfields

9. Space Engineering Aerospace & Aeronautics

10. Security. Enabling & Strategic Technologies Strategic, Defence & Security Studies Note: For a complete list of journals by field and subfield in Science-Metrix’ ontology of science, visit:

http://www.science-metrix.com/SM_Ontology_102.xls Source: Science-Metrix


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6.4 METHODS FOR MATCHING SCIENTIFIC SUBFIELDS TO ECONOMIC

SECTORS

6.4.1 General Approach for Matching Scientific Subfields to Economic Sectors

(NACE)

The final classification scheme developed by Science-Metrix to classify the scientific papers

indexed in Scopus resulted in a tri-level taxonomy of scientific journals. The first level contains six

broad scientific domains (i.e., Natural Sciences, Health Sciences, Applied Sciences, Arts &

Humanities, Economic & Social Sciences and a general category). The second level contains 22

scientific fields. The third level contains 176 scientific subfields. Using this classification, Science-

Metrix matched 28 economic sectors to the scientific output of greatest relevance to these

sectors’ industries based on the scientific subfields and, when required, the journals themselves.

Science-Metrix has learned from numerous previous exercises that linking academic disciplines

with economic sectors is a laborious process that can lead to somewhat unsatisfying results, as

large segments of scientific activities do not have immediate commercial and social applications.

Nevertheless, the idea of linking indicators related to science with economic data is appealing. By

matching scientific disciplines to economic sectors, it will be possible to perform cross-cutting

analyses of scientific output versus other STI indicators, such as R&D investments. These

analyses could also help in the identification of the sectors that are the most efficient at

converting research into technological and commercial advantages and, conversely, those for

which research has been a key driver for economic development or for which economic

development may rely more strongly on research.

In order to link the subfields/journals to the 28 economic sectors, Science-Metrix identified the

basic knowledge that is of relevance to each sector. This was achieved by linking European

companies by industrial sector (NACE) to the scientific subfields/journals in which they are

specialised and/or with which they preferentially exchange knowledge. The first approach involves

the counting of companies’ scientific publications to allow for the computation of their

specialisation, whereas the second approach involves analysing the citation flows from companies

to scientific subfields/journals and vice versa. Many subfields will be matched to more than one

sector; however, this is not a concern, as different NACE sectors are known to benefit from the

same knowledge, especially in the manufacturing sector. By applying fractional counting of

publications (i.e., publications will be split up across the corresponding sectors) in addition to

whole counting, Science-Metrix will deal with this reality so that the sum of publications across

economic sectors will be equal to the total number of publications.

Section 6.4.2 presents the methods used to match economic sectors to scientific

subfields/journals. Section 6.4.3 presents the results of this matching procedure.

6.4.2 Methods for Matching Scientific Subfields to Economic Sectors (NACE)

The following methods section details the approach used to match scientific subfields to 28

economic sectors. It first describes how the publication dataset for each sector was built and

subsequently defines the bibliometric indicators used in quantifying the scientific output of these

sectors and the approach used to match these sectors to specific subfields (or journals when

required) based on these indicators. Finally, it concludes with a brief overview of the main

limitations associated with this approach.


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Construction of Economic Sectors' Publication Datasets

To identify the scientific subfields (or journals) of greatest relevance to a given economic sector,

Science-Metrix analysed the scientific publications produced by that sector to highlight its main

relationships with the various scientific disciplines (or journals). This approach requires the

construction of a publication dataset for each economic sector. This was achieved by retrieving

the scientific publications authored by a sample of companies that are representative of the

economic sector of interest.

The 28 economic sectors to be matched are defined as follows by their aggregation of NACE Rev

1.1 codes:

Manufacture of Food Products and Beverages and Manufacture of Machinery for these

Products (NACE codes: 15 + 29.53);

Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and Manufacture of Machinery for these Products (17 +

29.54 + 51.41/2 + 51.83 + 52.41/2);

Reproduction of Recorded Media and Related Manufactured Goods (22.3 + 24.64/5);

Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and Manufacture of Paints, Varnishes and Similar Coatings

and Glues and Gelatines (24.1 + 24.3 + 24.62);

Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals (24.4);

Manufacture of Plastic Products (25.2);

Manufacture of Other Non-metallic Mineral Products (26);

Manufacture of General Purpose Machinery and Machine Tools (29.1 + 29.2 + 29.4);

Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry Machinery (29.3);

Manufacture of Weapons and Ammunition (29.6);

Manufacture of Domestic Appliances (29.7);

Manufacture of Office Machinery and Computers (30);

Manufacture of Electrical Motors, Generators and Transformers (31.1);

Manufacture of Electricity Distribution and Control Apparatus; Manufacture of Insulated Wire

and Cable; Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and Primary Batteries; Electricity,

Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply (31.2 + 31.3 + 31.4 + 40);

Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and Electric Lamps (31.5);

Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for Engines and Vehicles (31.61);

Manufacture of Electronic Valves and Tubes and Other Electronic Components (32.1);

Manufacture of Television and Radio Transmitters and Apparatus for Line Telephony and Line

Telegraphy as well as Television and Radio Receivers, Sound or Video Recording or

Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods (32.2 + 32.3);

Manufacture of Medical and Surgical Equipment (33.1);

Manufacture of Instruments and Appliances for Measuring, Checking, Testing, Navigating and

Other Purposes, Industrial Process Control Equipment and Optical Instruments and

Photographic Equipment (33.2 + 33.3 + 33.4);

Manufacture of Motor Vehicles, Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles and

their Engines (34.1 + 34.3);

Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft (35.3);

Recycling (37);

Collection, Purification and Distribution of Water (41 + 45. 24);

Construction (45 except 45.24);

Cargo Handling and Storage (63.1);

Telecommunications (64.2);

Services for Computers and Related Activities (72, with the exception of 72.5).

