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Knowledge comes from learning. Wisdom comes from living KHC THC _____________________________________________________________________________________
NGUYN KHC THC Email: [email protected] DANANG 2015 Facebook: FACEBOOK.COM/KHACTHUCENGLISH 1
Advantages & Disadvantages
1. Writing about Advantages
- Advantage (c.n) The great advantage of digital cameras is that there is no film to process
The movement of the sea is predicable. This gives wave power a distinct
advantage over (=an obvious advantage compared to) win power
Despite a few problems with the design, the cars advantages clearly outweigh its
disadvantages
- Benefit (c.n) Modern technology has brought great benefits to mankind
- Merit (c.n) s xng ng, s xut sc >< the merits and the demerits of = the good and bad features of, see no great in ... = to do not think that it is a good.....
- Good point (c.n) about sth is that ....= plus point
- The good/ great/ best thing about: informal the beauty of sth is that ... -
2. Writing about Disadvantages.
- Disadvantage (c.n) The main disadvantage of this book is tis price
- Drawback (c.n): nhc im, im yu
- Downside (c.n) mt tri, mt tiu cc
- Bad point
-
Agreeing >< Disagreeing
1. Agree with sb or sth
- Agree (int/ tran.v) with sbs opinion: ng tnh vi quan im ca ai
- Share sbs view/ concern/ fear ... = to have the same opinion/ concern/ fear ...: c cng quan im ...
- Subscribe to a view/ theory ... = to agree with an opinion or idea.
- To be of the same opinion about sth/ as sb - Concur (v) with ng tnh, by t: formal = agree with (+ that)
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- Sb is right/ sb makes a valid point: used when you agree with what sb says: Cox makes a valid point when he questions our ability to remain objective
2. To partly agree with sb/ sth
- Agree up to a point = to partly agree with sb/ sth: 1 phn
- Broadly agree with = to agree with most parts of sth: chung broadly speaking: ni chung
- There is some truth in: used when saying that you think that sth is partly true or right:
-
3. When a group of people agree
- Agreement (unc.n): there is general agreement that; there is widespread agreement on = most people agree about it; S + be + mostly in agreement about =
most of them agree about it; reach agreement = agree with each other.
- Consensus (sin, unc.n): s ng lng, s nht tr There was a growing consensus that the military government had to be replaced.
- Common ground: im chung, im tng ng
- Unanimous (adj) on sth: nht tr, ng lng; a unanimous decision
- Widely held view/ belief/ ....
- Widely/ generally accepted -
Aim or purpose
1. Ways of saying what the aim or purpose of sth is
- Aim to do sth = try to do achieve sth
- Set out to do sth: begin to do a job with a particular aim.
- in order to do
- be intended to do the dams were intended to control the flooding which affects the river in winter.
- Be supposed to do/ be meant to do: to be intended to have a particular result or
effect.
-
2. Words meaning aim/ purpose
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- Aim (n)
- Purpose
- Object
- Target
- Goal
- Intention
- Mission
- The point
- Ends
Approximate/ Exact
1. Words meaning approximately
- Approximately
- About (less informal)
- Roughly
- In the region of
- Circa + year
- Or more 10 years/ 20% ... or more
-
2. Words meaning exactly
- Exactly
- To be exact
- Precisely
- Right in the middle of/ next to/ in front of
- Directly in front of/ behind/ under etc ..
