Correlation between Laboratory Emission Measurement … · 1. Background 2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology 3. Correlation between PEMS and a Laboratory Emission Measurement

© 2015 HORIBA, Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ron Tandy Jr.Horiba Instruments, Inc.

Yoshinori Otsuki, Shintaro Aoki and Hiromi HaradaHORIBA, Ltd.

PEMS International Conference & WorkshopMarch 26, 2015

Correlation between Laboratory Emission Measurement System and HORIBA OBS-ONE for Gaseous and

Particulate Components


INDEX1. Background2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology3. Correlation between PEMS and a

Laboratory Emission Measurement System4. Conclusions





PEMS: A New Beginning…

Description 1980 1982 2003 2005 2014

ModelMEXA-1340AFMMEXA-1440AFM MEXA-1360AFM OBS-1000 series OBS-2000 series New OBS-ONE

Target Real world test Real world testReal world testenvironmental

modeling

US HDIU regulation

US / EU HDD, LDV regulation

Approvedregulations ― ― ―

CFR1065 Subpart J

(EU) No.582/2011

CFR1065 Subpart J

(EU) No.582/2011

Hardware

“HORIBA is a pioneer of PEMS”

300(w) 200(h)250(d)12v : 144VA

* Launching in 2015

GS PM*

4





330 470

350470 mm

EURO - 6c RDE US - 40 CFR 1065

FID

NDIRCLD

Controller

PEMS: Becoming more “Portable”

350 470 mm

Ni-MH Battery


PEMS: Evolution to Accurate Measurement WET based measurement for better performance

• Direct conversion to mass from exhaust flow without dry to wet correction• Faster response using HOT / WET measurement technique (no cooler)• More accurate real-world CO and CO2 measurement by Heated NDIR• Reliable / accurate NOX measurement by Dual Chemiluminescence (CLD)

Component Detection principle Advantage

NO, NOX Heated Dual-CLD • No dehumidifier (chiller) : fast response• Small size, low sample flow rate

NO2 (Calculated by Dual-CLD) No dehumidifier : no chiller loss of NO2

COHeated NDIR • No dehumidifier : fast response

• Integral H2O measurement for compensationCO2

THC Heated FID• Vacuum sampling for fast response• 190ºC for diesel THC measurement with no

HC hang-up• Compact design

PM Gravimetric filter method and DCS

• Good correlation with laboratory systems• Real-time PM measurement with high

sensitivity8


PEMS: Heated-NDIR

FTP-75 Phase 1 (Cold start) Lean burn gasoline vehicle

Real concentration at measuring point can be measured by H-NDIR

NDIR with chiller/dehumidifier cannot provide accurate dry to wet base correction during changing water conditions(e.g. Cold Start / Diesel / LNG / CNG)

Sample gas inlet

Light source Sample cell Chopper Solid filter Detector

H2O signalCO2 signalCO signalREF signal

Heated

05

1015

Conventional_NDIR(Dry) OBS_NDIR(Wet)

0 100 200 300 400 5000

50

100

time [s]

Velocity

Ve

hicl

e sp

eed

[km

/h]

CO

2[v

ol%

]

Heated-NDIR (H-NDIR)CO and CO2 signal are compensated

by H2O signal and optimized algorithm for more accurate measureament

9


PEMS: Heated Chemiluminescence (CLD)

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0Without

compensationWith

compensation

CO

2 +

H2O

que

nchi

ng [%

]

Item Feature

Reliability

Common legislative analyzer principle for NOX, providing accuracy at low concentration and good correlation with certification systems.

Heated sampling so no loss of NO2 (Chiller penetration) No interference by HC or H2O

Reduction insize & weight

Ambient air is used as O3 source. O2 bottle not required Differential vacuum sampling system

Low Quench The CLA signal is compensated by the CO2 and H2O concentration signals. The flow of O3 source air and sample flow is optimized.

DieselCO2 9vol%H2O 8vol%

-4

-3.5

-3

-2.5

-2

-1.5

-1

-0.5

0Without

compensationWith

compensation

CO

2 +

H2O

que

nchi

ng [%

]

GasolineCO2 13.4vol%H2O 12.6vol%

10


PEMS: Sampling Systems Optimized

Vacuum type sampling system for size reduction

P191 ˚C

Heated section

Heated Pump

FILTER

Sample in

Detector

– Heated pump is bigger than cold pump– More electrical power is required

P191 ˚C Non Heated Pump

FILTERPHeated section

Detector

Sample in

– Smaller size and lower power consumption of pump– Less heat insulation requiredSmaller instrument size and smaller battery due to lower

power consumption => Smaller size of total system11


PEMS: Advancements in Installations

Pitot flow tubes can now easily be mounted on Dual Exhaust vehicles.

Close Coupled Transducer modules

Improvements for Exhaust Flow• Faster pressure sensor response. = better measurement• New “Water guard” is added to prevent water influence• Colder weather specification (down to 20º F)

Installation Options!

