Copyright© 1997

Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers, Inc.

Kirksville, Missouri 63501-4221 USA

escj@truman.edu

This book has been brought to publicationwith the generous support of

Truman State University, Kirksville, Missouri

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

International Congress on Calvin Research (1994 : Edinburgh, Scotland)Calvinus sincerioris religionis vindex = Calvin as protector of the purer

religion : die Referate des Congrès international des recherches calvini-ennes. International Congress on Calvin Research. Internationalen Kon-gresses für Calvinforschung, vom 13. bis 16. September in Edinburgh /herausgegeben von Wilhelm H. Neuser & unter Mitwirkung von Brian G.Armstrong.

p. cm. — (Sixteenth century essays and studies ; v. 36)English, French, and German.Includes bibliographical references.ISBN 0-940474-40-9 (alk. paper)1. Calvin, Jean, 1509–1564—Congresses. 2. Reformed Church—Doc-

trines—History—16th century—Congresses. 3. Theology, Doctrinal—His-tory—16th century—Congresses. I. Neuser, Wilhem. H. II. Armstrong,Brian G. III. Title. IV. Series.BX9418.I67 1997 97-10433284'.2'092—dc21 CIP

No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any format by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system,without permission in writing from the publisher. Printed in the United States of America.

∞

The paper in this publication meets the minimum requirements of the American National Standardfor Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials ANSI Z39.48, 1984.

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Contents

Abbreviations Used in This Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiVorwort . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .xiii

W. H. Neuser

Opening Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

The Right Reverend James A. Simpson

Address of Prof. Dr. W. H. Neuser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviAutoren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xviii

Lectures

Calvin’s Accommodating God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

David F. Wright

I. Correcting Caricatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31. The Parent-God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32. The God Who Prattles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

II. Previous Investigations of Accommodatio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5III. Accommodation and the Problems of Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1. Ezekiel 20: 8–9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72. Psalm 78:65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83. Zephaniah 3:17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94. Institutes 1:17:13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95. Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

IV. Accommodation to Barbarity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101. Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112. Separation of Wife from Husband . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113. Selling One’s Own Children into Slavery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

V. Saving the Old Testament . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121. The Mosaic Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122. The Sacrificial and Ritual Order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

VI. The Single Will of God. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131. Revelation 3:5, etc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132. Zephaniah 3:7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

VII. Not Merely Pedagogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151. Not Rhetoric Alone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162. God’s Self-revelation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

VIII. Condescension to Humanity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171. In Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172. Familiariter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183. Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

IX. Revealed and Hidden . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19X. The Quest for an Integrated Portrait of Calvin’s God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

A New View of Calvin in the Light of the Registers of the Geneva Consistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Robert M. Kingdon

I. The Consistory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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II. Remonstrances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24III. Ceremonies of Reconciliation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

. Docere/Movere: Les catégories rhétoriques et leurs sources humanistesdans la doctrine calvinienne de la foi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Olivier Millet

I. L’Approche rhétorique de la pensée religieuse de Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35II. De Valla, Budé, Bucer (et Mélanchthon) à Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

1. Lorenzo Valla: Persuasio et fides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372. Erasme et Dolet. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393. Budé . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 404. Bucer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415. Premier Bilan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

III. Accents de ce complexe d’idées chez Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 441. Institutio de 1559, 3.1–2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442. Institutio de 1559,1.7.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453. Institutio de 1559, 4.14.10) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454. La foi chrétienne (Institutio de 1559, 3.2.15 sq.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 465. Commentaire du psaume 143:10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476. Commentaire de 2 Corinthiens, 3:6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487. Deux points importants de la pensée religieuse de Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

Calvin as an Interpreter of Genesis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

David C. Steinmetz

I. The Task: Explanation of Genesis 32:24–32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53II. Denis the Carthusian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

1. The Wrestling Match: Physical or Spiritual? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 562. The Mysterious Stranger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563. The Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574. The Blessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585. God Seen Face to Face . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

III. Martin Luther . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 591. Jacob’s Antagonist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592. The Boldness of Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593. The Wrestling Match . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 604. The Renaming of Jacob . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615. Historical and Allegorical Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

IV. Jean Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621. Jacob as an Exemplary Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 622. The Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 623. Jacob’s Adversary: God’s Testing His Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624. The Indelible Mark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 645. The Blessing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 646. Similarities and Differences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 647. Literal and/or Spiritual Sense of the Text . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648. The Hostile and Fatherly Face of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Calvin and the Fathers in