Causes
1. To make sth to happen
- Make (sb/sth + Vbare inf)
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- Cause (bad things formal > make)
- Lead to + N
- Result in + N
- Create
- Bring about
- Give rise to sth (a formal phrase)
- Generate
- Be responsible for
- Set off
- Trigger 2. Ways of saying sth is caused by another thing
- Be caused by
- Be the result of/ result from
- Arise from
- Stem from 3. To be one of things that cause sth to happen
- Play a part
- Be a factor
- Contribute to sth
- Influence (v)
- Cause (n)
- Factor
- Origins
- Source
- Root
Certainty & uncertainty
1. Ways of saying that you are certain about sth
- Certain (adj) formal > sure
- Sure (adj) not before N
- Convinced (adj) not before N
- Confident (adj) not before N
- Satisfied (adj) not before N
- Have no doubt/ be in no doubt
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- Without (a) doubt
- There is no doubt that/ there is no denying/ disputing the fact that: (completely sure)
- Certainly/ undoubtedly
2. Ways of saying that you are not certain about sth
- Not certain/ uncertain (adj) not before N > not sure
It is by no means certain that she is right ( = it is not at all certain)
- Not sure/ unsure (adj) not before N
- Have doubts
- Be dubious about sth
Comparing & contrasting
1. What you say when comparing things or people
- Compared to/ with:
The average make male has a life expectancy of 77.6 years, compared with 75 in
1960
- By comparison/ in comparison
Wages are low in comparison with the US
- Next to/ beside (prep)
- As against/ as opposed to (conj)
- Unlike (prep)
- In/ by contrast
- In proportion to/ in relation to: the relationship of amount or size of sth People from Sweden pay the highest rates of tax in proportion to their incomes
- Relative (adj) the same type
2. To compare things or people
- Compare (tran.v)
- Make/ draw a comparison (draw > make)
- Draw an analogy:
- Draw a parallel
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- Like sth/ sth to (ph.v)
- Contrast (v)
- Make/ draw a distinction between (draw > make)
Concluding
1. what you say when concluding your essay/ argument
- in conclusion/ to conclude
- to summarize/ to sum up
- sth can be summarized as follows
- the following conclusion(s) may be drawn
- the main conclusion to be drawn is that
-
2. saying again what your aims were at the conclusion of an essay
- the purpose/ aim of thi ... was to ...
- in this... I have tried/ attempted to ....
Decreasing
1. to decrease
- decrease
- go down
- decline
- drop/ fall
- plunge/ plummet
- halve
- diminish
- dwindle
2. to make sth decrease
- reduce
- lower > bring down
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- cut
- halve
- relieve/ ease
- alleviate = make a problem less serious
3. A decrease
- Decrease (n)
- Reduction
- Cut
- Drop/ fall
- Decline
4. When sth stops decreasing
- Level off/ Out = stop decreasing and stay at the same level
- Bottom out = reach the lowest point
Disagreeing
1. To disagree with sb/ or with an opinion
- Disagree/ not agree
- Take issue with (a formal phrase)
- Dispute (v)
- Differ
- Be divided on/ split on
- Be mistaken (adj)
2. When people disagree about sth
- Disagreement (unc.n)
- Dispute (n)
- Controversy (n)
3. Causing disagreement
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- Contentious (adj a formal word) hay gy g, hay ci nhau a Contentious issue/ topic/ subject
- Controversial (adj) a highly controversial topic - Divisive (adj) gy bt ng, chia r
Effects
1. Word meaning effect
- Effect (n) on
Building hundreds of new homes is likely to have an adverse effect on the
environment (a bad effect)
- Impact (n) on: refer big and permanent effect
- Influence (n) on
- Side effect (n): unwanted effect beside its good effects, especially, about drug and medical treatment
- Aftereffects (pl.n)
- Knock-on effect
- Repercussions (pl.n) the bad effects that happen later as a result of an event which continues to happen afterwards
- Implications (pl.r) the possible effects that sth is likely to have in the future.
