Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND Internet Protocol

Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc.ICND

Internet Protocol

2

ICND Copyright © 2002, Systems, Inc.

TCP/IP and OSI

ApplicationApplication

PresentationPresentation

SessionSession

TransportTransport

NetworkNetwork

Data LinkData Link

PhysicalPhysical

ProcessApplication Layer


Transport LayerTransport Layer

Internet LayerInternet Layer

Network LayerNetwork Layer

TCP/IPOSI Reference

3


TCP/IP Protocol



Transport LayerTransport Layer

Internet LayerInternet Layer

Network LayerNetwork Layer

Telnet

TFTP

FTP

SMTP NFS

DNS Ping

DHCP

TCPTCP UDPUDP

ICMP ARP RARP

IP

EthernetEthernet FastEthernet

FastEthernet

TokenRing

TokenRing FDDIFDDI

TCP/IP Reference

4


Virtual Terminal Connections (Telnet)

Telnet 프로그램은 원거리에 있는 컴퓨터 시스템을 마치 자신의 시스템처럼 사용할 수 있는 하나의 응용 프로그램이다 .

Telnet Port 23결과

로그인 요청및 원격 호스트에 대한 명령

5


File Transfer Protocol (FTP)FTP 는 한 시스템 상에 있는 파일을 다른 시스템으로 전송하는데 사용되는 프로토콜이며 ,두 컴퓨터 간의 데이터 교환을 위한 전송 수단으로는 TCP 프로토콜을 사용함 .

FTP ClientFTP Server

Application LayerFTP

Transport LayerTCP UDP

Application LayerIP

Network Interface

Application LayerFTP

Transport LayerTCP UDP

Application LayerIP

Network Interface

FTP Protocol 의 흐름

TCP Port : 21

6


Domain Name Service (DNS)DNS 는 Domain Name Service 의 약자로써 인터넷에서 IP 어드레스를 호스트 이름으로 서로 매핑하기 위해서 개발한 것이다 .

www.yahoo.co.krIP Address 를 알려주세요 .

www.yahoo.co.kr211.32.119.151 DNS 클라이언트 DNS Server

7


Packet InterNet Groper (Ping)Ping 은 네트워크에서 두 호스트 사이간에 정상적으로 통신을 할 수가 있는지 확인하는 프로그램이다 .

Internet

SystemA SystemB

C:\>ping 162.20.30.10Pinging 162.20.30.10 with 32 bytes of data:Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=50ms TTL=247Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=50ms TTL=247Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=20ms TTL=247Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=70ms TTL=247Ping statistics for 162.20.30.10: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 20ms, Maximum = 70ms, Average = 82ms

C:\>ping 162.20.30.10Pinging 162.20.30.10 with 32 bytes of data:Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=50ms TTL=247Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=50ms TTL=247Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=20ms TTL=247Reply from 162.20.30.10: bytes=32 time=70ms TTL=247Ping statistics for 162.20.30.10: Packets: Sent = 4, Received = 4, Lost = 0 (0% loss),Approximate round trip times in milli-seconds: Minimum = 20ms, Maximum = 70ms, Average = 82ms

IP: 162.20.30.10IP: 162.20.10.10

8


Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)TFTP 는 단순한 파일을 전송하는 프로토콜이며 , 최소한의 기능만 가지고 있어 파일을 전송하는 프로토콜로 UDP 포트번호 69 번을 사용하고 있다 .

9


Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

SMTP 는 단순한 메일을 전송하는데 사용되며 , POP3 는 메일을 수신하는데 사용된다 .

Internet

SMTP Server SMTP Server

SMTP Protocol (Port 25)

10


Network File System (NFS)NFS 는 다른 컴퓨터에 있는 파일시스템의 일부를 마치 자신의 컴퓨터에 있는 것처럼 사용할 수 있도록 해주는 것이 NFS 이다 .

11


Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Server

Switch HUB RouterA

DHCP 클라이언트 DHCP 클라이언트 DHCP 클라이언트

12


Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

IP 임대 요청IP 임대 제공IP 임대 선택IP 임대 확인 응답

13


Transport Layer

• TCP (Transmission Control Protocol)

• UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

14


Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

세션 설정 ( 벨 울림 )

확인 (“ 여보세요” )

확인 (“ 네 . 여보세요” )

데이터 전달 (“ 제가 전화한 이유는 ~”)

확인 (“ 네” )

세션 종결 (“ 안녕히 계세요” )

확인 (“ 네 . 안녕히 계세요” )

송신측 수신측

TCP 는 연결 지향형 (Connection Oriented) 처리를 통해 오류를 정정한다 .

