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PowerPoint to accompany

Essentials of Medical Language 2e Allan, Lockyer

Chapter 9:The Digestive System

The Essentials of the Language of Gastroenterology

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Health ProfessionalsYou may work directly and/or indirectly with one or more of

the following:• Gastroenterologists are medical specialists in the field of

gastroenterology.• Proctologists are surgical specialists in diseases of the

anus and rectum.• Dentists are qualified practitioners in the anatomy,

physiology, and pathology of the oral-facial complex.• Periodontists are specialists in disorders of the tissues

surrounding the teeth.• Nutritionists are professionals who prevent and treat

illness by promoting healthy eating habits.• Dietitians manage food services systems and promote

sound eating habits.

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Digestive System

Lesson 9.1: The Digestive System

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The Digestive System

• Alimentary canal and accessory organs

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Word Analysis and Definition• Define the following root elements:

– aliment

– bari

– digest

- gastr

– laparo

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The Digestive System

• Actions and functions of the digestive system– Five components:

1. propulsion2. digestion3. secretion 4. absorption 9. elimination

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Identify and define the root elements of the following terms:

– mastication

– deglutition

– peristalsis

– elimination

– secretion

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Digestive System

Lesson 9.2: Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• The mouth and mastication

– palate

– uvula

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• The mouth and mastication

– tongue

– papillae

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

– adult teeth

• upper jaw (maxilla)

• lower jaw (mandible)

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following terms:

– dentine

– enamel

– pulp

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• Salivary glands

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following root elements:

– par

– lingu

– mandibul

– saliv

- or

- ot

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• Disorders of the mouth

– plaque

– tartar

– dental caries

© Photo Network Stock/Grant Heilman Photography Inc.

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• Disorders of the mouth

– stomatitis

1. mouth ulcers

2. cold sores

3. thrush

© Medical-on-line/Alamy

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• Disorders of the mouth

– stomatitis

- oral cancer

- halitosis

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following suffixes:

– ectomy

– osis

– al

– ics

– itis

– ist

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Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus

• Esophagus

– disorders of the esophagus

1. esophagitis (GERD)

2. hiatal hernia

3. esophageal varices

4. cancer of the esophagus

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Word Analysis and Definition• Identify the correct term for the definitions below:

– vomiting of red bloodhematemesis

– difficulty swallowing dysphagia

– following a meal postprandial

– an opening through a structurehiatus

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Digestive System

Lesson 9.3: Digestion—Stomach and Small Intestine

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Digestion—Stomach andSmall Intestine

• Digestion: the stomach

– peristalsis

– secretions

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Identify the suffixes and their meanings in the following terms, and then define the terms:

– duodenum

– gastrin

– digestion

– pepsinogen

– pylorus

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Digestion—Stomach andSmall Intestine

• Disorders of the stomach

– gastroesophageal reflux disease

(GERD)

– vomiting

– gastritis

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Digestion—Stomach andSmall Intestine

• Disorders of the stomach

– peptic ulcers

– dyspepsia

– gastric ulcers

- gastric cancer

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following terms:

– anorexia

– gastroscope

– stricture

– dyspepsia

– dysphagia

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Digestion—Stomach andSmall Intestine

• Small intestine

– three segments

duodenum,

jejunum,

ileum

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Change the following terms into the adjective form and define them:

– jejunum

– cecum

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Digestive System

Lesson 9.4: Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Liver

– location

– functions

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Liver

• KEYNOTE: Only the production of bile relates the liver to digestion.

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Disorders of the Liver – hepatitis

• HAV• HBV• HCV

– cirrhosis

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Disorders of the liver

– cancer

– benign tumors

– hemochromatosis

– Wilson disease

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Give the term associated with the following definitions:

– a fluid secreted by the liver

bile

– a mass of proliferating blood vessels

hemangioma

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Word Analysis and Definition

• The following terms have colorful elements:

– hemochromatosis

– cirrhosis

– bilirubin

– jaundice

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas

– disorders of the gallbladder

1. gallstones

© SIU Biomedical/Photo Researchers, Inc

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Gallbladder, biliary tract, and pancreas