2. To affect sth/ sb
- Affect: = to have an effect on sth/ sb
- Be bad for
- Be good for
- Impact (on) (v)
- Make a difference
- Influence (v)
Emphasizing
1. What you say when emphasizing that sth is important
- I would like to stress that
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- It should be noted that (a formal phrase)
- It is worth bearing in mind that
- Crucial
- Vital/ essential
2. Ways of emphasizing one person or thing more than others
- Especially/ particularly (adv)
- In particular
- Notably
- Above all
- Most of all
- Most importantly/ most significantly
3. To emphasize sth
- Emphasize/ stress
- Highlight
- Underline/ underscore
- Draw attention to
- Point up
Explaining
1. What you say when you are explaining sth
- This means that/ which means that
- That is > ie
- Le/ i.e: explaining the meaning of the previous word. (id est)
- In other words/ to put in another way
- To put it simply
- Specially
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2. Words meaning to explain sth
- Explain
- Give/ offer/ provide an explanation to explain sth
- Set out
- Go through
- Expand on
- Clarify
Giving example
1. What you say when giving example
- For example
- For instance
- Particularly/ in particular
- Be a good typical/ classics/ obvious ... example
- Be a case in point
- Take/ consider sth as an example/ for instance
- By way of illustration
- By shown by
- This is true of/ this was true of sth
2. What you say when there a lot of other examples of sth
- Such as
- Including
- To name but a few
- Etc/ et cateria
3. To give sth or sb as an example
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- Give the example of sth/ give sth as example
- Cite
Giving exceptions
1. Ways of saying that sth/ sb is an exception
- Except (prep) (for)
- Apart from/ aside from
- Excluding/ not including (Excluding > not including)
- With the exception of/ with one exception
- But ( after nothing, no one, any, anything, anyone, all, everyone and everything) the only
- Other than (negative sentence)
- In a few cases/ in a small number of cases
2. Sb or sth that is not included
- Exception (n)
All societies, without exception, share the same characteristics (used when saying
that there are no exception)
Giving opinions
1. What you say when giving your opinion about sth
- In my opinion/ view
- I think that in this writers view/ opinion ... as sb has pointed out, .... - It seems to me that
- I believe that
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2. Ways of saying what another persons opinion is
- sbs opinion/ view is that
- in sbs opinion/ view
- be of the opinion. Take the view that
- have/ hold an opinion
- for sb
- as far as sb is concerned
- from sbs point of view
3. to say what your opinion is about sth
- give/ express/ voice an opinion (express/ voice an opinion > give)
- make your views known (about sth)
Giving reasons
1. what you say when giving reasons for sth
- because the reason is/ the reason for this is that..... - why
- in order to > to
- for
- through
- as a result of
- due to/ owing to
2. words meaning reason
- reason
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- explanation
- motive
- grounds
- argument
- rationale
- justification for
- basis
3. a reason that does not seem believable
- Pretext: c/ l do: as a pretext for, under the pretext of = using this as a reason People were sent to prison or labour camps on the flimsiest of pretexts (for reasons
that seem very unlikely and difficult to believe)
- Excuse (n) for People are tired of listening to the same old feasible excuses ( = excuses that seem
very weak and not believable)
Increasing
1. To increase
- Increase
- Rise/ go up (rise > go up), has increased = are up by
- Grow
- Double/ triple/ quadruple
- Expand
- Soar
- Escalate
2. To make sth increase
- Increase
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- Raise > put up
- Double/ triple/ quadruple
- Expand
- Boost
- Extend
- Set up
- Add to
3. An increase
- Increase (the increase of .... in. ... ) Englands countryside is under threat from a massive increase (a very big
increase) traffic
- Growth
- Rise
- Build-up
