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Control of Toxics and Nanoparticle Emissions from CNG-Fueled, Heavy-duty Transit Buses
Mridul GautamNational Research Center for Alternative Fuels,
Engines and EmissionsDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
West Virginia University
Hemanth Kappanna, Scott Wayne,
Bobby John, Dan CarderCenter for Alternative Fuels, Engines and Emissions
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace EngineeringWest Virginia University
Adewale OshinugaSouth Coast Air Quality Management District
Bob Kreeb, Howard ParisEnvironment Canada
Ted TadrousECS
Lisa GrahamEnvironment Canada
ObjectivesGlobal Objective
To reduce toxic pollutants and nanoparticle emissions from CNG-fueled heavy-duty transit buses.
Specific ObjectivesCharacterize the emissions, including particle size distribution from
Cummins Westport C8.3G+ natural gas engine with and without OEM aftertreatment device, an oxidation catalyst (PHASE I).
Develop an exhaust aftertreatment device based on the baseline engine emissions results. Test and validate emission reduction potential of the new exhaust aftertreatment device (PHASE II)
The new “WVU-Lubrizol” Exhaust Aftertreatment System was a combination of a catalyzed PM filter followed by an oxidation catalyst.
Retest the exhaust aftertreatment device after six months of on-road demonstration to evaluate for any deterioration in the emissions reduction performance (PHASE III)
Test Vehicle and Engine Specifications
850 lb-ft @ 1400rpmPeak Torque
280 hp @ 2400rpmEngine Power rating
Auto Grade Natural GasFuel Type
1330 lbsNet Weight
Premixed Air/FuelFuel Injection
Spark IgnitedIgnition
10:1Compression Ratio
6No of Cylinders
8.3 litersEngine Displacement
2000Engine Model Year
C-Series, Gas PlusEngine Series
Cummins WestportEngine Manufacturer
1998Bus Model Year
OrionBus Manufacturer
Certified with a catalyst for California ULEV levels
NOx: 1.53 g/bhp-hrNMHC: 0.21 g/bhp-hr
Total PM: 0.008 g/bhp-hrCO: 0.8 g/bhp-hr
Test Vehicle:Orion, standard 40-foot, high-floor design
Test Cycle: Quad – Central Business District Cycle
Transportable Chassis Dynamometer Laboratory
PM and Speciation Sampling System
Total PM
PM1Cyclone
PM2.5 Cyclone
PM10 Cyclone
Toxic Gas Sampling System
Temperature Control Module
PUF/XAD/PUF Cartridge (not shown) connection
Sampling Media, and Methods used to Analyze Unregulated Emissions
Gravimetric Analysis16.7Size selective cyclone and 47 mm T60A20 filterPM1.0 mass
Gravimetric Analysis16.7Size selective cyclone and 47 mm T60A20 filterPM2.5 mass
Gravimetric Analysis28.3Size selective cyclone and 47 mm T60A20 filterPM10 mass
Gravimetric Analysis8170mm teflon coated glass-fiber filter (T60A20)Total PM mass
Accelerated solvent/microwave extraction followed by GC/MS. Nitro-PAHs separated by HPLC before GC/MS.
6070 mm teflon-impregnated, glass fiber filter (TX40) backed by PUF/XAD/PUF adsorbing cartridge
PAHs and nitro-PAHs, Hopanes and Steranes
Thermal Optical Reflectance (TOR) for EC/OC. Ion chromatography and automated Colorimetry for inorganic ions
16.7PM2.5 cyclonic separator with 47mm pre-fired quartz filter
EC/OC and Inorganic Ions
X-Ray Fluorescence metal detection16.7PM2.5 cyclonic separator with 47mm teflon filter
Metals and elemental analysis
High Performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) for separation and quantization
1Two Sep-Pak cartridges impregnated with acidified 2,4-DNPH
Carbonyl Compounds
GC/MS/FID equipped with pre concentrator
6L @ 10psi(can)10L bag
Tedlar bags for onsite analysis and steel canisters for lab analysis
Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)
MethodFlow Rate (lpm)Sampling MediaCompound Class
Phase I: Average Carbonyls Emissions
3.35
E-01
2.54
E+00
2.18
E-021.
