Copyright anbirts1 Max Wealth. copyright anbirts2 Funding How do we Capitalise the Company

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Max Wealth

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Variability

P & L

Seasonality

Cash Flow

Discount Rate

Cost of Capital

Equity/Debt

CM

Effect

FX

Liquidity

Payables/

Receivables

Better

Rated

Lower

CostTrade Credit

Tighter Ratios

copyright anbirts

Variability

P & L

Seasonality

Cash Flow

Discount Rate

Cost of Capital

Equity/Debt

CM

Effect

FX

Liquidity

Payables/

Receivables

Better

Rated

Lower

CostTrade Credit

Tighter Ratios

copyright anbirts

Variability

P & L

Seasonality

Cash Flow

Discount Rate

Cost of Capital

Equity/Debt

CM

Effect

FX

Liquidity

Payables/

Receivables

Better

Rated

Lower

CostTrade Credit

Tighter Ratios

copyright anbirts

Variability

P & L

Seasonality

Cash Flow

Discount Rate

Cost of Capital

Equity/Debt

CM

Effect

FX

Liquidity

Payables/

Receivables

Better

Rated

Lower

CostTrade Credit

Tighter Ratios

copyright anbirts

Variability

P & L

Seasonality

Cash Flow

Discount Rate

Cost of Capital

Equity/Debt

CM

Effect

FX

Liquidity

Payables/

Receivables

Better

Rated

Lower

CostTrade Credit

Tighter Ratios

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Funding

How do we Capitalise the Company

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Funding

• What are the main concerns when deciding how to raise Finance?

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Funding

• What are the main concerns when deciding how to raise Finance?

- Amount

- Currency

- Maturity Profile

- Fixed or Floating

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Funding

• Conservative approach would be to match assets with liabilities

• i.e. where is repayment coming from and over what period of time?

• So,

What is the funding for?

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Funding

• Broad divisions Equity / Debt Short / Medium / Long

• Sources Banks – Commercial / Investment Other financial institutions Group companies Other companies

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Funding

• Many ways to raise funds so need to think about what are the features of each funding method and do they fit what the company needs in creating its portfolio of debt/equity.

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Fundingequity

• Equity

- Ordinary shares / ‘A’ Shares

- Preference Shares

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EQUITY

• Par Value/ Market Value

• Nominal Value/ Share Premium

• Shareholder Rights

• Advantages of a Listing

- exit

- easier access to finance

- takeover

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Rights Issue

• Must be offered to existing shareholders first. Pre emption rights.

- usually offered at below market

- usually underwritten

Example

In issue already, 4 million 50 pence, par value, ordinary shares


Rights Issue

Example

In issue already, 4 million, ordinary shares par value, 50 pence

market value 200 pence

need to raise GBP 1,500,000

issue one new share for every 4 held at 150 pence per share


Rights IssueEffect on Balance Sheet

GBP 000’s Before Rights Issue After• Net A’s 5,000 +1,500 6,500• Called up Share Cap 50p OS 2,000 + 500 2,500 Share Prem - + 1,000 1,000

P&L 3,000 - 3,000 5,000 1,500 6,500


Rights IssueEffect on Share Price

• 4,000,000 x GBP 2.00 = GBP8,000,000

• 1,000,000 x GBP 1.50 = GBP1,500,000

• 5,000,000 GBP9,500,000

= 1.90

BUT…………


Rights Issue

• Effect on Price for shareholder holding 1,000 shares

Shares Value

Pre Rights 1,000 x 200p 2,000

Rights 250 x150p 375

1,250 2,375

GBP1.90


Rights Issues

• Advantages relative to other forms

- Relatively cheap

- Straightforward

- Issue expenses low

- Procedures fairly simple

- Existing interest in the company shares


Rights Issues

• Disadvantages

- Has to be sold at a discount

- Equity is still expensive!!


EQUITY

• Disadvantages

- Costs

- Those demanding shareholders


Fundingdebt

• Short Term

Overdraft

Money market advance

Acceptance financing

Forfaiting

Factoring

Commercial Paper


Fundingdebt

• Short Term

Overdraft

Money market advance

Acceptance financing

Forfaiting

Factoring

Commercial Paper


Fundingdebt

• Supplier credit versus bank debt

• Terms 1/10 net 30

• Cost of bank debt 5%

• Do we take the discount or let our supplier fund us?


Fundingdebt

• What is the discount worth on a per annum basis? 1 x 365 x 100 = 18.43% pa 99 20 In amounts, assuming £100,000 payable Discount worth £1,000 Need to fund £99,000 for 20 days at 5% 99,000 x .05 x 20 = £271cost 365


Fundingdebt

• Medium Medium term notes• Long Bonds - Straights (plain vanilla) - Floating - Discounted bonds - Equity features


Fundingdebt

• Bonds Definition A Bond is a negotiable certificate that

evidences indebtedness. Bonds are also referred to as ‘notes’ or

‘debentures’ Can be Bearer or Registered Eurobond / Domestic Bond / Foreign Bond


Funding debt

• Straight bond

Fixed rate

Fixed term

No special features

• Floating Rate

Interest rate is adjusted periodically


Funding debt

• Discounted Bonds

Where bonds are sold below face value and part of the return comes as capital appreciation.

Zero coupon or Pure discount bond

i.e. ten year bond, face value $100,000 with 10% ‘interest rate’ would be sold for

$38,600


Fundingdebt

Discounted bonds

• Advantages / disadvantages for issuer

- Issuer has no interest payment or lower interest payment

- Tax relief may be taken on accrued interest cost

- Very large capital repayment


Fundingdebt

• Discounted bonds

• Advantages / disadvantages for the investor

- Low or no interest income

- But no or low tax!

- Certainty of return if held to maturity

- Capital gain not income tax


Fundingdebt

Equity Features

• Convertibles

A Eurobond is convertible if in addition to making the usual coupon payments, the total may be exchanged for another type of asset.


Fundingdebt

• Convertible – Why?

• Issuer advantages

- Interest payments reduced

- Tax relief on interest

- Attractive to investors

- May not have to repay

- Possible leverage benefits


Funding debt

• Convertibles

• Issuer disadvantages

- Ultimate cost may be too much

- Dilution effects if conversion takes place

- Pre-emption rights

- Conversion may not take place


Funding debt

• Convertibles• Investor advantages- Some income- Chance to make a capital gain- Indirect way to hold equity• Disadvantages- Lower interest- Convertible may be subordinated- May not make a capital gain


Fundingdebt

• Equity features

• Warrants

Dated call options, convertible into equity or other bonds.

It is separate to the bond and can be traded separately


Funding debt

• Warrant

• Investor advantages / disadvantages

- Can trade the bond and the warrant separately

- Conversion cannot be forced

- But low interest


Fundingdebt

• Issuer advantages / disadvantages

- Low coupon

- Will receive some cash from new shares

- But dilution effects


FundingTechnical Issues

• When considering the pricing of alternatives watch out for comparability

- Accruals basis- Discount versus interest at maturity- Compounding effect- Front end fees / commitment fees / other

fees- Back up lines


FundingCriteria

• Flexibility

• Amount

• Tenor

• Trade-ability

• Name

• Currency

• Timing

Documents

Copyright anbirts1 Max Wealth. copyright anbirts2 Funding How do we Capitalise the Company