Stackable Transducer modules

12


Verification of PEMS Equipment

1065 Verification checks, notification and reporting built in

(Quench, NOX converter, ARN, Linearity, etc.)Completely automated with optional cart

Interference check / heated

bubbler

Calibration Gas Controller

Gas Divider / Converter

Check

Power Supply


Health Check – Precautionary and Alarm

Analyzer Sensitivity MonitorHistory functionPrecaution before alarm occurs

THC Background MonitorHistory functionIndicator for THC Hangup

MaintainanceHour meter and reminderHealth of Analyzer (CLD/NDIR)Real-Time flow schematic


HORIBA-ONE - Common Platform

Test Cell (MEXA, CVS, QCL, Etc.)

OBS-ONE

Remote


Advanced Post-Processing


PM Sampling and Real-Time Mass Sensor

Exhaust pipe

P

mixer

47ºC

Dilution Air

Correlation Traceability Fast response

High sensitivity Real time measurement

Diffusion Charger Sensor(DCS)

Exhaust flow rate signal from pitot tube flowmeter used to control proportional sampling as certification method and calculate real time particle measurement

DCS is a real-time particle sensor, based on diffusion charge principle

DCS signal is calibrated to actual PM mass post-testing using the filter based method.

The use of the diffusion screens to eliminate PM mass over-reading during DPF regeneration

PM mass measured by filter using a portable exhaustflow rate proportional partial flow dilution system

Real time measurementGravimetric Method

This method is approved by EPA and also meets draft requirements of draft EURO VI test procedures

Filter

Bypass

Cyclone

17


• Filter is loaded during NTE events only– Both valid and invalid– Bypassed when not in NTE

• DCS real time data is collected over entire test

PM: Example NTE Test


Particle Number Counting - EU





The Target of OBS-ONE Correlation

To compare the mass emission of OBS-ONE with MEXA/CVS on a chassis dyno.

• Euro 6c (draft) regulation specifies the tolerance for PEMS validation.

Table 7: Permissible tolerances Parameter [Unit] Permissible tolerance Distance [km](1) ± 250 m of the laboratory reference THC(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CH4

(2) [mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NMHC(2) [mg/km] ± 20 mg/km or 20% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger PN(2) [#/km] to be specified CO [mg/km] ± 150 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger CO2

[g/km] ± 10 g/km or 10% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger NOx

[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger

21


Comparison to Laboratory Standard: THC

(Bag)

New European Drive Cycle




[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger Data provided by HORIBA Europe


Comparison to Laboratory Standard: NOX

(Bag)





[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger Data provided by HORIBA Europe


Comparison to Laboratory Standard: CO

(Bag)





[mg/km] ± 15 mg/km or 15% of the laboratory reference, whichever is larger

Reference (Bag) = 148.3 mg/kg

Draft Regulation states tolerance = ±150 mg/km, or 15%, whichever is greater (~300 mg/kg)

Measuring what is considered to be noise of PEMS CO detection, yet still within 6% of reference (Bag)

Data provided by HORIBA Europe


Comparison to Laboratory Standard: CO

4 repeated FTP cycles showed the same good correlation as well

Data from HORIBA, LTD. Japan

25


Comparison to Laboratory Standard: CO2



26


Comparison to Laboratory Standard: NOX



27


Comparison of Mass Emission of PM

Correlation between laboratory (partial flow system) and PM PEMS

Good agreement across wide range of PM emissions

Y=1.046x – 0.0042R2 = 0.9947

28


Proportionality of PM Sample Flow

Proportionality of the PEMS-PM sample flow to engine exhaust flow during FTP cycle

Fast response of flow controller was verified

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

Sam

ple

Flow

(L/m

in)

Exha

ust F

low

(L/m

in)

Time (s)

Exhaust FlowSample Flow

y = 0.0014x - 0.0013R² = 0.9971

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500

Sam

ple

Flow

(L/m

in)

Exhaust Flow (L/min)

Y=0.0014X -0.0013R2=0.9971

29


Flow measurement of OBS-ONE vs. CVS

HOT 505Exhaust flow measurement by PEMS (Pitot Flowmeter) and CVS (total flow - dilution air flow) showed good correlation.

y = 1.0295xR² = 0.9379

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

-0.5 0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

OBS

[m3/

min

]

CVS [m3/min]

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0 100 200 300 400 500

Flow

[m3/

min

]

Time [sec]

OBS m3/min CVS m3/min

Y=1.0295xR2= 0.9379

30





Conclusions

Recent advancements have allowed for great PEMS Improvements

Ease of PEMS InstallationSmaller sizeInstallation options; modular PEMS, dual exhaust/tube

More reliable and functional PEMS systemsHealth checks and tracking of regulatory checksAutomated regulatory verification/quality checksAdvanced software and post-processing

Better accuracy and correlation to the laboratory referenceDual CLD in PEMS – Lab StandardHot / Wet (NDIR/CLD/FID) No Dry-Wet calculation requiredReal-Time H2O interference compensation

32


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Documents

Correlation between Laboratory Emission Measurement … · 1. Background 2. Recent Advancements in PEMS Technology 3. Correlation between PEMS and a Laboratory Emission Measurement