POSIVA OY

FI-27160 OLKILUOTO, FINLAND

Tel +358-2-8372 31

Fax +358-2-8372 3709

Vesa Toropainen

July 2012

Working Report 2012-52

Core Drilling of Deep Drillhole OL-KR56at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2011–2012

July 2012

Working Reports contain information on work in progress

or pending completion.

The conclusions and viewpoints presented in the report

are those of author(s) and do not necessarily

coincide with those of Posiva.

Vesa Toropainen

Suomen Malmi Oy

Working Report 2012-52

Core Drilling of Deep Drillhole OL-KR56at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2011–2012

Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41/MML/12

CORE DRILLING OF DEEP DRILLHOLE OL-KR56 AT OLKILUOTO IN EURAJOKI 2011 - 2012 ABSTRACT As a part of the confirming site investigations at Olkiluoto, Suomen Malmi Oy (Smoy) core drilled a 1201.65 m deep drillhole with a diameter of 75.7 mm at Olkiluoto in October 2011 – January 2012. The identification number of the drillhole is OL-KR56. A set of monitoring measurements and samplings from the drilling and returning water was carried out during the drilling. Both the volume and the electric conductivity of the returning and drilling water were recorded. The drill rig was computer controlled and the computer recorded drilling parameters during drilling. The objective of the measurements was to obtain more information about bedrock and groundwater properties. Sodium fluorescein was used as a label agent in the drilling water. The total volume of the used drilling, washing and flushing water was 1628 m3. The measured volume of the returning water in the drillhole was 1142 m3. The deviation of the drillhole was measured with the deviation measuring instruments Reflex EMS and Reflex Gyro. The main rock types are veined and diatexitic gneisses, pegmatitic granite and mica gneiss. The average fracture frequency is 2.4 pcs/m and the average RQD value is 96.2 %. Fifty fractured zones were penetrated by the drillhole. Uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s ratio were measured from the core samples. The average uniaxial compressive strength was 120.0 MPa, the average Young’s Modulus was 38.3 GPa and the average Poisson’s ratio was 0.22. Keywords: core drilling, drillhole, veined gneiss, diatexitic gneiss, mica gneiss, pegmatitic granite fracture, monitoring measurements, elastic parameters, deviation surveys, Olkiluoto

REIÄN OL-KR56 SYVÄKAIRAUS EURAJOEN OLKILUODOSSA 2011 - 2012 TIIVISTELMÄ Olkiluodon varmentaviin paikkatutkimuksiin liittyen Suomen Malmi Oy (Smoy) kairasi lokakuun 2011 - tammikuun 2012 välisenä aikana 1201,65 m syvyisen reiän OL-KR56 Eurajoen Olkiluodossa. Reiän halkaisija on 75,7 mm. Kairauksen aikana suoritettiin tarkkailumittauksia lisäinformaation saamiseksi kallio-olosuhteista. Mittauksia olivat veden sähkönjohtokyvyn mittaus ja huuhteluveden sekä palautuvan veden määrän mittaus. Työssä käytettiin automatisoitua mikroprosessori-ohjattua kairauskonetta, josta saatu tieto tallennettiin. Kairaukseen, reiän pesuun ja huuhteluun käytettiin natriumfluoresiinilla merkittyä huuhteluvettä noin 1628 m³. Vettä palautui reiästä määrämittarin kautta noin 1142 m³. Reiän taipuma mitattiin Reflex EMS ja Reflex Gyro -laitteilla. Pääkivilajeina esiintyvät suonigneissi, diateksiittinen gneissi, pegmatiittinen graniitti ja mafinen gneissi. Kallion rakoluku on reiässä keskimäärin 2,4 kpl/m ja RQD-luku keskimäärin 96,2 %. Rikkonaisuusvyöhykkeitä lävistettiin viisikymmentä kappaletta. Kallionäytteistä määritettiin yksiaksiaalinen puristusmurtolujuus, kimmomoduli ja Poissonin luku. Yksiaksiaalinen puristusmurtolujuus oli keskimäärin 120,0 MPa, kimmomoduli 38,3 GPa ja Poissonin luku 0,22. Avainsanat: kairaus, kairareikä, suonigneissi, diateksiittinen gneissi, pegmatiittigraniitti, kiillegneissi, rako, tarkkailumittaukset, muodonmuutosominaisuudet, taipumamittaus, Olkiluoto

1

TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT TIIVISTELMÄ

1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................ 31.1 Background ............................................................................................. 31.2 Scope of the work ................................................................................... 3

2 DRILLING WORK AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE DRILLHOLE .............. 52.1 Construction of the upper part of the drillhole ......................................... 52.2 Diamond core drilling .............................................................................. 52.3 Drilling water and the use of label agent ................................................. 72.4 Stabilization of the drillhole by cementing ............................................... 82.5 Washing and flush pumping of the drillhole ............................................ 82.6 Deviation and location surveys ............................................................... 92.6.1 Deviation survey tools ........................................................................... 102.6.2 Deviation and location survey results .................................................... 10

3 MONITORING MEASUREMENTS AND SAMPLES ......................................... 133.1 Quantities and label agent concentration of drilling and returning

water ..................................................................................................... 133.2 Electric conductivity of drilling and returning water ............................... 153.3 MWD -measurements ........................................................................... 163.4 Groundwater level in the drillhole .......................................................... 193.5 Drill cuttings ........................................................................................... 193.6 Matrix pore water samples .................................................................... 19

4 GEOLOGICAL LOGGING ................................................................................. 214.1 General ................................................................................................. 214.2 Core orientation ..................................................................................... 224.3 Lithology ................................................................................................ 244.4 Foliation ................................................................................................. 294.5 Fracturing .............................................................................................. 304.6 Fracture frequency and RQD ................................................................ 384.7 Fractured zones and core loss .............................................................. 394.8 Weathering ............................................................................................ 404.9 Core discing .......................................................................................... 41

5 ROCK MECHANICS ......................................................................................... 435.1 The rock quality ..................................................................................... 435.2 Rock mechanical field tests on core samples ....................................... 44

6 SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 49

2

REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 51

APPENDICES 1 Technical details of the drillhole ............................................................ 53 2 Construction of upper part of the drillhole .............................................. 55 3 List of core boxes .................................................................................. 57 4 List of lifts ............................................................................................... 63 5 Groundwater level and flush pumping ................................................... 71 6 Deviation surveys, list, Gyro .................................................................. 73 7 Deviation surveys, graphic, Gyro ........................................................... 79 8 Deviation surveys, list, EMS .................................................................. 81 9 Deviation surveys, graphic, EMS ........................................................... 89 10 Drilling water samples ........................................................................... 91 11 Returning water samples ....................................................................... 97 12 Electric conductivity of returning water .................................................. 99 13 Matrix pore water and gas samples ..................................................... 105 14 Core orientation ................................................................................... 107 15 Lithology .............................................................................................. 111 16 Foliation ............................................................................................... 121 17 List of fractures .................................................................................... 127 18 Fracture frequency and RQD .............................................................. 179 19 Fractured zones and core loss ............................................................ 193 20 Weathering ......................................................................................... 197 21 Core discing ......................................................................................... 201 22 Q’-classification ................................................................................... 203 23 Rock mechanical tests, point load test ................................................ 209 24 Rock mechanical tests, bend test ........................................................ 211 PHOTOS ...................................................................................................... 213

3

1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Posiva Oy submitted an application to the Finnish Government in May 1999 for the Decision in Principle to choose Olkiluoto in the municipality of Eurajoki as the site for the final disposal facility for spent nuclear fuel. The Government made a positive decision at the end of 2000. The Finnish Parliament ratified the decision in May 2001. The policy decision made it possible to concentrate the research activities at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki. Construction of an underground rock characterisation facility (called “ONKALO”) is one part of the research. Construction of the access tunnel was started in autumn 2004. Posiva Oy contracted (order number 9449-11) Suomen Malmi Oy (Smoy) to drill investigation drillholes in the area. In October 2011 – January 2012, drillhole OL-KR56 (1201.65 m) was core drilled. The aim of the new drillhole was to provide additional information on the quality of bedrock. The new drillhole OL-KR56 is located in the eastern central part of the Olkiluoto Island (Figure 1) and on the same site as drillholes OL-KR57 and OL-KR57B. The initial azimuth of the drillhole is 296.0 and the initial dip is -85.0 from the horizontal. The diameter of the drillhole is 75.7 mm. Summary of the technical details of the drillhole is presented in Appendix 1.

1.2 Scope of the work

The aim of the work was to drill an about 1200 metre long drillhole to document the geological conditions (continuity of rock units, fractured zones and rock quality) in the area. The 39.89 metres deep precollar for the drillhole OL-KR56 was drilled with a down-the-hole (DTH) percussion drill. In order to get a core sample also from the upper part of the bedrock, a common surface hole with OL-KR57 was drilled near the main drillholes. This drillhole OL-KR57B is 45.01 metres deep. To maximise the recovery of an undisturbed and continuous core, triple tube coring technique was used. In addition to the drilling, the work included core logging, rock mechanical field-testing of the core, drilling fluid monitoring, washing and flushing of the drillhole, drillhole deviation surveys and reporting. This report documents the work and sampling carried out during the drilling of the hole.

4

Figure 1. Locations of the deep drillholes OL-KR1–OL-KR57 in the Olkiluoto area. The drillhole OL-KR56 is shown in red colour.

5

2 DRILLING WORK AND TECHNICAL DETAILS OF THE DRILLHOLE

2.1 Construction of the upper part of the drillhole

The percussion drilling of the drillhole OL-KR56 (the wider upper part of the drillhole, pre-collar) was done on the 11th of July in 2011 by Urjalan Porakaivo Oy. The work started with drilling of a 194/184 mm casing through the overburden into the bedrock. The casing was drilled into the depth of 6.00 metres. The estimated thickness of overburden along the drillhole was two metres. The drillhole was continued from 6.00 metres with a 165 mm DTH-hammer to the depth of 39.89 metres. This percussion-drilled section of the drillhole was cased with an acid-resistant stainless steel (Aisi 316) tube ( 140/134 mm, length 40.47 m), which was cemented into the bedrock. Distance along the 140/134 mm casing from the top of the casing to the ground level is 0.58 m. Finally, the 194/184 mm casing was cut to the ground level. Inside the lower end of the 140/134 mm casing, there is a 60 mm long cone that helps inserting instruments into the drillhole. Below the cone there is a 50 mm section of 84/77 mm tube with 45 mm of right hand thread, starting at the depth of 39.63 metres. The thread is used to attach an additional casing ( 84/77 mm) during the drilling. Below the cone and threaded part, and inside the 140/134 mm casing, there is a 160 mm long section of a 89/78 mm tube. The cone and the attached tube are made of acid-resistant stainless steel. The top of the casing is closed with a lockable cap. The construction of the upper part of the drillhole and a detailed drawing of the cone-tube-assembly are shown in Appendix 2.

2.2 Diamond core drilling

The diamond drill rig U6 was set up at the drilling site on the 5th of October in 2011, and drilling of the OL-KR56 commenced on the 7th. The drill rig was changed to U8 at the drilling depth of 176.17 metres. On the 4th of January in 2012, drilling depth of 1201.65 metres was reached. The realized time schedule of the work is shown in Figure 2.

6

MonthWeek

Drillhole OL-KR56Percussion drilling 11.7.Move to the hole Drilling 40 - 1201.65 m Washing and flushingDeviation measurements

49 50454442October

40November December

52 14341 5146 47 48 2 3 4January

Figure 2. Time schedule for drilling of the drillhole OL-KR56. The drillhole was core drilled with a computer controlled hydraulic U6 and U8 drill rigs. The rigs are fully hydraulic, microprocessor-controlled units with an automated process control. The manual interface to the control system is a touch screen panel. The control unit of the rig optimizes the drilling process in real time according to drilling conditions. The driller sets the upper and lower values for the volume of flushing water, feeding force and rotation torque. The driller also sets values for the penetration speed and rotation speed. Once these values have been set, the rig will carry out the drilling within the pre-set values by measuring the parameters several times a second. If the rig fails to keep up the chosen penetration speed within the pre-set parameter values, the drilling will be stopped automatically. The feeding force is the force working on the bit and is generated by the rig feed and the weight of the drill string. The feeding force is adjusted by the system pressure and bit force to achieve the optimal penetration speed. The drilling was done with wire-line technique. This means that after every drilling run, the core barrel is retrieved with a steel cable, and the drilling tubes have to be lifted up only for bit change. NQ3 -triple tube core barrel and NQ -drill rods were used. The drillhole diameter with the NQ3 -triple tube core barrel is 75.7 mm and the nominal drill core sample diameter is 50.2 mm. The sample quality is better when drilling with triple tube core barrel than with conventional double tube core barrel. The cutting area of the diamond bit of the triple tube core barrel is larger than that of the double tube core barrel. In the triple tube core barrel, the third, innermost tube is of split type. The innermost split tube containing the sample is removed from the core barrel with the aid of a piston working on water pressure. In this way the sample can be removed from the core barrel as undisturbed as possible. This advantage is especially noticeable when drilling fractured rocks. In addition, soft fracture fillings will be preserved much better. Furthermore, there are less drill cuttings on the core surface, in the breaks and on the fracture surfaces. Wear and tear of the drilling equipment was near the average level in the Olkiluoto area with this type of equipment. In this work, about 68 metres was drilled per one NQ3 bit

7

compared to a long-term average of about 78 m per NQ3, about 28 m per WL-76, about 29 m per T-76 and about 35 m per T-56 bits in Olkiluoto. The drilling was carried out as discontinuous shift work (mainly one 12 h shift per day, four to six days per week) and the drilling team in each shift consisted of a driller and an assistant. Geologist Vesa Toropainen was the project manager and Matti Alaverronen was the drilling supervisor. Geological logging was done by geologist Jarmo Kuusirati and compilation of the final report was done by geologist Vesa Toropainen. The drilling time (which does not include DTH-drilling, set up, cementing and cleaning, washing the hole, flushing and dismantling work) on the drillhole OL-KR56 was 1008 h, which gives the mean drilling efficiency of 1.15 metres per rig hour. The drill core samples were placed in wooden core boxes immediately after emptying the core barrel. Rock matrix pore water and gas samples were taken at drilling site (see Section 3.6). In all, 283 core boxes were used. Start and end depths of the core in each core box are presented in Appendix 3. Wooden blocks separating the different sample runs were placed to the core boxes to show the depth of each lift. The core drillings included 426 sample runs. The depths of the lifts are presented in Appendix 4.

2.3 Drilling water and the use of label agent

Drilling water for the drillhole was taken from the freshwater pipeline of the accommodation village through a pipeline (length about 200 m). Before entering the mixing tanks (5 m³ fibreglass tanks), the water was filtered through a 500 μm filter. All drilling water was marked with the label agent sodium fluorescein. The sodium fluorescein solution was delivered by Posiva. At the TVO Olkiluoto laboratory, the sodium fluorescein was dissolved in water in 5 litre bottles. The sodium fluorescein is an organic powdery pigment, which is dispersed by UV radiation. Therefore, the label agent mixing bottles were covered. At the drilling site, dose of 50 ml of solution was taken with syringe and mixed for each five cubic metres of water (the planned concentration is 250 μg/l). The pre-mixed solution was slowly added into the mixing tank at the beginning of pumping. Turbulence caused by pumping water into the tank ensured proper mixing of the label agent.

