Nigeria, with a population of over 100 million people ( most populous country in Africa)

Known for exports of agricultural products including groundnut, palm oil, cocoa, cotton, beans, timber, and hides and skins

during the oil boom period of the seventies Nigeria made headlines with her oil wealth, as the country is richly endowed with oil and natural gas resources capable of financing a number of important projects to meet basic consumption and development needs

One of the most corrupt countries in the world:◦ succession of dictatorial regimes, disregard of human rights,

political instability and economic mismanagement Result:

◦ Stagnant economic growth and development potential◦ With a per capita income of $340 Nigeria now ranks amongst

the least developed countries in the World Bank league tables◦ The Nigerian higher education system, once regarded as the

best in sub-Saharan Africa, is in deep crisis◦ Health services are inadequate◦ Graduate unemployment is rising ◦ crime rate is rising

Definition of corruption-> misapplication of public resources to private ends

Supply determined (briber-initiated) model of corruption the size of the bribe, determined by the briber, is linked to the opportunity costs of time for the briber.

Demand determined (bribee-initiated) model of corruption, the public servant sets the price of corruption

Determinant of the size of the bribe; official may be influenced by a number of factors,◦ Imperfect information on the part of the briber,

family pressure, favouritism for a particular client and nepotism

Report of a Workshop for Civil Society Organisations involved in the fight against Corruption, organised by Zero Corruption Coalition, (ZCC) Lagos,

December 11-12, 2008

Poor pay incentive Poverty and Want•more than half of the population earn less than $300.00 per annum•“Onye agu-u ka onye ala njo” A hungry man is an angry man :a person is not ready to obey any ethics or code of conduct before satisfying his hungerCulture and acceptance of corruption by the population Culture of Gift-Givingwhen such a gift is meant to attract favour, the gift then becomes a means to an end and not an end in itself.

Enthronement of MediocrityNigerians(Under-qualified, unemployed)

connections with or are related to Nigerians in positions of authority for qualified candidates

Dual Loyalty and Patriotism of Nigerian Citizens:

Colonization by the British/ the social contract theory coming together various ethnic groups and different geo-political zones:

ethnic identity in Nigeria there is nothing wrong in embezzling federal government or state government funds (enrich themselves, their families, ethnic groups and the geo-political zone where they come from)

Colonial Mentality: inability / willingness to weld the British/local cultures together into one acceptable mode of behaviour

colonial mentality : warped mentality : "Olu Oyibo“ being in the service of the

European or foreigner or stranger copying or aping the cultural behaviours and practices of their foreign colonizers(dishonest, fraudulent, and deceitful service and interactions)

Corruption among Nigeria NGOs, CBO, IBO Practitioners, And Donor Agencies To Their Organizations :

do not care to audit their annual financial account …OR…look for Chartered Accountant-friends and relatives to audit the financial accounts of their organizations

Low deterrent- the punitive measures for corrupt practices need to be strengthened

Lack of access to public information. A lot of secrecy still pervades Government documents, and this underlies the need for the passage of the freedom of Information Bill presently before Nigeria’s National Assembly.

Insecurity of Informants

Corrupt Electoral system : Rigging of election and falsification of voters

registers ; examination malpractices; false identity of candidates; manhandling;invigilators; destruction of scripts by arson; alteration of exam results

Pre-Independence and the First Republic Gowon Administration Shagari Administration Buhari Administration Babangida Administration Abacha Administration

Azikiwe was the first major political figure investigated for questionable practices.

In western Nigeria, politician Adegoke Adelabu was investigated following charges of political corruption leveled against him by the opposition.

In the Northern region, against the backdrop of corruption allegations leveled against some native authority officials in Bornu.

Gowon Administration Shagari Administration

a corruption scandal surrounding the importation of cement engulfed his administration.

two major individuals from the middle belt of the country were accused of corruption.

the administration of Murtala Mohammed later went on and made reformist changes.

Mysterious fires. investigations into the

collapse of the defunct Johnson Mathey Bank of London.

a Rice shortage, led to accusations of corruption against the NPN government.

Buhari Administration Babangida Administration

In 1985, a cross section of political gladiators were convicted of different corrupt practices under the government of General Buhari.

The regime of general Babangida,actually is seen as the body that legalized corruption.

Abacha Administration

The death of the general Sani Abacha revealed the global nature of graft.

A Swiss banking commission report indicted Swiss banks.

In 2002, the case of Julius Makanjuola.

In 2003, the $214 million SAGEM/national ID card affair.

In May 2003, the improper payments case.

In 2003, the $180 million bribe.

President Olusegun Obasanjo: declared anti-corruption as focus of government

agenda proceeded to pass the Corrupt Practices and

other related Offences Act. established the Independent Corrupt

Practices and other Related Offences Commission (ICPC) in 2000

receive and investigate reports of corruption in appropriate cases prosecute the offenders examine, review and enforce the correction of

corruption prone systems and procedures of public bodies

educate and enlighten the public on and against corruption and related offences

In the first 3 years, received 942 petitions, about 400 of the petitions were under investigation, and 60 were at various stages of prosecution

After 4 years, the ICPC had failed to make any major convictions. Mustapha Akbania, chairman of the ICPC complaint ICPC was:

- underfunding- not empowered to investigate governors

The ICPC has prosecuted a number of prominent Nigerians:

Ghali Umar Na'Abba, speaker of the House of Representatives (2002)

Fabian Osuji, head of the Nigerian Federal Ministry of Education (2006)

Cornelius Adebayo, head of the Federal Ministries of Communication and Transportation (2007)

The ICPC also started to work with other organization:

The Association of Certified Anti-Money Laundering Specialists (ACAMS)

United Nations Committee on Anti-Corruption (UNCAC)

Transparency International the African Union (AU) Convention Against

Corruption

According to the latest Corruption Perception Index published by Transparency International:

Nigeria ranked 134/178Rank

Country

Index

2010 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003

134  Nigeria 2.4 2.7 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.6