Bondage and Liberation of the Will

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Anthony N. S. Lane

I. Works Used by Calvin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 691. Augustine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 702. The Augustine Edition Used by Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

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3. Other Fathers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 794. Calvin’s Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

II. Calvin’s Use of the Fathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86III. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Table of Works used in Calvin’s

Bondage and Liberation of the Will

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Calvin’s Polemic: Foundational Convictions in the Service of God’s Truth . . . 97

Charles Partee

I. The Concept of Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98II. The Content of Truth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102III. The Application of Truth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

1. Word and Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1092. Faith and Love . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1113. God and Man . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

“I Came Not to Send Peace, but a Sword”. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Francis Higman

I. Calvin’s Polemical Treatises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124II. Calvin’s Readership: Latin and French. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127III. Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130IV. Conclusions: Reflections on Calvin’s Rhetoric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

1. The Limits of Calvin’s Polemical Rhetoric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1332. The “Objective Truth”? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1343. The Battle for Hearts and Minds, and the Holy Spirit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134Appendix: Jean Calvin:

Didactica/Polemica

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

Der Eigentumsbegriff Calvins angesichts der Einführung der neuen Geld-wirtschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139

Hans-Helmut Eßer

I. Einleitung und Grundlegung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139II. Der neue Eigentumsbegriff Calvins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

1. Methodologische Zwischenüberlegung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1402. Eigentum ist unproblematisch, denn es ist eine Gabe Gottes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413. Die gemeindliche Einbindung des Eigentums und ihre Auswirkungen auf die Ge-

sellschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1484. Arbeit dient wie das Eigentum dem Aufbau der Gemeinde und dadurch der Welt-

gestaltung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1525. Das 8. Gebot als erschließender und abschließender Aspekt des Eigentumsbegriffs

154III. Die neue Geldwirtschaft und Calvins Argumentation zugunsten der Zinsnahme für

Produktions-Darlehen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1561. Die sich aufdrängende neue Geldwirtschaft im sozialen Kontext . . . . . . . . . . . . 1562. Calvins Unterscheidung zwischen zinslosen Konsumdarlehen und zinspflichtigen

Produktionsdarlehen; Die neue Regelung des Zinsnehmens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583. Abschließende Erwägungen zur Charakterisierung des sozialethischen Ansatzes

Calvins und seiner entsprechenden Hermeneutik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

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Seminars

Two Commentaries on the Epistle to the Romans: Calvinand Oecolampadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Akira Demura

I. Preliminary Remarks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1651. The Significance of Romans Commentaries in Church History . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1652. Some Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1663. Precedents of Parallel Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

II. The Doctrine of Justification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1681. Romans 1:16, 17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

a. Oecolampadius. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1682. Romans 3:21–28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170

a. Oecolampadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170b. Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172

3. Romans 5:1–11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173III. The Use of the Law: Romans 7:7–25. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

1. Oecolampadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175a. The Use of the Law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175b. The Problem of

ejgwv

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1772. Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

a. The Use of the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178b. The Problem of

ejgwv

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178IV. The Teaching on Sacraments: Romans 4:11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

a. Oecolampadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180b. Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182

V. Appendix: The Reformation Theology of Oecolampadius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1841. Christ as the Scopus of Scripture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1842. Sola Scriptura as the Formal Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1843. Sola Fide as the Material Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1864. Predestination and Prescience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187

Plaisir des mets, plaisirs des mots: Irdische Freude bei Calvin . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

Max Engammare

I. Begriffe für die Freude: Die Terminologie Calvins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191II. Tafelfreuden: “in vino oblectatio” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192III. Begriffe, um der Freude Ausdruck zu verleihen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

1. Freude am täglichen Leben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1952. Freude an der Freundschaft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1973. Freude am Schreiben . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1994. Freude an Volkstümlichen Redensarten und Sprichwörtern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2015. Schöpfungstheologie und christliche Anthropologie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

Varied Themes in Calvin’s 2 Samuel Sermons and the Development of HisThought . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209

Douglas Kelly

I. Calvin’s Activity as a Preacher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210II. Some Characteristics of Calvin’s Preaching. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211III. The Sermons on 2 Samuel and Development of Calvin’s Wider Thought . . . . . . . 214

1. General Themes in the Sermons on 2 Samuel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215a. Warfare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215b. Child Rearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219c. Obedience to God’s Will in Daily Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222