8

2.4 Stabilization of the drillhole by cementing

At the drilling depth of ~170 metres a major fractured zone was penetrated by drilling. It caused considerable core loss in the sample and caused the drillhole walls to leak small rock fragments to the drillhole, which caused problems to drilling. First the leak was tried to clean from fragments by washing and brushing the walls with water jet and brush and by retrieving loose material from the drillhole bottom. As this method was unsuccessful to stabilize the drillhole, the only way to continue the drilling was stabilization by cementing. The reason why cementing in not the first choice for stabilization is that it seals the cemented drillhole section from hydrological measurements and impacts also on the groundwater sampling. Sulphate resistant cement, submitted by Posiva Oy, was used in the stabilizing work, with a mixing ratio of one sack (25 kg) of cement and 11.5 litres of water. The drillhole depth before the first cementing was 175.57 metres. The first cementing was done on the 18th and 19th of October 2011 in two occasions. Cement was lowered to the bottom of the drillhole via the drill strings in two sets, 40 litres (two sacks) of cement in each of them. On the first set the bottom of the drill string was at the depth of 172 metres, and for the second set it was raised by one metre. The cement was left to harden until the 24th of October, when it was drilled through. Also 0.60 metres of rock was drilled, deepening the drillhole to depth of 176.17 metres. The drillhole did not stabilize and further cementing was needed. The drillhole was cemented for the second time on the 25th of October with additional 40 litres of cement with the drill string bottom at the depth of 175.80 metres. During the hardening time, the drill rig was changed from U6 to U8. The cement (at the depth of 173.19 - 176.17 m) was drilled on the 1st of November with 0.32 metres of rock, advancing the drillhole depth to 176.49 metres. After this the drillhole became stable and normal drilling continued.

2.5 Washing and flush pumping of the drillhole

Before the final flushing of the drillhole, the drillhole walls were washed with labelled water and a steel brush to drop all loose material from the hole walls to the bottom of the drillhole. Fractured zones determined in the geological logging were washed with special care. In addition, water jets were directed against the wall of the hole through inclined holes in the brush frame. The water was pumped through the drill rods.

9

After the walls of the drillhole OL-KR56 were washed, the drillhole was cleaned by pumping water from the bottom of the drillhole through N-type drilling tubes (outside

73 mm) with a submersible pump. In this procedure, an adapter with a rubber sealing was lowered on the cone installed at the bottom of the casing ( 140/134 mm). The adapter was lowered and lifted by a drill string, screwed to the cone assembly. Another drill string of N-type tubes, which nearly reached the bottom of the hole, was attached to the adapter. The weight of the drill string pressed the adapter and the cone tightly together with no water leakage between them. A submersible pump was then lowered to the depth of about 40 m inside the 140/134 mm casing. Consequently, the flushing water circulated via the bottom of the drillhole. The flush pumping of OL-KR56 was carried out in one phase between 03:00 pm on the 13th of January and 04:55 pm on the 16th of January in 2012. During the flush pumping, 37.7 m3 of water was pumped with an average rate of 509 l/h from the drillhole. After the pumping, the time-rate of the groundwater level recovery was observed (Appendix 5).

2.6 Deviation and location surveys

To trace the drillhole accurately, the dip and azimuth of the drillhole OL-KR56 were measured with Reflex Gyro and Reflex EMS downhole deviation survey tools. The Gyro was lowered into the drillhole inside drill rods with a wireline cable. The EMS downhole deviation survey tool was lowered with a cable directly into the drillhole. The surveys were tied to geodetic fix points (measured by Prismarit Oy), which were in the tops of the casings. A declination correction of +6.6 degrees, obtained from the basic map of the Olkiluoto area (National Land Survey of Finland, Basic Map 1132 06 + 09), was used in the EMS calculations. The top of the stainless steel casing tube ( 140/134 mm) at OL-KR56 was cut off for the drilling rig to fit over the drilling place. After the drilling, the removed part of the casing tube (length ~ 30 cm) was welded back. The Gyro survey was done before, and the EMS survey after the section of casing tube was welded back. The location was measured after welding back the removed section of the casing tube. Surveyed coordinates of the ground level and the top of the casing is presented in Table 1. Drilling, core sample and measurement depths in the drillhole were measured from the ground level (the top end of the 194/184 mm casing). For depth measurements during

10

drilling positive values are used below the ground level and negative values above ground level.

2.6.1 Deviation survey tools

Reflex Gyro measures dip and tool roll with 3-component accelerometers. The horizontal direction is measured using gyroscopes. The gyroscopes measure angular rate (speed of rotation) in three perpendicular directions as a function of time. The direction of the device at depth is acquired by integrating angular rate with respect to time. Gyro also measures azimuth with magnetometers. Every sensor is fitted with its own temperature sensor, which is used for temperature compensation. According to the manufacturer, the accuracy of the dip is ±0.2 degrees. The accuracy of the gyroscopically measured direction varies by the hole length. According to the manufacturer, the accuracy of the direction is ±0.5 degrees for an 800 metres long hole, when measured in 40 minutes. Centralizers are not needed. Normal station spacing is 5 metres. The EMS survey tool measures the drillhole dip with an electronic accelerometer and the azimuth relative to the magnetic north with a three-component fluxgate magnetometer. According to the manufacturer, the accuracy of the azimuth is ± 0.5 degrees and the accuracy of the dip is ± 0.2 degrees, provided there are no magnetic anomalies. No significant magnetic anomalies were detected during the measurements. The azimuth was measured to magnetic north, but declination correction was made to the results; the results are, therefore, to geographic north.

2.6.2 Deviation and location survey results

The initial dip of the drillhole OL-KR56 is -85 degrees (measured March 1st 2012 by Prismarit Oy). The dip of the first station of the Gyro survey was taken as initial dip used in the Gyro survey calculations (Appendices 6 and 7). In this case, it is not exactly the same as the initial dip of the drillhole, i.e. the dip of the casing measured by Prismarit Oy. In the EMS survey, the initial dip was measured by EMS sensors at the first station. The initial azimuth of the drillhole OL-KR56 is 296 degrees (measured March 1st 2012 by Prismarit Oy). The initial azimuth measured by Prismarit Oy was used as azimuth in the Gyro calculations. The azimuth difference between the upper end of the hole (location survey) and the first reliable measurement of the EMS survey was evened by stepped

11

interpolated correction calculations over the length (~40 m) of the casing tube (Appendices 8 and 9). The used step was 0.53 degrees. The surveyed end coordinates of the drillhole OL-KR56, based on the EMS and Gyro surveys are shown in Table 1. In the drillhole, the Gyro and EMS surveys were carried out to the depth of 1185 metres. In the Table 1 the Gyro and EMS surveys are extrapolated to the drillhole end depth of 1201.65 metres for comparison. According to the Gyro results, the horizontal deviation of the drillhole OL-KR56 at the depth of 1201.65 metres is 160.5 metres to the east and 51.4 metres to the north and the vertical deviation 29.1 metres upwards. (Appendices 6 and 7). According to the EMS results, the horizontal deviation of the drillhole at the depth of 1201.65 metres is 157.4 metres to the east and 57.8 metres to the north and the vertical deviation 29.6 metres upwards (Appendices 8 and 9). The horizontal and vertical deviations are calculated from the surveyed end coordinates of the drillhole and the planned drillhole coordinates at drillhole depth of 1201.65 metres in the initial direction and dip of the drillhole. The EMS and Gyro survey results show practically same deviation and can both be considered reliable. Table 1. Coordinates of drillhole OL-KR56, Gyro and EMS surveys are extrapolated at 1185 - 1201.65 m.

Coordinate Point location X Y Z origin

OL-KR56 Ground surface 6791525.97 1527076.02 7.35 Prismarit Oy Top of the casing 6791525.96 1527076.08 7.93 Prismarit Oy Drillhole depth of 1201.65 m 6791628.78 1526810.13 -1159.47 Gyro-survey Drillhole depth of 1201.65 m 6791637.01 1526809.46 -1158.57 EMS-survey

12

13

3 MONITORING MEASUREMENTS AND SAMPLES

Several drilling parameters were monitored and water samples were taken during the drilling. The groundwater level in the drillhole was measured during drilling (Appendix 5), and drill cuttings were collected and measured. The aim was to get additional information on rock quality and to predict possible drilling problems.

3.1 Quantities and label agent concentration of drilling and returning water

To find out how much drilling water was leaking into the bedrock, volumes of ingoing and returning water were monitored. The flow meter for ingoing drilling water was connected to the waterline coming to the water pump of the drill rig and the volume of returning water was measured from the overflow of the sedimentation tank. During the drilling of OL-KR56, 1548.5 m³ of water was used. After the drilling was finished, the drillhole was washed and flushed with 79.8 m³ of water. During the drilling, washing and flushing, 1104.7 m³ of returning water was measured. This is about 71.3 % of the water volume used. Some water passed the flow meter (and could not be measured) during air-lift pumping and lifting of drill rods. Also, there is a hydrological connection between drillholes OL-KR56 and OL-KR57, which may be the cause for small returning water ratio, especially at drillhole depth of ~170 metres where the drillhole was stabilized by cementing (Figure 3). The cumulative consumption of the drilling water and the amount of measured returning water are shown in Figure 3. All drilling water batches made in the mixing tanks were sampled (Appendix 10). The returning water was sampled once a day, provided water was flowing out of the drillhole (Appendix 11).

14

Figure 3. Cumulative consumption of drilling water and amount of returning water during the drilling of the drillhole OL-KR56. Due to the sensitivity of the sodium fluorescein label agent to UV-light, the sample bottles were wrapped in aluminium foil immediately after sampling. The water samples were stored in a refrigerator until they were sent to the laboratory (TVO) at Olkiluoto for analysis. The concentration of the label agent is used to estimate the representativeness of the groundwater samples taken from the drillhole. The drilling water samples, label agent batches and the respective sodium fluorescein concentrations are listed in Appendix 10. In total, 331 samples were taken from the used 331 tanks of OL-KR56 drilling water. The achieved concentrations varied mainly (314 samples of 331) within the allowed limits of 250 ± 30 g/l. The average concentration was 245 g/l, the lowest value was 123 g/l and the highest value 389 g/l. The reasons for the few abnormally high and low concentrations were not found. The returning water samples were collected once a day (at the beginning of the morning shift) during continuous drilling work. In total 54 samples were taken during the drilling of OL-KR56 (Appendix 11). High sodium fluorescein concentration in the returning water indicates that the water is mainly drilling water (values over 125 g/l means that returning water contains, in principle, more drilling water than groundwater). The concentration of the label agent in the returning water of OL-KR56 varied from 146 to 223 g/l with an average of 221 g/l.

15

3.2 Electric conductivity of drilling and returning water

During the drilling, the electric conductivity of the drilling and returning water was monitored. The electric conductivity measurements were done with a WTW conductivity meter Cond 315i with TetraCon 325 conductivity cell. The conductivity meter gives the results as mS/m at +25°C. The conductivity meter was checked at least once in two weeks by Posiva. The electric conductivity of each drilling water batch was measured after mixing the label agent. The electric conductivity of drilling and washing water varied between 19.5 and 31.3 mS/m. The last washing water batch (31.3 mS/m) is anomalously high, and most of the conductivities are very near to 20 mS/m (Appendix 10).

Figure 4. Electric conductivity of returning water from drillhole OL-KR56 (39.89 – 1201.65 m). The returning water samples (2 – 3 dl) (Appendices 11 and 12) were collected for electric conductivity measurements, when water was flowing from the drillhole. The returning water contains drill cuttings, the composition of which depends on the drilled rock type. If the drill cuttings were affecting the conductivity, the water samples were let to settle and, if needed, filtered through a 45 μm filter to remove the remaining drill cuttings. In total, 426 measurements of electric conductivity from the returning water were made during the drilling of OL-KR56. The electric conductivity of the returning water in OL-KR56 varied from 18.7 to 113.6 mS/m, with most values between 21 and 28 mS/m (Figure 4, Appendix 12). The conductivity of the returning water is affected by the

16

content and salinity of the groundwater. It was noticed that many of the peak values were measured on the first or second drilling run after lowering the drilling rod after changing the drilling bit. This is because when lifting the drill rod from the hole, it removes considerable amount of water from the drillhole, which then is replaced by salty water from the fractures. The drilling water of the next run is not able to completely flush the salty water from the hole.

3.3 MWD -measurements

Drilling parameters were saved on the memory card of the rig computer. When the hole was completed, the recorded data of MWD (Measurement While Drilling) measurements was transferred to a separate computer. The rig records pressure and volume of the flushing water, rotation speed, penetration speed, hydraulic system pressure and weight on the bit. The drilling parameters recorded from OL-KR56 are presented in Figure 5. Most of the peak values are narrow and can probably be caused by technical matters or fractures. The logging has started from the drilling depth of 131 metres, the reason for this is probably drilling rig computer problem which may have erased the log. The anomaly between the drilling depths of 620 and 715 metres in parameters is probably caused by logging while reaming. Reaming happens when drill string reamers are changed, and their diameter exceeds the diameter of the drillhole. When the drill string is then lowered, the force may be strong enough to start the computer to log false data. The system pressure varied mostly from 15 to 20 MPa and had an increasing trend towards the end of the drillhole. The average system pressure was 17 MPa. The variation of bit force is caused partly by the variation of hardness in the Olkiluoto

bedrock. During the drilling of the hole, the bit force was mainly between 9 and 16 kN.

The average bit force was 13 kN.

Penetration speed was kept as constant as possible by the automatic process control.

Generally, the penetration speed was about 13 to 15 cm per minute, but varied slightly

above and below the abovementioned values in some short intervals, and decreased

slightly during the advance of the drillhole. In the fractured zone at the drillhole depth of

~170 metres the penetration speed increased significantly. Additionally, some short

17

peaks occurred, which were caused by the computer logging data while redrilling short

sections of core left in drillhole at the starts of the lifts.

During the drilling, the rotation speed of rods varied generally between 1020 and

1150 rpm. There was a technical problem in the rotation speed measuring device, and data

is missing for parts of the drillhole.

The rig also records the behaviour of flushing water. According to the drilling situation,

the driller pre-sets the upper and the lower limits (typically from 0.5 to 5 MPa) for the

water pressure, which will not be exceeded or fallen below. Water flow was quite

constant except for some zones, where significant variations in the flow values were

observed, caused probably by the fractures. Also, the driller sometimes decreased the

water flow during the drilling to sharpen the bit. The average water flow was 44 litres per

minute.

The flushing water pressure had an increasing tendency towards the end of the drillhole.

During the drilling, the water pressure varied between 1.0 and 6.0 MPa. Most of peak

values are narrow and are probably caused by technical matters or fractures. One

technical factor causing variation could be bit wear. The average flushing water pressure

was 3.0 MPa.

18

Figure 5. Drilling parameters of drillhole OL-KR56. The parameters are drilling penetration speed (Penetr), bit force (Bitf), drill rig hydraulic pressure (Sys pre), flushing water pressure (H2O pre), flushing water flow rate (H2O flow) and rotating speed of drill rods (RPM).

19

3.4 Groundwater level in the drillhole

The groundwater level was measured from the ground surface along the drillhole. During the drilling of OL-KR56, the groundwater level varied between 3.7 and -0.43 metres, but mainly was between 0.5 and 2 metres depths (Appendix 5). The result partly depends on the stabilising time before measurements.

