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Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Chapter 30
Organization and Control of the Endocrine System
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
HormonesHormones
• Hormones make cells react by attaching to receptors on their membranes
• A cell will only respond if it has receptors for the hormone
– Up-regulation: the cell makes more hormone receptors
– Down-regulation: the cell makes fewer hormone receptors
• Different cells respond differently to the same hormone
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Hormones (cont.)Hormones (cont.)
• Hormones can affect cells nearby or far away
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question Question
Your patient has low levels of circulating thyroid hormone. How will the cells of the thyroid gland respond?
a. No response
b. Response will depend upon the levels of TSH.
c. Down-regulation
d. Up-regulation
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer Answer
d. Up-regulation
Rationale: When there is diminished hormonal activity, cells have the ability to make more hormone receptors and increase the sensitivity of the existing receptors to the hormone. This is called up-regulation.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Hormones (cont.)Hormones (cont.)Hormones can be made of:
• Amino acids
– Epinephrine, dopamine, T3, and T4
• Proteins (peptide hormones)
– Insulin, glucagon, trophic hormones
• Cholesterol (steroid hormones)
– Cortisol, aldosterone, testosterone
• Fatty acids
– Ecosanoids
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
Steroid hormones are all derived from cholesterol.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer Answer
True
Rationale: The adrenal sex hormones, glucocorticoids, and mineralocorticoids all arise from cholesterol and have similar chemical structures even though their functions are slightly different.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ScenarioScenario
A man takes dopamine for paralysis caused by his Parkinson disease.
• At first, a small dose of dopamine was all he needed
• His symptoms improved significantly right after taking it, but then he froze up again
• Now he needs a high dose, and the effects last only a little while
Question:
• What has happened to his cells and their receptors?
• The doctor has decided to try giving him an MAO inhibitor along with his dopamine. Why?
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
After Hormones Affect Body CellsAfter Hormones Affect Body Cells
• They may be destroyed by enzymes at the receptor site
– Epinephrine, dopamine
• They may be taken up by cells and destroyed
– Peptide hormones
• They may be destroyed in the liver and passed out in the bile
– Steroid hormones
– T3 and T4
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
ScenarioScenario
A man with liver failure has developed:
• Hypokalemia
• Hypotension
• Hyperglycemia
• Repeated infections
Question:
• What hormone imbalances do you suspect? Why?
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
HypothalamusHypothalamus
The hypothalamus knows the state of the body:
• Temperature
• Blood osmolarity
• Blood nutrients
• Blood hormone levels
• Inflammatory mediators in blood
• Emotions
• Pain
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Hypothalamus Makes Releasing Hormones
The Hypothalamus Makes Releasing Hormones
• Releasing hormones are sent to the pituitary via the hypophyseal portal system
Hypothalamus
Anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
(Image reproduced from Bowne, P.S. [2004]. CRH release tutorial. Used with author’s permission.)
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
The Pituitary (Master Gland)
Creates Trophic Hormones
The Pituitary (Master Gland)
Creates Trophic Hormones
They tell other endocrine organs in the body to grow and secrete their hormones
Hypothalamus makes releasing hormones
Which are sent to the anterior pituitary
The anterior pituitary releases its stored trophic hormones into the systemic circulation
(Image reproduced from Bowne, P.S. [2004]. CRH release tutorial. Used with author’s permission.)
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Question Question
Tell whether the following statement is true or false.
The pituitary gland controls the release of thyroid hormone.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Answer Answer
True
Rationale: The pituitary gland (on a cue from the hypothalamus) tells other organs or glands to produce and secrete or inhibit the appropriate hormones.
Copyright © 2009 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
DiscussionDiscussionA man’s hypothalamus has no hormone receptors.
• What will happen to his production of:
– CRH T3 and T4
– ACTH FSH
– Cortisol LH
– Testosterone GnRH
– TRH TSH
Question:
• What signs and symptoms do you expect him to have?