Professor
of
Applied
ASSISTED
BY
JOHN
which
is
evident
in
that this book may
book,
in
which
nothing
work it
is to
take up the study
manual
outset.
some advice
regarding the
way in
used,
to
to the completeness of the book; to Professor
Bgleston,
of
the
School
of
to
Mr.
Caswell
for
Besides
the
addition
omission
has
entrusted
to
I
learned
to
forty
years
experi-
ence has taught that, with the aid of the methods
given
by
Platt-
which can
notably diminished
by abbrevia-
tions and
by the dry
and
other
substances
closed tube
63
3.
Examination
be
Decomposition
of
substances
by
97
II.
products
and
Osmium
. 372
Gold
275
Titanium
379
chlorine,
fusion on coal
metallic oxides that
are readily reduced
ent
371
e.
accessory constituent... 372
The
with
A.
Minerals,
etc.,
cobalt, nickel, and iron ; or else chemically
combined with
tellurium or
ides 411
and possi-
their salts
420
C.
A.
Assay for cobalt and nickel, and bismuth if necessary, in min-
erals,
etc.,
nickel
combined
with
but are
containing
cobalt
and
nickel,
with
431
C.
Assay
for
cobalt
 
can be suggested than
tion of
be briefly
ime
or
more common simple
for the
of
necessary,
while
operation
considered.
on coal, the student
they
xiii
condition
those
which
remain
dissolved
will
be
be
from
illustrate,
in
order,
the
different
testa.
the
coats,
flames,
etc.
9.
Test
for
sulphur.
coal in E.
phate,
Chemist,
Mines
of
Colum-
bia
University,
note:
Note.—
The
sabstances mast be
alloy. If an oxide, the
roasting,
S,
oi
treated on platinum wire, but
the
metal
the
flux ;
in
B.
only non-reducible
in
the wire.
n)l)alt solution, as the
p.
65
three
portions
or to distinguish between Pb and ceed as in A,
Bl,
p.
388.
a
a
black
bead
with 3.
Ph., disappear
;
flame
A. (See
note on
in
observe
the bead
or gold,
b*
reserring the rest for
Fe
when
on
platinum
wire
In
are
(A notable
amonnt of
in
/.
Treat the button c on Ch. in the O. P. until
all the lead, etc., is driven
ofiE
R.
F.,
p.
251.
For
Ag
and
Au
nnake
the
special
rarely
occur
together.
lest
for
S
Ch.
smelter
in
examining
ores
and
metal-
•Inrgical
products.
use of
cum frustulum
flame of
use
of
the
blowpipe
in
•chemical,
especially
be named
a German,
order
quickly testing
to
detect
their
constit-
uents
and to
fuse
with
the
blowpipe.
himself,
jiartly
Blovcpipe).
Plattner
completed
what
Harkort
through
his
pressure of
flame.
moisture.
be
be
most
distinctly
by
dred
millim.
bored to
other has
qualitative
assays
as
require
a
through
and blowpipes
are generally
Mitscherlich has
half that is
C,
the
whole
or German silver, can be put over this like case.
The cylinder
If
the
blowpipe
fixed in the opening,
month, either without
Upon
the
board,
1,
drawing.
The
female
screw,
few
very
well,
but
is
in which
the coloring
examination
is
to
lamp now used for
proposed
by
Berzelius.
The
cistern.
Fig.
7,
fifty
millim.
in
net-
support
over
a-
common
spirit-lamp,
color-
ing
of
burns at
as
large
as
an
ordinary
lamp
flame
by
nitions, etc.
home than
on a
sustained,
duced by
the muscles
of the
cheeks. The
which is forced
through the blowpipe
is
closed
by
so long
decreases,
air
a.
but
this
audible
fear of injury
a good flame
to
thia
a
is composed
of
of the
 
flame radiates
The
dark
cone
in
The
acid,
in that of a taper, but the fourth, scarcely illumi-
nating
perceived
flame,
and
the
ia
blowpipe
a
which are rich in carboniferous
particles, and
treated on coal a very strong blast should
not be used, or
Molybdic acid affords the best material for practice in producing
a
pure
to
blue flame,
oxidation, viz.,
a brown color
by
the
to try
to fuse
its axis corresponding
in
size
the
stronger
the
flame-
employed.
2.
reaches very little
to
visible
as
far
owing
to
the
unchanged
for
a
long
time.
bead, and the
protoxide, and the
prove
whether
oxides
metallic
in
and
accurate results
according
to
where, nor
Starch-paste, which
parts of
the
water
is
poured,
boiling
the
whole
briskly
stirred
with
a
paste.
To
prepare
blowpipe
thoroughly.
Fror^
tills
mass
will
are
cruci-
best
to
between glowing
beneath the
are
as
the mould
boxwood;
the
con-
structed
with
strewing
this pressed
the two projecting ends
pounds of silicic acid
them,
and
pressed
the
this, either
allowed
main part of
the mould, G,
exactly
b
and
c
fastened
fastened
mould C,
be
made,
and
hence
also
serves
as
moulding
into it, turning the
stamp a little at the same time on its axis and
then
drawing
it
ring
easily taken
is
then
ready
for
in
clay
cruci-
bles,
be
*
a
ring
above
the
flame.
of ash, it must
thick, are made in the following
way
^^s-
ao-
^mI
is
laid
the
first,
and
finally
the
although only
0.4
one
In
examining
coal
must
always
be
used
testing
state,
render
the
handle
n
thfl
substances with
saltpetre, that the spoon
dissolving the
the
spirit-lamp,
temper-
ature
by
access
then
inclined
required
thus be
easily recognized.
ployed
angle
a,
and
Fresh
 
I
J^^^
l
^^^^^^^H
^^S
^^WSm^^^M
I
Fig.
87.
other
at
as is
section
£
operation
the
paper
which is
cavities
are
formed
To
mould
a
crucible,
they
the fingers
with difficulty.
The moulding
those faces
very
driven in so far,
also
removes
the
superfluous
the
ring
from
below,
and
while
one half is held between the fingers of one hand and
the
other
with
succession
from
be
removed
in
a
perfect
capsules.
must not
with difficulty,
from
into
it,
well
when
using
finer ones remain for
another
beaker
and
allowed
to
settle with the coarse
a
filter,
so
flows
ofi",
kept in
tion can
be again
as
to
prevent
the
particles
of
ore
of both
vessel,
in a
millim.
long
small
cylin-
ders,
as
will
in quantitative
one part of elutri-
While
millim. long, moves on carnelian
plates, and all of
tongue
from
a
to
h
is
cords, including the
attached
to
and on
The two
larger pans,
side of which
by
a
fine
brush,
sary swinging
of the
to be used
diverge
156
millim.
fine forceps
between the
two convergent
being
held
vertically
ovar
it
to
avoid
any
scales
percent-
age
also be
used for
*£..
•
percentage of
silver directly,
the figures
lines can be
its use, by controlling
recommended,
occur
more
certain
results
the
apparatus;
Fig.
34,
prevent
the slide
moves
away
from
i,
reference
The interval
a corresponds
posi-
tions,
average
button should
difference. The
right
is
placed.
at n
slit
is
which the
the two
To
is
pushed
about
half
jaws,
f
g.
determine the
iufairval be-
any object,
known to
be exactly
above referred to, and we will here only remark that
theoretically
the
volume, and
G
them
together.
exam-
ined,
without
injuring
the
speci-
upper end. Both
exactly. The
B
E,
the
pestle,
plate with the
will
still finer in the agate mortar.
9. An
scratches,
edgea
assay to
be fused
a metallic
mould and
the
upper
part
cupel
may
a
of the
inside
milHm.
long,
twenty-two
miUim.
be
out too
and
shaped
Fig.
58,
thirty-five
millim.
long
and
seven
to
fits.
On
the
cylinder
are
of
and
seven
millim.
thick,
pressed
against
the
table
22.
Several
one
another.
Somewhat
larger
ones
smallest size, Fig.
one
hundred
and
fifty
millim.
long,
eighteen
suitably
trip, when
it is
necessary to
Motion or
shocks. A
of
holding
twenty-five
clay
crucibles,
and
pass
through
that when
ones may
the
others,
which
are
boxes and
are
igniting it
over a
cut out, and
enough
on coal,
the
sulphide
of
silver
formed,
a
and to promote
the
a
of the neutral
red
heat,
evolves
as
a
respect always
oxalate of
double
salt
crystallizes
from
chloride
of
sodium
blowpipe examinations.
use
in
wooden
boxes.
