Conversation implicatures

8/20/2019 Conversation implicatures

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Conversational

implicature:Consolidation exercises

Shaozhong Liu, Ph.D. (Pragmatics) /Ph.D. (Higher Education)

School of Foreign Studies,Guilin ni!ersit" of Electronic #echnolog"

Home$age% &&&.g'nu.edu.cn/Personal/szliulog% c"rusliu. log.*+ .com Email% shaozhong-hotmail.com

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http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliuhttp://www.cyrusliu.blog.163.com/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.cyrusliu.blog.163.com/http://www.gxnu.edu.cn/Personal/szliu


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#erms• 1m$licature• 2on!entional / general con!ersational

im$licature•

Particular / $articularized con!ersationalim$licature• 2oo$eration• Princi$le• 3a'im• 4iolating• Flouting• 3utual 5no&ledge

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De8nite !s. inde8nite5no&ledge

• 9rticles, $ossessi!es, demonstrati!es, etc.ma" indicate le!els of certaint" orde8niteness of inference.

•

3ost $eo$le ma" infer the follo&ing &ithoutmore conte'tual information or e6ort. E.g.%*)2armen% Did "ou get the mil5 and the eggs: Da!e% 1 got the mil5.

Did Da!e u" the eggs: (Li5e in #;EFLlistening test


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) 2armen% Did "ou manage to 8' thatlea5: Da!e% 1 tried to.Did Da!e 8' the lea5:

) Fa"e% 1 hear "ou>!e in!ited 3at and 2hris. Ed% 1 didn>t in!ite 3at.Did Ed in!ite 2hris:

=) Ste!e% ?hat ha$$ened to "our @o&ers: Aane% 9 dog got into the garden.Did the dog elong to Aane:

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B) Aane% ?ho used all the $rinter $a$er: Ste!e% 1 used some of it.+) Aane% 1 hear "ou>!e al&a"s late &ith the rent. Ste!e% ?ell, sometimes 1 am.C) Aane% 3i5e and 9nnie should e here " no&.

?as their $lane late: Ste!e% Possi l".

) Aane% #his cheese loo5s funn". #he la el said

to store it in a cool $lace. Ste!e% eah, 1 did.

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• 7ormall", &e assume, follo&ing the

coo$erati!e $rinci$le, that, &here s$ea5ersha!e a scale of !alues at their dis$osal,the" &ill choose the one that is truthful(ma'im of ualit") and o$tionall"

informati!e (ma'im of uantit").• 9nd normall" &e dra& the im$licature not

an" of the higher !alues on the scale.• Such dra&n im$licatures do not re uire an

e'tra 5no&ledge to e'tract the meaning,hence generalized con!ersationalim$licatures.



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1m$licature re uiring e'tra ac5ground5no&ledge in inference

) #om% 9re "ou going to 3ar5>s $art" tonight: 9nnie% 3" $arents are in to&n. (7o)*0) #om% ?here>s the salad dressing: Ga riela% ?e>!e run out of oli!e oil. (#here

isn>t an" salad dressing)**) Ste!e% ?hat>s &ith "our mother: Aane% Let>s go into the garden. (1 can>t tal5

a out it here)* ) 3at% ?ant some fudge ro&nies: 2hris% #here must e 0,000 caloriesthere. (7o)



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2ancelling $resu$$ositions orim$licatures

• 2ancelling an e'istential $resu$$osition%3i5e% ?hat ha$$ened:9nnie% Ste!e>s dog &rec5ed the garden I and in

fact, Ste!e doesn>t ha!e a dog.• 2ancelling a le'ical $resu$$osition%3i5e% ?hat>s u$:

9nnie% 1>!e sto$$ed smo5ing I although 1>!ene!ersmo5ed.

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• 2ancelling a generalized im$licature%3i5e% ?hat>s ha$$ened to the sham$oo:9nnie% 1 used most of it I actuall", 1 used

all of it.• 2ancelling a $articularized im$licature%3i5e% 9re "ou coming to the $art":9nnie% 3" $arents are in to&n I ut 1 am

coming.

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7o& "ou tr" "our hands on thecancellation e'ercise%

*) Linda% ?hat>s &ith Aean: Aen% She disco!ered that her centralheating>s

ro5en.(Her central heating is ro5en.)

) #err"% Ho& do "ou li5e "our ath: Phil% ?arm.(1 don>t li5e it hot.)



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) 9nnie% ?hat do "ou thin5 of thisnec5lace and racelet: 3i5e% #he racelet is eautiful.(#he nec5lace is not eautiful.)