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Contents

ix

Calvin’s Understanding of Pietas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225

Sou-Young Lee

I. General Introduction to Calvin’s use of Pietas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225II. The Primary (narrow) Meaning of Pietas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226

1. Fear of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2272. Reverence toward God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2273. Submission to God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2284. Worship of God . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2285. Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2296. Knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2307. Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233

III. The accompanying (extensive) meaning of Pietas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2341. Pietas Inseparable from Charity toward Men . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2352. Pietas Related to the Entire Life . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 236

IV. The Origin, or Source, of Pietas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237V. Pietas and Faith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238

Kirche als unabhängige Institution in Genf 1536–1538 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241

Márkus Mihály

I. Regimen Duplex (OS 1:232-233; Spieß 337-338) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242II. Potestas Ecclesiastica (OS 1:234, 235–237; Spieß 339–40, 343–46) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242III. Administratio Politica (OS 1:258–60, 264; Spieß 383–89, 393–94) . . . . . . . . . . . . 243IV. Confrontatio Magna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244V. Schlußfolgerungen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245

Scholasticism in Calvin: A Question of Relation and Disjunction . . . . . . . . . . 247

Richard Muller

I. The Problem of Calvin’s Relationship to Scholasticism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2471. Patterns in Scholarship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2472. The Identification of “Scholasticism” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250

II. Scholasticism in Calvin: Relation and Disjunction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2521. Calvin’s Polemics against Scholasticism: Indications of Relationship, Positive and

Negative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2532. Calvin’s Positive Appropriation of Scholastic Distinctions in the

Institutes and Treatises and Commentaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2593. Some Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263

The Reception of Calvinism in Britain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267

Andrew Pettegree

I. The Problem of British Calvinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267II. Calvin and the Elizabethan Settlement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270III. Calvin and the Theology of the Anglican Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274

1. Calvin’s Writings in England . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2742. Sixteenth-Century Translations of Calvin’s Works . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2813. English Translations of Works of Continental and Leading English Authors . . 2814. The Influence of Calvin’s Writings and Theology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281

IV. Discipline. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2831. The School of Christ in Geneva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2842. Critics of the English Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2863. Discipline and Scottish Calvinism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287

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x

Calvinus Sincerioris Religionis Vindex

Karl Barth as Interpreter of Calvin’s

Psychopannychia

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

Hans Scholl

I. The Theses of the

Psychopannychia

and their assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291

II. Barth’s Emphasis Of the Ethical Moment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296

III. Is the

Psychopannychia

an intra-Protestant Polemic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299

IV. The

Psychopannychia

—the Wakefulness of the soul—asa Foundational Starting Point for Theology and the Christian life in Calvin . . . . . 303

V. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

Calvin’s Exhortation to Charles V (1543) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

J. J. Steenkamp

I. Introductory Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309

II. Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

1. Calvin’s Purpose for the Exhortation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311

2. Reasons for Calvin’s Reluctance to Write the Exhortation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

3. The Theological Contents of the Exhortation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

4. Calvin’s style in the Exhortation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

5. The Result of the Exhortation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312

“The Progress of the Kingdom of Christ” in Calvin’s Expositionof the Prophets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

Peter Wilcox

I. The Kingdom of Christ in Calvin’s Old Testament Expositions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315

II. The progress of the Kingdom of Christ and Salvation History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

1. The Beginnings of the Kingdom of Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 317

2. The Consummation of the Kingdom of Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318

3. The Progress of the Kingdom of Christ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319

III. The Progress of the Kingdom of Christ and the Reformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

1. The Progress of the Kingdom of Christ and the Reformed Church . . . . . . . . . . 320

2. The Progress of the Kingdom of Christ and Reformed Ministers . . . . . . . . . . . 321

IV. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322

Calvins Uminterpretation Cyprians bei der Beantwortung der Fragen:Auf wen ist die Kirche gegründet und Von wem wird der Bischof gewählt? 323

Anette Zillenbiller

I. Auf wen ist die Kirche gegründet? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

1. Cyprians Sicht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 324

2. Calvins Sicht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327

II. Von wem wird der Bischof gewählt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

1. Cyprian zum Wahlverfahren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328

2. Calvins Ansicht zum Wahlverfahren . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330

ArmstrongBook Page x Wednesday, December 5, 2007 12:52 PM

Abbreviations Used in This Work

A.E.G. RC The Registers of the Council of State, in the Genevan StateArchives

A.E.G., RConsistoire The Registers of the Consistory, in the Genevan StateArchives. See also

RConsistoire,

below.

