Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 5.1 Summary The Struggle for Equality Americans have emphasized equal rights and opportunities

Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman

LO 5.1Summary

• The Struggle for Equality• Americans have emphasized equal rights and

opportunities rather than equal results.• In the Constitution, only the Fourteenth

Amendment mentions equality.

To Learning Objectives


LO 5.1Summary

• The Struggle for Equality (cont.)• To decide whether classifications in laws and

regulations abide with 14th Amendment’s equal protection clause, the Supreme Court developed three standards of review.

• Most classifications need only be reasonable, racial or ethnic classifications are inherently suspect, and gender classifications receive intermediate scrutiny.



Courts presume classifications based on race to be _________.

A. constitutional

B. offensive

C. reasonable

D. inherently suspect

LO 5.1



Courts presume classifications based on race to be _________.

A. constitutional

B. offensive

C. reasonable

D. inherently suspect

LO 5.1



LO 5.2Summary

• African Americans’ Civil Rights• Racial discrimination is rooted in the era of

slavery and persisted in an era of segregation.• Civil rights movement won victories through

civil disobedience and the Court rulings, beginning with Brown v. the Board of Education (1954).



LO 5.2Summary

• African Americans’ Civil Rights• 1964 Civil Rights Act prohibited discrimination

in public accommodations, employment, and housing.

• 1965 Voting Rights Act prohibited discrimination in voting.

• African Americans’ struggle for civil rights led the way securing equal rights for all Americans.



Segregation was outlawed first in .

A. education

B. all areas

C. employment

D. housing

LO 5.2



Segregation was outlawed first in .

A. education

B. all areas

C. employment

D. housing

LO 5.2



LO 5.3Summary

• The Rights of Other Minority Groups• Native Americans, Hispanic Americans, Asian

Americans, and Arab Americans and Muslims have suffered discriminatory treatment.

• Each group benefited from the Court decisions and legislation of the civil rights era and have also engaged in political action to defend their rights.



Other minority groups and not just African Americans have also struggled for civil rights in .

A. voting

B. education

C. employment

D. all of the above

LO 5.3



Other minority groups and not just African Americans have also struggled for civil rights in .

A. voting

B. education

C. employment

D. all of the above

LO 5.3



LO 5.4Summary

• Women and Public Policy• In 1920, women won the right to with the

passage of 19th Amendment.• Women have successfully challenged gender-

based classifications regarding employment, property, and other economic issues.

• Issues remain like lack of parity in wages, participation in the military, and sexual harassment.



In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court held gender discrimination to a

standard.

A. strict scrutiny

B. intermediate scrutiny

C. rational

D. least restrictions

LO 5.4



In Craig v. Boren (1976), the Supreme Court held gender discrimination to a

standard.

A. strict scrutiny

B. intermediate scrutiny

C. rational

D. least restrictions

LO 5.4



LO 5.5Summary

• Other Groups Active Under the Civil Rights Umbrella• Seniors and people with disabilities have

successfully fought bias in employment, and the latter have gained greater access to education and public facilities.

• Gays and lesbians have been more successful in areas such as employment and privacy than in obtaining the right to marry.



Which of the following is the standard for evaluating age discrimination claims?

A. the reasonableness standard

B. the medium scrutiny standard

C. the strict scrutiny standard

D. the employer’s bias standard

LO 5.5



Which of the following is the standard for evaluating age discrimination claims?

A. the reasonableness standard

B. the medium scrutiny standard

C. the strict scrutiny standard

D. the employer’s bias standard

LO 5.5



LO 5.6Summary

• Affirmative Action• Affirmative action policies are designed to

bring about increased employment, promotion, or admission for members of groups that have suffered from discrimination.

• The Supreme Court has applied the inherently suspect standard to affirmative action policies and prohibited quotas and other means of achieving more equal results.



Which statement about affirmative action best reflects current Supreme Court precedent concerning quotas or set-asides?

A. They may be used in employment.

B. They may be used in education.

C. They may be used in both employment and education.

D. They are unconstitutional.

LO 5.6



Which statement about affirmative action best reflects current Supreme Court precedent concerning quotas or set-asides?

A. They may be used in employment.

B. They may be used in education.

C. They may be used in both employment and education.

D. They are unconstitutional.

LO 5.6



LO 5.7Summary

• Understanding Civil Rights and Public Policy• Civil rights policies advance democracy because

equality is a principle of democratic government.• When majority rule threatens civil rights, the latter

must prevail.• Civil rights policies limit government

discrimination but also require active government effort to protect the rights of minorities.



The intent of civil rights laws is to promote values.

A. individualistic

B. traditionalistic

C. moralistic

D. democratic

LO 5.7



The intent of civil rights laws is to promote values.

A. individualistic

B. traditionalistic

C. moralistic

D. democratic

LO 5.7


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Copyright © 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Longman LO 5.1 Summary The Struggle for Equality Americans have emphasized equal rights and opportunities