10E+
00
1.91
E-01
2.21
E+00
1.40
E-02
1.28E+01
0.00E+00
2.00E+00
4.00E+00
6.00E+00
8.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.20E+01
1.40E+01
Formaldehyde Acetaldehyde Acetone Propionaldehyde
g/m
ile
Baseline
OEM Oxy Catalyst
3.51
E+0
0
1.57E+01
0.00E+002.00E+004.00E+006.00E+008.00E+001.00E+011.20E+011.40E+011.60E+011.80E+01
Baseline OEM Oxy Catalyst
Phase I
g/m
ile
PropionaldehydeAcetoneAcetaldehydeFormaldehydeTotal
Bseline vs. OEM Oxy CatalystFormaldehyde: 91%Acetaldehyde: 43%Acetone: 13%Propionaldehyde: 36%Total Aldehyde: 77%
Phase I: Average Poly Aromatic Hydrocarbons Emissions
1.18
E-04
2.12
E-05
0.00E+00
2.00E-05
4.00E-05
6.00E-05
8.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.20E-04
1.40E-04
Baseline OEM Oxy Catalyst
Phase I
g/m
ile
Naphthalene AcenaphthyleneAcenaphthene Fluorene2-Me-Fluorene PhenanthreneAnthracene FluoranthenePyrene Retene1-Me-Pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)FluorantheneBenzo(g,h,i)Perylene Benzo(a)AnthraceneTriphenylene ChryseneTotal
Baseline vs. OEM Oxy CatatlystTotal PAH: 82%
Phase I: Average Engine Wear & Lube Oil Additive Emissions
1.23
E-03
3.95
E-04
2.31
E-04
ND
ND
ND
0.00E+00
2.00E-04
4.00E-04
6.00E-04
8.00E-04
1.00E-03
1.20E-03
1.40E-03
Iron Copper Lead
g/m
ile
BaselineOEM Oxy Catalyst
2.30
E-04
2.82
E-04
4.65
E-04
4.87
E-04
1.99
E-04
6.58E-04
ND
6.30E-04
0.00E+00
1.00E-04
2.00E-04
3.00E-04
4.00E-04
5.00E-04
6.00E-04
7.00E-04
Phosphorus Sulfur Calcium Zinc
g/m
ile
Phase I: Steady State (20 mph) Particle Size Distribution, Cold and Warm Oxidation Catalyst
10 1000.0
2.0x105
4.0x105
6.0x105
8.0x10 5
1.0x106
SS 20mph With Oxidation Catalyst--coldSS 20mph With Oxidation Catalyst--hot
Particle diameter (nm)
Part
icle
Con
cent
ratio
n dN
/dlo
gDp
(#/c
m3 )
Burlingame, (2004)
Phase I: Concentration Trace of Different Size Particles With and Without
the OEM Catalyst84nm QCBD
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
0 200 400 600 800 1000
Time (Sec)
Nor
mal
ized
con
cent
ratio
n (d
N/d
log
Dp)
#/c
m^3
84nm With CAT84nm Without CAT
19nm QCBD
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Time (Sec)
Nor
mal
ized
con
cent
ratio
n (d
N/d
log
Dp)
#/
cm^3
19nm With CAT19nm Without CAT
Test Cycle Specification
Name: Central Business District cycle (CBD)Duration: 560/590 sAverage Speed: 12.57 mphMaximum Speed: 20 mphDriving Distance: 2 milesMaximum Acceleration: 1.79 m/s2
WVU-Lubrizol Aftertreatment System(Oxidation Catalyst was Located Downstream of the PM Filter)Diesel Particulate Filter
Silicon Carbide, segmented honey comb (11.25” X 12”) 200 square CPI cell densityPlatinum coated on proprietary wash-coatPassive regeneration over duty cycles producing exhaust temperature 280oC - 320oC for >25% of the time
Oxidation CatalystCordierite flow-through monolith, (10.5” X 6”)400 square CPI cell densityPt and Pd (1:3) coated on proprietary wash-coat
Phase II: Transient Particle Concentrations
19nm QCBD
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600
Time (Sec)
Nor
mal
ized
con
cent
ratio
n (d
N/d
log
Dp)
#/
cm^3
19nm With OEM CAT
19nm Without OEM CAT
19nm With PM trap and Oxi CAT
10 1000.0
5.0x10 3
1.0x10 4
1.5x10 4
2.0x10 4
2.5x10 4
3.0x10 4Pa
rtic
le C
once
ntra
tion
dN
/dlo
gDp
(#/c
m^3
)
Particle diameter (nm)
Background 1
Phase II: Steady State Particle Size Distribution
Phase II: Steady State Particle Size Distribution
1 10 100
0
1x10 6
2x10 6
3x10 6
4x10 6
5x10 6Pa
rtic
le C
once
ntra
tion
dN/d
logD
p(#
/cm
^3)
Particle Diameter (nm)
Steady State 25Mph Cold
Steady State 25Mph Hot