3.5 Drill cuttings

Drill cuttings were collected in a sedimentation tank and the volume of the cuttings was measured. From the drillhole OL-KR56, about 2900 litres of drill cuttings were collected. With the used bit size (75.7/50.2 mm), 2.52 litres of rock per metre was ground to drill cuttings. Consequently, the total volume of drill cuttings generated in OL-KR56 would be about 2930 litres. If the expansion factor of 1.7 for wet cutting is assumed, the yield would be about 4980 litres. This probably means that the water content of the drill cuttings was lower than the used expansion factor, or some drill cuttings escaped the sedimentation tank. It is also possible, that due to hydraulic connection and short distance between the drillholes OL-KR56 and OL-KR57, some of the drill cuttings leaked to the previously drilled OL-KR57 drillhole.

3.6 Matrix pore water samples

During the drilling of OL-KR56, 19 drill core samples were taken by Posiva geologists for matrix pore water (MPW) and gas analysis (noble gases - NG and hydrocarbons - HC). These samples were taken at the drilling site, immediately after the core was lifted from the hole. Samples were selected from unfractured core sections representing local lithology of sample depth. Missing core is replaced with wooden block indicating the sample identification code. The samples are listed in Appendix 13.

20

21

4 GEOLOGICAL LOGGING

4.1 General

The handling of the core was based on the POSIVA work instructions POS-001427 ”Core handling procedure with triple tube coring” (in Finnish). Drill core samples were placed into about one-metre long wooden core boxes immediately after emptying the core barrel. The core boxes were covered with damp-proofing quality aluminium paper, with the aluminium surface against the core. The wooden blocks separating the different sample runs were also covered with aluminium paper. The drill core was handled carefully during and after the drilling. The core was placed in the boxes avoiding any unnecessary breakage. Broken and clay rich parts of the core were wrapped in aluminium paper to avoid breaking them during storage and logging. If loose rock fragments from the drillhole walls were encountered during the logging, they were placed after the block marking the end of the previous sample run. Therefore, at the beginning of a sample run, there might be rock fragments not belonging to the sample run itself. Geologist Jarmo Kuusirati logged the core in Posiva’s core logging facility at ONKALO site. The core logging of OL-KR56 followed the normal Posiva logging procedure, which has been used e.g. in pilot hole drilling programmes at Olkiluoto. The following parameters were logged: lithology, foliation, fracture parameters, fractured zones, weathering, core loss, artificial breaks, fracture frequency, RQD, rock quality (Q’) and core discing. In addition, core orientation, the lifts and the core box numbers were documented. All core boxes (Appendix 3) were colour photographed, both dry and wet. The core photographs (wet) are presented at the end of the report. The lift depths (Appendix 4) are given as they were marked on the wooden spacing blocks separating different sample runs in the core boxes. If the length of the core in the sample run indicated that sampling depth was different from the depth measured during drilling, the true sample depth was corrected on the spacing block. Therefore, the sample run depth equals the sample depth. The drilling depth might be deeper than the sampling depth, if the core lifter slips and part of the core is left in the drillhole and is retrieved by the next lift. The measured true sample depths were marked to the core sample with short

22

red lines perpendicular to the core direction in one metre interval. The depth values were marked to the upper dividing wall of the core box row.

4.2 Core orientation

Core orientation was carried out by using Ezy-Mark™ system. When utilized, the Ezy-Mark tool was locked into the core lifter case of the inner tube and set into the core barrel. Before drilling starts, the core barrel with the marking tool is lowered against the hole bottom. The pencil of the orientation head makes a mark on the hole bottom and the pins of the tool are pressed to record the profile of the hole bottom. When the tool reaches the bottom, the orientation balls of the tool are locked in their lowest position, indicating the bottom of the hole direction. During the drilling, the marking tool slides above the drilled core inside the core barrel. After the drilling is finished, the inner tube with the sample and the tool is pulled up from the hole by the wire line cable. Core orientation can be done when the tool is twisted into Ezy-Mark Orientation Cradle (Figure 6) so that the orientation balls can be seen from the slot of the cradle. When the core sample is set into the cradle and the orientation head is aligned respectively with the shape of the core face and pencil mark, orientation bottom line can be drawn on the outer surface of the core using the edge of the cradle (Figure 6). If a pencil mark does not exist, the core can still be orientated by using only the pins of the orientation head. The block marking “EM” is used with this method. The Ori-Block (Figure 7) is a separable pen and pin block of Ezy-Mark. The Ori-Block is used only once and then placed to the core box above the oriented lift. This allows the orientation marks to be audited afterwards (Figure 7).

Figure 6. Drawing of the orientation bottom line to the core sample with Ezy-Mark™ orientation tool (Photos 2iC Australia Pty Ltd).

23

Figure 7. The Ori-Block™ separable orientation block (Photos 2iC Australia Pty Ltd). The starting depths of the oriented lifts and the start and end depths and lengths of the oriented parts of the sample were recorded (Appendix 14). If the mark was rejected (not found, poor mark), a comment was written into the remarks column of the list. In the Appendix 14, “EM OB” is written in the remarks when the Ori-Block was used and “EM” when Ezy-Mark was used. The aim was to orientate as much of the core as possible in order to measure geological features. During the drilling of OL-KR56, a total of 196 orientations with Ori-Block™ were made, 22 of them were rejected because there was no mark, or there was too much deviation from other marks. Orientation lines were drawn on the basis of several marks, if possible. Deviation of mark from the drawn line measured in degrees was recorded. In OL-KR56 96.2 % (1117.63 m) of the drill core was orientated. The orientation bottom line drawn to the drill core sample on the basis of the orientation marks acted as a ground for direction measurements of fractures and other linear and planar features in the core. From the oriented drill core sections, core alpha and beta angles of every measurable fracture and chosen foliation measurement points were determined (Figure 8). Each alpha and beta value was recalculated to the real dip and dip directions using the drillhole orientation at the start of the drillhole, measured by Prismarit Oy.

24

Figure 8. Fracture orientation measurements from orientated core. The core alpha ( ) angle is measured relative to core axis. The core beta ( ) angle is measured clockwise relative to a reference line, looking downward the core axis in direction of drilling. Figure modified from Rocscience Inc. Orientation Parameters for Borehole Data, Dips (v. 5.0) Features (Rocscience Inc. 2003).

4.3 Lithology

The rocks of Olkiluoto fall into four main groups: 1) gneisses, 2) migmatitic gneisses, 3) TGG-gneisses (TGG = tonalite-granodiorite-granite) and 4) pegmatitic granites (Kärki & Paulamäki 2006). In addition, narrow diabase dykes occur sporadically. The gneisses include homogeneous mica-bearing quartz gneisses, banded mica gneisses and hornblende or pyroxene-bearing mafic gneisses. The migmatitic gneisses, which typically contain 20 – 40 % leucosome, can be divided into three subgroups in terms of their migmatite structures: veined gneisses, stromatic gneisses and diatexitic gneisses. The leucosomes of the veined gneisses show vein-like, more or less elongated traces with some features similar to augen structures. Planar leucosome layers characterize the stromatic gneisses, whereas the migmatite structure of the diatexitic gneisses is asymmetric and irregular.

25

The lithological classification used in the mapping follows the classification by Mattila (2006). In this classification, the migmatitic metamorphic gneisses are divided into veined gneisses (VGN), stromatic gneisses (SGN) and diatexitic gneisses (DGN). The percentage of the leucosome proportion in gneisses is reported. The non-migmatitic metamorphic gneisses are separated into mica gneisses (MGN), mafic gneisses (MFGN), quartz gneisses (QGN) and tonalitic-granodioritic-granitic gneisses (TGG). The metamorphic rocks form a compositional series that can be separated by rock texture and the proportion of neosome. Igneous rock names used in the classification are coarse-grained pegmatitic granite (PGR), K-feldspar porphyry (KFP) and diabase (DB). The TGG gneisses are medium-grained, relatively homogeneous rocks that can show a blastomylonitic foliation, but they can also resemble plutonic, unfoliated rocks. The pegmatitic granites are leucocratic, very coarse-grained rocks, which may contain large garnet, tourmaline and cordierite crystals. Mica gneiss enclaves are typical within the larger pegmatitic bodies. Gneisses, which are weakly or not at all migmatitic, make ca. 9 % of the bedrock. The migmatitic gneisses comprise over 64 % of the volume of the Olkiluoto bedrock, with the veined gneisses accounting for 43 %, the stromatic gneisses for 0.4 % and the diatexitic gneisses for 21 %, based on drill core logging. Of the remaining lithologies, the TGG-gneisses constitute 8 % and the pegmatitic granites almost 20 % by volume (Kärki & Paulamäki 2006). The OL-KR56 drillcore consists mostly of veined gneiss (34.5 %), diatexitic gneiss (32.1 %), pegmatitic granite (13.8 %) and mica gneiss (13.0 %). In addition, short sections of TGG-gneisses, K-feldspar porphyry (KFP) and quartz gneiss (QGN) were encountered in the drillhole. In places, the migmatite structure of the gneisses varies considerably between non-migmatitic, veined and diatexitic. In these cases the given rock section is named according to prevailing rock type but in some cases also shorter than 1 metre thick lithological units (in drillcore intersection) are recorded for clearer descriptions. Stromatic gneiss cannot be accurately distinguished from veined gneiss in drill core sample scale. The rock types recorded from the cores are presented in Figures 9 and 10 and in Appendix 15. Of the migmatitic gneisses, the diatexitic gneiss (DGN) and veined gneiss (VGN) occupy 2/3 of the sample with nearly even proportions. The diatexitic gneiss is more abundant of the two migmatitic gneisses at the drillhole depths of less than ~725 metres, whereas the veined gneiss dominates in the deeper parts of the drillhole. The diatexitic gneiss (DGN) is mostly irregular by foliation, but locally can be weakly banded and usually contains 50

26

– 80 % leucosome. In some cases the DGN is practically massive when leucosome content is very high with only spots and stripes mica rich material. The veined gneiss (VGN) is for the most part moderately banded, but in many places weakly banded (often folded) or irregular. Sometimes when leucosome content is low, the dominating foliation type is gneissic. Veined gneiss contains typically 30 – 50 % leucosome. The pegmatitic granite (PGR) is relatively rare in the drillhole OL-KR56, compared to other deep drillholes in Olkiluoto. PGR occurs mainly at the start of the drillhole between the drillhole depths of 40 and 75 metres, and between the drillhole depths of 330 and 790 metres. Short PGR sections occur also in other parts of the drillcore. The PGR is mainly composed of K-feldspar and quartz, with minor amounts of biotite, muscovite, apatite and cordierite. The amount of mica gneiss (MGN) in the drillhole is somewhat greater than typically in the deep drillholes of Olkiluoto. It usually occurs as short inclusions in migmatitic gneisses, but in this drillhole it also occurs as longer sections in the drillcore. The mica gneiss mainly occurs at the drillhole depth sections of 70 – 180 and 720 – 1030 metres. The TGG-gneiss is encountered mainly at the drillhole depth sections of 300 – 375 and 790 – 950 metres as one to nine metres long sections. It is usually medium to coarse grained with massive to weakly gneissic foliation. Locally it contains leucosome veins. When the proportion of leucosome was significant, the TGG containing migmatite has been logged as VGN. The migmatitic gneisses, mainly the VGN, contain local sections of mica gneiss (MGN) and quartz gneiss (QGN), which were logged as separate rock types only when the sections were wider than about one metre. The quartz gneiss occurs as three short (1 – 2 m) sections at the drillhole depths of 575.90 – 576.85, 677.25 – 678.90 and 1153.50 – 1154.95 metres. The KFP was found as one short (4.1 m) section between the drillhole depths of 202.50 and 206.60 metres. The KFPs have porphyric appearance, but sometimes also show irregular to moderately banded or gneissic foliation. In Olkiluoto, the KFP sections usually are located in the near vicinity of ductile to semi-brittle (or brittle) deformation with moderate to strong alteration, but in this case, the distance to the nearest major deformation zone is ~50 metres.

27

Figure 9. Graphic log of the drillhole OL-KR56 (39.98 - ~620 m) showing rock types, fracture frequency, fractured zones, RQD and Q’-class (data presented in Appendices 15,18,19 and 22).

28

Figure 10. Graphic log of the drillhole OL-KR56 (~620 - 1201.65 m) showing rock types, fracture frequency, fractured zones, RQD and Q’-class (data presented in Appendices 15,18,19 and 22).

29

4.4 Foliation

The classification of the foliation type and intensity used in this study is based on the characterization procedure introduced by Milnes et al. (2006). The foliation type was estimated macroscopically and classified into five categories: MAS = massive GNE = gneissic BAN = banded SCH = schistose IRR = irregular The gneissic type (GNE) corresponds to a rock dominated by quartz and feldspars, with micas and amphiboles occurring only as minor constituents. The banded foliation type (BAN) consists of intercalated gneissic and schistose layers, which are either separated or discontinuous layers of micas or amphiboles. The schistose type (SCH) is dominated by micas or amphiboles, which have a strong orientation. Massive (MAS) corresponds to massive rock with no visible orientations and irregular (IRR) to folded or chaotic rock. The intensity of the foliation is based on visual estimation and classified into the following four categories: 0 = massive or irregular 1 = weakly foliated 2 = moderately foliated 3 = strongly foliated Measurements of foliation (Appendix 16) were carried out in variable intervals from the core sample, mainly one measurement per core box, if possible. A total of 119 measurements were made from the drillcore OL-KR56, giving an average interval of 9.7 metres.

30

Figure 11. Measured foliation orientations of OL-KR56 on an equal area lower hemisphere projection. The total number of measurements is 119. The main foliation type of the veined gneiss is moderately or weakly banded, but in many occasions gneissic, with very small leucosome content. The diatexitic gneisses are mainly weakly banded or with irregular foliation. Moderately banded variety is present in places. Pegmatitic granite is massive. Sections of mica gneiss are mainly massive or weakly gneissic, but in some places moderately gneissic. The foliation of TGG ranges from massive to moderately gneissic. The KFP shows traces of banded foliation. The main foliation direction in the core samples OL-KR56 is towards south-southeast (166 /50 ), but there is some variation in the foliation direction as shown in Figure 11.

4.5 Fracturing

Fractures were numbered sequentially from the beginning to the end of the drillcore (Appendix 17). Fracture depths were measured to the centre line of the core and given with an accuracy of 0.01 metres. Each fracture was described individually with attributes including orientation, type, colour, fracture filling, surface shape and roughness. The abbreviations used to describe the fracture type are in accordance with the classification used by Suomen Malmi Oy (Niinimäki 2004) (Table 2). Fractures with a filling and an apparent colour were classified as filled, if the core was intact. The filled fractures with intact surfaces were described as closed or partly closed.

31

In these cases, “closed” or “partly closed” has been written in the remarks column. The thickness of the filling was estimated with an accuracy of 0.1 mm. The identification of fracture fillings was qualitative and made visually in accordance with the fracture mineral database developed by Kivitieto Oy and Posiva Oy (Table 3). Abbreviations were used during the logging. Where the recognition of a mineral was not possible, the mineral was described with a common mineral group name, such as clay, sulphide etc. In addition to this, the morphology and alteration of fractures were also classified according to the Q-system (Grimstad & Barton 1993). The fracture morphology was described with the joint roughness number, Jr (Table 4) and the alteration with the joint alteration number, Ja (Table 5). The fracture shape and roughness of fracture surfaces were classified using a modification of Barton’s Q-classification (Barton et al. 1974) (Table 6). Table 2. The abbreviations used to describe fracture type (Niinimäki 2004).