To identify companies that are representative of the above sectors, Science-Metrix retrieved the

names of companies classified under the corresponding NACE codes. This task was accomplished

using various online resources (i.e., company repositories such as Kompass and Mergent Online)


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that allow users to search for companies using classification codes of economic activities from

diverse systems (e.g., the North American Industry Classification System [NAICS], the Statistical

Classification of Economic Activities in the European Community [NACE]). In cases where only the

North American equivalent of NACE codes were searchable, a conversion table establishing the

concordances between 2002 NAICS US and NACE Rev. 1.1 was used.8

This approach led, for most of the 28 economic sectors, to the selection of a preliminary sample

of hundreds of companies. Since many companies (e.g., large conglomerates such as Siemens)

are classified in more than one economic sector due to the diversity of their activities, searching

for the publications of these companies would lead to the inclusion of a significant number of

irrelevant publications (publications erroneously matched to an economic sector, resulting in false

positives). Indeed, these are often the same companies that publish the most in scientific

literature. The lists of companies were therefore manually scanned to remove as many of these

companies as possible. Since this step is very time consuming, only fractions of these lists were

used (by, for example, focusing on active companies). Unfortunately, a very small proportion of

the remaining companies actually published articles in the scientific literature. In addition, these

companies are often smaller and publish a small number of papers. Therefore, the returns (in

terms of the number of retrieved publications) obtained from searching for the names of specific

companies in the address field of publications indexed in Scopus were, in many cases, rather

small.

To obtain publication datasets of adequate size and to ensure a proper representation of the

activities being undertaken within each economic sector, a complementary approach was used to

retrieve additional publications.9 A query was built to retrieve the names of a large number of

companies as they appear within the address field of publications in Scopus using the

abbreviations of many types of business entities (e.g., AG, Corp, Inc, Ltd, Plc, Pte, Pty and SpA,

to name a few) together with the names of large companies in America, Asia and Europe. The

resulting list was then used to extract the publications of companies active in the 28 economic

sectors by performing keyword searches in the names of these companies. Indeed, searching for

terms with a strong cognitive relation to a given economic sector enabled the publication dataset

to expand rapidly because the publications of the companies returned by the search were

incorporated. For example, searching for the term “food” within the names of companies allowed

a large number of companies to be identified that are representative of the sector for the

manufacture of food products and beverages and the manufacture of machinery for these

products (e.g., Clear Springs Foods Inc.).

An additional benefit of this approach is that it allowed the scientific output of large

conglomerates that have a diverse set of activities to be considered by using information on the

department/division of the conglomerate that produced the publication. For instance, many large

chemicals firms are active in the plastics sector and publish a substantial number of papers in

8 US Census Bureau. (Revised January 2004). Concordance table between 2002 NAICS US and NACE Rev. 1.1 codes: NAICS_to_NACE_Rev._1.1.xls. Retrieved November 3, 2010, from: http://www.census.gov/epcd/naics/concordances/#NACE

9 In some cases, only the complementary approach based on keyword searches was used since it was not efficient to search for the names of companies classified in a given economic sector. For instance, the sector on textiles was matched exclusively using the complementary approach, which yielded satisfactory results.


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Scopus. However, not all of these papers are relevant to the manufacture of plastic products,

given their diversified portfolios of activities. Searching for the term “plastics” in the addresses of

identified companies in the database allowed their relevant papers to be retrieved (e.g., full

address = Advanced Technology Development Department; Laboratory of Plastics; Asahi Kasei

Chemicals Corporation; Kawasaki-Ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 210-0863). Otherwise, the scientific

production of these companies, which often publish a substantial number of scientific articles,

would have been omitted.

Bibliometric Indicators

Two bibliometric indicators were produced to analyse the relevance of scientific subfields to

economic sectors, namely the Subfield Affinity Index (SAI) and the Specialisation Index (SI).

These indicators are defined below.

Subfield Affinity Index (SAI): This indicator has two components. The first computes the

probabilistic affinity of an economic sector, as defined by a sample of representative companies,

for a subfield (PAsecsub) based on citations received by the latter from the former (i.e., a given

economic sector citing a given subfield). The second computes the probabilistic affinity of a

subfield for an economic sector (PAsubsec) based on citations received by the latter from the

former (i.e., a given subfield citing a given economic sector).

The first component compares the observed number of citations received by a subfield from a

sector with the number expected, given the sector’s total number of references and the subfield’s

share of all citations received by all subfields. The first component is computed as follows:

where,

OCsecsub = Observed number of citations received by a subfield from a sector;

Rsec = Total number of references given by a sector;

Csub = Total number of citations received by a subfield;

N = Total number of subfields.

The second component compares the observed number of citations received by a sector from a

subfield with the number expected, given the sector’s total number of citations and the subfield’s

share of all references made by all subfields. The second component is computed as follows:

where,

OCsubsec = Observed number of citations received by a sector from a subfield;

Csec = Total number of citations received by a sector;

Rsub = Total number of references given by a subfield;

N = Total number of subfields.