When
on
cooling
of
sodium
with
tered
and
and
the
fluid
salt
allowed
to
pered
bottle.
Use.
sufHcient.
The
method
of
is
kept
in
closed
bottle.
examination to
with
dilute
nitric
dry
all cases.
redness in the
then purified from
the adherent acid
size
are to
powdered
metallic
is broken and
sulphur is
convert the
metallic oxides
paper cut
litmus
employed.
same way
as with
is
separated
from
the
residue
by
filtration,
evaporated
and has
preserved
in
a
well-closed
bottle.
It
is
of carbon in
of
sodium)
color
the
outer
bisulpliate
of
potassa,
to
 
solphnric acid,
and, in
to
separate
dryness, and gradually
heating the dry mass to a strong red heat in a
dish.
It
with It^
but not scaly
and lamellar, for
burning a little of the
powder in a
:
volume
of
carbonate
admixture
of
quartz
thus
removed
with
the
alkali;
by
separated by filtration and thorough washing. The graphite which
remains is thoroughly dried and
kept for
quality answers
purpose.—Transl.]
Fnre, veiy finely-divided graphite serves well as an addition in roasting
gnhstancet-
to detect
phosphoric acid.
detect bismuth.
be
necessary amount
purpose
of
separating
gluoina,
lime,
magnesia,
powdered state
wet way.
It is
also added
and
reagent in the wet way for potassa, when occurring in
trifling quanti-
for
with
ammonia.
Molybdate
of
phosphorio
acid.
C>.
Ferrocyanide
of
potassium.—
in
fastened a
oxide of iron
niobic
acids,
use,
advantage
without
and
substance
of the
vola-
whether metallic
platinum wire,
partly to
reagents.
closed glass
is heated in
gently,
The most
;
on fire (glassy
which
liberated
Acid
salts,
the
acids
of
are generally
a
combination
of
alkalies
or
alkaline
in the substance.
and
gives
nothing
volatile,
the
above the assay,
but this results from a little sulphurous acid acting on the
glass.
/3.
The
co\di.-~3fetalUc
than
one
closed tube.
blowpipe, the tube being
this
roast-
distance; small, very volatile
best not to
y.
Arsenic.
contain so
for the most
IS
volatile
and
passes
as a
to
become
The combination
or
con-
tains
as well
bonrnonite,
the oxide,
the most
heating
of the tube with the blowpipe, and is thus distinguished
from that
produced by
latter
forming
a
metallic
mirror
lead,
chiefly
strongly heated melts
containing
sulphate,
which
cooling.
Chloride
of
can only
hot
and
pearl-gray
Sul-
phide
of
molybdenum
roasts
of the
clue to its
is tested
the B. F.
it
when
whether
It
Xostrand
Co.,
4 in. long, 1 in.
broad, and
paste
Molybdenum. Crystalline
marine
blue.
Also,
with
bismuth
flux
qu
iokly
about by heating it
the
E.
stopped, it
the
button
of the
in both
to
glowing,
the
coat
and
reoxidized.
yellow-
ish-white
in
thin
greatest
distance
on the glowing
during
with
oxide
rather
crystalline,
and
of
a
very
off, it
can be
tarnish.
I.
P.,
to
violet tinge.
the assay, yellow while
is
is covered with
metal
becomes
warm and
 
molyb-
; but
afterward,
sulphates, volatilize
and are
oxidized, giving
phate
thicker
colors the
both it and the
and
also fuses and
brown, and the
case of potassium
and
p.
14.
Among
is a slight
a bead
2. NatroliU, fusible in the
candle flame only in
fine splinteis.
are expressed
containing
appear
infusible,
really
transparent.
While
imparts
When
the
powdered
tested
in
the
platinum
forceps
with
ces the
which
is
produced
by
volatilizing
constituents.
There
a
fusing
special
To
difii-
eulty,
if
at
all.
metals
and
easily
reducible
oxides
distinctly the
than any
other body.
The assay
and if pulverized in the mortar
with
washing.
The
Should it
various
bodies
1. Yellow.—All
concealed,
concealed
of
copper,
acid, baryta,
molybdic and
flame,
viz.,
the green
minerals
containing
boracic
finely
pulverized
and
intensely gi*een
yellow again
or all the free
will
be
spe-
cially
described
under
boracic
acid,
p.
316.
S.
Tellurous
acid
flame green.
presence of
predominates
more
molyldenite
it at
that
with
be
tion, in consequence
expelled
by
succeeds. As
must be closely
the
distinct
light-blue
color,
p.
the
flame;
viz.,
annalergite,
on platinum
azure-blue for
first
a
greenish-blue
flame,
sulphur and most
or knife-blade
into a
thin layer,
on the coal, and
to low redness.
sulphurous
acid
the
sulphates
arsenic
is
with which
When
the
arsenical
odor
ceases the assay is once more ignited with a feeble 0. F., gener-
ally causing
and
the
F.
After
roasting
free from disseminated sulphates and arsenates, of may even,
if not
carefully enough
and
arsenides,
but
be
by
assay
acid. If the
in
;
the borax plays
hering
salt melted to a glass in the 0. F., repeating the operation
until
cold
removed
by
heating
off
and the firmness with which the wire is held in
the
hand.
The
while melted,
whether
bead
When treating
a substance
recognized.
When
the
glass
is
Acad,
of
and
nature
of
such
separations
JT>.f.
phenomena.
The
beads
should
that
the
color
wire
&i\d treated
is pinched
a
false
result
may
zinc,
indium,
cadmium,
unites into one
reducible
oxides
on
platinum
wire.
or cobalt
in
both
the
:
reference to
the Colors
I
to
violet.
Protoxide
of
Nickel
containing
Protoxide
of
to
light-green,
a.
Colorless
Beads.
saturated
becomes
black
by
flaming.
(With
a
short
blast.
,
,
,
, , ,
very
and imperfectly
the water
of crystallization
for
for S. Ph.
made
cloudy
S.'
the Colors
Bead.
a. Colorless Beads.
with difBculty).
FLAME, PEODUCB
J
when cold, brownish-red (blood-
after
saturated)
on coal and
lurous
Acid
charcoal.
to fuse
bead. When there
is no excess of soda, the silicate remains clear on cooling,
but the
also
the soda
the
drive
off
small portions, so as to
note
clearly
the
but con-
the mass, which has
 
or dark-brown spot of
Substances containing manganese, even in very
trifling quantity,
platinum foil
bluish-green
color
by
mercury to
is
powdered,
'mixed
the
yield
with
a
infusible,
with the
oxides.
The
spread the
the
separated
metal,
water
in
the
mortar,
and
will be
of
the
metal was
This
residue
Bhould
be
to the coal, for the
purpose of examination, they are
wiped from the mortar
there is
be
added
which is
by .adding
wise
with soda are, besides the noble metals
:
If
a
quite
fusible
button
is
always.ob-
tained,
When,
there is an oxide of
antimony or tin
and
antimony
or
and
cadmium
however,
also easily
be
more
readily
collected
a matrass,
it
the
always yields the best
nited
tin.
almost
always
appears
the
blue
of
alumina
is
dull
former also only appears with a high temperature, and it
is
therefore
the
other
strongly treated,
even to
quantity.
The
qualitative reagents will be
behavior
the
the com-
The
solution
is
then
for the
directed under
powder is boiled for some time with
the
acid,
ammonia
not decomposed, or
only with difficulty.
directed
for the various earths.
more highly
free
constituents,
treatment
of
the
fused
finely powdered
substance being mingled with soda and borax in the agate mortar,
the
whole
is
wrapped
blowpipe
in
a
cylindrical
hole
on the
alumina,
employed if the substance has been
found
free
from
easily
single button, and then about sixty
to
eighty
milligr.
of
silver,
in the
is formed
with
the
K. F.,
since
other-
The
fused
the
continued
with
a
An
assay
which
has been fused in the 0. F. is taken from the coal
when it
has solidified, and after cleaning it from any adherent coal
with the knife
difficult
presumed
that
has been
melted to
good
E.