Particle Size Distribution with only Trap
10 1000.0
5.0x103
1.0x104
1.5x104
2.0x104
2.5x104
3.0x104
Part
icle
Con
cent
ratio
n dN
/dlo
gDp
(#/c
m^3
)
Particle diameter (nm)
Background 1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180
1x104
2x104
3x104
4x104
5x104
6x104
Particle diameter (nm)
Steady state 25Mph with Oxidation Catalyst and Trap
Phase II: Steady State Particle Size Distribution
Part
icle
con
cent
ratio
n dN
/dlo
gDp
(#/c
m^3
)
West Virginia University ,Morgantown,WV 26506
Sunline Transit Bus Transient Operation Quad CBD; Catalyzed PM Filter Only (Phase II)
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Time (sec)
Nor
mal
ized
par
ticle
con
cent
ratio
n N
/dlo
g D
p (#
/cm
^3)
13.29 nm
West Virginia University ,Morgantown,WV 26506
Transit Bus Transient Operation Quad CBD; Catalyzed PM Filter and
Oxidation Catalyst (Phase II)
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Time (sec)
Nor
mal
ized
con
cent
ratio
n dN
/dlo
g D
p (#
/cc)
18.8 nm
Average Regulated Emissions13
.20
0.38
0.13
0.14
37.7
0
32.8
0
23.4
0
1.08
0.34
0.19 0.60
0.04
0.02
0.00
0.06
0.01
17.1
0 27.6
0
21.0
0
N/A
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
Baseline OEM Oxy Cat WVU-LubrizolAftertreatment
Baseline WVU-LubrizolAftertreatment
Phase I Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
CO
NOX
NMHC
TPM
0.00
1
0.00
7
0.03
9
0.01
5
0.06
4
0.000.010.020.030.040.050.060.07
Bas
elin
e
OE
M O
xy C
at
WV
U-L
ubriz
olA
ftertr
eatm
ent
Bas
elin
e
WV
U-L
ubriz
olA
ftertr
eatm
ent
Phase I Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
Average Carbonyl Emissions
0.02
8
0.00
6
0.01
6
0.01
2
2.04
3.51
2.04
15.6
6
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Bas
elin
e
BK
G
OEM
Oxy
cat
BK
G
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
BK
G
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
BK
G
Phase I Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
propionaldehydeacetoneacetaldehydeformaldehydeTotal
1.17
E-02
1.62
E-02
5.69
E-03
2.79E-02
0.0000.0050.0100.015
0.0200.0250.030
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Aft
ertr
eatm
ent
BK
G
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Aft
ertr
eatm
ent
BK
G
Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
Average Toxic Gas Emissions
6.84
E-03
5.74
E-03
6.84
E-03
6.99
E-03
6.05
E-03
4.32
E-03 6.
15E-
03
1.52E-02
0.000
0.002
0.004
0.006
0.008
0.010
0.012
0.014
0.016
Bas
elin
e
Bac
kgro
und
OEM
Oxy
Cat
alys
t
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
Phase I Phase II Phase III
Canister Sample
g/m
ile
o-Xylenem&p-Xylenee-BenzeneTolueneBenzene1,3-ButadieneTotal
Average Lube Oil Additive Emissions
ND
NDND
ND ND
ND
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
0.0016
0.0018
0.0020
Bas
elin
e
Bac
kgro
und
OEM
Oxy
Cat
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
Phase I Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
ZincCalciumSulfurPhosphorus
Average Engine Wear Emissions
ND ND
ND ND ND ND
0.0000
0.0002
0.0004
0.0006
0.0008
0.0010
0.0012
0.0014
Bas
elin
e
Bac
kgro
und
OEM
Oxy
Cat
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
Phase I Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
CopperIron
Transit Bus Total Ozone Forming Potential (CBD)
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
ECD+CRT
ECD1+CRT
ECD1+NONE
CARB+NONE
CNG+NONE
CNG+NONE
C8.3G+, N
ONEC8.3
G+, OEM O
C
C8.3G+, W
VU-Lubrizo
l EAD
mg-
oz/m
i
Carbonyl UncorrectedVOC Uncorrected
0100200300400500600700
ECD
+CR
T
ECD
1+C
RT
ECD
1+N
ON
E
CA
RB
+NO
NE
C8.