For each component, an index value above 1 means that citations were in excess of their

expected number, whereas an index value below 1 means the opposite. The SAI is the product of


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these two components. As such, this indicator simultaneously measures the affinity of an

economic sector for a given subfield and vice versa based on an analysis of citation flows between

them. Therefore, it allows for the identification of scientific subfields with which an economic

sector preferentially exchanges knowledge. The greater the value of this indicator, the greater the

relevance of the subfield for the sector. This indicator can be computed in the same manner at

the level of journals instead of subfields.

Specialisation Index (SI): This is an indicator of the intensity of research of a given economic

sector, as defined by a sample of representative companies, in a given research area (i.e.,

subfield) relative to the intensity of the reference entity (e.g., the world, or the entire output as

measured by the database) in the same research area. In other words, when a sector is

specialised in a subfield (e.g. food science), it places more emphasis on that field at the expense

of other research areas. Specialisation is therefore said to be a zero-sum game; the more one

specialises somewhere, the less one does elsewhere. The SI is formulated as follows:

where,

XS = Papers from sector X in a given research area (e.g., NACE 15 & 29.53 in food science);

XT = Papers from entity X in a reference set of papers (e.g., NACE 15 & 29.53 in Scopus);

NS = Papers from the reference entity N in a given research area (e.g., world in food science);

NT = Papers from the reference entity N in a reference set of papers (e.g., world in Scopus).

An index value above 1 means that a given sector is specialised relative to the reference entity,

whereas an index value below 1 means the reverse. The greater the value of this indicator, the

greater the relevance of the subfield for the sector. This indicator can be computed in the same

manner at the level of journals instead of subfields.

Matching

The subfields of highest relevance to a given economic sector were then selected based on an

analysis of the SAI and SI of economic sectors by subfield. Using the product of these two

indicators, Science-Metrix sorted scientific subfields in descending order of likely relevance to a

given economic sector (see tables in the accompanying Excel databook). This approach assumes

that the subfields of highest relevance to an economic sector are those in which the sector is the

most specialised and those in which there is a preferential transfer of knowledge, through citation

flows, with the sector. Once scientific subfields were sorted in descending order of likely

relevance, Science-Metrix analysts selected those that offered the best matches to a given sector

based on an interpretation of the above indicators and on expert judgements taking into account

the cognitive relationships between that sector and scientific subfields. Utmost attention was paid

to the subject matter of these subfields to obtain, as much as possible, an adequate balance

between recall and precision, given the definitions of economic sectors and of scientific subfields.

These matches are presented in Section 6.4.3. In cases where the match did not appear specific

enough, matching was attempted at the level of scientific journals using the same approach.


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Limitations

It should be noted that the granularity at the level of subfields allowed for an appropriate, rather

than a perfect, match. Table LXXV presents the number of publications indexed in Scopus that

were matched to each of the 28 economic sectors for the last 12 years (2000–2011). The

coverage of the relevant literature provided by these matches is not comprehensive, as there are

many false negatives (i.e., relevant publications not retrieved by the matches), and their

importance relative to matched publications varies among economic sectors. Similarly, the

coverage provided by the matches is not considered to be highly precise, as there are many false

positives (i.e., irrelevant publications retrieved by the matches), and their importance relative to

matched publications varies among economic sectors. Therefore, bibliometric data by economic

sector should be interpreted with care, especially when trying to perform cross-cutting analyses

of scientific output versus other STI indicators, such as R&D investments. Great care should also

be taken in comparing an entity’s (e.g., a country’s, a region’s, an institution’s) output or

specialisation across economic sectors since some of them will be erroneously inflated or deflated

due to false negatives/positives.

It could be tempting to try to improve the balance between recall and precision by matching

journals instead of subfields to all 28 economic sectors (i.e., by increasing the level of

granularity). However, by using finer objects (i.e., journals or even keyword-based queries in the

titles, abstract and author keywords of publications in Scopus) to perform the matches, there was

a higher risk of creating various biases. For example, the sample of companies representing a

given sector will not publish in all relevant journals, nor will they exchange knowledge with all

relevant journals, as their output will have a limited size. Indeed, companies active in the

manufacture of food products and beverages and the manufacture of machinery for these

products will not be linked, through the SAI and SI, to all journals in the Food Science and

Nutrition and Dietetics subfields, even though they are relevant. By working at a higher

aggregation level, all journals in these subfields will be included. Biases can also occur with

keyword-based queries when an economic sector covers many segments of activities, as is the

case in this study. This will occur if companies in one of these segments are overrepresented

because they tend to be more active in publishing scientific articles or because they simply

outnumber companies in the other segments. In such cases, the selection of representative

keywords would be biased towards those companies that publish more or that are

overrepresented.


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Table LXXV Total number of publications (for the world in Scopus) within the scientific

literature of highest relevance to the selected economic sectors, 2000–2011

Economic sector by their aggregation of

NACE codesNumber of publications

15 & 29.53 167,311

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 48,925

22.3 & 24.64/5 1,484,068

24.1, 24.3 & 24.62 738,149

24.4 364,522

25.2 209,765

26 1,396,807

29.1, 29.2 & 29.4 531,967

29.3 963,404

29.6 1,246,365

29.7 573,890

30 40,095

31.1 625,137

31.2, 31.3, 31.4 & 40 510,269

31.5 1,111,039

31.61 271,912

32.1 160,611

32.2 & 32.3 1,227,718

33.1 391,755

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 1,158,650

34.1 & 34.3 58,350

35.3 135,335

37 226,430

41 & 45.24 467,951

45 except 45.24 139,822

63.1 114,875

64.2 796,192

72 except 72.5 313,442 Note: Refer to Section 6.4.2 for a definition of these sectors. The number of publications was obtained by whole

counting. Source: Calculated by Science-Metrix using Scopus

6.4.3 Results

The analysis of the SAI and SI revealed that the subfields of Food Science and Nutrition and