F.,
and
made
another,
until
quite free
beside
it.
After
satis-
factorily accomplishing this the blast is stopped and the assay set
aside
an
cadmium,
volatile
metals
coal,
while
those
of
examinations
which
follow.
in the E. F. with soda and borax, are
: the oxides of
nium,
cobalt (in the absence of arsenic acid, or when the cobalt is
not present in too great quantity), iron,
manganese,
recognized before the
examinations.
After
finely
with
an
porcelain dish.
a
slender
glass
rod,
ble. The presence
if the
the
solution,
the
which
separates
acid,
simply
spoon.*
in a
of nitre
the whole
The
platiniini,
the wire.
the substance contains
be
poured
into the spoon at once, but at first only small portions, since
gases
spoon, and the
mixture is then
Only those
alloys can be fused with nitre in the spoon which
oxidize readily, and do not combine
with the platinum at the tem-
perature
to
metals
potassa
is
always
effected
in
fectly dried,
partially
;
held
deeper
in
frequently
becomes
been charged, and
haring
•everal
always
advisable
steel
mortar
quantity
by
weight
when
injured in detaching
dish of suitable capacity, pour over it the amount of
water necessary for
the
agate
bisulphate
with
must not'
titanic acid will
will
mass
scraped
the
dish
over
to
be
.further
treated
have
some
knowl-
alone
mineral,
the
com-
to a bead
of the
mineral.
A.
water
A1=0', 2SiO".
and Fe'O"
uncertain.
"Kammelsberg
sometimes
part
of
the
K'O
are
only escapes on strong
3
taining
Cr'O'.
Lepidomelane,
y3.
F.
Finite,
II,
tip of the
test will not
with perfect certainty.
the
the
of
In
clamp the cobalt
eye and
the flame,
in the tip
removed by
igniting the
will
the flame.*
through very
is
glass, while
orange-yellow.
compounds
nearly
of
colors the
ten
millim.
Soda
occurs
of
no
Cs
rare
min-
eral
poUuoite—
CsO,
0»
—
orooidolite, I-II,
0',
Lapis
titanates/
Wohlerite,
eudialyte,
forms
a
constituent,
by
heating
quite
a
small
portion
wire,
with
not
pure
that
with
considerable
lithia
on
platinum
:
in other
interest in
zone
of
but
foi
tion with other bodies.
by
Mn
and
a
little
Mg
0,
by
Na'
i.
replaced by K'
on
platinum
wire
or
different
when
visible.
Triphylite
in
which
lithia
predominates,
temperature
is
too
high.
it in tallow
still distinctly
Bunsen
to
Bunsen,
the
a
prism
stratum
the
eye
the
eye
this
the
color
imparted
is
containing
lithia
appears
through
somewhat
the
amount
of
predomi-
decreases perceptibly
absence
of
for one of
the
potassa.
using
a
Bunsen
The assay powder
and opposite to
4.
Ammonia,
Mascagnite,—(X H*)» S
in
Psilomelane,
barytiferous, \
Braunite,
ores dressed on
many smelting processes,
is
a
brown
platinum foil
cut
out,
adheres to the
becoming
quite
luminous
when
treated
for
a
strontia is
drying
sides. The
distilled
rod,
the
Even when the amount of
strontia
is
from
soda
less conceal the
its
behavior
it with
certainty in
therefore be
used in
detected. Upon
of
sulphuric
acid,
to
the
only
yellowish-
green,
it
fusible than in the
is to be
for
barytocelestite,
p.
114.
examination
of
silicates
gives
no
satisfactory
cipitate
h.
With
very strong light,
a
with hydrochloric
acid easily
flame, more
the coal
white light
acid, and
resulting
be separated and left on
the
ously decrepitated
the
flame
detect
dilute
hydro-
chloric
acid
on
p.
and colors the
0'
by Mn
a
little
H"
0.
I A,
O'
-I-
2
Mg
0,
Si
O',
isomorphous
mixtures
last
by
other
;
4 Ca
B=
0",
5
(Si,
frequent occurrence
lime in
soda,
cobalt solution it
forceps
it
fuses
colors the flame
vide also
and
when
supersaturated.
Treated
in
the
litmus
to
the
are
as
is enamel-white on
cooling and swells
up and becomes
and
crust, with
a salt
opaque when very
on cooling,
is
yel-
lowish
bead.
Lime
and
way,
and
each
tested
by
is
dissolved
in
dilute
c.
Glauberite,
containing
at incipient
nothing
a clear bead, opaque
on cooling. In the
In borax
which is
decomposed
with
soda
on
fuses
like
gypsum.
NITBATB
and when strongly heated
A
fully
soda swells
tests given
of sulphuric are
volumes of
with any traces
is infusible,
drochloric acid it
alkaline reaction.
and
reacts
gives
a
strong
mag-
by
feeble
BORATES.
much water,
and fuse
in the
and
S.
in cooling;
white,
crystalline
acid,
light-blue arsenic flame.
arsenical odor. In
and fuses
easily; the
detection of
glass, not color-
and soda
forming a
white coat,
in the
dark
brownish-red,
reddish-yellow clear
glass, which
more
the
bead
becomes
opaque
of
flamed
to
a
light
grayish-blue
enamel,
sometimes
with
with
some
effervescence
to
a
bead,
hot, but on
inclining
to
detect
opaque
slag;
opalescent
on
cooling,
p.
84.
3.
coal
to
after
converting
or a little
iron
and
The
lime
is
then
found
and
tested
B.
which
a
a little
which can
be driven
manganese
is
with the glass
diluted with wash-water,
clear,
while
clear,
phuric
eton; the
acid, the
powdered silicates
silica filtered
out after
as borate on add-
neither
green.
The
silicates
viz.,
Titanite,
guarinite,
combined
W9,ter.
The
yellow
variety
opalesces
on
cooling.
The
above
operations
should
cannot be made clear.
of
hydro-
to the filtrate, which
ammonia
to
precipitate
sesquioxide
E. F.,
lilse
titanite,
but
shows
 
and
p.
Hydrous
silicates
Serpentine
(picrolite,williamsite,bowenite,
chrysotile)
II-III,
1-2,
H"
0,
0^
Here belong also the
:
yields con-
color the
means
of
a
bead
of
S.
Ph.
containing
the
E.
F.
with
soda
a
ma.33
foil.
by
soda and
S. Ph.
do
d.
PicJceringite
mass
strongly
heated
The
magnesia
can
only
be
parts of a
potassa in
the magnesia
crumbles to pieces,
colors
the
flame
pale
bluish-green,
cobalt
solution
assumes
a
fine
silicic
acid
and
washing this
precipitated with
oxalic
as
will
be
directed
for
the
exami-
nation
siHca
to
p.
112,
with
soda
and
borax
hydro-
chloric
treated
with
water,
wid
the
residue
further
examined
as
no
water.
the matrass and
then behave like
matrass and yields
nearly white, crystalline
while
hot.
In
S.
Ph.
also
dissolves
made opaque
yielding with
lizable,
and
which
may
be
To
treated
as
for
hydrobnracite,
etc.,
p.
124.
Stassfurtite
with borax they
dissolve more oi
more.
when
strongly
satu-
rated,
when containing
iron a
magnesia can
only be
determined with
translucent and
by
though
distinctly,
on platinum
assumes
as directed
0°;
similar
are
evansite
and
peganite;
it
is
insoluble;
on
con-
densed
water
acid
is
I. Chiolite yields no water,
fuses
very
ALUMINA.
Corundum
no iron
mineral
assumes
0^
Fe°
0',
should
he
finely
pulverized in the steel mortar, to avoid silica from the agate
mortar,
S.
soda,
but
but frequently gives a soda or potassa
flame. With fluxes like aluminite, but the borax bead is frequently
yellow from iron.
Gives a fine
soluble in water,
solution
like
aluno-
gen.
e.
which
no
potassa
the
with soda and
tin
hecomei
opaque
dissolved
infusible, and with still
lazulite,
p.
134.
i.
Peganite
yields
water
twenty-eight
per
cent,
is divided
water and
With the
solution.