– disorders of the gallbladder

1. gallstones

2. cholecystitis

3. jaundice

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Procedures for the biliary system

– cholangiography

– cholecystectomy

1. ERCP

2. ESWL

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Word Analysis and Definition• Identify the elements and define the following

terms: – cholecystitis

chol/e- -cyst- -itis– cholecystectomy

chol/e- -cyst- -ectomy– cholelithotomy

chol/e- -lith- -omy– choledocholithiasis

choledoch/o- -lith- -iasis

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Pancreas

– location

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Pancreas

– function

1. exocrine gland

2. pancreatic juices

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Digestion—Liver, Gallbladder, and Pancreas

• Pancreas

– disorders of the pancreas

1. pancreatitis

2. pancreatic cancer

3. diabetes

4. cystic fibrosis

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following prefixes and roots: – endo

– exo– chol– cyst– lith– insul– pancreat

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Digestive System

Lesson 9.5: Absorption and Malabsorption

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Chemical digestion, absorption, and transport

– carbohydrates

– proteins

– lipids

– water

– minerals

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Absorption and Malabsorption

• Disorders of absorption

– malabsorption syndrome

– malnutrition

• KEYNOTE: In malnutrition, the body breaks down its own tissues to meet its nutritional and metabolic needs.

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Absorption and Malabsorption

• Disorders of absorption

– lactose intolerance

• KEYNOTE: Milk sugar is lactose.

– Crohn disease (regional enteritis)

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Absorption and Malabsorption

• Disorders of absorption – constipation – gastroenteritis – dysentery

• KEYNOTE: Diarrhea is caused by irritation of the intestinal lining so that feces pass through the intestine too quickly for adequate amounts of water to be reabsorbed.

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following root elements:

– amin

– hydr

– carb

– lact

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following root elements and define the terms:

– celiac disease – endoscopy – malabsorption – gastroenteritis

– diarrhea– flatulence

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Digestive System

Lesson 9.6: The Large Intestine and Elimination

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Structure and functions of the large intestine

– functions of the large intestine 1. absorption 2. secretion 3. digestion 4. peristalsis 5. elimination

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Word Analysis and Definition

• The following two sets of terms share the same root; define their meaning:

– colon colic colitis – feces fecal defecation

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal

– appendicitis

– diverticulosis

- diverticulitis

© Susan Leavine/Photo Researchers Inc.

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal

– ulcerative colitis

– irritable bowel syndrome

– polyps

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal

– colon cancer

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Disorders of the large intestine and anal canal

– obstruction

– intussusception

– proctitis

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Disorders of the anal canal

– hemorrhoids

© Dr. P. Marazzi/SPL/Photo Researchers, Inc.

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Disorders of the anal canal

– anal fissures

– anal fistulas

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the meaning of the following suffixes:

– um

– rrhoid

– ion

– osis

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The Large Intestine and Elimination

• Gastrointestinal bleeding

– hematemesis

– vomiting “coffee grounds”

– melena

– occult blood

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Word Analysis and Definition

• The following sets of terms share the same root; define their meaning:

– hemoglobin

– hemangioma

– hemorrhoid

– hematemesis

– hemoccult test

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

• Procedures for the biliary system– cholangiography

cholangi/o- -graphy

– cholecystectomy chol/e- cyst- -ectomy

– cholelithotomychol/e- lith- -otomy

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

• Diagnostic procedures for the digestive tract– barium swallow – barium meal – enteroscopy – angiography

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

• Diagnostic procedures for the digestive tract– fecal occult blood test– nasogastric aspiration and lavage– upper GI barium x-ray– endoscopy– anoscopy

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

• Diagnostic procedures for the digestive tract– flexible sigmoidoscopy– colonoscopy– gastroscopy– digital rectal exam

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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Procedures

• Surgical procedures for the digestive tract– intestinal resection

• anastomosis • ostomy• ileostomy • colostomy

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Identify the common suffix and define the following terms:

– enteroscopy

– endoscopy

– anoscopy

– colonoscopy

– gastroscopy

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Word Analysis and Definition

• Define the following terms and abbreviations.– enema– ostomy– stoma

– BM– GI– IBS