Dietetics are the most relevant to the manufacture of food products and beverages and to the

manufacture of machinery for these products (NACE 15 & 29.53, Table LXXVI). The following

three subfields based on the product of SAI and SI are also highly pertinent (i.e., Horticulture,

Dairy & Animal Science and Biotechnology). However, a significant portion of the scientific output

published in these subfields will not be pertinent to this sector. For instance, the Biotechnology

subfield will include research on the use of biotechnology in the food sector as well as research on

the use of biotechnology in diverse areas such as the Environmental sciences and the Health

sciences. If these sectors were to be matched with this sector, it would increase the recall of

relevant literature (i.e., reduce false negatives) while reducing the precision of the match (i.e.,


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increase false positives). It is believed that the best balance between recall and precision will be

reached by matching the first two subfields to this sector (Table LXXVI, subfields highlighted in

blue).

Table LXXVI Scientific subfields of highest relevance to the Manufacture of Food Products

and Beverages and to the Manufacture of Machinery for these Products

based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these

sectors (NACE 15 & 29.53)

Subfield SAI SI SAI * SI

Food Science 568.98 26.26 14,939

Nutrition & Dietetics 250.41 20.66 5,173

Horticulture 139.12 15.30 2,128

Dairy & Animal Science 55.19 6.44 355

Biotechnology 13.69 6.17 84 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the

accompanying Excel databook. Only the subfields highlighted in blue were matched to this economic sector. Source: Calculated by Science-Metrix using Scopus

There is only one case where the match did not appear specific enough: it was difficult to find

subfields that were specific to the manufacture and sale of textiles and to the manufacture of

machinery for these products. The two subfields of highest relevance to this sector are Polymers

and Agronomy & Agriculture (Table LXXVII). Obviously, these two subfields cover much more

than just research on textiles; as such, matching them to this sector would result in a very low

precision. The alternative approach using journals was therefore selected to perform the match.

The resulting match is presented in Table LXXVIII. Although the precision increased importantly,

the recall was reduced to some extent. This is why this approach was only used in this case,

where the level of precision would be inadequate. The matches for the remaining sectors are

presented in Table LXXIX through Table CIV.

Table LXXVII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and to

the Manufacture of Machinery for these Products based on an analysis of the

scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 17, 29.54,

51.41/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2)


Polymers 341.17 25.44 8,680

Agronomy & Agriculture 341.99 9.06 3,097 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the

accompanying Excel databook. Source: Calculated by Science-Metrix using Scopus


164

Table LXXVIII Scientific journals matched to the Manufacture and Sale of Textiles and to the

Manufacture of Machinery for these Products based on an analysis of the

scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 17, 29.54,

51.41/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2)

Journal Subfield SAI SI SAI * SI

Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding Dairy & Animal Science 4,897,489 2,958 14,488,858,152

Journal of Cotton Science Agronomy & Agriculture 3,110,455 770 2,395,652,641

Industria Textila Polymers 673,799 264 177,738,308

Fibers and Polymers Polymers 53,757 256 13,779,240

Journal of Textile Institute Polymers 85,837 158 13,593,868

Journal of Natural Fibers Polymers 44,090 180 7,925,267

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology Polymers 14,322 160 2,291,639

Tekstil Polymers 19,442 97 1,890,959

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe Polymers 10,393 168 1,748,592

Dyes and Pigments Organic Chemistry 5,654 120 677,177

Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology Polymers 7,655 70 536,828

Kobunshi Ronbunshu Polymers 3,256 142 461,048

Advanced Composite Materials Materials 3,831 110 421,748

Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu Chemical Engineering 5,303 55 290,484

Journal of Polymers and the Environment Polymers 1,743 89 154,665

Journal of Polymer Research Polymers 2,236 56 126,245

Cellulose Polymers 2,101 54 113,850

Journal of Polymer Science Part B Polymers 1,652 54 89,525

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology Polymers 508 53 27,090

Chemical Engineering Research & Design Chemical Engineering 539 41 21,932

Journal of Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics Polymers 741 28 20,398

Journal of Applied Polymer Science Polymers 687 29 19,686

Macromolecular Research Polymers 241 70 16,854

Research on Chemical Intermediates Chemical Physics 296 41 12,168

Fibre Chemistry Polymers 0 335 16

Textile Research Journal Polymers 0 329 9

Journal of Industrial Textiles Polymers 0 513 6

Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research Polymers 29,034 0 3

Sen'i Gakkaishi Polymers 0 95 3

Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management Marketing 7,531 0 1

KGK Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe Polymers 0 85 0

Textile Chemist and Colorist and American Dyestuff Reporter Polymers 0 1,671 0 Note: For a complete list of journals with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the

accompanying Excel databook. In this case, some journals with low SAI * SI values were included because they ranked high with respect to one of the two indicators and because they have a strong cognitive relation to this economic sector.