Fused
on
decomposed
by
above
for
of iron
acid detected
earths, after
less
yellow
on cooling. With
more soda
employed when the
from these
sili-
cate
silica
Alumina and sesquioxidc of
appears
as
sesqnioxide.
When
the
out, washed well with
dissolved,
the
for chromium, vide
ammoniacal
glass,
slightly
S.
aluminates has been
described
being
^
solu-
on coal,
imperfectly
decomposed;
the
assay
somewhat,
beryl. The precipitate
which
leaves
chromium. These are
AusfUhr.
S. Ph.
spreads out and
be
easily
Ph. to
a clear
glass; in
(tanta-
lates)
and
titanates
0',
Ce'
0',
and
FeO.
e.
With
silicic
Th
0',
Na'
0,
H'
0;
Muromontite,
with rather much
Both are infusible, glow brightly (the latter emitting
an intense
FLUORIDE OF CALCIUM WITH FLUOEIDES OF YTTEIUM
AND
is added
all of the flnorine and then all of
the
sulphate of lime
by
to examine this precipitate for alumina
or glucina it would require
to
of potassa, and if it contained sesquioxide
of iron
this would
twenty
four
dilute,
is
either
saturated
solution
of
sulphate
of
as
platinum
spoon.
During
ignition
it
oxidizes
to
eerie
oxide
and
igniting
the
precipitated with
To detect the yttria with certainty the
very finely
or in the platimim
of iron,
as
a
phos-
phoric
acid.
The
then
presence
of
tungsten.
The
bead, due to
Soda decomposes,
On
platinum
foil
yield
traces
glass
which
by flaming
slowly in
with
a
some metallic tin.
as
follows
In
the
matrass
B. B. fuses on the edges to a black glass.
With
borax
in
0.
F.
a
to
greenish-black
glass,
becoming
clear, emerald-green glass,
acid
in
the
matrass.
from
which
a
few
drops
five
vol-
in
each fusion.
It is
then pulverized
carbonate
the residue
in
case
a
with hot
of
zirconia
and
lanthanium
are
With
apparently
infusible, but the
the
much
If saturated the
gray, inclining
cannot be
foil
moistened with
washed and can
following
bases:
Ca
0,
Mg
0,
Al'
0',
Be
0,
Y'
0=,
Ce'
0",
La'
0=,
Fe'
0',
Mn
0,
3. To separate -these,
the
acid
0,
Mg
0,
of dilute hydrochloric
of
boiling. At first
hydrochloric
acid has
combination,
with
bases
and
acids
in
0,
Ca
0,
Mg
0,
Zr
0^
Fe'
0^
and
Mn
0,
each
is converted
a time, and the black
residue
in
the
ammoniacal
solution,
viz.,
Na"
0,
Ca
0,
Mg
0,
intense
reddish-yellow
flame.
borax
is
easily
dissolved
bead.
colorless
glass.
titanic acid
reaction is
produced. Is
filtering
out
the
drops of nitric
as
thoroughly
possible
by
splinters
become
fuses
easily
to
a
white
soluble in
hydrochloric acid
clear bead pulverized, treated with
hydrochloric acid, and very gently
evaporated nearly
is treated
any
protochloride
of
kingdom.
occurrence; it has been found in:
^schynite,
3,—
by
flaming.
The
glass
shows
;
are obtained.
yellowish
in
the
coal beside a
the
solution
with a few drops of nitric acid to peroxidize the iron,
a
slight
notice.
pure
thoria
by
ignition.
a
which is washed
the
directed yttria,
and
Mn
0,
cent of Si O'^
Di) and calcium
Including
tlie
The oxide of
evaporating
the
heating the
down with
of
other
coloring
metallic
yellow beads
strongly heated
little
gives the fluorine
becoming lighter on
some water
without changing
ically combined. B.
while
color while
Damour and
HitteriJe yields
some water
and is
Various
a
a black magnetic
so
light
coal before the
With
To detect
clear
glass.
In
dissolves
skeleton and in
the E. F.
foil shows
manganese. To
determine such
powder
water
and
The
oxalicacid,which
dissolves
out
Fe'
0'
drops of
Ph.,
vide
titanic
acid.
The
ad before,
following
combinations:
water
of
Ehodochrosite
(dialogite),
Huebnerite,
—Mn
0*,
with
0'
1.
Ca 0.
Stratopeite, neotocite,
in substances
S.
Ph.,
0.
disappeared
sufficient
on
a
in com-
pounds containing
more than
less than
soda to
0. 1 per cent,
of manganese this green
of manganese is more
distinctly
bluish-
green,
To obtain
on
manganate, since
and nitre
odor.*
Metallic
fusing
substant^e
yields
sulphurous
acid
edges.
b.
Hauerite
yields
and becomes
with
the
fluxes.
OXIDES
in the
groroilite,
when
heated
matrass.
They
oxide of
may be detected by
laying
them
on
platinum
solution may
then be
a
distinct
it sometimes colored green
on
coal evolves a
blue in R. F. In S. Ph.
only
bead
treated
vide
copper.
Is
strong manganese
reaction with
soda and
borax
bead
a
blue
color.
coal
with
wolframite
on coal
and moistened
with water,
in the fluxes with efiervescence, owing to escaping carbonic acid,
and
containing
Sussexite
behaves,
according
to
minerals, although sometimes
a.
Metallic,
as
Native
iron,
—Fe,
other atomic proportions
form
Lonchldite,
—Fe
S',
with
mixture
with a
called
Limonite {brown iron ore),
ironstone
(Hisenniere),
(Bohnerz);
Bog
ore
organic
and
earths.
MgO;
Jaoobsite,—
(Mn,
Mg)
cent,
;
0',
S
O'
0,
W
always
replaced
Mn
0.
varieties
so-called Eisenrose
0'
Sn
0%
and
Iron
is
C
and
a
little
S,
P,
Bears {Eisensauen), which sometimes
when
ores, owing
an admixture
of metallic
sulphides and
t. Combined with arsenic in the
various
speisses
produced
in
com-
being Pb S,
by the
pounds
of
metals,
or
finally
metals,
F.,
from
the
a
fresh
again
treated
excess,
imparts
a
compounds are
little of
as
'"*
gradually
dissolved
in
compounds,
containing only metals which do not color very intensely when
oxidized, the iron
green color is
from the
copper.
off,
p.
79,
and
out
and
platinum wire
the
E.
F.,
until
the easily
oxidizable, non-volatile
pleting the
the E.
the glass is
further treated with
of
copper
;
and cobalt together, as
possibly violet
in borax
the
glass
can
afterwards
sesquioxide
of
iron.
fact,
assumed.
In
such
cases the substance is mixed with three parts of nitre and
one of
chromate
of
color
ia
has been
are
present.
The
iron
as metal
the borax, indeed,
iron
color
the
fiubstance,
be
fused
with
dissolved
thrown
with
borax,
after
being
first
fused
for
substances
containing
arsenides,
like
pyrrhotite,
g.
v.
yields
a
little
sulphur
acid. Fuses in
reacts
with
for
iron
only.
Should
is
best
closed tube, then a little sulphide
of
then fuses
quietly to
a magnetic
ehidite in
the closed
On
a
magnetic
globule
without
producing
a
with
iron and
respective
oxides
react
yields
iron
reactions
be
rounded
on
the
reaction
oc
litmus-paper.
The
salts
converted
in its
oxide
of
iron
obtained by
adding ammonia,
and these
acid vapors
and becomes
brownish-yellow on
assay with
and
fuses
globule,
which
which have
an acid
the matrass.
S.
only
edges.
With
the
(Eammelsberg).
Beudantite.
bronze-color. B.
That
from
Horhausen
matrass
ia
touched
edges and colors
but in R,
saturated glass on
green
on
cooling,
reaction.
Por
the
S.
brownish-red color
titanium is
gives
a
Tantalite
from
Tammela,
as
well
acid, behaves
it
is
infusible.
Dissolves
slowly
in
by iron,
detected, and by a
to
dark-red
on
treated with tin on coaL
Also
R.
F.
With
S.
acid.
shows manganese, and
obtained,
which
with
S.