Barth,

CD

Karl Barth,

Church Dogmatics,

4 vols. in 11, edited by G. T.Thomson; translated by G. Bromiley (Edinburgh: T. & T.Clark, 1936–1962)

Calvini Opera Commentaires de Jehan Calvin sur le livre des Pseaumes

[1557], Bd.2 (Paris, 1859), 271–72.

Calvini opera quae supersunt omnia

, 59Bde. (Brunschwig-Berlin, 1863–1900)

CO Ioannis Calvini Opera Quae Supersunt Omnia …

, 59 vols., ed.Guilielmus Baum, Eduardus Cunitz, and Eduardus Reuss(Brunsvigae & Berolinae: C. A. Schwetsche & M. Bruhm,1834–1900. [These are vols. 29–87 of

Corpus Reforma-torum

.]

CTJ Calvin Theological Journal

CTS

Calvin Translation Society

Institutes

John Calvin,

Institutes of the Christian Religion

, ed. John T.McNeill, H. P. Van Dusen, trans. F. L. Battles, J. Baillie,Library of Christian Classics (Philadelphia: WestminsterPress, 1960)

Migne

Patrologia Latina,

ed. J. P. Migne (Paris: Migne, 1844–1864)

NCE New Catholic Encyclopedia.

NRSV Bible. English. New Revised Standard, 1994 [The NewOxford Annotated Bible Containing the Old and New Tes-taments, ed. Bruce M. Metzger, Roland E. Murphy](NewYork: Oxford University Press, 1994)

OS Joannis Calvini Opera Selecta,

5 vols., ed. Petrus Barth andGuilelmus Niesel (Monachii in Aeddibus: Chr. Kaiser,1926–1962).

PL Patrologia Latina,

ed. J. P. Migne (Paris: Migne, 1844–1864)

R.C. A.E.G. Registres du Counsiel, Genève

ArmstrongBook Page xi Wednesday, December 5, 2007 12:52 PM

xii

Calvinus Sincerioris Religionis Vindex

RConsistoire Registres du consistoire de Genève au temps de Calvin: Tome I,1542–1544,

ed. Thomas A. Lambert and Isabella M. Watt(Geneva: Droz, 1996),

SC

Supplementa Calviniana

=

Sermons Inédits [de Jean Calvin],

J. I . McCord, moderator. Erwin Mülhaupt, ed., (Neu-kirchen-Vluyn, Verlag des Erziehungsvereins, 1994)

STC A Short-Title Catalogue of Books Printed in England, Scotland& Ireland and of English Books Printed Abroad, 1475–1640.

Ed. A. W. Pollard and G. R. Redgrave. London: The Biblio-graphical Society, 1926

WA Martin Luther,

Werke. Kritische Gesamtausgabe

[Weimar Aus-gabe]. 107 vols. Weimar, 1883.

ZKG Zeitschrift für Kirchengeschichte

ArmstrongBook Page xii Wednesday, December 5, 2007 12:52 PM

Vorwort

W. H. Neuser

The Congress met in August 1994

at the places where the famous Calvinscholar John Knox held forth. I refer to Edinburgh and St. Andrews, the latterbeing where the Congress participants visited and where at the University one ofthe lectures was held and discussed.

The Congress was delighted to accept the invitation from the New College ofthe University of Edinburgh. The hearty reception and the friendly greetings ofthose involved are worthy to be mentioned here: The gracious welcome from thedean of the College and from the principal of New College; the invitation of theminister and the kirk session to hold the opening service in St. Giles Cathedral;the greetings of the moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland,the Right Reverend James A. Simpson; and not least, the impressive organ musicby the church organist, as well as the marvelous choir performance. Additionally,the lord provost of the city of Edinburgh, the Right Honorable Norman Irons, andthe principal-designate of the University of Edinburgh, Professor Stewart Suther-land, hosted the reception after the service in the city chambers. In St. Andrewsthe Congress also found a gracious reception and host, with a wonderful banquet.At the University library a special exhibition of Reformation texts had been pre-pared to the delight of the attendees, and we thank the library staff for this exhibit.Also, the Congress was welcomed by the Reformation Institute and its director,Dr. Andrew Pettegree. To all of the foregoing we offer our heartfelt thanks.

