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Coldwater refugia in high desert streams. Thalweg 27°C. Cool tributary 26°C. Subsurface inputs 25°C. Rainbow trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ). Water temperature 25°C. Microhabitat coldwater refuge. Adult chinook salmon ( Oncorhynchus tshawytscha ). A bird’s-eye view of temperature. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Cool tributary 26°CCool tributary 26°C
Subsurface inputs 25°CSubsurface inputs 25°C
Coldwater refugia in high desert Coldwater refugia in high desert streamsstreams
Thalweg 27°CThalweg 27°C
Water temperature Water temperature 25°C25°C
Rainbow trout (Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykissOncorhynchus mykiss))
Microhabitat coldwater Microhabitat coldwater refugerefuge
Adult chinook Adult chinook salmon salmon ((Oncorhynchus Oncorhynchus tshawytschatshawytscha))
Extensive fishsurvey
0 100N
OREGON
Columbia R.
Joh
n Grande
Day
R.
STUDY AREASJOHN DAY BASINGRANDE RONDE BASIN
Ron
de R
.
Snake R.
Km
A bird’s-eye view of temperatureA bird’s-eye view of temperature
Airborne Thermal Remote Sensing
Distance upstream (km)
70 80 90 100 110
Tem
pera
ture
(°C
)
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
Springs
5 August 199813:25-13:54Main channel
Tributary confluenceGround-truth
Middle Fork John Day River
(Torgersen et al. 2001)
Reach-level associations
(Torgersen et al. 1999)
Spatial heterogeneity in riverscapes
(Fausch, Torgersen, Baxter, and Li 2002)
Habitat heterogeneity at two Habitat heterogeneity at two spatial scalesspatial scales
Benthic Benthic sampling sampling (1 m x 1 m).(1 m x 1 m).
Larval Pacific Larval Pacific lampreylamprey
(Torgersen and Close 2004)
Site selection and nested Site selection and nested designdesign
Distance upstream (km)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Den
sity
(la
rvae
/m2 )
0
5
10
15
20
25
Distribution of larvae among Distribution of larvae among sitessites Water depth
(+)
Shade (-)
Site 29Site 29Rkm 9Rkm 9nn = 232 = 232high densityhigh density
Spatial variation within Spatial variation within sitessites
NOT water depth
Water velocity (-)
% fines in substrate (+)
Scaling of fish assemblages and Scaling of fish assemblages and habitat habitat relationshipsrelationships
MFJD
Distance upstream (km)
60 70 80 90 100 110 120
Axi
s sc
ore
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14Axis 1Axis 2
MultivariateMultivariateanalysis ofanalysis ofcommunitycommunitystructurestructure
Middle Fork John Day River WARM
Community Community structurestructure in a in aCOOLCOOL stream stream
North Fork North Fork John Day RiverJohn Day River
NFJD
Distance upstream (km)
100 110 120 130 140 150 160
Axi
s sc
ore
-1.0
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
Axis 1Axis 2
Scale-dependent Scale-dependent relationshipsrelationships
20 30 40 50
Pea
rso
n's
r
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
Spatial extent (km)
20 30 40 50 60 70
Pea
rso
n's
r
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
TemperatureDepthHabitat type
MFJD
NFJD
crossover
crossover
Downstream Upstream
Effects of spatial Effects of spatial extent on extent on ecological ecological relationships relationships
• Thermal Thermal crossover crossover between warm- between warm- and coldwater and coldwater species 20-22°C species 20-22°C
(Torgersen et al. 2006)(Torgersen et al. 2006)
Review of conceptsReview of concepts
1. Identifying the 1. Identifying the “correct” scale.“correct” scale.
Until we examine a Until we examine a range of scales, we are range of scales, we are just guessing.just guessing.
Review of conceptsReview of concepts
2. Predictor variables 2. Predictor variables change depending on change depending on scale of analysis.scale of analysis.
Collect data and Collect data and develop models at more develop models at more than one scale.than one scale.
Review of conceptsReview of concepts
3. Spatial extent is as 3. Spatial extent is as important as resolution.important as resolution.
Maintain flexibility Maintain flexibility across multiple scales across multiple scales (e.g., spatially continuous data).(e.g., spatially continuous data).
Fausch, K. D., C. E. Torgersen, C. V. Baxter, and H. W. Li. 2002. Landscapes to riverscapes: Bridging the gap between research and conservation of stream fishes. BioScience 52:483-498.
Torgersen, C. E., D. M. Price, H. W. Li, and B. A. McIntosh. 1999. Multiscale thermal refugia and stream habitat associations of chinook salmon in northeastern Oregon. Ecological Applications 9:301-319.
Torgersen, C. E., R. N. Faux, B. A. McIntosh, N. J. Poage, and D. J. Norton. 2001. Airborne thermal remote sensing for water temperature assessment in rivers and streams. Remote Sensing of Environment 76:386-398.
Torgersen, C. E., and D. A. Close. 2004. Influence of habitat heterogeneity on the distribution of larval Pacific lamprey (Lampetra tridentata) at two spatial scales. Freshwater Biology 49:614-630.
Torgersen, C. E., C. V. Baxter, H. W. Li, and B. A. McIntosh. 2006. Landscape influences on longitudinal patterns of river fishes: Spatially continuous analysis of fish-habitat relationships. Pages 473-492 in R. M. Hughes, L. Wang, and P. W. Seelbach, editors. Landscape influences on stream habitats and biological assemblages. American Fisheries Society, Bethesda, Maryland.