S,
Sb"
S',
form
be so much iron
by the odor.
bead becomes red
coal,
so
that
the
bead
shall
When there is
of
oxide
of
antimony
taneously
to
treat
the
oxide
jertainty.
In
treating
a
of
p.
184.
antimony, deposit near
of
globule,
sulphate of lead,
not
very
little
coal
and
of
very easy
very easy
Spathiopyrite
{safflorite)
contains
Co,
Fe,
(Cu),
As,
Co in
to
40.7
Co;
borax and
Cobalt must be oxidized
reduced
a
long
arsenide
before
the
cleansed
described
under
iron,
p.
183.
arsenic,
and
copper present
not
0. F.
removing
the
volatile.
with borax
be
blue
and
it,
the
by
adding
a
little
test-lea'd,
p.
81,
but
then
the
metallic
which
with
^^1^™^
borax
cobalt
of
cobalt
as
are. present,
if little
on platinum wire only
be
an
sometimes sulphurous acid. In
arsenate
a
Cohaltite
(glance
cobalt)
F.,
yielding
sulphur
E. P.,
some
and
forms
been combined partly
or entirely with
arsenic, the roasting
mineral also reacts
for copper with
the fluxes. (Dana.)
and
below
colors.
from
Schneeberg
in K.
the fluxes reacts only
On
coal
and
colors
the
cooling,
dark
is perceptible. With the fluxes,
shows
cobalt,
products.
Nickel
occurs
Horbaoliite,—4
Fe'' S'
Polydymite,—
E«
S' ;
E
Llnnseite, mde
with 38.5
Chrysolite
obtained from
either
in
the
lead,
and
copper
arsenides,
as
well
as
concen-
trate
way,
.slowly.
Fusible
alloys
containing
nickel
are
melted
for
platinum wire
ascertain
whether
sulphides, which sometimes
quantity, can be found by
the method
It
is
then
or quite opaque
the
bead
and
•collected
in
;
bead
only,
coloring
that
S.
antimonial
fumes,
without
quite
dantly
and
sometimes
bismuth
coat
metallic arsenic in the closed
tube
niccolite.
can generally
In
the
open
tube
Antimon-ArsennicTcelglanz
tube.
somewhat in volume,
a
magnetic
globule.
Polydymite
decrepitates
strongly
On
coal
fuses
to
copper
from
ACIDS.
Zaratite
at
100'^
efEervescence
hydrochloric
acid.
Annabergite
in
of
outer
flame
usually
with
dissolved
by
and
is
obtained
with
and
evolves
much
sulphur
dioxide.
products.
variety,
Zn
S,
or
some
Zn
0'
may
;
calamine.
con-
kreittouite and
dysluite (the
sometimes
the
Mohofen
and
zinc
distillation
in
the
condensers,
together
oxides
as
the
with
much
lead,
antimony,
but those
containing only
will also afford
ia
a
combination
volatilized
as
metal,
but
for detecting
a little
blowpipe
any
oxide
of
lead
similar
process
may
upon it,
however,
is
moist-
a
green
nearly
all
of
antimony
In
0.
F.
it
present.
With
soda
{vide silver).
color
and
generally
oxide
for iron. If
or with
a
cadmium
on coal with soda and borax and a gold or
silver
button;
which in
the
strongly
saturated
glass
on
in
silicates
zinc
WITH
ALUMINA.
Galmite
{auiomoliie)
is
unchanged
mentioned,
partly
products.
its volatility.
The
powdered substance should
be mixed with
is also volatilized
and its oxide
tube assumes
the
soda
but not quite
free from Fe;
Zorgite
with
to
65.1
per
and
Cu
Sb,
Kilbrickenite,—
Meneghinite,—
Pb C
more
or
less
some P'
¥';
;
variety—
in
commerce,
matt-like
products
these
products,
under
iron,
p.
182.
the
furnace;
and
arsenate
of
lead
antimony the
vide sulphide^
be recognized
azure-
blue
tinge
imparted
by
the coat, the latter
the
izes.
Combinations
on
coal,
separated, part
being combined
unites
to
a
iron
with
a
another
producing
a
adding vitrified boracic
oxide
and
button.
If
carefully
of
antimonial lead reduced by iron, yields
not only
to have a
wire
bead
in the
absence of
in
likewise
formed,
to
which
regard
must
P. on coal,
tilizes
p.
69.
except
the
assay
it
fumes,
dif-
fuses
a
strong
selenium
odor
or copper
reactions with
the fluxes.
mercury,
before
which
a
few
much soda it
open tube yield
B. B.
for
lead,
arsenic,
and
antimony,
globule;
dull
on
cooling.
tube
swells
trifling
button.
Alisoniie;
like
cuproplumbite.
NagyagiU,
vide
gold.—
This
mineral
to
clear
drops.
and
lead,
with
perhaps
dark-yellow.
Finally
only
a
lead
tested with
borax or
antimony with
sulphates of
lead and
of lead. With
oxide of copper
behares like cotunnite. On
Nadorite decrepitates
flame, and
is gentle.
The fused
is
the
assay.
If,
however,
the crystalline
of
copper
a clear mass,
greenish-white on cooling.)
Mimetite fuses on
a
P. gives
sesquioxide
of
chromium
and
reactions.
out and
yellowish glasses, becom-
is darker.
detected,
treating
the
lead
buttons,
acid,
the matrass yields some water. B. B. fuses, is par-
tially
reduced
to
lead,
surrounded
by
coat.
R. F. a
globules
made with pure,
On coal in 0. F. the
powder
oxide
tions,
pp.
0. F.
of bisulphate
a
dark
metallic
a
quantity,
in the wet
c
Examination
for
lead
treated with
button with boracic
when
Copper
lead
the
iron
on
and
be inferred
method given under lime.
Ge.
Cylindrite,—
(3
Pb
8
:
of tin in commerce, most of which not un fre-
quently contain
more or
and As, also occasionally
furnaces
when
smelting
but
crust of oxide.
carefully
the
quantitative
a
little
solution
after
the
residue
has
settled,
and
digesting
the
contained
tungsten.
The
acid
solution,
decanted,
the
residue
of
treatment
in
on coal.
in
can be immediately
the coat which it forms is concealed by the oxide
of tin.
Cassiterite is
and
nitre
often
a
of tan-
talic or
a slight reddish
On coal
it fuses
a white
coat of
oxide of
of
Pb
O,
which
in
O.
P.
creasing in
the
under
a.
The deposits on the sole of the furnace, treated on coal
with
borax
in
K,
under
iron,
p.
183.
Should
there
test the
tin
is
as given
is
proposed
to
reduce
in
Tetradymite.
1.
Free
from
part of
the Se
probably replaced
e. As
contain-
ing
Ehagite,—3 Bi"
Ca;
in
Montanite,—
Bi!"
0»,
Uttle
Fe'
0»,
obtained
E.
F.,
without
coloring
adjoining the bismuth
scraped
off,
dissolved
in
S.
Ph.
on
or nearly
similar
reaction,
freed from
on coal in 0.
coal,
until
**
**'
other
can
hardly
be
potassium iodide,
forms,
residue is
then treated
of
antimony
on
coal.
a
bluish-
green
The
sublimate
(S
and deposits
in the
flame pale
bismuth. On
to
bismuth.
In
S.
Ph.,
a
Eulytite
is
unaltered
in
the
closed
tube.
(According
to
Dana
decrepitates
sometimes
emits
an
arsenical
bismuth.
The
S.
Ph.
glass
shows
a distinct
F.
yields
a
trifling
;
and
; also
vogUte
Cu).
e.
With
silicic
quantity in
be
colors,
S.
Ph.
yields
decisive
results,
S.
Ph.
bead
in
K.
cooling
fluxes
show
yield green
containing
then
trifling
subli-
acid
greater distance (copper).
coal,
which
Ph. establishes
this supposition.
like
uraninite.
uranium with
the fluxes.
The S.
darker. In the forceps fuses
easily
Axttunite yields water and
slag. (Berzelius.)
button
is
At
a
cooling.
soda
remains black.
black, or
affords coats
from Fe and Pb;
Bornite
and Zn;
composition
 
Cu
Lautite,
—Cu
S, Sb'
silver
0',
+
the
Ehl
vari-
ety
contains
V^
0*
Chaloophyllite,—hydrous copper arsenate with
Al" 0=,
thjte from
0".
some Ag.