Source: Calculated by Science-Metrix using Scopus

Table LXXIX Scientific subfields matched to the Reproduction of Recorded Media and

Related Manufactured Goods based on an analysis of the scientific output of

companies active in these sectors (NACE 22.3, 24.64 & 24.65)


Software Engineering 412.99 13.09 5,406

Applied Physics 282.22 13.52 3,816

Computer Hardware & Architecture 70.32 6.30 443

Artificial Intelligence & Image Processing 60.95 5.76 351

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 64.38 4.26 275 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



165

Table LXXX Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Basic Chemicals and to

the Manufacture of Paints, Varnishes and Similar Coatings, and Glues and

Gelatines based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in

these sectors (NACE 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62)


Polymers 127.04 12.82 1,629

Toxicology 31.24 10.24 320

Physical Chemistry 43.66 7.10 310

Chemical Engineering 35.80 6.75 242

General Chemistry 69.44 2.62 182 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Pharmaceuticals based on

an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors

(NACE 24.4)


Medicinal & Biomolecular Chemistry 38.36 10.69 410

Pharmacology & Pharmacy 22.64 8.96 203 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Plastic Products based on

an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors

(NACE 25.2)


Polymers 1005.25 34.64 34,822 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Other Non-metallic

Products based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in

these sectors (NACE 26)

Subfield Subfield Affinity Index (SAI) Specialization Index (SI) SAI * SI

Building & construction 1074.78 19.78 21,262

Optoelectronics & Photonics 248.18 7.56 1,877

Applied Physics 93.25 7.48 697

Materials 92.67 6.96 645 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



166

Table LXXXIV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of General Purpose

Machinery and Machine Tools based on an analysis of the scientific output of

companies active in these sectors (NACE 29.1, 29.2 & 29.4)


Industrial Engineering & Automation 293.58 13.95 4,096

Design Practice & Management 304.47 10.58 3,221

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 214.65 10.57 2,268 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Agricultural and Forestry

Machinery (NACE 29.3)


Agronomy & Agriculture 1316.70 27.97 36,825

Design Practice & Management 364.45 7.65 2,787

Electrical & Electronic Engineering 209.51 2.64 553

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 74.33 5.92 440

Environmental Engineering 70.85 4.82 342

Industrial Engineering & Automation 92.77 3.48 323 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXVI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Weapons and

Ammunition (NACE 29.6)


Aerospace & Aeronautics 758.31 23.72 17,985


Geological & Geomatics Engineering 137.84 3.48 480

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 75.45 4.45 335

Astronomy & Astrophysics 64.80 4.46 289

Networking & Telecommunications 59.54 3.98 237 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXVII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Domestic Appliances

(NACE 29.7)


Electrical & Electronic Engineering 1972.33 13.27 26,169

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 944.59 15.11 14,274

Building & Construction 672.20 12.18 8,189

Acoustics 105.01 7.43 780 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



167

Table LXXXVIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Office Machinery and

Computers based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active

in these sectors (NACE 30)


Computer Hardware & Architecture 1342.04 35.78 48,019 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table LXXXIX Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electrical Motors,

Generators and Transformers based on an analysis of the scientific output of

companies active in these sectors (NACE 31.1)



Energy 841.01 16.19 13,614 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XC Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electricity Distribution

and Control Apparatus; the Manufacture of Insulated Wire and Cable; the

Manufacture of Accumulators, Primary Cells and primary batteries; and to

Electricity, Gas, Steam and Hot Water Supply based on an analysis of the

scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 31.2, 31.3, 31.4

& 40)


Energy 554.56 14.93 8,277

Civil Engineering 208.71 14.20 2,964 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XCI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Lighting Equipment and

Electric Lamps (NACE 31.5)



Building & Construction 160.77 13.94 2,242


Electrical & Electronic Engineering 156.52 5.28 827 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



168

Table XCII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electrical Equipment for

Engines and Vehicles (NACE 31.61)


Automobile Design & Engineering 831.08 38.16 31,715

Logistics & Transportation 1618.58 15.93 25,779

Electrical & Electronic Engineering 546.38 7.81 4,265 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XCIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Electronic Valves and

Tubes and Other Electronic Components based on an analysis of the

scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 32.1)



Computer Hardware & Architecture 830.89 24.44 20,307 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XCIV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Television and Radio

Transmitters and Apparatus for Line Telephony and Line Telegraphy as well

as of Television and Radio Receivers, Sound or Video Recording or

Reproducing Apparatus and Associated Goods (NACE 32.2 & 32.3)


Nace 32.2

Networking & Telecommunications 903.80 13.10 11,840

Nace 32.3


Networking & Telecommunications 97.81 4.58 448

Electrical & Electronic Engineering 130.93 3.18 416 Note: The matching procedure was performed for each of these two sectors (32.2 & 32.3) even though they overlap

(i.e., many companies are active in both sectors). Because the resulting matches overlapped as well, the matches were pooled to form a single and broader sector. The Automobile Design & Engineering subfield came out with a higher relevance score for 32.2. However, this is mostly due to a single journal which is specialised in telecommunications for vehicular applications. Consequently, it does not make sense to match this subfield in its entirety to this economic sector. For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the accompanying Excel databook.