- Surge
- Explosion
- Boom
4. When sth does not increase or stops increasing
- Remain constant > stay the same
- Peak/ reach a peak
- Level off/ out
Linking parts of a sentence
1. Words meaning and or also
- And
- Also
- Too/ as well
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- In addition
- Furthermore > moreover
- Not to mention
2. Words meaning because
- because
- Due to/ owing to
- Through
- Thanks to
- Since/ as
- In view of
- Out of particular feeling/ quality
3. Words meaning but or although
- But
- Although
- However/ nevertheless
- Whereas/ while
- By contrast
- Yet
- In spite of/ despite
4. Words meaning if
- If
- Unless
- Whether or not
- Otherwise
- In case
- Assuming that
- As long as/ provided that
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- On condition that
- In the event of/ that
5. Words meaning in order to
- In order to
- So (that)
- For
- With the aim of doing sth
- With a view to doing sth
6. Words meaning or
- Or
- Alternatively
- On the one/ other hand
7. Words meaning therefore
- Therefore > so
- Thus > therefore
- Hence formal
- As a result
- Consequently/ as a consequence > as a result
- For this/ these reasons
- With the result that
- This means that
- Thereby
- Accordingly
Listing & Ordering
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1. What you say when ordering a group of things you want to mention
- Firstly/ first
- First of all
- Secondly/ second
- Thirdly/ third
- In the first/ second/ third place
- Then/ next
- In addition
- Furthermore/ moreover
- Lastly/ last but not least
- Finally
- One last/ final point
2. Ways of introducing a list of reasons, causes, points etc
- There are several/ there are a number of
- As follows
- The following
Making generalizations
1. Ways of saying that something is true about most people or things
- Most
- Mostly/ mainly/ < largely
- Predominantly
- Almost all/ nearly all/ virtually
- The majority
- In general
- Generally
- Generally speaking/ broadly speaking/ as a rule
- For the most part
- By and large/ in the main/ on the whole
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2. To say that sth is true
- Generalize
- Generalization
Problems & solutions
1. Problems
- Problem
- Issue
- Challenge
- Difficulty
- Trouble
- Complication
- Setback
- Obstacle
- Pitfall
- Dilemma
- Vicious circle
2. Small problems
- Teething problem/ troubles
- Snag informal word
- Hitch informal word
3. Solutions
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- Solution
- Answer
- Way out
- Cure (remedy, prescription and panacea used metaphorically)
- Quick fix informal word
- Magic bullet for
Quoting people
Ways of quoting what sb has said
- Say
- Write
- Point out as Sb points out/ notes/ states/ remarks note/ remark: formal - Observe
- State
- Argue
- Conclude
- Claim
- According to
- In the words of....
Referring
1. Referring to an earlier part of essay, report etc
- Above
- Previous
- Preceding
- Earlier
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- As has been seen/ it has been seen that
- The former
- The latter
2. Referring to a later part of an essay, report etc
- Below
- The following
- As follows
- There follow
- Over page/ overleaf
- See over
- As we shall see
3. Referring to another piece of work
- See
- As sb says/ notes/ remarks/ points out
- Cf.
- Op. Cit. (opere citato)
- Ibid (ibidem)
- Ioc. Cit. (loco citato)
- Pp (pages)
Related/ Unrelated
1. Ways of saying that two things are related
- Related to/ connected
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- Linked (adj)
- There is a connection/ link
- There is a correlation
- Inter-related/ interconnected
- Interdependent
- Associated
- Be bound up with
- Go together
2. Related to what is being discussed
- Relevant
- Pertinent
- Germane
- Have a bearing on
- To the point
3. Not related
- Not related/ not connected
- Unrelated/ unconnected
- There is no relation/ connection
- Separate
- Discrete
- Distinct
4. Not related to what you are discussing
- Irrelevant
- Have nothing to do with
- Have no bearing on
- Be beyond/ outside the scope of
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Showing & Proving