15


Internet Layer

• IP (Internet Protocol)

• ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)

• ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)

• RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol)

16


Internet Protocol (IP)IP 는 한 번에 한 네트워크에 대해 , 한 호스트에서 다른 호스트로 데이터를 이동시키는 역할만을 수행함 .

IP: 192.168.10.10

IP: 192.168.10.20 IP: 192.168.20.10

SystemA

SystemB SystemC

RouterA

17


Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)

IP: 192.168.10.10 IP: 192.168.20.10

SystemA SystemB192.168.30.30 으로 전송되는 패킷

오류 : Network Unreachable

192.168.10.0 192.168.20.0

18


Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

ARP 는 특정 IP 주소를 사용하는 시스템이 하드웨어 주소로 응답하도록 요청하는 하위 계층의 브로드캐스트를 네트워크에 전송하여 이 임무를 수행함 .

IP: 192.168.10.40

IP: 192.168.10.10 IP: 192.168.10.5 IP: 192.168.10.30

.10 의 하드웨어 주소는 ?

.10 은 00:00:c0:c8:b3:27

SystemA SystemB SystemC

SystemD

19


Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

Ethernet:4523.7985.7734 IP = ???

Ethernet:4523.7985.7734 IP: 192.168.10.3

내 IP 어드레스는 뭐죠

?

당신의 IP 어드레스는 192.

168.10.3

MAC 어드레스에 할당된 IP 어드레스 정보를 요청하는 패킷을 보냄으로써 디스켓이 없는 장비의 IP 어드레스를 알수 있음 .

20


Data 통신 절차

21


일대일 데이터 통신


IP Address Configuration

23


• IP 주소를 통한 network component 와 host component 구분

• IP 주소의 서브넷 마스크 계산법 파악

• IP 주소에서 호스트 주소의 파악

• IP 주소를 이용한 네트웍상의 라우터 주소 설정

목적

IP Address Overview


25


32 Bits

Network Host

IP Addressing

26


IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network Host

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

27


IP Addressing

32 Bits

Network Host

8 Bits

172 . 16 . 122 . 204

8 Bits 8 Bits 8 Bits

28


Class A:

Class B:

Class C:

Class D: for multicast

Class E: for research

N = Network number H = Host number

IP Address Classes

N H H H

N N H H

N N N H

29


IP Address Bit Patterns

1 7 24

Class A:

# Bits

0 network # host #

30



1 7 24

Class A:

# Bits

1 14 161

Class B:

# Bits

0 network # host #

1 network # host #0

31



1 7 24

Class A:

# Bits

1 14 161

Class B:

# Bits

1 21 811

Class C:

# Bits

0 network # host #

1 network # host #0

1 network # host #1 0

32


Recognizing Classes in IP Addresses (First Octet Rule)