Abbreviation Fracture type op Open ti Tight, no filling material fi Filled

fisl Filled slickensided grfi Grain filled clfi Clay filled

Table 3. Fracture filling mineral abbreviations.

Abbreviation Mineral Abbreviation Mineral FH = Rust HE = Hematite BT = Biotite PB = Galena CC = Calcite IL = Illite CU = Chalcopyrite SK = Pyrite MK = Pyrrhotite FL = Fluorite EP = Epidote KA = Kaolinite MP = Black pigment SR = Sericite MS = Feldspar SV = Clay mineral GR = Graphite KL = Chlorite MU = Muscovite KM = K-feldspar KV = Quartz ZN = Sphalerite

32

Table 4. Concise description of joint roughness number Jr (Grimstad & Barton 1993). Jr Profile Rock wall contact, or rock wall contact before 10 cm shear.

4 SRO Discontinuous joint or rough and stepped 3 SSM Stepped smooth 2 SSL Stepped slickensided 3 URO Rough and undulating 2 USM Smooth and undulating

1.5 USL Slickensided and undulating 1.5 PRO Rough or irregular, planar 1 PSM Smooth, planar

0.5 PSL Slickensided, planar Note 1. Descriptions refer to small-scale features and intermediate scale features, in that order. Jr No rock-wall contact when sheared

1 Zone containing clay minerals thick enough to prevent rock-wall contact 1 Sandy, gravely or crushed zone thick enough to prevent rock-wall

contact Note 1. Add 1 if the mean spacing of the relevant joint set is greater than 3. 2. Jr = 0.5 can be used for planar slickensided joints having lineation, provided the lineations are oriented for minimum strength.

Table 5. Concise description of joint alteration number Ja (Grimstad & Barton 1993). Ja Rock wall contact (no mineral filling, only coatings). 0.75 Tightly healed, hard, non-softening impermeable filling, i.e. quartz, or epidote. 1 Unaltered joint walls, surface staining only. 2 Slightly altered joint walls. Non-softening mineral coatings, sandy particles, clay-free

disintegrated rock, etc. 3 Silty or sandy clay coatings, small clay fraction (non-softening). 4 Softening or low-friction clay mineral coatings, i.e. kaolinite, mica, chlorite, talc,

gypsum, and graphite, etc. and small quantities of swelling clays (discontinuous coatings, 1-2 mm or less in thickness.

Rock wall contact before 10 cm shear (thin mineral fillings). 4 Sandy particles, clay-free disintegrated rock, etc. 6 Strongly over-consolidated, non-softening clay mineral fillings (continuous, <5 mm

in thickness). 8 Medium or low over-consolidation, softening, clay mineral filling (continuous <5 mm

in thickness). 8-12 Swelling-clay fillings, i.e. montmorillonite (continuous, <5 mm in thickness). Value of

Ja depends on percentage of swelling clay-sized particles, and access to water, etc. No rock-wall contact when sheared (thick mineral fillings). 6-12 Zones or bands of disintegrated or crushed rock and clay. 5 Zones or bands of silty- or sandy-clay, small clay fraction (non-softening). 10-20 Thick, continuous zones or bands of clay.

33

Table 6. Fracture surface shapes and roughness (Barton et al. 1974). Fracture shape Fracture roughness

Planar Rough Stepped Smooth

Undulated Slickensided

During the fracture logging, the surface colour was also registered. The colour is often caused by the dominating fracture filling mineral or minerals, e.g. chlorite (green) or kaolinite (white). Presence of minor filling minerals usually causes some variation in the colour of the fracture surface. These colour shades were described e.g. as dark or greenish. Tight fractures typically had only a slightly different shade from the host rock colour. In the fracture logging, 2780 fractures were recorded (Appendix 17). The fracture type and the frequencies of fracture surface qualities, morphologies, joint roughness and joint alteration numbers are shown as histograms in Figures 12…16. In the OL-KR56 drillcore, there are 1822 filled fractures (65.5 %), 632 filled slickensided fractures (22.7 %), 184 tight fractures (6.6 %), 95 open fractures (3.4 %) and 47 grain-filled fractures (1.7 %) (Figure 12). Most of the fractures are undulated in shape (Figure 13), have a rough profile (Figure 14) and high joint roughness number (Figure 15), indicating a high friction in the fracture surface. These fractures are usually filled or tight with low to low-moderate joint alteration numbers (0.75 – 3) (Figure 16). The high friction fractures are mostly located scattered throughout the core. The core sample OL-KR56 has unusually high number of closed fractures, which are given joint alteration number 0.75. This is at least partly due to MGN -rich lithology, which seems to preserve old and healed fractures during partial melting.

34

Figure 12. Fracture types in the core sample OL-KR56.

Figure 13. Fracture shapes in the core sample OL-KR56.

35

Figure 14. Fracture roughness in the core sample OL-KR56.

Figure 15. Joint roughness numbers in the core sample OL-KR56.

36

Figure 16. Joint alteration numbers in the core sample OL-KR56. In the OL-KR56, 24.4 % of the fractures are filled slickensided or grain-filled by type (Figure 12), and usually have slickensided or smooth surfaces (Figure 14) with moderate to high (4 to 12) joint alteration numbers (Figure 16), together indicating low friction. The low friction fractures are mainly undulating or planar in their shape (Figure 13). They are commonly present as groups, classified as fractured zones, or concentrated near to fractured zones, but they are also found scattered almost throughout the core sample. In the high-friction fractures, the fracture fillings are absent (tight fractures), or consist of hard, non-softening coatings or fillings, e.g. calcite and pyrite (filled fractures), often with small amounts of chlorite, kaolinite or other clay minerals. Some open fractures also contain fillings, for example idiomorphic calcite, pyrite, illite, muscovite and rust. The low-friction fractures are mainly filled slickensided, grain-filled or clay-filled fractures. Slickensided fractures were mostly filled with chlorite, accompanied by one or several clay minerals, graphite, calcite, pyrite or illite. In many slickensided fractures, small amount of crushed rock is also present. The grain-filled fractures have a crushed rock filling, the visible grain size ranging from few to tens of millimetres in diameter, but they also include clay-size particles of unidentified clay minerals, calcite, pyrite, chlorite and

37

graphite. Some late hydrothermal veins were logged as fractures in purpose of better and easier documentation, and due their nature to form discontinuity surfaces. The identified fracture filling minerals of OL-KR56 according to decreasing frequency of occurrence are: calcite, chlorite, unidentified clay minerals, pyrite, illite, kaolinite, graphite, quartz, muscovite, biotite, ferrous hydroxides, fluorite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite (Figure 17). In addition an unidentified white mineral with pearly luster was found in several frctures below the depth of 900 metres. It is preliminary identified as gypsum or nacrite. There is one main fracture direction in the drillcore OL-KR56 (Figure 18). The most common joint set is near parallel to foliation (125 /25 ). Other possible joint sets are 155 /42 and 060°/77 (dip direction/dip angle). In addition there is quite a lot fracturing in random directions, which may correspond to the closed healed fractures in mica gneiss sections. When all closed fractures are reduced from the data set, three main joint sets: horizontal fractures, 140°/30° (near foliation) and 062°/80° can be observed. The fracture orientations in OL-KR56 are corrected using the deviation data from Gyro -survey.

Figure 17. Fracture filling minerals (see Table 3) in the core sample OL-KR56.

38

Figure 18. Fracture orientation data of all the oriented fractures on an equal angle lower hemisphere projection. The total number of measurements is 2321.

4.6 Fracture frequency and RQD

The frequencies of natural fractures, RQD (Rock Quality Designator) (see Table 9, Figures 9 and 10) and mechanically induced breaks were all counted on one metre depth intervals (Appendix 18). The frequency of all fractures is the number of core breaks within one metre interval, including natural fractures and mechanically induced breaks. Mechanically induced breaks are caused by drilling, core handling and core discing. The natural fracture frequency is the number of natural fractures, open and closed, within one metre interval. If the frequency of all fractures is higher than the natural fracture frequency, the core must have been broken during the drilling. If the core was broken accidentally or by purpose during handling, it was marked to the core box with the letter F, and counted as a fracture or break depending on its nature. If the natural fracture frequency is higher than the frequency of all fractures, the fractures must be cohesive enough to keep the core together. The RQD gives the percentage of over 10 cm long core segments, separated by natural fractures, within one metre interval. The average natural fracture frequency of the OL-KR56 core is 2.4 pcs/m and the average RQD value is 94.2 %. There are few core loss sections (see Section 4.7) in which the

39

number of fractures is unknown, and these are not counted into the fracture frequency averages. They are, however, considered in rock quality calculations.

4.7 Fractured zones and core loss

Fractured zones were classified according to Finnish engineering geological bedrock classification (Korhonen et al. 1974) (Table 7). In drillhole OL-KR56 50 fractured zones were intersected (Appendix 19, see also Figures 9 and 10). One of the zones is block structured (RiII), 38 are fracture structured (RiIII), ten are crush structured (RiIV) and a one is clay structured (RiV). In some cases, different types of fractured zones are found as a compound zone, composed of different types of subzones. Fractured zones are found well scattered in the drillhole, but the most prominent fractured zones (RiIV-Rk4 and RiV) occur at the drillhole depth of ~171 metres and between the drillhole depths of 347 and 444 metres. The total length of the fractured zone intersections (RiII not included) is 49.60 m, which is about 4.3 % of the total length of the core samples OL-KR56. Most of the fractured zone intersections in OL-KR56 are fairly short (drillcore intersection shorter than approximately 2.0 m). The longest one is a compound zone (RiIII-RiIV-RiIII, 3.69 m) between the drillhole depths of 345.05 and 348.74 metres. Significant core loss due to non-cohesive (clay filled fractures) rock was observed in core sample OL-KR56 at two depth sections. The first core loss section is significant (1.05 metres of core loss) and occurs at the drillcore section of 170.28 – 171.33 metres where clay structured fracture zone material has been flushed away by drilling. The other core loss section (~0.05 m of core loss) occurred at the drillcore section of 347.30 – 347.36 metres, where clay and crushed rock filling has been flushed away. Core loss due to intact rock breaking or grinding is mainly insignificant in the drillcore OL-KR56. In some places, the ends of core samples have signs of rotation, but no significant core loss was observed.

40

Table 7. Classification of fractured rock (Korhonen et al. 1974). Broken rock mass Zone class Fractures / metre Fracture filling Block structured RiII 3 - 10 no fillings

Fracture structured RiIII > 10 none or thin

Crush structured

RiIV-Rk3 3 - 10 filled with clay minerals

RiIV-Rk4 > 10

Clay structured RiV - abundant clay material in rock mass

4.8 Weathering

The weathering degree of the drillcore was classified according to the method developed by Korhonen et al. (1974) and Gardemeister et al. (1976) (Table 8). About 90.7 % of the drillcore OL-KR56 is unweathered (Rp0), having only very weak and mostly local alteration, or no visible alteration at all (Appendix 20). Unweathered sections can contain local, very weak chloritization of mica, silicification, sulphidization or illitization. Weak epidotization of the plagioclase is rather common, especially near fractures. Cordierite is generally pinitized. About 9.2 % of the core can be described as slightly weathered (Rp1), containing enough alteration to possibly affect mechanical properties of the rock. The slightly weathered sections typically contain moderate chloritization, epidotization, sulphidization (+graphitization) or illitization. The alteration is commonly related to the fractured zones and surroundings of fractures, but can also be pervasive. The slightly weathered sections frequently contain epidotization of feldspars. There are two very short strongly weathered (Rp2) section in the drillhole at depth sections 172.25 – 172.45 and 790.23 – 790.30 metres (Appendix 20), which consist of almost completely hydrothermally altered soft and fragile rock. The core loss section at the drillhole depth of 170.28 – 171.33 metres is classified as completely weathered (Rp3) rock, as it is most probably composed of fault gouge and breccia.

41

Table 8. Abbreviations of the weathering degree.

4.9 Core discing

In Posiva’s logging procedure, core discing is logged separately, and depth intervals where core discing occurs are documented. The number of breaks and core discs is logged. The geometry of the top and bottom surfaces of the discs is described separately using the following classification:

- Concave - Convex - Planar - Saddle - Incomplete.

Core discing was found in the drillcore OL-KR56 in few places. They occur between the drillhole depths of 388 – 433 metres, 807 – 877 metres and at depth of ~1197 metres (Appendix 21).

Abbreviation Description of weathering type Rp0 Unweathered Rp1 Slightly weathered Rp2 Strongly weathered Rp3 Completely weathered

42

43

5 ROCK MECHANICS

5.1 The rock quality

Rock quality was classified during the core logging using Barton’s Q-classification (Rock Tunneling Quality Index; Barton et al. 1974 and Grimstad & Barton 1993). The core is divided into sections, which can vary from less than a metre to tens of metres in length. In each section, the rock quality is as homogenous as possible. The roughness and alteration numbers are estimated for each fracture surface (Appendix 17). The roughness and alteration numbers (average, median and lower and higher quartiles) are then calculated for each section, and the median value is used in the Q-quality calculations. The Q-value is calculated by Equation 1 (Barton et al. 1974 and Grimstad & Barton, 1993):

SRFJ

JJ

JRQDQ w

a

r

n

** (1)

The RQD (Table 9) is defined as the cumulative length of core pieces longer than 10 cm in a run divided by the total length of the core run. Closed fractures are also counted in the RQD value. Some constant values are used in the calculations. All closed fractures with non soft filling are given joint alteration (Ja) number of 0.75 (see Table 5). If the fracture interval of the relevant joint set is over one metre, the value of 1 is given to Jn (Table 9). If the fracture interval of the relevant joint set is over three metres, the value of 1 is added to the value of Jr, (see Table 4), and Jn is given the value of 0.5. For rock sections with no fractures, the value of 5 for Jr and the value of 0.75 for Ja are used. In the calculations, joint water (Jw) and stress reduction factors (SRF) are assumed as 1, so the result of the calculation is the Q’-value. The core sample of OL-KR56 was divided to 247 units of variable lengths, the Q’-values of which were then calculated separately. The results of Q’-classification are presented in Appendix 22 and shown graphically in Figures 9 and 10. The rock quality (see Table 9) of OL-KR56 is mainly “exceptionally good” (417.45 m, 35.9 %), “good” (338.22 m, 29.1 %), “very good” (236.45 m, 20.4 %), “extremely good” (73.89 m, 6.4 %) or fair (70.95 m, 6.1 %). Additionally, 19.67 m (1.7 %) of the core sample was classified as “poor”, 3.99 m (0.3 %) as "very poor" and 1.05 m as "extremely poor". The fractured zones are mainly classified as "poor", "very poor” or "extremely poor", but in some cases as “fair”. The large number of closed fractures logged in the core caused somewhat lower RQD and Jr -values, combined with higher Ja and Jn -values in the calculations when compared to typical deep drillholes.

44

Table 9. Description of RQD and joint set number Jn (Grimstad & Barton 1993).