Table XCV Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Medical and Surgical

Equipment based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active

in these sectors (NACE 33.1)


Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging 1198.55 31.64 37,920

Biomedical Engineering 51.65 14.34 741 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



169

Table XCVI Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Instruments and

Appliances for Measuring, Checking, Testing, Navigating and Other

Purposes, and to Industrial Process Control Equipment and Optical

Instruments and Photographic Equipment based on an analysis of the

scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 33.2, 33.3 &

33.4)


Microscopy 77.83 22.55 1,755

Bioinformatics 62.62 5.71 357

Optoelectronics & Photonics 32.17 8.21 264

Optics 39.69 6.63 263

Analytical Chemistry 17.68 6.86 121

Networking & Telecommunications 14.60 5.77 84 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XCVII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Motor Vehicles and to the

Manufacture of Parts and Accessories for Motor Vehicles and their Engines


sectors (NACE 34.1 & 34.3)


Automobile Design & Engineering 3696.57 113.03 417,818

Design Practice & Management 1223.49 23.22 28,406 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XCVIII Scientific subfields matched to the Manufacture of Aircraft and Spacecraft


sectors (NACE 35.3)


Aerospace & Aeronautics 5042.74 67.14 338,550

Design Practice & Management 700.91 13.35 9,360 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table XCIX Scientific subfields matched to Recycling based on an analysis of the scientific

output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 37)


Environmental Sciences 988.60 27.61 27,294

Environmental Engineering 1588.42 13.70 21,761 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



170

Table C Scientific subfields matched to the Collection, Purification and Distribution

of Water based on an analysis of the scientific output of companies active in

these sectors (NACE 41 & 45.24)


Environmental Engineering 3293.68 58.23 191,802

Chemical Engineering 252.16 15.63 3,942

Environmental Sciences 239.61 11.46 2,747

Civil Engineering 126.78 15.02 1,904 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table CI Scientific subfields matched to Construction based on an analysis of the

scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 45 except

45.24)


Civil Engineering 17428.14 73.34 1,278,109

Building & construction 21923.31 52.93 1,160,373 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table CII Scientific subfields matched to Cargo Handling and Storage based on an

analysis of the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE

63.1)


Operations Research 11272.15 46.43 523,383

Logistics & Transportation 2764.07 18.01 49,774 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the


Table CIII Scientific subfields matched to Telecommunications based on an analysis of

the scientific output of companies active in these sectors (NACE 64.2)


Networking & Telecommunications 384.50 10.74 4,131


Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology 182.66 10.29 1,879 Note: The Automobile Design & Engineering subfield came out with a higher relevance score. However, this is

mostly due to a single journal which is specialised in telecommunications for vehicular applications. Consequently, it does not make sense to match this subfield in its entirety to this economic sector. For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the accompanying Excel databook.



171

Table CIV Scientific subfields matched to Services for Computers and Related Activities


sectors (NACE 72 except 72.5)


Software Engineering 3427.37 43.04 147,530

Computer Hardware & Architecture 1256.41 27.47 34,513

Computation Theory & Mathematics 1925.63 15.10 29,077

Human Factors 538.41 39.50 21,269

Information Systems 696.59 26.92 18,752

Distributed Computing 752.11 22.35 16,811 Note: For a complete list of subfields with their relevance score to this economic sector, please see the



172

6.4.4 Appendix

Table CIII List of economic sectors and their matched scientific subfields/journals

Economic sector by their aggregation of NACE codes Matched Scientific Subfields/Journals

15 & 29.53 Food Science

15 & 29.53 Nutrition & Dietetics

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Advanced Composite Materials

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Cellulose

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Chemical Engineering Research & Design

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Dyes and Pigments

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Fibers and Polymers

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Fibre Chemistry

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Industria Textila

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Applied Polymer Science

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Cotton Science

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Industrial Textiles

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Natural Fibers

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Non-New tonian Fluid Mechanics

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Polymer Research

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Polymer Science Part B

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Polymers and the Environment

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Journal of Textile Institute

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 KGK Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Kobunshi Ronbunshu

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Macromolecular Research

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Research on Chemical Intermediates

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Sen'i Gakkaishi

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Tekstil

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Textile Chemist and Colorist and American Dyestuff Reporter

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Textile Research Journal

17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2 Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding

22.3 & 24.64/5 Applied Physics

22.3 & 24.64/5 Artif icial Intelligence & Image Processing

22.3 & 24.64/5 Computer Hardw are & Architecture

22.3 & 24.64/5 Mechanical Engineering & Transports

22.3 & 24.64/5 Softw are Engineering

24.1, 24.3 & 24.62 Chemical Engineering

24.1, 24.3 & 24.62 General Chemistry

24.1, 24.3 & 24.62 Physical Chemistry

24.1, 24.3 & 24.62 Polymers

24.1, 24.3 & 24.62 Toxicology

24.4 Medicinal & Biomolecular Chemistry

24.4 Pharmacology & Pharmacy

25.2 Polymers

26 Applied Physics

26 Building & construction

26 Materials

26 Optoelectronics & Photonics

29.1, 29.2 & 29.4 Design Practice & Management

29.1, 29.2 & 29.4 Industrial Engineering & Automation

29.1, 29.2 & 29.4 Mechanical Engineering & Transports

29.3 Agronomy & Agriculture

29.3 Design Practice & Management

29.3 Electrical & Electronic Engineering

29.3 Environmental Engineering

29.3 Industrial Engineering & Automation

29.3 Mechanical Engineering & Transports

29.6 Aerospace & Aeronautics

29.6 Astronomy & Astrophysics

29.6 Geological & Geomatics Engineering

29.6 Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences

29.6 Netw orking & Telecommunications

29.6 Optoelectronics & Photonics

29.7 Acoustics

29.7 Building & Construction


29.7 Mechanical Engineering & Transports

30 Computer Hardw are & Architecture


31.1 Energy

31.2, 31.3, 31.4 & 40 Civil Engineering

31.2, 31.3, 31.4 & 40 Energy

31.5 Applied Physics

31.5 Building & Construction



31.61 Automobile Design & Engineering


31.61 Logistics & Transportation

32.1 Biomedical Engineering

32.1 Computer Hardw are & Architecture

32.2 & 32.3 Applied Physics

32.2 & 32.3 Electrical & Electronic Engineering

32.2 & 32.3 Netw orking & Telecommunications


33.1 Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 Analytical Chemistry

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 Bioinformatics

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 Microscopy

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 Netw orking & Telecommunications