Similarly, we offer thanks to the institutions of the United Kingdom whichsupported the Congress financially:

• The British Academy• The Senate of New College, Edinburgh• The Hope Trust, Edinburgh• The Senate of Trinity College, Glasgow• The Scottish Reformation History Society• The Principal and Senate of the University of St. Andrews

Particularly, we give special mention to the host institution, New College, and itsfaculty, especially David F. Wright, who shouldered the burden of the localarrangements.

Without the support of the Dutch, German and Swiss churches and institu-tions the Congress could not have been prepared and held. It made possible the

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xiv

W. H. Neuser

meeting of the Präsidium in 1992, the translation of the lectures into the confer-ence languages, the travel expenses of the lecturers, the printing of the proceed-ings, and other of the expenses. We offer our grateful thanks.

In addition, the Präsidium offers its thanks to the following: • Deputaten Hulpverlening van de Christelijke Gereformeerde Kerken • Evangelische Kirche in Hessen-Nassau• Evangelische Kirche von Kurhessen-Waldeck• Evangelische Kirche der Union• Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen• Evangelisches Diasporawerk Steinfurt• Gereformeerde Bond in de Nederlandse Hervormde (Geref.) Kerken• Kirchenkreis Tecklenburg• Lippische Landeskirche• Stichting Het Nederlands Protestants Convent• Stichting Zonnenweelde• Vereinigte Evangelische Mission Wuppertal

Now these lectures and seminars are prepared for the public; they aredesigned to give new impulses to Calvin research throughout the world. We aresorry not to be able to provide a short summary of the contents of the papers andseminars, but we trust the table of contents is complete enough to indicate themain ideas. In any case, surely the harvest of these papers and seminars will bereflected in future publications of the participants.

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Opening Remarks

The Right Reverend James A. SimpsonModerator of the Church of Scotland

It gives me tremendous pleasure

on behalf of the Church of Scotland to wel-come you at the commencement of this Sixth International Congress on CalvinResearch. I hope that in every way you will have a most profitable conference herein this lovely city of Edinburgh. I once heard Edinburgh University described asthe theological center of the Old World. Princeton was described as the theologi-cal center of the New World, and Glasgow University, my own Alma Mater, as thetheological center of the Underworld. I would strongly refute the third of thesesuggestions, for it was in Trinity College, Glasgow, that I was first introduced toCalvin’s

Institutes.

What better theological foundation could anyone have?The poet Ben Jonson once said of Shakespeare, “He is not of an age, but for all

time.” I believe the same could be said of John Calvin. I personally would like tosee posted on the walls of every theological college and every church vestryCalvin’s statement about the task of the theologian. “The theological task,” he said,“is not to divert the ears with chatter, but to strengthen consciences by teachingthings true, sure and profitable.” For Calvin, “talking the talk” of religion was notsufficient; we must also “walk the walk.” How relevant also for the church today isthe underlying principle that governed his interpretation of the Bible. “The mean-ing of many statements in Scripture,” Calvin said, “depends on their context.” Thenarrow, shallow biblicism of today is not the

sola scriptura

of the Reformers. Irejoice that John Calvin continues to be studied in our day.

It is surely also appropriate that the opening act of worship of your congressshould be held in this church where John Knox, one of Calvin’s distinguished stu-dents, once ministered. God bless you in your deliberations this week.

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Address of Prof. Dr. W. H. Neuser

Secretary of the International Congress for Calvin Research

Most Esteemed Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church ofScotland

Most esteemed Lord Provost of the City of EdinburghSpectabilis and honored Colleagues of the Faculty of Divinity at New

CollegeWorthy participants of the Congress who have not shied away from a

long journey, some coming from halfway around the worldDear members of the participants’ families and guestsDear members of the Congregation

In the name of the Präsidium I wish to thank the highly esteemed faculty forthe invitation and for the accommodations in the famous Old College. We aredelighted to hold there the Sixth International Congress.

Mentioning the Sixth International Congress invites us to give a brief resume.The first two Congresses met in Amsterdam at the Free University. In 1982 we metin Geneva, the so-called city of Calvin. Four years later we met in Debrecen,known as “the Hungarian Geneva.” In 1990 we left Europe in order to justify ourname as an International Congress, and we met in the heartland of America inGrand Rapids. The grateful memory of this latest meeting at the Calvin Theologi-cal Seminary is still with us. Now we are in the city of John Knox. We have alwaysbeen associated with churches of the Reformed faith, which have a special affinitywith John Calvin and his work. But this aspect should not conceal the fact that weare a scientific, scholarly Congress which brings together Protestant and Catholicscholars, and indeed scholars from all denominations and persuasions. We areproud that they all seek to gain a critical understanding of Calvin and his work.