High OrderBits

Octet inDecimal

AddressClass

0

10

110

1 – 126

128 – 191

192 – 223

A

B

C

33


Written Exercise: IP Address Classes

Address Class Network Host

10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

34




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

35




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A 10.0.0.0

36




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A 10.0.0.0 0.2.1.1

37




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

10.0.0.0 0.2.1.1

38




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1

39




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

40




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

41




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

42




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

43




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

44




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

192.6.141.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

45




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

192.6.141.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

0.0.0.2

46




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

B

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

192.6.141.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

0.0.0.2

47




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

B

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

192.6.141.0

130.113.0.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

0.0.0.2

48




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

B

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

192.6.141.0

130.113.0.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

0.0.0.2

0.0.64.16

49




10.2.1.1

128.63.2.100

201.222.5.64

192.6.141.2

130.113.64.16

256.241.201.10

A

B

C

C

B

Nonexistent

10.0.0.0

128.63.0.0

201.222.5.0

192.6.141.0

130.113.0.0

0.2.1.1

0.0.2.100

0.0.0.64

0.0.0.2

0.0.64.16

Configuring IP Addresses

Copyright © 1998, Cisco Systems, Inc.ICRC_revision_11.3

51


Host Addresses172.16.2.1

172.16.3.10

172.16.12.12

IP: 172.16.2.1

10.1.1.1

10.250.8.11

10.180.30.118

IP: 10.6.24.2

E0 E1

172.16 12 12

Network Host

. . Network Interface

172.16.0.0

10.0.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

52


Network 172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

Addressing without Subnets

53


Network 172.16.0.0

Addressing with Subnets

172.16.1.0 172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

54


Subnet Addressing172.16.2.200

172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

E0 E1

Network Interface

172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

55



172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

IP: 172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

IP: 172.16.3.1

E0 E1

172.16 2 160

Network Host


172.16.0.0

172.16.0.0

E0

E1

Routing Table

Subnet

56



172.16.2.2

172.16.2.160

IP: 172.16.2.1

172.16.3.5

172.16.3.100

172.16.3.150

IP: 172.16.3.1

E0 E1

172.16 2 160

Network Host


172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

E0

E1

New Routing Table

Subnet

57


Subnet Mask

172 16 0 0IPAddress

Network Host

58


Subnet Mask

172 16 0 0

255 255 0 0

IPAddress

DefaultSubnet

Mask

Network Host

Network Host

59


Subnet Mask

172 16 0 0

255 255 0 0

255 255 255 0

IPAddress

DefaultSubnet

Mask

8-bitSubnet

Mask

Network Host

Use host bits, starting at thehigh order bit position

Network Host

Network Subnet Host

60


Decimal Equivalents of Bit Patterns

1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 128

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 = 192

1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 = 224

1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 = 240

1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 = 248

1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 = 252

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 = 254

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 = 255

128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

61


Network Host

172.16.2.160

255.255.0.0

172 16 0 0

10101100

11111111

10101100

00010000

11111111

00010000

00000000

00000000

10100000

00000000

00000000

Subnets not in use—the default

00000010

Subnet Mask without Subnets

62


Network Host

172.16.2.160

255.255.255.0

172 16 2 0

Subnet

11111111 11111111 0000000011111111

Network number extended by eight bits

10101100

10101100

00010000

00010000 00000010

10100000

00000000

00000010

Subnet Mask with Subnets

63


Written Exercise: Subnet Masks

Address Subnet Mask Class Subnet

172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

64




172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

65




172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

B 172.16.2.0

66




172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

172.16.2.0

67




172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

172.16.2.0

10.6.0.0

68




172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.6.0.0

69




172.16.2.10

10.6.24.20

10.30.36.12

255.255.255.0

255.255.0.0

255.255.255.0

B

A

A

172.16.2.0

10.6.0.0

10.30.36.0

70


Subnet 의 계획

Other subnets

20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet

Class C address:

201.222.5.0

20 subnets

5 hosts per subnet

Class C address:

201.222.5.0

201.222.5.16

201.222.5.32 201.222.5.48

71


IP Host Address: 172.16.2.120Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.0

Subnet Address = 172.16.2.0Host Addresses = 172.16.2.1–172.16.2.254Broadcast Address = 172.16.2.255Eight bits of subnetting

Network Subnet Host

172 16 2 0

172.16.2.120:

255.255.255.0:

10101100

11111111

Subnet: 10101100 00010000

00010000

11111111

00000010

00000010

11111111

01111001

00000000

00000000

Class B Subnet Planning Example

72


IP Host Address: 201.222.5.121Subnet Mask: 255.255.255.248

Network Subnet Host

201 222 5 120

201.222.5.121: 11001001

11111111

Subnet: 11001001 11011110

11011110

11111111

00000101

00000101

11111111

01111 001

11111 000

01111 000

255.255.255.248:

Class C Subnet Planning Example

Subnet Address = 201.222.5.120Host Addresses = 201.222.5.121–201.222.5.126Broadcast Address = 201.222.5.127Five Bits of Subnetting

73


Broadcast Addresses

172.16.1.0

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

74


Broadcast Addresses

172.16.1.0

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

255.255.255.255(Local network broadcast)

XX

75


Broadcast Addresses

172.16.1.0

172.16.2.0

172.16.3.0

172.16.4.0

172.16.3.255(Directed broadcast)

255.255.255.255(Local network broadcast)

XX

76


Written Exercise: Broadcast Addresses

Address Class Subnet Broadcast

201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

77




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

78




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

79




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

80




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

81




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

82




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

83




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

84




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.12

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

85




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.15128.16.32.12

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128

86




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.15128.16.32.12

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B

87




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.15128.16.32.12

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B 153.50.6.0

88




201.222.10.60 255.255.255.248 C 201.222.10.63201.222.10.56

Subnet Mask

15.16.193.6 255.255.248.0 A 15.16.199.25515.16.192.0

128.16.32.13 255.255.255.252 B 128.16.32.15128.16.32.12

153.50.6.27 255.255.255.128 B 153.50.6.127153.50.6.0

Documents

Copyright © 2002, Cisco Systems, Inc. ICND Internet Protocol