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 Optics

33.2, 33.3 & 33.4 Optoelectronics & Photonics

34.1 & 34.3 Automobile Design & Engineering

34.1 & 34.3 Design Practice & Management

35.3 Aerospace & Aeronautics

35.3 Design Practice & Management

37 Environmental Engineering

37 Environmental Sciences

41 & 45.24 Chemical Engineering

41 & 45.24 Civil Engineering

41 & 45.24 Environmental Engineering

41 & 45.24 Environmental Sciences

45 except 45.24 Building & construction

45 except 45.24 Civil Engineering

63.1 Logistics & Transportation

63.1 Operations Research

64.2 Netw orking & Telecommunications


64.2 Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology

72 except 72.5 Computation Theory & Mathematics

72 except 72.5 Computer Hardw are & Architecture

72 except 72.5 Distributed Computing

72 except 72.5 Human Factors

72 except 72.5 Information Systems

72 except 72.5 Softw are Engineering Note: Refer to Section 2.1 for a definition of these sectors Source: Calculated by Science-Metrix using Scopus


173

Table CIV List of scientific subfields/journals and the economic sectors to which they

have been matched Matched Scientific Subfields/Journals Economic sector by their aggregation of NACE codes

Food Science 15 & 29.53

Nutrition & Dietetics 15 & 29.53

Advanced Composite Materials 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Cellulose 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Chemical Engineering Research & Design 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Dyes and Pigments 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Fibers and Polymers 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Fibre Chemistry 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Fibres & Textiles in Eastern Europe 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Indian Journal of Fibre and Textile Research 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Industria Textila 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Adhesion Science and Technology 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Applied Polymer Science 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Cotton Science 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Fashion Marketing and Management 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Industrial Textiles 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Natural Fibers 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Non-New tonian Fluid Mechanics 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Photopolymer Science and Technology 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Polymer Research 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Polymer Science Part B 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Polymers and the Environment 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Journal of Textile Institute 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Kagaku Kogaku Ronbunshu 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

KGK Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Kobunshi Ronbunshu 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Macromolecular Research 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Research on Chemical Intermediates 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Sen'i Gakkaishi 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Tekstil 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Textile Chemist and Colorist and American Dyestuff Reporter 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Textile Research Journal 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Wool Technology and Sheep Breeding 17 , 29.54, 51.42/2, 51.83 & 52.41/2

Applied Physics 22.3 & 24.64/5

Artif icial Intelligence & Image Processing 22.3 & 24.64/5

Computer Hardw are & Architecture 22.3 & 24.64/5

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 22.3 & 24.64/5

Softw are Engineering 22.3 & 24.64/5

Chemical Engineering 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62

General Chemistry 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62

Physical Chemistry 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62

Polymers 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62

Toxicology 24.1, 24.3 & 24.62

Medicinal & Biomolecular Chemistry 24.4

Pharmacology & Pharmacy 24.4

Polymers 25.2

Applied Physics 26

Building & construction 26

Materials 26

Optoelectronics & Photonics 26

Design Practice & Management 29.1, 29.2 & 29.4

Industrial Engineering & Automation 29.1, 29.2 & 29.4

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 29.1, 29.2 & 29.4

Agronomy & Agriculture 29.3

Design Practice & Management 29.3

Electrical & Electronic Engineering 29.3

Environmental Engineering 29.3

Industrial Engineering & Automation 29.3

Mechanical Engineering & Transports 29.3

Aerospace & Aeronautics 29.6

Astronomy & Astrophysics 29.6

Geological & Geomatics Engineering 29.6

Meteorology & Atmospheric Sciences 29.6

Netw orking & Telecommunications 29.6

Optoelectronics & Photonics 29.6

Acoustics 29.7

Building & Construction 29.7


Mechanical Engineering & Transports 29.7

Computer Hardw are & Architecture 30


Energy 31.1

Civil Engineering 31.2, 31.3, 31.4 & 40

Energy 31.2, 31.3, 31.4 & 40

Applied Physics 31.5

Building & Construction 31.5



Automobile Design & Engineering 31.61


Logistics & Transportation 31.61

Biomedical Engineering 32.1

Computer Hardw are & Architecture 32.1

Applied Physics 32.2 & 32.3

Electrical & Electronic Engineering 32.2 & 32.3

Netw orking & Telecommunications 32.2 & 32.3


Nuclear Medicine & Medical Imaging 33.1

Analytical Chemistry 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4

Bioinformatics 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4

Microscopy 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4

Netw orking & Telecommunications 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4

Optics 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4

Optoelectronics & Photonics 33.2, 33.3 & 33.4

Automobile Design & Engineering 34.1 & 34.3

Design Practice & Management 34.1 & 34.3

Aerospace & Aeronautics 35.3

Design Practice & Management 35.3

Environmental Engineering 37

Environmental Sciences 37

Chemical Engineering 41 & 45.24

Civil Engineering 41 & 45.24

Environmental Engineering 41 & 45.24

Environmental Sciences 41 & 45.24

Building & construction 45 except 45.24

Civil Engineering 45 except 45.24

Logistics & Transportation 63.1

Operations Research 63.1

Netw orking & Telecommunications 64.2


Speech-Language Pathology & Audiology 64.2

Computation Theory & Mathematics 72 except 72.5

Computer Hardw are & Architecture 72 except 72.5

Distributed Computing 72 except 72.5

Human Factors 72 except 72.5

Information Systems 72 except 72.5

Softw are Engineering 72 except 72.5 Note: Refer to Section 2.1 for a definition of these sectors Source: Calculated by Science-Metrix using Scopus


174

6.5 LIMITATIONS OF BIBLIOMETRICS IN THE SOCIAL SCIENCES AND

HUMANITIES

Several limitations should be noted in the context of the Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH).