Calvin and John Knox

These two men

have, at the very least, one thing in common: both have beenviewed conservatively by their contemporaries and even today. John Knox wasevaluated in an entirely different way in his time. In 1559 François de Morel wroteto Calvin: “John Knox has been for some time in Dieppe. He is now currying favorin Scotland. He has dared to confess the most evil and pestilential teaching thatwomen are unworthy to govern, and that Christians are permitted to take upweapons to defend themselves against such tyrants. I fear that he will be called to

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Address of W. H. Neuser

xvii

the Pastoral Office by the people of Dieppe.” At the same time, the congregation ofDieppe sent a letter to Calvin, writing that “John Knox is a unique organ of theHoly Spirit who, according to the grace which the Lord has poured upon himsuperabundantly, works to promote the Glory of Christ.” One cannot speak morecontradictorily about Knox.

As is well known, Calvin is criticized generally on the point of church disci-pline—in the next few days we shall discuss the latest, surprising findings on thistheme. His polemic writings inspired fear—we will hear two lectures on thistheme. He is blamed as the “father of capitalism” —we will discuss the validity ofthis charge. By these words I have mentioned only the best known controversies.In the other lectures and seminars we will look for solutions to many general orspecific problems, or just hear about new research findings. I have the impressionthat we stand at the doorway of a gripping Congress.

With this festive service we open the Congress. The Präsidium has askedDavid Wright, himself a member of the Präsidium, an internationally recognizedscholar, and Senior Lecturer in Ecclesiastical History at New College, to give theopening address.

ArmstrongBook Page xvii Wednesday, December 5, 2007 12:52 PM

Autoren

Prof.

Akira Demura,

Nagamachi 2-19-18, Takhaku-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 982 Japan

Dr.

Max Engammare,

Ave. Blanc 12, CH-1202 Genève, Switzerland

Prof. Dr.

Hans-Helmut Eßer,

Schloßstrasse, 15, D-48612 Horstmar, Germany

Dr.

Francis Higman,

Institut d’Histoire de la Réformation, Bibliothèque Publiqueet Universitaire, Ch-1211 Genève, Switzerland

Prof.

Douglas F. Kelly,

Reformed Theological Seminary, 2101 Carmel Road, Char-lotte, NC 28226, USA

Prof.

Robert Kingdon,

4 Rosewood Circle, Madison, WI 53711, USA

Mr.

Anthony N. S. Lane,

London Bible College, Green Lane, Northwood, Middle-sex HA6 20W, United Kingdom

Prof. Dr.

Sou-Young Lee,

Presbyterian College and Theological Seminary, 353Kwangjang-dong, Kwangjin-ku, Seoul, Korea

Bischof Dr.

Márkus Mihály,

Kocsi u. 15, H-2890 Tata, Hungary

Prof. Dr.

Olivier Millet,

130 Ave. des Versailles, F-75016, Paris, France

Prof.

Richard Muller,

Calvin Theological Seminary, 3233 Burton Street, S.E.,Grand Rapids, MI 49516, USA

Prof. Dr.

Wilhelm Neuser,

Lehmbrock 17, D-48346 Ostbevern, Germany

Prof.

Charles Partee,

Pittsburgh Theological Seminary, 616 N. Highland Avenue,Pittsburgh, PA 15205, USA

Dr.

Andrew D. M. Pettegree,

Dept. of Modern History, University of St. Andrews,Fife Ky16 9AL, United Kingdom

Prof. Dr.

Hans Scholl,

Scheuermassweg 11, Ch-3043 Vettlingen, Switzerland

Dr.

Jan J. Steenkamp,

Poort, Postbus 15622, Lynn East 0039, South Africa

Prof.

David Steinmetz,

The Divinity School, Duke University, Durham, NC27706, USA

Dr.

Peter Wilcox,

St. Columba House, Peterborough Close, United Kingdom

Prof.

David Wright,

Ecclesiastical History, New College, University of Edinburgh,Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom

Dr.

Annette Zillenbiller,

Am Alten Weg 33, D-55127, Mainz, Germany

ArmstrongBook Page xviii Wednesday, December 5, 2007 12:52 PM