5.2 Rock mechanical field tests on core samples

Rock strength and deformation properties were tested with a Bemek Rock Tester -equipment. The device is meant for field-testing of rock cores to evaluate rock strength and deformation parameters. The tested rock cores can be unprepared and the test itself is easy to perform. The sample should be in one piece and at least 0.30 m long without any healed fractures and not remarkably microfractured. Young’s Modulus (E), Poisson’s ratio ( ) and Modulus of Rupture (Smax) were measured with a Bend test (Figure 19), in which the outer supports (L) were placed 190 mm apart and the inner supports (U) 58 mm apart. Diameter of the core (D) was 50.2 mm. The Young’s Modulus describes the stiffness of rock in the condition of isotropic elasticity. This can be calculated based on Hooke’s reduced law (Equation 2).

Ea

[Pa] (2)

= stress [Pa]

45

a = axial strain The Poisson’s ratio is defined as the ratio of radial strain and axial strain (Equation 3).

a

r (3)

r = radial strain

a = axial strain Values of Modulus of Rupture are read directly from the Bend test measurement (Figure 20). The uniaxial compressive strength c of the rock was determined indirectly from the point load test results. The point load tests were made according to the ISRM instructions (ISRM 1981 and ISRM 1985). The point load index IS50, which is determined in the test, is multiplied by 20 and the resulting value corresponds to the uniaxial compressive strength (Pohjanperä et al. 2005).

Figure 19. Bend test. Radial and axial strain gauges glued on the core sample.

U

L

D L > 3,5D

D U L/3

46

In the point load test (Figure 19), the load is increased until the core sample breaks and the point load index is calculated from the load required to break the sample. The test result is valid only if the break surface goes through the load points. The point load number IS is calculated from Equation 4.

I PDS 2 [Pa] (4)

P = point load [N] D = diameter of the core sample [mm] The point load number is dependent on the diameter of the core sample and it is therefore corrected to the point load index Is50 (i.e. a 50 mm diameter core) using Equations 5 and 6. The index Is50 is then correlated with the uniaxial compressive strength of the rock by multiplying the index by a coefficient of 20. The result is not dependent on the sample size.

I F IS S50 (5)

F D50

0 45,

(6)

D

L

L > 0,5D

Figure 20. Point load test. Figure 21. Measured angles of foliation versus point load test.

47

Differences in measurements are caused by variations in foliation intensity and grain size. After the measurements, the following parameters are logged: angles of foliation versus point load tests (Figure 21), rock type, foliation intensity and description of foliation. The results of foliation measurements in the point-loaded samples, strength and elastic properties and the results of the tests are shown in Appendix 23. From drillcore OL-KR56, samples were taken about every 30 metres (39 samples). Of the samples, 16 are of veined gneiss (VGN), nine of diatexitic gneiss (DGN), seven of pegmatitic granite (PGR), five of mica gneiss (MGN) and two of tonalite-granite-granodiorite-gneiss (TGG) (Appendices 23 and 24). One bend test and two point load tests were performed on each sample. The mean uniaxial compressive strength of all samples is 120.0 MPa (Appendix 23). The Young's Modulus of all samples have an average of 38.3 GPa and the average Poisson’s ratio is 0.22 (Appendix 24) Uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s Modulus and Modulus of Rupture versus depth are shown in Figure 22.

Figure 22. Uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s Modulus, and Modulus of Rupture versus drillhole depth in OL-KR56.

48

49

6 SUMMARY

As a part of the confirming site investigations, Suomen Malmi Oy core drilled a 1201.65 metre deep drillhole (OL-KR56) in the Olkiluoto area. The drillhole was left open after drilling and drillhole surveys. The drillhole was stabilized at the drillhole depth of ~172 metres by cementing to enable further drilling. The drill rig was computer controlled. The core was drilled with wire-line technique using a triple tube core barrel, with a split inner sample tube. During the drilling, the electric conductivity and the volumes of drilling and returning water were monitored. The monitoring aimed at getting additional information on the bedrock quality. In the drillhole OL-KR56, the electric conductivity of the returning water varied from 18.7 to 113.6 mS/m. The drilling water was labelled with sodium fluorescein. During the drilling, washing and flushing of OL-KR56, about 1628.3 m³ of labelled water was used. The amount of the returning water from the drillhole was about 1104.7 m³. Finally, the drillhole was flushed by pumping about 37.7 m³ of water from the bottom of the drillhole. The deviation of the drillhole OL-KR56 was measured with Reflex EMS- and Reflex Gyro deviation survey tools. Both surveys were considered to be equally reliable in this drillhole. According to the Gyro and EMS results, the horizontal deviation of the drillhole OL-KR56 at the depth of 1201.65 metres is 160.5 metres to the east and 51.4 metres to the north and the vertical deviation 29 metres upwards in relation to the planned path coordinates of the drillhole at drillhole bottom depth. Uniaxial compressive strength, Young’s Modulus, and Poisson’s ratio were determined from the core samples. The average uniaxial compressive strength is 120.0 MPa, Young’s Modulus 38.3 GPa and Poisson’s ratio 0.22. The main rock types intersected by the drillholes are migmatitic gneisses (diatexitic gneiss and veined gneiss), mica gneiss and pegmatitic granite. Tonalitic-granodioritic-granitic, K-feldspar porphyry and sections of quartz gneiss occur among the migmatitic gneisses. The rock samples are mostly unweathered or slightly weathered. The average fracture frequency in drillhole OL-KR56 is 2.4 fractures per metre and the mean RQD value is 94.2 %. In the drillhole OL-KR56 50 fractured zones were intersected. The most prominent fractured zone occur at the drillhole depth of ~172

50

metres. Total core loss in the drillhole was 1.10 metres. In the drillhole 96.2 % of the core was oriented.

51

REFERENCES

Barton, N., Lien, R. & Lunde, J. 1974. Engineering classification of rock masses for the design of tunnel support. Rock Mechanics. December 1974. Vol. 6 No. 4. Springer Verlag. Wien, New York. 189-236 pp. Gardemeister, R., Johansson, S., Korhonen, P., Patrikainen, P., Tuisku, T. & Vähäsarja, P. 1976. Rakennusgeologisen kallioluokituksen soveltaminen. (The application of Finnish engineering geological bedrock classification, in Finnish). Espoo: Technical Recearch Centre of Finland, Geotechnical laboratory. 38 p. Research note 25. Grimstad, E. & Barton, N. 1993. Updating of the Q-system for NMT. Proceedings of Sprayed Concrete, 18-21 December 1993. Fagernäs, Norway ISRM. 1981. Suggested Methods for Determining the Uniaxial Compressive Strength and Deformability of Rock Materials. In Rock Characterization Testing & Monitoring. Oxford, Pergamon Press. s. 113-116. ISRM. 1985. Suggested Method for Determining Point Load Strength. International Journal Rock Mech. Min. Sci. & Geomech. Vol. 22, no 2. S. 51-60. Korhonen, K-H., Gardemeister, R., Jääskeläinen, H., Niini, H. & Vähäsarja, P. 1974. Rakennusalan kallioluokitus. (Engineering geological bedrock classification, in Finnish). Espoo: Technical Research Centre of Finland, Geotechnical laboratory. 78 p. Research note 12. Kärki, A. & Paulamäki, S. 2006. Petrology of Olkiluoto. POSIVA 2006-02. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki. Mattila, J. 2006. A System of Nomenclature for Rocks in Olkiluoto. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Posiva Working report 2006-32. Milnes, A. G., Hudson, J., Wikström, L. & Aaltonen, I. 2006. Foliation: Geological Background, Rock Mechanics Significance, and Preliminary Investigations at Olkiluoto. Working Report 2006-03. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki.

52

Niinimäki, R. 2004. Core drilling of Pilot Hole OL-PH1 at Olkiluoto in Eurajoki 2003-2004. Eurajoki, Finland: Posiva Oy. Posiva Working report 2004-05, 95 p. Pohjanperä, P., Wanne, T. & Johansson, E. 2005. Point load test results from Olkiluoto area – Determination of strength of intact rock from drillholes KR1-KR28 and PH1. Working Report 2005 -59. Posiva Oy, Eurajoki. Rocscience Inc. Dips (v5.0) Features [WWW-document]. 2003. <http://www.rocscience.com/products/dips/InputData.asp>. (Read 3.2.2009).

Gyro-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

Gyro-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

Gyro-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

Gyro-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

Gyro-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

OL KR56 Horizontal Projection

True

6791650

Planned

6791550

6791600

X

67915001526800 1526900 1527000 1527100

Y

Start

0

OL KR56 Vertical Projection

300

200

100

600

500

400

Z.m True

l d

900

800

700

Planned

1200

1100

1000

0 100 200 300Horizontal distance, m

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

EMS-survey, Suomen Malmi Oy

OL KR5 Horizontal Projection

T

6791650

True

Planned

6791550

6791600

X

67915001526800 1526900 1527000 1527100

Y

Start

Deviation surveys, graphic, EMS 89 Appendix 9

0

OL KR56 Vertical Projection

300

200

100

600

500

400

Z.m True

Pl d

900

800

700

Planned

1200

1100

1000

0 100 200 300Horizontal distance, m

Deviation surveys, graphic, EMS 90 Appendix 9

7.10.2011 18.10.2011 210.10.2011 311.10.2011 412.10.2011 52.11.2011 63.11.2011 74.11.2011 87.11.2011 98.11.2011 109.11.2011 1110.11.2011 1211 11 2011 1311.11.2011 1313.11.2011 14 22314.11.2011 15 20515.11.2011 16 21816.11.2011 17 20818.11.2011 19 22021.11.2011 20 18322.11.2011 21 23523 11 2011 22 21723.11.2011 22 21724.11.2011 23 19325.11.2011 24 23526.11.2011 25 22627.11.2011 26 22628.11.2011 27 23729.11.2011 28 23130.11.2011 29 2341.12.2011 30 2342.12.2011 31 2277.12.2011 32 2228.12.2011 33 2329.12.2011 34 22310.12.2011 35 22611.12.2011 36 22612.12.2011 37 21413.12.2011 38 23214.12.2011 39 20815.12.2011 40 21416.12.2011 41 22217.12.2011 42 21719.12.2011 43 21920.12.2011 44 22821.12.2011 45 22222.12.2011 46 22927.12.2011 47 20728.12.2011 48 24029.12.2011 49 23530.12.2011 50 2412.1.2012 51 2263.1.2012 52 2214 1 2012 53 2444.1.2012 53 2449.1.2012 54 14610.1.2012 55 170

(°) (°) (°) (°)

(°) (°) (°) (°)

(°) (°) (°) (°)

(°) (°) (°) (°)

(°) (°) (°) (°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

(°)

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

39.89 40 0 0 0 100 RQD = 0.11m/0.11m40 41 1 1 0 10041 42 4 4 0 10042 43 1 7 1 84 Number of closed fractures 743 44 1 3 0 96 Number of closed fractures 244 45 3 4 0 100 Number of closed fractures 145 46 2 1 1 9446 47 3 2 1 9947 48 2 1 1 10048 49 4 1 4 100 Number of closed fractures 149 50 1 1 0 10050 51 2 5 1 89 Number of closed fractures 451 52 3 10 0 77 Number of closed fractures 752 53 2 1 1 10053 54 1 3 1 91 Number of closed fractures 354 55 2 2 0 10055 56 2 0 2 10056 57 2 2 0 10057 58 2 2 0 9858 59 2 2 1 99 Number of closed fractures 159 60 3 5 0 84 Number of closed fractures 260 61 2 2 0 9461 62 1 1 0 10062 63 3 3 1 97 Number of closed fractures 163 64 3 2 1 9864 65 1 2 1 97 Number of closed fractures 265 66 2 0 2 10066 67 0 0 0 10067 68 3 3 1 90 Number of closed fractures 168 69 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 169 70 1 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 270 71 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 171 72 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 172 73 1 1 0 10073 74 6 7 1 83 Number of closed fractures 274 75 3 1 2 10075 76 2 5 1 85 Number of closed fractures 476 77 1 0 1 10077 78 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 178 79 4 6 2 93 Number of closed fractures 479 80 7 9 0 68 Number of closed fractures 280 81 7 5 3 81 Number of closed fractures 181 82 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 182 83 2 3 1 99 Number of closed fractures 283 84 1 4 0 92 Number of closed fractures 384 85 3 4 3 96 Number of closed fractures 485 86 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 185 86 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 186 87 4 2 3 100 Number of closed fractures 187 88 3 3 1 92 Number of closed fractures 188 89 4 2 2 9289 90 4 6 0 83 Number of closed fractures 290 91 4 7 0 87 Number of closed fractures 391 92 2 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 192 93 2 2 1 95 Number of closed fractures 193 94 2 1 1 10094 95 3 3 0 10095 96 4 5 0 98 Number of closed fractures 196 97 2 1 1 10097 98 2 3 1 85 Number of closed fractures 298 99 3 2 1 10099 100 4 3 1 89100 101 4 6 1 81 Number of closed fractures 3101 102 3 2 1 100102 103 2 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1103 104 3 3 1 91 Number of closed fractures 1104 105 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1105 106 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1106 107 1 2 0 93 Number of closed fractures 1107 108 1 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 2108 109 2 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1109 110 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1110 111 4 5 1 85 Number of closed fractures 2111 112 3 3 1 96 Number of closed fractures 1112 113 2 3 0 98 Number of closed fractures 1113 114 4 2 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1114 115 3 2 1 100115 116 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1116 117 2 1 1 100117 118 1 0 1 100118 119 3 1 2 100119 120 4 3 1 100120 121 1 0 1 100121 122 2 0 2 100122 123 0 0 0 100123 124 3 4 1 90 Number of closed fractures 2124 125 2 5 0 96 Number of closed fractures 3125 126 3 4 0 89 Number of closed fractures 1126 127 4 2 2 97127 128 2 2 0 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 179 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

128 129 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1129 130 3 4 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1130 131 4 2 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1131 132 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1132 133 2 6 0 96 Number of closed fractures 4133 134 2 0 2 100134 135 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1135 136 1 0 1 100136 137 3 1 2 100137 138 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1138 139 7 3 4 85139 140 2 2 0 99140 141 3 1 2 100141 142 5 4 1 90142 143 4 2 2 99143 144 6 6 2 81 Number of closed fractures 2144 145 4 2 2 100145 146 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1146 147 4 5 1 87 Number of closed fractures 2147 148 2 0 2 100148 149 1 1 0 100149 150 2 1 1 100150 151 5 2 4 100 Number of closed fractures 1151 152 1 1 0 100152 153 2 0 2 100153 154 2 0 2 100154 155 2 0 2 100155 156 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1156 157 2 1 1 100157 158 4 4 1 97 Number of closed fractures 1

158 159 15 16 0 26 Number of closed fracures 1, RQD recalculated

159 160 7 11 0 63 Number of closed fractures 4160 161 11 15 0 55 Number of closed fractures 4161 162 4 4 0 84162 163 5 5 2 97 Number of closed fractures 2163 164 3 5 0 87 Number of closed fractures 2164 165 6 6 0 84165 166 6 6 1 93 Number of closed fractures 1166 167 3 3 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1167 168 5 5 0 89168 169 9 10 0 63 Number of closed fractures 1169 170 4 6 0 82 Number of closed fractures 2

170 171 4 8 1 10 Number of closed fractures 5, RQD recalculated due to the RiV-zone

