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Alcohol and Nutrition: Do theAlcohol and Nutrition: Do the

Benefits Outweigh the Risks?Benefits Outweigh the Risks?

Controversy 3

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IntroductionIntroduction

Total daily energy intake as alcohol

U.S. average of 6 to 10 percent

Moderate drinkers No more than 1 drink per day for women

No more than 2 drinks per day for men

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What is Alcohol?What is Alcohol?

Names end in ol

EthanolAlcoholic beverages

Act as lipid solvents

Easily enter a cells outer lipid membrane Denature cells protein structures

Kill the cell

Some useful disinfectants and antiseptics

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What is a Drink?What is a Drink?

Beverage volume

Proof

Percentage ofalcohol

Defining a drink

Delivers oz. ofethanol

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Who Should Never Drink Alcohol?Who Should Never Drink Alcohol?

Children and adolescents

People who cannot restrict drinking to

moderate levels Women who may become pregnant, are

pregnant, or are breastfeeding

People who plan to do an activity thatrequires attention, skill, or coordination

People who take medications that may

interfere with alcohol

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Binge DrinkingBinge Drinking

Definition-4 drinks in a row for women; 5

drinks in a row for men

Influence of caffeine

Harms from binge drinking

Health consequences

Social consequences

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Immediate Effects of AlcoholImmediate Effects of Alcohol

The body gives special attention to alcohol

Diffusion through stomach walls

Reach brain within a minute Presence of food in the stomach

Absorption in small intestine

Alcohol dehydrates tissues Increased urine output

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Alcohol Arrives in the BrainAlcohol Arrives in the Brain

Nerves

Inhibitory-sedated

Excitatory nerves take over Lethal dose

Speed and amount consumed

Toxicity, oxidative stress, and the brain

Brain tissue shrinks

Brain inflammation

Accidents

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Alcohols Effects on the BrainAlcohols Effects on the Brain

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Alcohol Arrives in the LiverAlcohol Arrives in the Liver

Liver processes most of the bodys alcohol

Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH)

Alcohol breakdown in the stomachWomen vs. men

Excretion in breath and urine

Rate of alcohol clearance-about oz. ofethanol per hour (one drinks worth)

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Alcohol BreakdownAlcohol Breakdown

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Alcohol Affects the Liver andAlcohol Affects the Liver and

Other OrgansOther Organs

Alcohol metabolism generates damaging

free radicals

Diseases and organ damage Fatty liver

Liver fibrosis

Cirrhosis Reproductive and other organs

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Alcohols Affect on the LiverAlcohols Affect on the Liver

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The HangoverThe Hangover

Mild form of drug withdrawal

Contributors to hangovers

Congeners Dehydration

Formaldehyde has to wait for later

detoxification Time alone is the cure

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Alcohols LongAlcohols Long--Term EffectsTerm Effects

Effects in pregnancy

Effects on heart and brain

Cancer Even moderate consumption increases risk

Cancers of the breast, colon, rectum,

esophagus, liver, mouth pancreas, prostate,stomach, throat

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Alcohols Effects on NutritionAlcohols Effects on Nutrition

Causes disturbances in nutrition

All discretionary calories

Fattening power of alcohol Beer belly

Effects on vitamins

Malnutrition

Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

Folate

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Does Moderate Alcohol UseDoes Moderate Alcohol Use

Benefit Health?Benefit Health?

Certain health benefits among middle-aged

people

Young people Older adults

Research problems

Benefits vs. risks Health effects of wine

Alcohol and appetite