*'^'"
the resulting glass
color
depends
The
final
green
all
the
glass,
when
a
bit
of
F. alternately, until all the
sulphur is
metals,
acid on coal,
time beside
in the fluxes in 0. F. and then treated with
tin in
presence
of
much
becomes only
the roasted sub-
stance must be fused in R. F. on coal, with a mixture of soda, borax,
and test lead. The
imparted
a
blue,
quantity,
about
by testing
acids
are
also
bead
af-
forded
with
S.
Ph.
0.
F.
other
salts,
jjj
^jjg
undissolved
in
S.
Ph.
is the
as
button, while the
a
suboxide of copper in slags cannot be easily detected by
borax
and
conceal
the
It is therefore best to evaporate the finely powdered sub-
stance
the
with
a green tip. Should copper not he thus simply detected it
may be found
platinum wire,
when the
present.
h.
bright,
copper
evolve
a greenish-black,
shining enamel,
potassium,
which
and,
if
quickly
heated,
tube ; in the open
to
evolu-
on
cupelling the
copper with
Enargite decrepitates with some
fuses
to
to a globule
color
as-
sumed
by
strong
antimony
sublimate in the
of sulphide
of arsenic,
residue is
mirror
yellowish
while
hot,
neutral oxalate of
potassa, in a
matrass. Silver is
roasted
gives
iron
and
copper
reactions;
by
reduction
with
soda
yields
copper
reactions
with
the
fluxes,
and
metallic
iron
and
copper
arsenide in
a magnetic
rather
abundantly
and
with a green tip,
copper
and on
The coat
in
decrepi-
a
fragment
heated
glass
fluxes
little
phenomenon
is
repeated
founded
fused on coal
for
a perfectly round bead finally results,
which on
a
red
bly
from
to
a
copper
glass
fluxes,
fuses
to
a
bluish-green. On cooling
deflagration and
arseni-
cal
reduced,
of
Euchroite
the matrass,
scales. On
and fuses
to a
all the
slag in
by
adding
the
a
slight
the
forceps
fuses,
R.
mass, colors
intensely
green.
a.
Arquerite,—
Ag'=
Hg,
—
and iron.
mercuric
oxide.
e.
Combined
native
and
artificial
amalgams,
and should
metallic globules,
etc.
Selenide
of
If mixed with
soda, previously dried
platinum spoon, yields a
a
little
cinnabar,
be
recognized
on
coal.
The
same
in
certain
varieties
of
tetrahedrite,
Should
there
no
film
on heating,
chlorides of mercury
unaltered, when quickly
mercury.
i.
remain behind
and can
then be
tube, swells and fuses,
fragments reacts for iron and silica with fluxes.
The addition of
a
selenium
On coal it
Hepatic
cinnabar
affords
in
the
of
oinnabar,
evolves
a
the open
On,
and
Au.
b.
72.6 Ag;
Fe;
Petzite,
sylvanite,
calaverite,
=
and traces
of Tl.
of
silver,
with
sometimes
a
little
Fe
cent,
Miargyrite,—
Ag'
S,
Sb'
S',
with
36.9
Ag
and
and a little
per cent. Hg
Pb, Cu, and
copper,
in the
c.
As
of
cupellation,
viz.,
litharge,
abzug,
of
remains
with
the
silver
can
only
K. F., with soda,
of silver.
the
matrass
is fused in
a
button
surface.
When
these metals
may be
formed. After
metals, present as
sulphides
globule, which has
the
surface
is
with soda, or
gray, soft, but not
a silver
and
sometimes
In
the
and coats the coal
oxide of
behayes like sulphide
in 0. P., or reduced with soda, affords pure silrer.
Xanthoconite in the closed
In the open
reduction
Stromeyerite fuses very easily in the closed tube;
in open tube,
very
readily to a globule on coal and in 0. F. evolves only sulphurous
acid if
the
fluxes
reacts
strongly
for
gives
a
may
conceal
any
oxide
of zinc. Fused with borax in E. F. the metallic buttons
unite to a small
by
gold
foil).
In
open
tube,
of mer-
a
lemon-yellow
coat
is
finally
nor Bi, and
is gradually
on
coal
gives
warming it
sunlight,
it
soon
assumes
a
gray
quite
similarly
on
coal.
yellow.
According
to
bis-
showing silver by its red
color
over the spirit
easily
be
distinguished
from
tube. In this
silver may be deduced
and Cu;
Os, and
Iridosmine,
Os', with about
Eh,
obtained,
but
of
oxidizable
metals,
viz.,
iron
fine upon
point
of
is
fused
melted
glass,
bnt
still
for oxida-
the
Palladium.—
distinctly recognized
even in
the flame
of a
:
former.
Laurite
strongly of sulphurous
16. Gold,
in metallurgical
Ifati ve
gold, a combination of Au and Ag in indefinite and varying
pro-
36.G
Au
in
many
of
the
metallurgical
products
volatile at
silver amalgam,
amount
of
button is put into a
porcelain
added and
black
at
first
being
its
weight
of
gold,
the
button
be fused on
coal with borax
of
silver,
acid,
to unite the gold
in the gold
way will often
B. with
more diflS-
culty than
assay for
gold in
only observing
that, with
to a
globule, which
i'.
a
U-ad
is
obtained,
whicli
opalesces
borax,
unites
to
+
white
fumes,
which,
ter melts
the least trace
solidifies. The
is
malleable.
silver, but which cannot
with
coat
disappears
with concentrated
very easily
recognized from
and
soda,
vide
titanic
acid,
p.
82.*
earths
always
possible
titanium.
moderate quantities,
if it
be
obtained
K.
According to Eiley
the same
substance is fused
heated to boiling.
contained titanium
from
solution is not
not impart
to the
Examination
p.
154. A sufficient amount of the very finely powdered mineral
ia
ia
water,
either
and
zirconia,
treated
at
to
the
filter
with
both acids with sul-
dish and
a few
sapphire-blue,
and
retains
this
color
colorless), niobic
contain
tantalic
acid);
but
of
potassa is
but slightly
soluble in
The fused
more
filtered off,
to the presence of some
manga-
nese,
question
lation of lead
give
a
coating
on
coal,
a
lead that
If
the
antimony
bismuth
is
present,
filter.
When
antimony
is
inconsiderable,
the
combination
part containing the sublimate and heat
it in a test tube with solu-
tion of
bisulphate
form potassium sulphide, which is placed in a dish and
the
tartaric
acid
If antimony is present
an orange-red precipitate of
antimony will form. To
obtain enough sublimate the open tube should not be much in-
clined,
form antimonoso-antimonic
If
as
well
as
same
acid, which
is mixed
with sulphate
assay with
antimonate of
If the
when
the
assay
is
of
arsenic
and
of
compound
Bubstances
a
thin
coat
general
examination
for
lead,
p.
222.,
oxide
of
zinc,
oxide of
part entirely
a
lead driven
of
antimony
on
a
silver button is usually obtained when it is fused with
test lead, the
P. until all
coats
a
63.
fuses very easily and
the tube and escapes, or is
partly
deposited
On
cool.
In
the
open
tube
behaves
Cervantite
of
products.
Tungsten
occurs
in
smaD
it dissolves to a colorless or yellowish
glass,
which
in
E.
like
acid, if not in
or, in the presence of iron,
more or less red.
make'
a
and
partly
poured off
into another
tungstate of soda,
acid reac-
boiling.
In
this
operation especial care must be taken not to have the
solu-
concentrated,
because
the
by
nitric
acid,
at the
acids also in
all
so.
out
as
sulphide,
which
is
finely powdered and digested
the
tungstic
acid
as
a
whole is colored blue
color becomes
gradually darker.
examination of wolframite.
tin
is
added
fusing the mixture in 0.
F., as described
small,
a test
forms
kingdom
quantities
in
*
produced
in
refining
yields
assay is held as
it
however,
yellow
flakes,
which
aqueous
solu-
is formed can
spoon,
when
dry
B.
present
as
acid
separated
from
the
ammonium,
as
described
above.
23.
Vanadium,
V.
Its
;
clays
without
pro-
formed,
which,
when
color.