First, compared to the Natural Sciences and Engineering (NSE) and the Health Sciences (HS), the

SSH produce a greater proportion of scientific publications that are not journal articles—especially

books. This phenomenon is even more pronounced in the Humanities, such that research in these

areas would best be examined using instruments that, compared to traditional bibliometrics, also

consider publications in—or as—books. When counting publications using citation databases (e.g.,

Scopus) as in this study, a greater portion of the scientific output is omitted in the SSH compared

to the NSE and HS. Indeed, journals of local interest, books and various publications that are

generally referred to as “grey literature” (such as in-house research reports), as well as most

conference and symposium proceedings, are not indexed in these databases. As a result, the size

of the scientific output of an entity in the SSH should not be compared to the size of its

production in other areas.

Another aspect requiring consideration when performing bibliometric analyses of the SSH is the

more local orientation of SSH research. Whereas the research questions identified in the NSE tend

to be universal, SSH research subjects are often more local in orientation/focus and, as a result,

the target readership is more often limited to a country or region. Consequently, SSH scholars

publish somewhat more frequently in a language other than in English—and in journals with a

national rather than international distribution—than do NSE researchers. Because the major

citation databases (e.g., WoS, Scopus) that are suitable to perform analysis of scientific impact

are somewhat biased in favour of scientific literature authored in English, the uninformed or

careless use of bibliometrics to benchmark SSH research can lead to erroneous conclusions.

The application of traditional bibliometrics to the SSH is problematic in the context of lateral

comparisons (e.g., Poland versus Spain) when the groups being compared differ in their mother

tongue and/or geographical location. Thus, the lateral comparisons performed in the SSH should

be interpreted cautiously. The authors refer readers to the following publication for a thorough

and comprehensive discussion of the limitations of bibliometrics in the context of the SSH:

Archambault, É. and Larivière V. (2010). The limits of bibliometrics for the analysis of the

Social Sciences and Humanities literature. In World Social Science Report: Knowledge

Divides, Chapter 7. Competing in the knowledge society (7.2 Assessment and evaluation

of research), Co-publication commissioned by UNESCO from the International Social

Science Council (ISSC), ISBN: 978-92-3-104131-0, pp. 251-254.

Archambault, É., Vignola-Gagné, É., Côté, G., Larivière, V., and Gingras, Y. (2006).

Benchmarking scientific output in the Social Sciences and Humanities: The limits of

existing databases. Scientometrics, 68(3): 329-342.

How to obtain EU publications

Free publications:• one copy:

via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu);• more than one copy or posters/maps:

from the European Union’s representations (http://ec.europa.eu/represent_en.htm); from the delegations in non-EU countries (http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/index_en.htm); by contacting the Europe Direct service (http://europa.eu/europedirect/index_en.htm) or calling 00 800 6 7 8 9 10 11 (freephone number from anywhere in the EU) (*). (*) The information given is free, as are most calls (though some operators, phone boxes or hotels may charge you).

Priced publications:• via EU Bookshop (http://bookshop.europa.eu).

Priced subscriptions:• via one of the sales agents of the Publications Office of the European Union

(http://publications.europa.eu/others/agents/index_en.htm).

European Commission

Country and Regional Scientific Production Profiles

Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union

2013 — i-xx, 174 pp — 21 x 29,7 cm

ISBN 978-92-79-33735-2doi:10.2777/45644

This report is part of a broader study aimed at characterising the scientific performance - including impact and collaboration patterns - of countries, regions, and research performers (such as universities, public research institutes, and companies) with an emphasis on the European Research Area (ERA). The analyses presented in the report rely on a series of indicators designed to take into account national and sector specificities. These indicators also allow for a comprehensive analysis of the evolution, interconnectivity, performance, and impact of national research and innovation systems in Europe. In measuring progress towards past and current objectives, this information aims to support the coherent development of research policies for the ERA.

The current report examines the production profiles and collaboration patterns of 42 countries and 50 NUTS2 regions over the past 12 years (2000–2011). The 42 countries comprise the EU-27, candidate EU countries, members of the EFTA and other countries of interest, such as established (e.g., the United States [US]) or upcoming global players (e.g., China). Selected NUTS2 regions include the 50 regions which published the highest number of peer-reviewed publications in this period. The analysis covers the 17 thematic priorities of the Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (FP7), 22 fields representing somewhat traditional scientific disciplines as well as 28 economic sectors based on the NACE (Nomenclature générale des activités économiques dans la Communauté européenne) classification.

Studies and reports

KI-01-13-674-EN-N

doi:10.2777/45644

Documents

Country and Regional Scientific Production Profilesec.europa.eu/.../pdf/scientific-production-profiles.pdfAnalytical Report 2.3.1, 2nd Annual Update Country and Regional Scientific