=) Lois% Has the 5itchen een $ainted: Ga riela% #om>s a&a". (7o.)

B) Aane% Ha!e "ou seen m" s&eater: Ste!e% #here>s a s&eater on the sofa.(1t>s not Ste!e>s s&eater.)



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+) 3i5e% Ho& come 3ar">s all dressed

u$: 9nnie% ?e>re going to the DJEJ7J#J1JSJ#.

(9nnie hates the dentist.)

C) 9ustin% 1t &or5s no&.

ar ara% ?hen did Eric 8' it:(Eric 8'ed it.)

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1nference in rac5ets%$resu$$osition or im$licature:

*) 3i5e% 1 heard a out the mess. Da!e% eah, Ste!e reall" regrets sending

that eJmail. (Ste!e sent that eJmail.)

) Patric% 1 didn>t ta5e it. 4irginia% ?h" do "ou al&a"s lie: ( ou

al&a"s lie.)

) Doris% Did 2armen li5e the $art": Da!e% She left after an hour. (She didn>t

li5e the $art".)

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=) 3at% Ho& did "ou do on those e'ams: 2hris% 1 failed $h"sics. (1 didn>t fail theothers.) B) Ke$orter% Senator, &hat is the $resentstate of "our marriage:

Senator% ?ell, &e, 1 thin5 ha!e een a leto ma5e some !er" good $rogress and it>s I 1&ould sa" that it>s I it>s I it>s delightful that&e>re a le to I to share the time and therelationshi$ that &e I that &e do not share.(#he marriage is not in good state.)

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+) Ste!e% Did "ou u" the car:

Ed% 1t cost t&ice as much as 1thought it &ould. (Ed didn>t u" thecar.)

C) 3aggie% #he athroom>s @ooded< Aames% Someone must ha!e left the

ta$ on. (1t &asn>t Aames &ho left theta$ on.)

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H"$on"m, su$erJordinate, andim$licature

H"$on"m Su$erJordinaterose @o&er

salmon 8shhammer tool

ee$ automo ile

2hina countr"Guilin cit"Lingui count"



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*) 3i5e% Did "ou u" her a rose:

9nnie% 1 ought her a @o&er.) Aane% #here>s salmon on the menu. Ste!e% 1 don>t li5e 8sh.

) Ed% e careful of that sofa.

3erid"th% 1t>s a $iece of furniture, Dad.=) 3at% so "ou>!e ta5en u$ teaching: 2hris% 1t>s a o .B) 3ar"% 1 &ant to di!orce "ou.

3i5e% 7o &a".+) 3ar"% 1 &ant to di!orce "ou. 3i5e% Sean is onl" .



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C) 3ar"% 1t>s time that &e get di!orced.

3i5e% #hat>s a stu$id idea.) 3ar"% 1 &ant to di!orce "ou. 3i5e% 9n"&a".

) 3ar"% 1 &ant to di!orce "ou. 3i5e% Don>t e!er regret o!er "ourdecision.*0) 3ar"% 1 &ant to di!orce "ou.

3i5e% 1t that "our idea:**) 3ar"% 1 &ant to di!orce "ou. 3i5e% 9re "ou reall" serious:

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• Scalar im$licatures are a s$ecial t"$e ofgeneralized im$licature &here the inference ismade " reference to a scale of !alues, one of&hich has een chosen " the s$ea5er. #hes$ea5er>s choice im$licates Nnot the higher!alues>.

•

Particularized im$licatures re uire not onl"general 5no&ledge ut also 5no&ledge &hich is$articular or Nlocal> to the s$ea5er and thehearer, and often to the $h"sical conte't of theutterance as &ell.

• oth generalized and $articularized im$licaturesdi6er from $resu$$ositions in that the" soundmuch less contradictor" &hen the" are cancelled

" the s$ea5er.



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• Grice>s &or5 &as an im$ortant 8rst ste$ ins"stematicall" e'amining ho& hearers &or5to deri!e the ultimate message from the&ords that are actuall" uttered. Herecognized that, of all the ma'ims, rele!ance&as $ro a l" the most im$ortant, althoughhe ne!er reall" tac5led the issue of ho&s$ea5ers and hearers actuall" assignrele!ance to $articular $ieces of information.

• S$er er and ?ilson ha!e carried this &or5for&ard " loo5ing e!en more s"stematicall"at the !arious 5inds of inferencing that ta5e$lace in normal con!ergence. #he" suggestthat all four ma'ims can e su sumed underrele!ance.

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Conversation implicatures