1. To show that sth is true
- Show <
- Prove
- Demonstrate
- Sth can be seen that/ it (as) can be seen that
- Be evidence of
- Be symptomatic of
- Reveal
- Confirm
- Support/ back up
- Corroborate
- Validate
- Substantiate
2. To show sth is likely
- Suggest
- Indicate
- Imply
- There is some evidence hat
- Give the impression
- Lead to the conclusion that
3. To show that sth is untrue
- Disprove
- Contradict
- Refute
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- Invalidate
- Demolish
Study & Research
1. To study sth in order to find out more about it
- Study (v)
- Do/ carry out do/ carry out an experiment
- Test
- Trial
3. A piece of writing by sb who is studying a subject
- Essay
- Paper
- Dissertation
- Thesis
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4. The results of sbs research
- Results
- Findings
- Conclusion
Subjects & Topics
1. Ways of saying what the subject of sth is
- About
- On
- On the subject/ topic of
- Concerning/ regarding sth
- With regard to
- Deal with
- Be concerned with
- Focus on
- Tell the story of
2. Words meaning subject
- Subject
- Topic
- Theme
- Issue
- Question
- Matter (general) > issue/ question (specific)
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l To indicate more information
Besides - Making an additional point; anyway
Furthermore
In addition
Moreover
Likewise
Indeed In truth In fact
Also
As well
Foremost - Ranking above all others; Preceding all others in spatial position
First, Second, Third, Finally
Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly
To make Intensification
indeed
to repeat
by all means
of course
Doubtedly
Certainly
without doubt
undoubtedly
in fact
surely
To indicate an example
For example
For instance
In particular
Particularly - Specifically or especially distinguished from others
Specifically
To illustrate
To demonstrate
To indicate a cause or reason
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Since
Because
Because of
Due to
For
For the reason that
As
Inasmuch as - Since
Whereby - As a result of which, By which, "the means whereby we achieved our
goal"
To indicate a result or an effect
Accordingly - because of the reason given
Consequently
Hence
So
Therefore
Thus
Thusly - In the way indicated
Thence - From that fact or reason or as a result
Therefrom - From that circumstance or source
Thereof - Of or concerning this or that, From that circumstance or source
Corollary - A practical consequence that follows naturally, "blind jealousy is a
frequent corollary of passionate love"
To conclude
For the aforementioned reasons
For the aforementioned reasons, there is no doubt that
To sum up the foregoing,
Given these facts
In conclusion
In closing
To conclude
To express an opinion
In all due fairness
With good judgment, (one/we may)
To describe or make
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vivid
portray
depict
exhibit
illustrate
expose
present
paint a portrait
limn - Trace the shape of, make a portrait of
delineate
represent
demonstrate
constitute - Form or compose
embodied - (adj) Expressed by
embody - (v) Represent or express in tangible form
embodiment
To prove
manifest - Provide evidence for; stand as proof of
attest - Provide evidence for
testify - Provide evidence for
certify - Provide evidence for
endorse, indorse - Give support or one's approval to
show - Establish the validity of something, as by an example, explanation or
experiment
establish
instance - (v) Clarify by giving an example of
exemplify - (v) Clarify by giving an example of
To compare or contrast
Whereas
In comparison
In contrast
However
Although
On the other hand
Likewise
Similarly
But
Yet
Withal - Despite anything to the contrary (usually following a concession)
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Withal - Together with this
Nevertheless - Despite anything to the contrary
Nonetheless - Despite anything to the contrary
Notwithstanding - Despite anything to the contrary
Even so - Despite anything to the contrary
All the same - Despite anything to the contrary
To indicate time
After
Before
Currently
During
Eventually
Finally
First, Second, etc.