171 172 14 18 0 10 Number of closed fractures 4, RQD recalculated due to the RiV-zonerecalculated due to the RiV zone

172 173 10 7 7 77 Number of closed fractures 4173 174 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1174 175 2 3 1 98 Number of closed fractures 2175 176 5 2 3 100176 177 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1177 178 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1178 179 4 2 2 100179 180 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1180 181 2 3 1 92 Number of closed fractures 2181 182 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1182 183 1 2 1 91 Number of closed fractures 2183 184 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1184 185 3 0 3 100185 186 3 3 2 94 Number of closed fractures 2186 187 4 2 2 100187 188 1 0 1 100188 189 3 3 1 98 Number of closed fractures 1189 190 2 7 1 70 Number of closed fractures 6190 191 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1191 192 2 0 2 100192 193 3 3 0 89193 194 2 4 0 92 Number of closed fractures 2194 195 1 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 2195 196 1 1 0 100196 197 4 4 0 85197 198 2 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1198 199 7 8 2 91 Number of closed fractures 3199 200 2 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1200 201 6 2 4 91201 202 2 0 2 100202 203 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1203 204 2 4 1 96 Number of closed fractures 3204 205 4 8 2 79 Number of closed fractures 6205 206 3 4 0 92 Number of closed fractures 1206 207 4 6 2 88 Number of closed fractures 4207 208 3 3 0 100208 209 1 0 1 100209 210 1 0 1 100210 211 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1211 212 4 0 4 100212 213 2 0 2 100213 214 1 0 1 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 180 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

214 215 2 0 2 100215 216 3 0 3 100216 217 1 0 1 100217 218 1 0 1 100218 219 1 0 1 100219 220 0 0 0 100220 221 4 0 4 100221 222 3 0 3 100222 223 0 0 0 100223 224 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1224 225 1 0 1 100225 226 1 0 1 100226 227 2 2 0 100227 228 2 0 2 100228 229 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1229 230 2 1 1 100230 231 1 0 1 100231 232 1 0 1 100232 233 1 0 1 100233 234 0 0 0 100234 235 1 0 1 100235 236 2 0 2 100236 237 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1237 238 1 0 1 100238 239 2 0 2 100239 240 0 0 0 100240 241 1 0 1 100241 242 5 2 3 100242 243 0 0 0 100243 244 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1244 245 2 0 2 100245 246 1 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 2246 247 1 0 1 100247 248 3 0 3 100248 249 1 2 0 91 Number of closed fractures 1249 250 4 8 0 71 Number of closed fractures 4250 251 2 0 2 100251 252 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1252 253 3 1 2 100253 254 2 3 0 94 Number of closed fractures 1254 255 1 0 1 100255 256 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1256 257 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1257 258 2 4 0 99 Number of closed fractures 2258 259 3 4 0 94 Number of closed fractures 1259 260 2 2 1 91 Number of closed fractures 1260 261 2 1 1 100260 261 2 1 1 100261 262 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1262 263 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1263 264 1 0 1 100264 265 3 0 3 100265 266 8 4 4 95266 267 4 2 2 93267 268 1 1 0 100268 269 2 2 1 97 Number of closed fractures 1269 270 3 2 1 87270 271 3 5 0 84 Number of closed fractures 2271 272 1 0 1 100272 273 0 0 0 100273 274 4 5 0 82 Number of closed fractures 1274 275 3 0 3 100275 276 0 0 0 100276 277 2 0 2 100277 278 1 0 1 100278 279 1 1 0 100279 280 1 0 1 100280 281 4 1 3 100281 282 0 0 0 100282 283 4 3 1 96283 284 2 4 1 98 Number of closed fractures 3284 285 1 5 0 91 Number of closed fractures 4285 286 1 1 0 100286 287 2 3 1 95 Number of closed fractures 2287 288 5 8 0 56 Number of closed fractures 3

288 289 3 2 2 93 Intensive micro fracturing in PGR. Not reduced from RQD.

289 290 2 2 0 100 Intensive micro fracturing in PGR. Not reduced from RQD.

290 291 3 2 1 91291 292 1 6 0 88 Number of closed fractures 5292 293 3 0 3 100 Weakly micro fractured PGR293 294 3 1 2 100294 295 2 5 1 95 Number of closed fractures 4295 296 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1296 297 2 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 2297 298 4 4 1 96 Number of closed fractures 1298 299 3 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1299 300 1 0 1 100300 301 1 0 1 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 181 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

301 302 2 0 2 100302 303 1 1 0 100303 304 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1304 305 3 3 0 100305 306 2 2 1 98 Number of closed fractures 1306 307 4 0 4 100307 308 0 0 0 100308 309 1 1 0 100309 310 2 4 1 100 Number of closed fractures 3310 311 1 1 0 100311 312 3 2 2 92 Number of closed fractures 1312 313 1 0 1 100313 314 2 1 1 100314 315 2 1 1 100315 316 2 0 2 100316 317 2 1 1 100317 318 3 2 3 95 Number of closed fractures 2318 319 3 0 3 100319 320 3 0 3 100320 321 2 0 2 100321 322 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1322 323 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1323 324 1 0 1 100324 325 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1325 326 3 3 0 96326 327 4 4 2 93 Number of closed fractures 2327 328 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1328 329 4 11 2 78 Number of closed fractures 9329 330 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1330 331 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1331 332 2 3 1 98 Number of closed fractures 2332 333 3 3 1 99 Number of closed fractures 1333 334 2 0 2 100334 335 10 8 2 80335 336 2 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1336 337 1 0 1 100337 338 2 1 1 100338 339 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1

339 340 1 3 0 92

Number of measured closed fractures 2, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

340 341 3 9 0 66

Number of measured closed fractures 6, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite andbranching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

341 342 1 5 0 100

Number of measured closed fractures 4, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

342 343 2 7 0 71

Number of measured closed fractures 5, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

343 344 1 10 0 73

Number of measured closed fractures 9, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

344 345 6 19 0 33

Number of measured closed fractures 13, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

345 346 11 16 1 26

Number of measured closed fractures 6, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

346 347 4 18 0 30

Number of measured closed fractures 14, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

347 348 18 22 0 0

Number of measured closed fractures 4, in addition to measured closed fractures there are several incomplete and branching fractures filled by illite and locally by calcite.

348 349 10 19 0 0 Number of closed fractures 9349 350 4 9 0 53 Number of closed fractures 5350 351 2 17 0 12 Number of closed fractures 15351 352 4 12 0 43 Number of closed fractures 8352 353 13 22 0 0 Number of closed fractures 9353 354 15 18 0 29 Number of closed fractures 3

Fracture frequency and RQD 182 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

354 355 4 8 0 87 Number of closed fractures 4355 356 8 14 0 68 Number of closed fractures 6356 357 2 12 0 70 Number of closed fractures 10357 358 5 14 0 62 Number of closed fractures 9358 359 5 13 0 66 Number of closed fractures 8359 360 2 9 1 79 Number of closed fractures 8360 361 7 13 2 69 Number of closed fractures 8361 362 3 12 2 44 Number of closed fractures 11362 363 3 13 0 65 Number of closed fractures 10363 364 6 13 0 43 Number of closed fractures 7364 365 10 19 0 42 Number of closed fractures 9365 366 7 13 0 59 Number of closed fractures 6366 367 5 10 0 71 Number of closed fractures 5367 368 11 13 1 60 Number of closed fractures 3368 369 2 5 2 95 Number of closed fractures 5369 370 7 16 1 21 Number of closed fractures 10370 371 5 12 0 46 Number of closed fractures 7371 372 10 17 0 45 Number of closed fractures 7372 373 10 15 1 36 Number of closed fractures 6373 374 12 15 1 51 Number of closed fractures 4374 375 10 17 0 26 Number of closed fractures 7375 376 6 10 0 79 Number of closed fractures 4376 377 9 17 0 46 Number of closed fractures 8377 378 3 11 0 44 Number of closed fractures 8378 379 3 7 0 81 Number of closed fractures 4379 380 9 10 1 61 Number of closed fractures 2380 381 6 12 1 61 Number of closed fractures 7381 382 4 7 0 76 Number of closed fractures 3382 383 5 9 0 70 Number of closed fractures 4383 384 2 1 1 93384 385 4 6 0 84 Number of closed fractures 2385 386 3 4 0 93 Number of closed fractures 1386 387 5 6 0 93 Number of closed fractures 1387 388 1 4 0 94 Number of closed fractures 3

388 389 9 2 7 100 Most of the mechanical breaks due to the possible core discing

389 390 5 9 0 78 Number of closed fractures 4390 391 3 6 0 91 Number of closed fractures 3391 392 4 2 2 100392 393 5 7 0 78 Number of closed fractures 2393 394 6 7 0 97 Number of closed fractures 1394 395 7 9 1 78 Number of closed fractures 3395 396 3 6 0 85 Number of closed fractures 3396 397 13 13 2 56 Number of closed fractures 2397 398 2 3 1 90 Number of closed fractures 2398 399 4 8 1 82 Number of closed fractures 5399 400 2 5 1 84 Number of closed fractures 4399 400 2 5 1 84 Number of closed fractures 4

400 401 18 7 12 80Number of closed fractures 1, Most of the mechanical breaks due to the possible core discing

401 402 12 13 0 58 Number of closed fractures 1402 403 12 11 1 66403 404 3 9 0 72 Number of closed fractures 6404 405 11 13 0 47 Number of closed fractures 2405 406 7 7 0 65406 407 15 17 0 39 Number of closed fractures 2407 408 14 16 0 68 Number of closed fractures 2408 409 6 6 0 91409 410 1 0 1 100410 411 5 3 2 98411 412 6 11 0 67 Number of closed fractures 5412 413 3 3 1 98 Number of closed fractures 1413 414 1 0 1 100414 415 2 2 0 91415 416 1 0 1 100416 417 3 2 1 100417 418 3 1 2 100418 419 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1419 420 4 4 0 100420 421 2 1 1 99421 422 4 4 0 96422 423 1 0 1 100423 424 1 0 1 100424 425 0 0 0 100425 426 1 0 1 100426 427 3 2 1 100427 428 1 0 1 100428 429 2 1 1 100429 430 2 1 1 100430 431 2 0 2 100431 432 3 1 2 100

432 433 8 6 5 92Number of closed fractures 3, 3 of the mechanical breaks produced by possible core discing

433 434 7 5 2 94 Mechanical breaks produced by possible core discing

434 435 4 2 2 100435 436 1 0 1 100436 437 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1

Fracture frequency and RQD 183 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

437 438 8 8 0 81438 439 5 9 0 73 Number of closed fractures 4439 440 2 2 0 96440 441 6 9 0 68 Number of closed fractures 3441 442 8 10 0 71 Number of closed fractures 2442 443 7 9 0 72 Number of closed fractures 2443 444 13 15 0 41 Number of closed fractures 2444 445 2 2 0 100445 446 2 1 1 100446 447 0 0 0 100447 448 2 0 2 100448 449 6 0 6 100449 450 4 6 0 93 Number of closed fractures 2450 451 12 13 0 45 Number of closed fractures 1451 452 5 5 0 87452 453 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1453 454 2 3 1 100 Number of closed fractures 2454 455 1 0 1 100455 456 2 0 2 100456 457 2 0 2 100457 458 7 6 1 92458 459 2 1 1 100459 460 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1460 461 2 0 2 100461 462 2 0 2 100462 463 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1463 464 2 0 2 100464 465 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1465 466 2 0 2 100466 467 2 0 2 100467 468 1 2 0 96 Number of closed fractures 1468 469 2 2 1 93 Number of closed fractures 1469 470 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1470 471 2 2 1 98 Number of closed fractures 1471 472 3 0 3 100472 473 2 0 2 100473 474 1 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 2474 475 2 0 2 100475 476 0 0 0 100476 477 1 1 0 100477 478 3 0 3 100478 479 0 0 0 100479 480 2 0 2 100480 481 1 0 1 100481 482 1 0 1 100482 483 3 0 3 100483 484 3 0 3 100483 484 3 0 3 100484 485 3 0 3 100485 486 0 0 0 100486 487 1 0 1 100487 488 2 0 2 100488 489 1 0 1 100489 490 1 0 1 100490 491 2 0 2 100491 492 3 0 3 100492 493 1 0 1 100493 494 1 0 1 100494 495 0 0 0 100495 496 2 1 1 100496 497 2 0 2 100497 498 2 0 2 100498 499 4 3 1 99499 500 2 0 2 100500 501 4 3 1 99501 502 2 3 1 90 Number of closed fractures 2502 503 4 8 0 82 Number of closed fractures 4503 504 3 7 1 80 Number of closed fractures 5504 505 8 8 0 78505 506 5 11 0 56 Number of closed fractures 6506 507 5 5 0 99507 508 6 7 0 87 Number of closed fractures 1508 509 6 13 0 63 Number of closed fractures 7509 510 0 4 0 100 Number of closed fractures 4510 511 1 6 0 92 Number of closed fractures 5511 512 1 5 1 96 Number of closed fractures 5512 513 3 3 0 100513 514 2 1 1 100514 515 3 4 0 97 Number of closed fractures 1515 516 1 0 1 100516 517 1 1 0 100517 518 1 1 0 100518 519 2 1 1 100519 520 5 5 0 86520 521 4 3 1 98521 522 2 0 2 100522 523 4 5 1 90 Number of closed fractures 2523 524 3 2 1 88524 525 2 2 0 100525 526 3 3 0 87

Fracture frequency and RQD 184 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

526 527 4 3 1 94527 528 1 0 1 100528 529 1 0 1 100529 530 2 0 2 100530 531 1 0 1 100531 532 1 0 1 100532 533 2 2 0 100533 534 2 1 1 100534 535 2 0 2 100535 536 2 0 2 100536 537 1 0 1 100537 538 1 0 1 100538 539 4 0 4 100539 540 3 0 3 100540 541 2 0 2 100541 542 3 0 3 100542 543 2 2 2 94 Number of closed fractures 2543 544 5 2 3 100544 545 1 1 0 100545 546 3 0 3 100546 547 3 0 3 100547 548 2 0 2 100548 549 3 0 3 100549 550 2 0 2 100550 551 1 0 1 100551 552 1 0 1 100552 553 3 0 3 100553 554 1 0 1 100554 555 3 0 3 100555 556 0 0 0 100556 557 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1557 558 2 2 0 100558 559 3 0 3 100559 560 2 0 2 100560 561 1 0 1 100561 562 2 1 1 100562 563 3 3 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1563 564 2 1 1 100564 565 1 0 1 100565 566 3 4 2 96 Number of closed fractures 3566 567 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1567 568 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1568 569 3 3 1 93 Number of closed fractures 1569 570 3 6 0 81 Number of closed fractures 3570 571 6 6 0 87571 572 4 3 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1572 573 5 3 3 96 Number of closed fractures 1572 573 5 3 3 96 Number of closed fractures 1573 574 3 4 2 100 Number of closed fractures 3574 575 4 5 0 90 Number of closed fractures 1575 576 1 3 0 88 Number of closed fractures 2576 577 4 7 1 73 Number of closed fractures 4577 578 1 0 1 100578 579 0 0 0 100579 580 2 0 2 100580 581 2 0 2 100581 582 2 0 2 100582 583 4 1 4 100 Number of closed fractures 1583 584 2 0 2 100584 585 1 1 0 100585 586 1 0 1 100586 587 1 0 1 100587 588 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1588 589 2 1 1 100589 590 1 1 0 100590 591 1 0 1 100591 592 1 1 0 100592 593 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1593 594 2 2 0 100594 595 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1595 596 6 6 2 77 Number of closed fractures 2596 597 2 1 1 100597 598 12 16 0 39 Number of closed fractures 4598 599 7 8 1 66 Number of closed fractures 2599 600 2 3 0 97 Number of closed fractures 1600 601 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1601 602 2 2 2 96 Number of closed fractures 2602 603 4 5 1 80 Number of closed fractures 2603 604 3 3 2 91 Number of closed fractures 2604 605 2 1 1 100605 606 2 1 1 100606 607 6 6 1 70 Number of closed fractures 1607 608 18 23 0 7 Number of closed fractures 5608 609 5 5 0 86609 610 2 1 1 100610 611 1 0 1 100611 612 2 2 0 100612 613 4 0 4 100613 614 2 0 2 100614 615 2 1 1 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 185 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