The
behavior
of
chromic
in
the-
or
S.
until all
the arsenic
are volatilized.
reaction. The
when concentrated, after
the
addition
way
also
yields
a
green
solution,
which,
how-
most
the 0.
thia
peculiarity,
heating.
Those
silicates
which
are
as
finely
as
i)0ssible,
mium
ai-e
manganates of the
lead, the
from
the
residue
before
chromic
a
thus
formed,
necessary to choose
to
evaporated
dissolved in water,
sesquioxide
of
on
a
filter,
washed,
and
as
posed by
Spinel
question contains
with
difficulty.
of
the
 
fuses
On
dark-red
mass.
Kdinmereritc
in
a
dirty
yellow
on the
various conditions,
nickel,
copper,
tion.
d.
As
arsenic
acid
in
oxide of
products
viz.
Rohstein,
peculiarity
with arsenous
Saxony,
yields
in the closed
by the inclosed
to do
presence of arsenic
but
if the amount is trifling the fumes are not always perceived,
and the
small
quantities
powder,
in
the
with water
solution is
to
boil-
ing.
Arsenate
of
ammonia
fluid
with
strongly
ammoniacal
in
the
first
moderately
warmed
matrass to
at a, Fig.
on
-which
the
sublimate
the subli-
thoroughly dried,
in a
and
to
be
treated
shall
be
as
red
break up
heating
the
open
tube
may
be
p.
305.
Lorandite
melts
near the assay, red farther away, and orange-red where most
volatile.
S
0%
bottom the tube, which disappears B. B. On coal
easily,
0';
the
of
ceived,, since it either
be
powdered,
mixed
potassium,
separated
as
sulphide
of
potassium,
and
the
arsenic,
or nickel,
certain
one
may
for
the
a thousandth part is present it will afford a dis-
tinct arsenical odor, when
coal
Should
this
a
a
thousandth part of arsenous acid, when heated to redness in a nar-
row-necked matrass
afford
AND
METALLIC
OXIDES.
These
by
be
oxalate
when the
the
fusion.
Arsenates
and
must
assay.
On
heat-
ing
the
blowpipe
flame,
the
to color-
less drops
therefore consists
of tellurous
but
sublimes as
Bolution
in
boiling-hot
According to
also occurs
places.
Examination
a
matrass,
water
the
former
vapor
condenses
the
yields its chemically
is heated to
0,
ammonia
fuses
recog-
nized
by
its
yellow
which may
acid.
Carbonic
a
free
and much smoke.
a
brown,
thick
much
smoke.
Amber
fuses
with
gases,
and
Bituminous coal
The
residue
are
somewhat
softened
behaves
a smoky
gen with
the
antimonate,
six
few drops
which causes
effervescence, more
or less
lively according
to the
nitric
acid
if no
e.^.
witherite.
contains earthy
sulphides
may
also
be
tested
for
disseminated
flux,
as the water is expelled,
fluoborac.c
and imparts an
foil
until
the
it constitutes quartz, of
Amethyst;
Ordinary
quartz
the
bases
dissolve,
leaving
a
separated silica must be
are chiefly zirconia,
cases
a
sure
this acid
does dissolve
of
8.
easily
wet way, by proceeding
a
testing it with soda, from which the
presence
of
is, however, always
production
of
alum,
or
sul
phate
sublimes with
with
various
ways:
closed
tube,
p.
62.
Some
of
sul-
phur
yield
a
sublimate
of
the
sublimate
2
mustard-
seed
or
small
pepper-corn
that fuse with
fused with the
by the side of the metal
for
some
is
with
with sulphide
stain may be
The sulphates
decomposi-
tion
ensues
strong
bases,
viz.:
protoxides
of
are
more
or
less
readily
decomposed.
decomposition sulphurous
acid is
as usual
when
cold.
On
with
a
strip
sub-
gtance
contains
a
reducing
action.
to
have
been
be detected in any substance. A bit is heated
on coal in
any selenium present
has a
tlie
sublimate
present it
escapes as
recognized.
When
a
trifling
collects
selen-
ides,
which
emit
a
distinct
horse-radish
graphite
behind.
After
evapo-
if
soda on
The
test
for
be used to
soda
to boil the
decanted liquid with
some
acetate
is
collected
on
a
is
obtained,
which
p.
228,
et
seq.
It
may
further
be
tested
of
sul-
phate
is
gradually
with other elements.
stand the
entirely or only partially
of
bead,
of uhlovide of
chlorine,
or
in
case
of
com-
powder
oxide of
copper,
tritu-
rated
iL
the
agate
mortar with a little water, and a few drops of the
mixture
blue
per
appears
as
no
chlorine
there
copper
as
above.
bisulphate of
notwith-
bromine, but it may
the
be
held
vertically,
after
the
fusion,
thicker stratum
part.
Bromine
can
schwartzembergite,
vide
only partially
abundantly
dissem-
inated
in
the
When
and
can
be
presence
is
formed,
evapo-
rated
paper inserted
glass
tube
tube
placed on the
plutinum, and the
cyanide
of
potas-
sium;
cyanides
of
the
alkalies
and
alkaline
in
hydrochloric
to the
iron,
may
be
said
show
whether
they
of
silicates,
aluminates,
metallic
oxides,
deciding,
from
the
classes
it
belongs.
A.
Oxysalts,
the
matras8,
and
wire,
freed
from
B.
on
0. P. ifl
noted,
p.
65,
 
reagents; and in the case of
minerals
sulphuric
acid.)
the powder fused on platinum wire colors the flame violet,
p.
74.
Another
portion
coated white,
most probably potassa.
while
if
this
spot
has been
formed by the reduction of the salt on coal, and we have, therefore,
mlphate
of
potassa.
Note.—
It
great
resemblance
of
free
from
tests
any residue reserved
added
to
the
filtered out,
fluid,
which
on
as a
the coal gives no hepatic reaction
on
silver,
the
whole
with
sublimate.
S. Ph.
wire
it
tests for potassa
yields no
co»t
coal
and
moistened
on
red
with
dilute
hydrochloric
acid
add
on
platinum
When fused with
soda on coal
containing oxide of copper,
Carbonate
of
baryta
(witherite).
the
forceps,
coloring
the
Same
however, soon
spreads out
salt
of
alkaline
on
litmus
paper.
It
is
apparently
carbonate
of
complete solubility, with eifcr
amount
of
an indistinct
change when
constituent will
there
a short
its
water
and
in
O.
F.,
used as an
with
only
yields
therefore
free
from
silica
; by observing the
3.
a few cases, more especially
mentioned
examining for lithia,
slags;
and
it
Li,
F,
B
have
been
found,
the
de-
method of
constituents, vide
of
iron
and
numganem
green. After
perfect fusion
a dark red glass,
if reduced on coal
contact
with
(shown
by
is required to
decomposing the fused mass in the wet way,
pp.
128
and
to
on platinum wire within
of
zinc
is
deposited,
With borax
B.
in
case
copper
ia
With
consists chiefly
with
the
of
wet
process.
For
this
purpose
soda
lime,
p.
128.
By
be found.
a little
it
of
A
R
even from
over tho
rendered brown
or black
by sulphide
are
either
to redness in the
although
frequently
in the
the lower
On
fuses
on
continued
of
it is heated
powder
by
iron,
silica may frequently
finely-disseminated
slag,
which is found especially in the upper layers of the Bohstein after tapping. On
coal
red from
lead button.
This is
coal,
greenish while hot,
assay for silver in sulphide^, will
•how
open
tube
flame a
arsenical
fumes
are
again
evolved,
either.
•omitted.
of
the
substance
has
for some constituent
hot and while
button is
;
reducible
oxides
are
S.
from
subox-
with
and is
present.
from
the
assay
had
platinum wire, and the resulting bead treated ;n coal witL
^in
was
recognized
as
oxide
of
antimony,
ing.
a
smalt-blue
on
platinum
wire
a
little
iron.
The
metallic
button
remaining
from
the
little
tliis
arsenic,
an apparently pure
as
;
places
in
suflBcient
or arsenic,
almost alwaye
papei
on
an
anvil,
prepare from the substance to be
assayed eight
minerals
oi
metallurgical
may
may
grammes
shonld
always
possible in
an iron
first
proposed
by
Harkort,
and
aescribed
can be made with
amount quantitatively with all needful accuracy. Eegard must,
however,
be
with
which
we
method.