Formerly
Immediately
Initially
Lastly
Later
Meanwhile
Next
Once
Previously
Simultaneously
Soon
Subsequently
Subsequent - Following in time and order
Hitherto, Heretofore - Used in negative statement to describe a situation that has
existed up to this point or up to the present time, The sun hasnt rose hitherto. In due time
Henceforth
To indicate certainty
Truly
Sincerely
Genuinely
Surely
Rightfully
Absolutely
Indubitably
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Certainly
Without doubt
Needless to say
To indicate doubt
Most likely
More likely
Possibly
Probably
Dubitable - Open to doubt or suspicion
Dubious - Distressed with uncertainty or doubt
To summarize
Overall
To summarize
In summary
To sum up
Paraphrased
Briefly
In brief
Summing up
To put it briefly
prcis - A sketchy summary, Make a summary (of)
synopsis - A sketchy summary
apercu - A short synopsis
To provide a condition
provision, proviso - A stipulated condition
stipulate - Specify as a condition or requirement in a contract
given
if
whether
whenever
when
while
To express positive words
magnificent
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grandeur - The quality of being magnificent or splendid or grand, the quality of being
exalted in character or ideals or conduct
magnanimous - The quality of being exalted in character or ideals or conduct
fantastic
fantastical
phenomenal
wonderful
extraordinary
marvelous
superb
good
fine
great
avid - Emotionally desirable
avid ambition to succeed
excellent
spectacular
prodigious
grand
brilliant
glorious - Bringing great happiness and thankfulness
illustrious - Widely known and esteemed
notable - Worthy of notice
respected
impressive
splendid
splendiferous - Having great beauty and splendor
resplendent - Having great beauty and splendor, Richly and brilliantly colorful
flamboyant - Elaborately or excessively ornamented, Richly and brilliantly colorful
redoubtable - Having or worthy of pride
formidable - Extremely impressive in strength or excellence
prowess
superior
terrific
tremendous
wondrous - Extraordinarily good
wonderful
sublime - Inspiring awe, Lifted up or set high
flair - natural talent
knack - A special way of doing something
outshine - Attract more attention and praise than others
paramount - Having superior power and influence
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predominant
preponderating
prevailing
To show intelligence
profound
shrewd hardheaded (practical experience and observation) intelligence astute
acumen - Shrewdness shown by keen insight
insightful
savvy - The cognitive condition of someone who understands
cognition - The psychological result of perception, learning and reasoning
genius
smart
sharp
keen
mastermind
Einstein - Someone who has exceptional intellectual ability and originality
work of art
fine art
maven - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
marvin - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
adept - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
whiz - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
wizard - Someone who is dazzlingly skilled in any field
To intensify
incredibly
exceedingly
toppingly - extremely well
extremely
extraordinarily
truly
really
very
utterly - Completely and without qualification; used informally as intensifiers, With
sublimity; in a sublime manner
absolutely
perfectly
sublimely
dramatically
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sheer - (adj.) Complete and without restriction or qualification; sometimes used
informally as an intensifier; (adv.) Directly "he fell sheer into the water"
Said
enounced, enunciated - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
pronounced - Speak, pronounce, or utter in a certain way
articulated - Express or state clearly
vocalized - Express or state clearly
posited - Put firmly
stated
expressed
reported
alleged - Declared but not proved
averred - Report or maintain, To declare or affirm in a grave manner and formally as
true
affirmed, asserted
wrote
composed
indicted - Produce a literary work
penned - Produce a literary work
spelt - Indicate or signify
voiced, sounded - Give voice to
demean - Reduce in worth or character, usually verbally
Noted (said)
remarked
denoted - Be a sign or indication of, "Her smile denoted that she agreed"
observed
commented
mentioned
referred
announced
noticed
Precisely
explicitly
accurately
expressly
exactly
incisively
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Numerous
innumerable
many
various
several
diverse
umpteen
umteen
myriad (noun and adj.)
Praise
extol - (v) Praise, glorify, or honor
exalt
glorify
laud
proclaim
revere
idolize
worship
venerate
Call Forth
evoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
arouse - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
elicit - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
enkindle - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
provoke - Call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses)
inflame - Arouse or excite feelings and passions
awake - Stop sleeping
conjure - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic
invoke - Evoke or call forth, with or as if by magic
summon - Gather or bring together
instill - deposit gradually
Argue
a. Along similar lines, [X] argues that ___.
b. There seems to be no compelling reason to argue that ___.
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c. As a rebuttal to this point, it might be (convincingly) argued that ___.
d. There are [three] main arguments that can be advanced to support ___.
e. The underlying argument in favor of / against [X] is that ___.
f. [X]s argument in favor of / against [Y] runs as follows: ___.