615 616 2 0 2 100616 617 1 0 1 100617 618 2 1 1 100618 619 5 4 1 90619 620 3 0 3 100620 621 2 4 0 100 Number of closed fractures 2621 622 0 2 0 97 Number of closed fractures 2622 623 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1623 624 0 0 0 100624 625 2 0 2 100625 626 4 5 2 92 Number of closed fractures 3626 627 1 1 0 100627 628 6 3 5 98 Number of closed fractures 2628 629 5 2 3 100629 630 1 0 1 100630 631 3 0 3 100631 632 2 0 2 100632 633 2 0 2 100633 634 3 1 2 100634 635 0 0 0 100635 636 2 1 1 100636 637 3 0 3 100637 638 2 0 2 100638 639 3 0 3 100639 640 3 0 3 100640 641 1 1 0 100641 642 2 1 1 100642 643 4 1 4 100 Number of closed fractures 1643 644 0 0 0 100644 645 3 0 3 100645 646 1 0 1 100646 647 0 4 0 82 Number of closed fractures 4647 648 1 0 1 100648 649 3 0 3 100649 650 1 0 1 100650 651 1 0 1 100651 652 1 0 1 100652 653 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1653 654 2 0 2 100654 655 3 2 1 100655 656 0 0 0 100656 657 2 1 1 100657 658 1 0 1 100658 659 2 0 2 100659 660 1 0 1 100660 661 1 0 1 100661 662 1 0 1 100661 662 1 0 1 100662 663 1 0 1 100663 664 1 0 1 100664 665 3 0 3 100665 666 1 0 1 100666 667 1 0 1 100667 668 1 0 1 100668 669 1 0 1 100669 670 1 1 0 100670 671 5 3 2 92671 672 2 2 0 100672 673 2 0 2 100673 674 1 0 1 100674 675 2 0 2 100675 676 1 0 1 100676 677 1 1 0 100677 678 3 6 0 87 Number of closed fractures 3678 679 2 5 0 100 Number of closed fractures 3679 680 3 3 1 95 Number of closed fractures 1680 681 3 6 0 96 Number of closed fractures 3681 682 5 14 0 57 Number of closed fractures 9682 683 1 0 1 100683 684 2 2 0 100684 685 2 0 2 100685 686 5 4 1 92686 687 4 4 0 94687 688 2 1 1 100688 689 1 0 1 100689 690 0 0 0 100690 691 3 0 3 100691 692 2 0 2 100692 693 1 0 1 100693 694 1 0 1 100694 695 1 0 1 100695 696 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1696 697 1 0 1 100697 698 1 0 1 100698 699 1 0 1 100699 700 1 0 1 100700 701 0 0 0 100701 702 1 0 1 100702 703 3 0 3 100703 704 2 0 2 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 186 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

704 705 1 0 1 100705 706 1 0 1 100706 707 2 0 2 100707 708 2 0 2 100708 709 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1709 710 1 0 1 100710 711 3 0 3 100711 712 1 0 1 100712 713 1 0 1 100713 714 2 2 0 100714 715 1 0 1 100715 716 1 0 1 100716 717 0 0 0 100717 718 1 0 1 100718 719 1 0 1 100719 720 2 0 2 100720 721 2 0 2 100721 722 2 0 2 100722 723 1 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 2723 724 2 0 2 100724 725 3 0 3 100725 726 0 0 0 100726 727 1 0 1 100727 728 1 0 1 100728 729 2 2 1 94 Number of closed fractures 1729 730 4 0 4 100730 731 2 0 2 100731 732 1 0 1 100732 733 1 0 1 100733 734 2 1 1 100734 735 0 0 0 100735 736 3 0 3 100736 737 1 0 1 100737 738 2 0 2 100738 739 4 4 1 87 Number of closed fractures 1739 740 1 0 1 100740 741 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1741 742 3 1 2 100742 743 1 0 1 100743 744 1 0 1 100744 745 4 3 1 97745 746 1 0 1 100746 747 5 5 1 82 Number of closed fractures 1747 748 2 1 1 100748 749 1 0 1 100749 750 2 0 2 100750 751 2 0 2 100750 751 2 0 2 100751 752 3 0 3 100752 753 2 1 1 99753 754 5 5 0 88754 755 2 1 1 100755 756 0 0 0 100756 757 2 0 2 100757 758 2 0 2 100758 759 2 0 2 100759 760 2 1 1 100760 761 6 10 0 58 Number of closed fractures 4761 762 2 2 0 92762 763 2 0 2 100763 764 3 3 2 99 Number of closed fractures 2764 765 5 4 1 100765 766 4 5 0 87 Number of closed fractures 1766 767 3 2 2 94 Number of closed fractures 1767 768 3 1 2 100768 769 4 1 3 100769 770 3 1 2 100770 771 4 0 4 100771 772 4 5 1 81 Number of closed fractures 2772 773 2 4 1 85 Number of closed fractures 3773 774 5 1 4 100774 775 3 0 3 100775 776 3 6 1 95 Number of closed fractures 4776 777 2 2 1 91 Number of closed fractures 1777 778 3 6 2 93 Number of closed fractures 5778 779 2 2 1 93 Number of closed fractures 1779 780 2 1 1 100780 781 8 13 0 50 Number of closed fractures 5781 782 9 23 0 32 Number of closed fractures 14782 783 8 9 2 74 Number of closed fractures 3783 784 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 1784 785 2 0 2 100785 786 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1786 787 3 0 3 100787 788 1 0 1 100788 789 1 0 1 100789 790 4 5 1 86 Number of closed fractures 2790 791 14 19 0 37 Number of closed fractures 5791 792 2 2 0 100792 793 2 6 0 89 Number of closed fractures 4

Fracture frequency and RQD 187 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

793 794 4 9 0 62 Number of closed fractures 5794 795 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1795 796 1 0 1 100796 797 4 3 1 84797 798 0 0 0 100798 799 3 0 3 100799 800 6 1 5 100800 801 3 0 3 100801 802 1 0 1 100802 803 3 1 2 100803 804 1 0 1 100804 805 2 0 2 100805 806 3 3 0 83806 807 1 0 1 100

807 808 5 0 5 100 Most of the mechanical breaks due to the possible core discing

808 809 3 0 3 100809 810 2 0 2 100810 811 2 0 2 100811 812 1 0 1 100812 813 1 0 1 100813 814 1 0 1 100814 815 1 0 1 100815 816 1 0 1 100816 817 1 1 0 100817 818 1 0 1 100818 819 2 0 2 100819 820 0 0 0 100820 821 1 0 1 100821 822 4 6 0 89 Number of closed fractures 2822 823 0 0 0 100823 824 1 0 1 100824 825 1 0 1 100825 826 2 0 2 100826 827 1 0 1 100827 828 2 0 2 100828 829 1 0 1 100829 830 1 0 1 100830 831 1 0 1 100831 832 1 0 1 100832 833 1 0 1 100833 834 1 0 1 100834 835 3 0 3 100835 836 2 0 2 100836 837 1 0 1 100837 838 2 0 2 100838 839 2 0 2 100838 839 2 0 2 100839 840 2 2 0 100840 841 2 5 1 87 Number of closed fractures 4841 842 2 6 1 84 Number of closed fractures 5842 843 1 0 1 100843 844 1 0 1 100844 845 5 8 2 81 Number of closed fractures 5845 846 1 1 0 100846 847 2 1 1 100847 848 2 0 2 100848 849 1 0 1 100849 850 2 1 1 100850 851 2 0 2 100851 852 1 0 1 100852 853 1 0 1 100853 854 1 0 1 100854 855 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1855 856 4 0 4 100856 857 1 0 1 100857 858 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1858 859 3 0 3 100859 860 2 0 2 100860 861 0 0 0 100861 862 3 2 2 92 Number of closed fractures 1862 863 2 0 2 100863 864 0 0 0 100864 865 5 3 2 90865 866 2 1 1 100866 867 1 0 1 100867 868 1 0 1 100868 869 1 0 1 100869 870 1 0 1 100870 871 3 0 3 100871 872 1 0 1 100872 873 1 0 1 100873 874 2 0 2 100874 875 1 0 1 100

875 876 7 0 7 100 Most of the mechanical breaks due to the possible core discing

876 877 2 0 2 100877 878 3 0 3 100878 879 2 0 2 100879 880 2 1 1 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 188 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

880 881 4 2 2 100881 882 1 0 1 100882 883 3 2 1 100883 884 2 3 1 100 Number of closed fractures 2884 885 1 0 1 100885 886 2 0 2 100886 887 2 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1887 888 2 2 0 100888 889 2 0 2 100889 890 2 0 2 100890 891 2 0 2 100891 892 1 3 1 99 Number of closed fractures 3892 893 2 0 2 100893 894 2 2 2 100 Number of closed fractures 2894 895 2 10 2 79 Number of closed fractures 10895 896 1 9 1 70 Number of closed fractures 9896 897 2 8 2 85 Number of closed fractures 8897 898 1 0 1 100898 899 2 1 1 100899 900 1 0 1 100900 901 2 0 2 100901 902 3 0 3 100902 903 3 0 3 100903 904 2 0 2 100904 905 3 0 3 100905 906 2 0 2 100906 907 3 0 3 100907 908 1 4 1 97 Number of closed fractures 4908 909 6 1 5 100909 910 3 5 2 69 Number of closed fractures 4910 911 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1911 912 3 0 3 100912 913 1 0 1 100913 914 1 0 1 100914 915 1 0 1 100915 916 3 3 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1916 917 1 0 1 100917 918 1 0 1 100918 919 2 0 2 100919 920 1 0 1 100920 921 1 0 1 100921 922 1 0 1 100922 923 1 0 1 100923 924 2 1 1 100924 925 1 0 1 100925 926 1 0 1 100926 927 1 0 1 100926 927 1 0 1 100927 928 1 0 1 100928 929 2 0 2 100929 930 2 2 1 94 Number of closed fractures 1930 931 2 3 0 98 Number of closed fractures 1931 932 2 8 0 79 Number of closed fractures 6932 933 1 1 0 100933 934 11 10 1 71934 935 2 0 2 100935 936 1 0 1 100936 937 1 2 1 94 Number of closed fractures 2937 938 1 0 1 100938 939 3 0 3 100939 940 2 0 2 100940 941 2 0 2 100941 942 2 0 2 100942 943 5 0 5 100943 944 2 0 2 100944 945 2 1 1 100945 946 4 3 1 96946 947 1 1 0 100947 948 1 0 1 100948 949 5 10 0 79 Number of closed fractures 5949 950 5 5 0 83950 951 2 2 0 100951 952 1 1 0 100952 953 2 1 1 100953 954 3 1 2 100954 955 2 0 2 100955 956 2 5 1 89 Number of closed fractures 4956 957 3 2 1 100957 958 2 0 2 100958 959 1 0 1 100959 960 2 0 2 100960 961 3 0 3 100961 962 1 0 1 100962 963 2 0 2 100963 964 5 0 5 100964 965 1 0 1 100965 966 2 0 2 100966 967 1 0 1 100967 968 1 0 1 100968 969 3 0 3 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 189 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

969 970 2 0 2 100970 971 1 1 0 100971 972 2 1 2 98 Number of closed fractures 1972 973 2 1 2 97 Number of closed fractures 1973 974 2 0 2 100974 975 2 0 2 100975 976 3 3 0 90976 977 2 0 2 100977 978 2 0 2 100978 979 2 1 1 100979 980 1 0 1 100980 981 1 0 1 100981 982 1 3 1 94 Number of closed fractures 3982 983 1 3 0 98 Number of closed fractures 2983 984 1 0 1 100984 985 3 0 3 100985 986 3 0 3 100986 987 3 0 3 100987 988 0 1 0 100 Number of closed fractures 1988 989 2 4 0 93 Number of closed fractures 2989 990 12 19 0 48 Number of closed fractures 7990 991 17 19 1 27 Number of closed fractures 3991 992 8 16 0 45 Number of closed fractures 8992 993 7 11 0 59 Number of closed fractures 4993 994 4 3 2 94 Number of closed fractures 1994 995 2 2 0 100995 996 2 2 0 100996 997 2 1 1 100997 998 6 9 0 86 Number of closed fractures 3998 999 5 7 0 78 Number of closed fractures 2999 1000 4 15 0 58 Number of closed fractures 111000 1001 8 9 0 77 Number of closed fractures 11001 1002 3 1 2 1001002 1003 5 3 4 98 Number of closed fractures 21003 1004 1 2 1 100 Number of closed fractures 21004 1005 6 8 0 92 Number of closed fractures 21005 1006 4 5 1 93 Number of closed fractures 21006 1007 0 2 0 91 Number of closed fractures 21007 1008 4 4 1 83 Number of closed fractures 11008 1009 2 5 0 99 Number of closed fractures 31009 1010 1 4 0 82 Number of closed fractures 31010 1011 2 1 1 1001011 1012 3 2 1 991012 1013 3 1 2 1001013 1014 6 2 5 100 Number of closed fractures 11014 1015 7 2 5 1001015 1016 1 0 1 1001015 1016 1 0 1 1001016 1017 1 0 1 1001017 1018 1 0 1 1001018 1019 1 7 0 81 Number of closed fractures 61019 1020 3 9 0 71 Number of closed fractures 61020 1021 2 0 2 1001021 1022 1 0 1 1001022 1023 1 0 1 1001023 1024 1 0 1 1001024 1025 1 0 1 1001025 1026 2 1 1 1001026 1027 1 0 1 1001027 1028 2 1 1 1001028 1029 6 6 0 861029 1030 1 0 1 1001030 1031 1 0 1 1001031 1032 2 2 0 1001032 1033 1 0 1 1001033 1034 1 0 1 1001034 1035 1 0 1 1001035 1036 1 0 1 1001036 1037 2 0 2 1001037 1038 1 0 1 1001038 1039 2 0 2 1001039 1040 1 0 1 1001040 1041 0 0 0 1001041 1042 2 0 2 1001042 1043 1 0 1 1001043 1044 1 5 0 89 Number of closed fractures 41044 1045 2 2 0 1001045 1046 2 0 2 1001046 1047 1 0 1 1001047 1048 2 0 2 1001048 1049 0 0 0 1001049 1050 1 0 1 1001050 1051 2 1 1 1001051 1052 1 0 1 1001052 1053 1 0 1 1001053 1054 1 0 1 1001054 1055 2 1 1 991055 1056 8 9 0 81 Number of closed fractures 11056 1057 2 1 1 1001057 1058 5 2 3 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 190 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