351
e.
In
else only an accessory
g.
A.. Assay for
which
iodine,
in
greater
Here belong, among
all
the
ores
enumerated
on
pages
264-266.
in
pages 217-218,
of 1
or one
The
quantity
of
copper
or
better to use
too much lead
safely
the right hand. The
the
lower
end
of
the
cylinder
still
remains
hand the
the lower end
and
the
Fig.
78,
A.
The
toward the flame, and
flame directed upon it,
so that it almost
covers the upper part
When
is
an
in-
with sulphur and
a
the metallic oxides
non-volatile
and
easily
oxidizable
metals,
which
become
decomposed by the
treated
a
to
oxidize
nickel
yields its
silver
need
be
feared,
lead is oxidized,
is
portion
of
is
reduced
at
the
points
of
contact,
cal
and
the
reduced
globules
a
are few or no
fusion
of
the
silver
of
the
diflBcult
reduction.
The
if,
after
a
;
upon the copper
cases
by
treating
the
assay
again with the 0. F., but the copper can only be separated
together with the lead during the cupellation. In assaying any
sub-
oxidizing
is
necessary
lead is held with
impede
the
cupellation.
Among
the
ores,
minerals,
dissolve
in
form fresh globules of
a few moments,
to a great extent
could not be
be taken
to blow
and then, when all is in proper fusion, the oxidizing
flame
ia
drive
must
mass at
upon
contains
a
cooling
according
to
When
the
several
freed
from
slag
it
can
b«
formed,
as
will
be
described
cupellation of the silver-lead
which the
style
first period,
the 0.
remain-
ing
hygroscopic
escaping
lead to
sputter and
a
rather
strong
During
this
operation
the
is efiected most rapidly by allowing the point of the
blue
lead in
used,
and
and
after
button,
the
lead
will
soon
begin
to
30°
upon
by the outer
by the blue flame.
oxide
formed
flows
to the border,
of
of the
upon
the
cupel,
but
sinks
silver
little
If the cupel-
to
oxidize
again
by
a
somewhat
 
away
to
allowed
to
cool
slowly
in
the
litharge
flame, a
grayish-white, easily
sub-oxide of lead mixed vrith
metallic
be
mentioned
with the E. F., or fusing
with
it
a
small
piece
ores or
products are to be assayed, it is always well not to continue
the soorifloatiou
The
bone-ash
remaining
loosened during
the heating,
at
edge
formation
of
the
fine-cupella-
the stand
as much
soon
position
40°
to
45°
upon
ash directly about the button and keep it as much
as
flame,
the
direction
the
to become quiet,
button
color
when
the
that
it
cupel, with one centner of fused test lead, or if
so
small
as
to
require
cupelled fine
so that it may become
round and quite pure. It
is better
way
than
be rendered more
lead near the button
can
be
cupelled
perfectly
fine.
2.
the
forceps,
to
cool
slowly.
DETERMINATION
OF
THE
(p.
-18.)
while
as
little
bone-
holding
has been
already given
assay
is
in
the
muffle
the lead must sink
appreciable as
of
of
down
charged with
their
cupellation
TeST LeAS.
to
be
ores
measured
buttons.
These
small
buttons,
in one
centner. It
be had to
then 1
ctr. is
determination
of
of
in
a
than
chief
ingredient.
No
surface
richer substances 50 to
to the proportion of
adding
borax-glass,
again
on
coming
into
contact
with
Compounds
which
have
ctr.
heaped up litharge.
oxidation
per may be
separated by adding
to
p.
362.
oxidizing
lead
the
position,
so
possible and
bined
metallic
compound
must
after
cooling
for
the
determination
of
assay,
two
the
fine-cupellation.
The
charge,
wrapped
in
K.
F.,
in rotary
motion with it for some time, while the borax-glass is
free
to act only on
with
the
lead
that obtained
from the
c.
Assay
of
weighed out,
advisable
to
to the
anvil
with borax-glass for some time in the 0. P., and
the
fluid
the
The button is
then subjected to
bismuth thus
formed from
the argentiferous
to
lose
no
an
to
volatilize
by
afterward
with
the
lurium
and the
fine-cupellation repeated.
62.7
V.
some way, and on.
compound
is
must for
well known
is
bulb, as
somewhat
into one
subjected to
the
single porous globule, which can be easily shaken out if
the
heat
was
a
resulting
metallic
com
cupelled in
argentiferous
mercury,
a
very
must then be cut off,
filled with a
hears
mentioned
on
p.
182,
which
lead
before
the
as
assay
is
reduced
to
a
more
blowing, begins to glow,
to
contains
is
then melted together with the already fused globule, and the
whole
so that, for
be
oxidized
brittle, it must be
in the dry
without
be
separated
In the
or no silver, the
assay.
After
the
two per cent,
a
brass-yellow
color.
its weight may be immediately
deter-
is pre-
enough to be weighed
the probable amount of
lead from
each assay,
fused,
and
if their united weight does not exceed
fifteen
ctrs.,
placed on a
not
pure
after
the
brightening,
spatula,
p.
40,
or
product,
dissolve the
oxides mentioned
below. The
of copper, and
free
from
such
oxides,
behind. After
complete solution
separate the
and
ferrous
is
tate
apd a spoonful
filter
folded
again.
has
part
F. The
the ordinary
under
the
muffle
on the measuring scale,
erals, ores,
off
one
of
these
metals
and it is necessary to perform the separation with nitric
acid, both in the
less
The
assay,
assays are made.
From
from
the
streak
color, is
fine
gold, it may be assumed that the amount of silver is unimportant,
and
fifty
and
a
of silver
consisting perhaps
of 60
weighed portion with
and on
borax
button should be fused
pyrites, or
matt-like pro-
less
When
the
of gold and
or two
ctrs. of
difference
when
reduced
on
coal,
with
the
heated to redness
As
and
then
the
and the vessel
gold,
water and
again boiled,
after which
the gold
to heat
firmly
to
mix it in the vessel with
a
little
bone-ash.
Gold
proportion,
and
hence
or
pressed.
an
a.
Gold
thirty
of hydrochloric and
whole
then
washed
the gold
be
adding water to the solution
and removing the alcohol
on a
forceps. The ashes are
the
be-
tween
paper
As
treated,
this
separation,
but a
small quantity
three
times
as
and treated a few times with nitric acid according to
p.
378.
By
tinum,
or,
if
there
dried, heated
second
case,
however,
weighed
platinum
ani silver. When no regard is had to the silver
the
method
just
than one
weighed quantity of pure silver must be added, and if
gold
proper
proportions
the button
no
a porcelain vessel
to
by
as
described
on
p.
381.
If
the
much
plati
per
detected
When
by
copper in
test lead,
and sub-
is removed with
boracic acid on
treated
of
from easily osidizable
salt and the palladium
weighed
waslied well
with water,
It
fluid at a
evolution
to the
ceases and the
boiled
in a porcelain vessel,
of
it.
A
trace
or gilded, and
by the process
and silver reckoned,
to be
given
on
p.
as above. The difference
poor and
when in
artificial
products,
gredient
nickel,
at the
it
c.
class
sulphur
and
arsenic.
A.
with twenty
Minerals which,
on account
and is
natural
or
p. 39,
the
knife
as
is
indicated
by
the
slit
b,
Fig.
53,
p.
40,
shown
in
the
the capsule
to
prevent
adhesion
of
the
ore,
the
capsule
in
the
coal is
in full glow a somewhat stronger heat is employed, and the
presence
of
still
volatilizing
constituents
tested
rest of the coal is burned
off
mortar,
presence of
dust is consumed, the
capsule is removed and
is
necessary;
but
generally
the
of
lead
only
a
as
there
indicated.
The
roasting
of copper,
is
considerable
antimony,
bismuth,
or
emplectite,
and
stannite,
and
the
well mixed in the agate
mortar,
cylinder,
test
the cylinder
placed in a
P.,
at
regarded
as
be previously
gray or
the
reduction,
forming
at
first
only
sulphide
the
substance
still
contains
sulphates
the reduction
is covered