Claim
a. In this [paper], I put forward the claim that ___.
b. [X] develops the claim that ___.
c. There is ample / growing support for the claim that ___.
d. [X]s findings lend support to the claim that ___.
e. Taking a middle-ground position, [X] claims that ___.
Data
a. The data gathered in the [pilot study] suggests / suggest that ___.
b. The data appears / appear to suggest that ___.
c. The data yielded by this [study] provides strong / convincing evidence that ___. (yielded
= generated)
d. A closer look at the data indicates that ___.
e. The data generated by [X] is / are reported in [table 1].
f. The aim of this [section] is to generalize beyond the data and ___.
In modern usage, data can also be treated as a mass / uncountable noun, like information.
Before you submit your work, check whether the institution youre writing for / on behalf of
prefers data + plural verb.
Debate
a. [X] has fostered debate on ___. (fostered = encouraged)
b. There has been an inconclusive debate about whether ___.
c. The question of whether ___ has caused much debate in [our profession] [over the years].
d. (Much of) the current debate revolves around ___.
Discussion
a. In this section / chapter, the discussion will point to ___.
b. The foregoing discussion implies that ___. (foregoing = that came before)
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c. For the sake of discussion, I would like to argue that ___.
d. In this study, the question under discussion is ___.
e. In this paper, the discussion centers on ___.
f. [X] lies at the heart of the discussion on ___.
Evidence (Remember: Evidence is uncountable.)
a. The available evidence seems to suggest that ___ / point to ___.
b. On the basis of the evidence currently available, it seems fair to suggest that ___.
c. There is overwhelming evidence corroborating the notion that ___.(corroborating =
confirming)
d. Further evidence supporting / against [X] may lie in the findings of [Y], who ___.
e. These results provide confirmatory evidence that ___.
Ground
a. I will now summarize the ground covered in this [chapter] by ___.
b. On logical grounds, there is no compelling reason to argue that ___.
c. [X] takes a middle-ground position on [Y] and argues that ___.
d. On these grounds, we can argue that ___.
e. [X]s views are grounded on the assumption that ___.
Issue
a. This study is an attempt to address the issue of ___.
b. In the present study, the issue under scrutiny is ___.
c. The issue of whether ___ is clouded by the fact that ___. (clouded = made less clear)
d. To portray the issue in [X]s terms, ___.
e. Given the centrality of this issue to [my claim], I will now ___.
f. This [chapter] is concerned with the issue of [how/whether/what] ___.
Literature
a. [X] is prominent in the literature on [Y].
b. There is a rapidly growing literature on [X], which indicates that ___.
c. The literature shows no consensus on [X], which means that ___.
d. The (current) literature on [X] abounds with examples of ___.
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Premise
a. The main theoretical premise behind [X] is that ___.
b. [X] and [Y] share an important premise: ___.
c. [X] is premised on the assumption that ___.
d. The basic premises of [X]s theory / argument are ___.
e. The arguments against [X]s premise rest on [four] assumptions: ___.
Research
a. This study draws on research conducted by ___.
b. Although there has been relatively little research on / into [X], ___.
c. In the last [X] years, [educational] research has provided ample support forthe assertion
that ___.
d. Current research appears / seems to validate the view that ___.
e. Research on / into ___ does not support the view that ___.
f. Further research in this area may include ___ and ___.
g. Evidence for [X] is borne out by research that shows ___.
h. There is insufficient research on / into ___ to draw any firm conclusions about / on ___.
View
a. The consensus view seems to be that ___.
b. [X] propounds the view that ___. (propound = put forward for consideration)
c. Current research (does not) appear(s) to validate such a view.
d. There have been dissenters to the view that ___. (dissenter = someone who disagrees)
e. The answer to [X] / The difference between [X] and [Y] is not as clear-cut as popular
views might suggest.
f. The view that _____ is (very much) in line with [common sense].
g. I am not alone in my view that ___.
h. [X] puts forward the view that ___.
i. [X]s views rest on the assumption that ___.