1058 1059 1 0 1 1001059 1060 2 0 2 1001060 1061 3 0 3 1001061 1062 1 0 1 1001062 1063 4 3 3 83 Number of closed fractures 21063 1064 1 6 0 84 Number of closed fractures 51064 1065 2 3 0 96 Number of closed fractures 11065 1066 5 3 2 1001066 1067 2 1 1 1001067 1068 1 0 1 1001068 1069 1 0 1 1001069 1070 2 0 2 1001070 1071 1 1 0 1001071 1072 2 0 2 1001072 1073 1 1 0 1001073 1074 3 1 2 1001074 1075 5 8 0 88 Number of closed fractures 31075 1076 2 0 2 1001076 1077 2 1 1 1001077 1078 2 0 2 1001078 1079 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 11079 1080 2 0 2 1001080 1081 1 0 1 1001081 1082 1 0 1 1001082 1083 1 0 1 1001083 1084 1 0 1 1001084 1085 1 0 1 1001085 1086 1 3 1 98 Number of closed fractures 31086 1087 1 0 1 1001087 1088 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 11088 1089 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11089 1090 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11090 1091 4 0 4 1001091 1092 6 0 6 1001092 1093 1 0 1 1001093 1094 2 0 2 1001094 1095 1 0 1 1001095 1096 1 5 1 86 Number of closed fractures 51096 1097 0 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 21097 1098 3 1 3 100 Number of closed fractures 11098 1099 1 0 1 1001099 1100 2 1 1 1001100 1101 1 0 1 1001101 1102 1 0 1 1001102 1103 2 0 2 1001103 1104 2 2 1 95 Number of closed fractures 11104 1105 3 3 2 93 Number of closed fractures 21104 1105 3 3 2 93 Number of closed fractures 21105 1106 2 0 2 1001106 1107 1 0 1 1001107 1108 2 0 2 1001108 1109 3 0 3 1001109 1110 2 0 2 1001110 1111 1 0 1 1001111 1112 2 0 2 1001112 1113 6 4 2 921113 1114 1 0 1 1001114 1115 1 0 1 1001115 1116 1 0 1 1001116 1117 1 0 1 1001117 1118 1 0 1 1001118 1119 2 0 2 1001119 1120 1 0 1 1001120 1121 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 11121 1122 1 1 0 1001122 1123 1 0 1 1001123 1124 1 0 1 1001124 1125 1 0 1 1001125 1126 2 0 2 1001126 1127 1 0 1 1001127 1128 1 0 1 1001128 1129 2 0 2 1001129 1130 1 0 1 1001130 1131 1 0 1 1001131 1132 2 2 0 931132 1133 1 0 1 1001133 1134 1 0 1 1001134 1135 3 2 3 100 Number of closed fractures 21135 1136 2 0 2 1001136 1137 2 0 2 1001137 1138 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 11138 1139 1 0 1 1001139 1140 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11140 1141 10 11 4 66 Number of closed fractures 51141 1142 3 1 2 1001142 1143 2 0 2 1001143 1144 1 0 1 1001144 1145 1 0 1 1001145 1146 1 0 1 1001146 1147 1 0 1 100

Fracture frequency and RQD 191 Appendix 18

M_FROM M_TO ALL_FRACTURES NAT_FRACTURES MECHANICAL_INDUCED RQD Remarksm m pieces/m pieces/m pieces/m %

1147 1148 2 1 1 1001148 1149 1 0 1 1001149 1150 2 0 2 1001150 1151 1 0 1 1001151 1152 2 0 2 1001152 1153 3 3 0 1001153 1154 3 5 2 87 Number of closed fractures 41154 1155 1 12 1 77 Number of closed fractures 121155 1156 2 0 2 1001156 1157 11 23 0 22 Number of closed fractures 121157 1158 8 16 0 46 Number of closed fractures 81158 1159 0 0 0 1001159 1160 5 4 1 921160 1161 1 2 0 100 Number of closed fractures 11161 1162 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11162 1163 4 2 2 1001163 1164 2 0 2 1001164 1165 1 1 0 1001165 1166 1 1 0 1001166 1167 4 5 1 89 Number of closed fractures 21167 1168 6 9 0 85 Number of closed fractures 31168 1169 2 0 2 1001169 1170 1 0 1 1001170 1171 0 0 0 1001171 1172 2 0 2 1001172 1173 1 0 1 1001173 1174 1 0 1 1001174 1175 1 0 1 1001175 1176 2 1 1 1001176 1177 1 3 0 100 Number of closed fractures 21177 1178 1 1 0 1001178 1179 2 0 2 1001179 1180 3 1 2 1001180 1181 3 2 1 1001181 1182 2 2 2 94 Number of closed fractures 21182 1183 2 2 2 98 Number of closed fractures 21183 1184 3 1 2 1001184 1185 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 11185 1186 3 7 0 82 Number of closed fractures 41186 1187 6 11 0 78 Number of closed fractures 51187 1188 3 4 0 100 Number of closed fractures 11188 1189 2 7 0 86 Number of closed fractures 51189 1190 4 2 2 921190 1191 2 6 0 92 Number of closed fractures 41191 1192 1 1 0 1001192 1193 3 4 0 86 Number of closed fractures 11193 1194 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11193 1194 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11194 1195 6 0 6 1001195 1196 6 1 5 1001196 1197 2 0 2 1001197 1198 6 3 3 1001198 1199 5 2 4 100 Number of closed fractures 11199 1200 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 11200 1201 2 1 2 100 Number of closed fractures 1

1201 1201.65 1 1 1 100 Number of closed fractures 1 RQD = 0.65m/0.65m

Fracture frequency and RQD 192 Appendix 18

Fractured zones and core loss 193 Appendix 19

Fractured zones and core loss 194 Appendix 19

Fractured zones and core loss 195 Appendix 19

Fractured zones and core loss 196 Appendix 19

Weathering 197 Appendix 20

Weathering 198 Appendix 20

Weathering 199 Appendix 20

200

(°) (°)

Borehole Z s50 C1 Degree of Description Rock Note Time from

depth (m) foliation3 of foliation4 type5 drilling6

(m) MPa MPa45.24 -36.55 5.1 102.8 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 10545.42 -36.72 6.0 120.6 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 10576.00 -66.39 7.6 151.3 - - 0 GNE1 MGN 10476.50 -66.88 7.7 153.9 - - 0 GNE1 MGN 10497.11 -86.88 7.1 142.7 - - 0 GNE1 VGN 10297.29 -87.05 5.0 100.4 - - 0 GNE1 VGN 102

136.26 -124.86 5.4 108.4 45 10 1 GNE2 MGN 101136.44 -125.04 7.1 141.9 55 30 1 GNE2 MGN 101163.11 -150.91 6.0 120.4 45 90 2 BAN2 VGN 101163.29 -151.09 6.6 132.8 40 90 2 BAN2 VGN 101191.05 -178.02 6.3 125.0 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 93191.23 -178.20 7.1 142.5 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 93221.83 -207.89 6.2 124.0 35 90 2 BAN2 VGN 93222.01 -208.07 5.3 105.6 40 90 2 BAN2 VGN 93255.06 -240.13 6.0 119.2 - - 0 IRR0 DGN 92255.24 -240.31 6.5 130.8 - - 0 IRR0 DGN 92278.57 -262.95 4.9 98.8 - - 0 IRR0 DGN 98278.75 -263.12 5.1 101.8 - - 0 IRR0 DGN 98312.13 -295.51 5.6 112.8 45 90 1 GNE2 TGG 95312.31 -295.68 6.0 119.4 50 90 1 GNE2 TGG 95336.43 -319.09 8.4 167.9 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 94336.61 -319.26 7.7 154.5 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 94383.59 -364.85 5.8 116.8 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 118383.47 -364.73 5.6 111.4 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 118410.01 -390.48 3.4 68.5 55 90 1 BAN1 DGN 117410.19 -390.66 5.6 112.8 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 117426.79 -406.76 8.1 162.3 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 115426.97 -406.94 5.1 102.4 65 80 0 GNE1 DGN 115459.79 -438.78 6.0 119.0 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 114459.89 -438.88 8.1 162.7 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 114490.82 -468.89 5.7 113.2 50 80 1 BAN1 DGN 115491.00 -469.07 5.1 101.8 60 60 1 BAN1 DGN 115

Foliation

angle2 (°)

523.45 -500.55 4.6 91.4 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 100523.63 -500.73 5.7 114.0 - - 0 MAS0 DGN 100546.61 -523.02 7.8 155.3 - - 0 GNE1 VGN 99546.79 -523.20 6.0 119.0 65 10 1 GNE2 VGN 99579.81 -555.24 4.2 83.5 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 98579.99 -555.41 4.9 97.6 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 98612.44 -586.90 6.8 135.6 40 80 1 BAN1 VGN 94612.62 -587.07 4.2 83.8 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 94637.45 -611.17 4.5 89.8 - - 0 IRR0 DGN 92637.75 -611.46 5.0 99.4 - - 0 IRR0 DGN 92666.09 -638.95 6.0 119.0 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 113666.37 -639.23 5.0 100.6 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 113702.15 -673.94 7.8 156.1 60 80 1 BAN1 VGN 110702.33 -674.12 6.3 125.8 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 110728.38 -699.39 4.3 86.6 25 85 1 BAN1 VGN 109728.59 -699.60 4.0 79.9 40 80 2 BAN2 VGN 109762.63 -732.63 6.0 119.0 - - 0 MAS0 PGR close to TGG 108762.84 -732.83 6.9 138.6 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 108787.16 -756.43 3.5 70.3 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 107787.34 -756.60 4.0 80.7 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 107820.56 -788.84 4.6 91.6 48 80 1 BAN1 VGN 97820.74 -789.01 3.9 78.3 - - 0 GNE1 VGN 97850.11 -817.51 5.7 114.2 34 65 2 BAN2 VGN 98850.24 -817.63 7.0 140.9 30 50 2 BAN2 VGN 98877.58 -844.16 4.6 91.4 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 93877.76 -844.34 5.3 105.2 - - 0 MAS0 PGR 93913.09 -878.62 6.7 134.8 - - 0 MAS0 MGN 91913.27 -878.79 10.1 202.0 - - 0 MAS0 MGN 91941.72 -906.40 5.7 114.4 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 90941.90 -906.57 6.5 129.4 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 90

Rock mechanical tests, point load test 209 Appendix 23

Borehole Z s50 C1 Degree of Description Rock Note Time from

depth (m) foliation3 of foliation4 type5 drilling6

(m) MPa MPa

Foliation

angle2 (°)

972.76 -936.51 8.2 163.3 - - 0 MAS0 MGN 91972.94 -936.69 8.6 172.3 - - 0 MAS0 MGN 91

1005.01 -967.81 8.6 172.9 - - 0 MAS0 MGN 881005.20 -967.99 7.8 156.3 - - 0 MAS0 MGN 881030.14 -992.19 5.0 99.2 40 50 1 BAN1 VGN 871030.32 -992.37 5.3 105.2 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 871060.82 -1021.96 5.4 108.2 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 851061.00 -1022.13 5.6 111.2 60 60 1 BAN1 VGN 851088.67 -1048.98 6.2 123.6 70 90 1 GNE1 VGN 791088.85 -1049.16 7.0 139.9 - - 0 MAS0 VGN 791114.67 -1074.21 5.4 109.0 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 791114.85 -1074.38 5.1 102.0 50 75 2 BAN2 VGN 791148.00 -1106.55 5.1 101.4 50 60 2 BAN2 VGN 751148.18 -1106.72 6.8 136.6 40 70 2 BAN2 VGN 751180.78 -1138.36 6.4 127.8 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 741180.96 -1138.53 6.6 131.6 - - 0 IRR0 VGN 74

6.0 120.0

Z (m) calculated using drillhole average dip 76º

5 Definition of rock type in the tested, point-loaded sample6 Time in days between the core drilling and the point load test

1 Use coefficient factor of 202 Definition of and angles and measured in the tested, point-loaded sample, see Figure 20.3 Foliation intensity in the tested, point-loaded sample. 0=no foliation, 1=weak, 2=medium, 3 = strong (based on the Finnish engineering geological rock classification)4 Additional description of foliation in the tested, point-loaded sample like regular through

average

the sample, irregular, two different foliations, etc.

Rock mechanical tests, point load test 210 Appendix 23

average E n Smax Rock Remarkdepth type

GPa MPaOL-KR56_4533 45.33 3.8 0.15 5.8 PGROL-KR56_7609 76.09 51.9 0.24 22.1 MGNOL-KR56_9720 97.20 52.0 0.22 20.5 VGNOL-KR56_13635 136.35 62.3 0.34 20.6 MGNOL-KR56_16320 163.20 34.3 0.24 21.1 VGNOL-KR56_19114 191.14 37.2 0.22 14.0 DGNOL-KR56_22192 221.92 55.0 0.21 20.5 VGNOL-KR56_25515 255.15 45.2 0.25 15.9 DGNOL-KR56_27866 278.66 37.2 0.24 17.4 DGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_31222 312.22 48.9 0.34 19.9 TGGOL-KR56_33652 336.52 51.3 0.34 16.9 PGROL-KR56_38348 383.48 34.8 0.23 9.6 DGNOL-KR56_41010 410.10 58.0 0.30 7.5 DGNOL-KR56_42688 426.88 59.0 0.32 11.0 DGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_45978 459.78 41.8 0.23 6.0 PGR Strain2 weakOL-KR56_49091 490.91 11.2 0.30 8.8 DGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_52354 523.54 10.1 0.23 6.7 DGNOL-KR56_54670 546.70 48.5 0.27 18.4 VGNOL-KR56_57990 579.90 33.0 0.20 9.0 PGROL-KR56_61253 612.53 25.7 0.15 14.1 VGNOL-KR56_63766 637.66 36.4 0.24 11.4 DGNOL-KR56_66618 666.18 21.8 0.15 14.1 VGNOL-KR56_70224 702.24 41.1 0.14 17.1 VGNOL-KR56_72850 728.50 27.9 0.16 15.0 VGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_76272 762.72 55.5 0.27 10.4 PGROL-KR56_78725 787.25 25.3 0.15 8.4 PGROL-KR56_82065 820.65 29.1 0.25 13.9 VGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_85018 850.18 26.1 0.22 13.6 TGG Strain2 weakOL-KR56_87734 877.34 37.6 0.24 9.2 PGR Strain2 weakOL-KR56_91318 913.18 31.2 0.25 19.6 MGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_94181 941.81 33.3 0.17 12.8 VGNOL-KR56_97285 972.85 59.5 0.19 18.3 MGNOL-KR56_100110 1005.10 48.6 0.19 23.9 MGNOL-KR56_103023 1030.23 22.5 0.16 10.8 VGNOL-KR56_106091 1060.91 42.6 0.22 10.3 VGNOL-KR56_108876 1088.76 25.1 0.17 13.7 VGNOL-KR56_111476 1114.76 34.8 0.15 12.6 VGNOL-KR56_114809 1148.09 46.3 0.15 20.7 VGN Strain2 weakOL-KR56_118087 1180.87 47.5 0.16 19.8 VGN Strain2 weak

Average 38.3 0.22 14.4