3G+,
WVU
-Lu
briz
ol E
AD
Phase III: Transit Bus Steady State Operation 25 mph
PM Filter and Oxidation Catalyst
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1 10 100 1000Particle Diameter (nm)
dN/d
logd
P(#/
cm3 )
With Cat & Trap-LDMA-Day 1With Cat & Trap-NDMA-Day 2Baseline-NDMA-Day 3BKGD-LDMA Day 1BKGD-NDMA Day 2BKGD-NDMA-Day 3
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1 10 100 1000Particle Diameter (nm)
dN/d
logd
P(#/
cm3 )
With Cat & Trap-LDMA-Day 1BKGD-LDMA-Day 1Baseline-NDMA-Day 3BKGD-NDMA-Day 3
Phase III: Transit Bus Steady State Operation 35 mph
PM Filter and Oxidation Catalyst
Quadratic Response Surface of Mutagenicity as Function of Engine Speed and Load
1.344e7 2.637e7 3.931e7 5.225e7 6.519e7 7.812e7 9.106e7 1.04e8 1.169e8 1.299e8 above
Dose Response vs Engine Speed and LoadFUEL: DF2 z=-3.212e8+2.692e7*x+9.162e6*y-4.783e5*x*x-2.544e5*x*y+1.186e5*y*y
FUEL: FT z=-4.321e8+3.487e7*x+1.937e7*y-6.486e5*x*x-1.844e5*x*y-5.983e5*y
X-axis: SpeedY-axis: BMEP
FUEL: DF2 FUEL: FT
Conclusions• Distance specific total PM emissions were reduced by 90-98% with
WVU-Lubrizol EAS compared to baseline values.• Emissions of TACs were reduced by more than 99% and were
below the background levels.• Emissions of carbonyls were reduced below background levels with
WVU-Lubrizol EAS.• Emissions of toxic gases (BTEX & 1,3-butadiene) were reduced
below background levels with WVU-Lubrizol EAS.• PAH emissions were reduced by 80% and were below the
background levels.• Emissions of engine wear elements and lube oil additives were
effectively trapped by the WVU-Lubrizol EAS reducing them to below detection levels.
• Number concentration of nanoparticles were reduced to the level found in the background both by the new and aged WVU-Lubrizol EAS.
• No deterioration was observed in the emissions reduction performance of the in-field demonstrated WVU-Lubrizol EAS.
Acknowledgements
West Virginia University,Morgantown,WV 26506
Funding for the study was provided by:
•South Coast Air-Quality Management District
•The Gas Company
Thank You
Average Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
1.18
E-04
3.32
E-05
2.12
E-05
3.32
E-05
2.29
E-05 4.34
E-05
1.65
E-04
2.18E-04
0.00E+00
5.00E-05
1.00E-04
1.50E-04
2.00E-04
2.50E-04
Bas
elin
e
Bac
kgro
und
OEM
Oxy
Cat
alys
t
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
WVU
-Lub
rizol
Afte
rtrea
tmen
t
Bac
kgro
und
Phase I Phase II Phase III
g/m
ile
Naphthalene AcenaphthyleneAcenaphthene Fluorene2-Me-Fluorene PhenanthreneAnthracene FluoranthenePyrene Retene1-Me-Pyrene Benzo(g,h,i)FluorantheneBenzo(g,h,i)Perylene Benzo(a)AnthraceneTriphenylene ChryseneTotal
Phase III: Trace of Particle Concentrations during a QCBD Cycle
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800 2000 2200 2400
Time (s)
Parti
cle
Con
cent
ratio
n dN
/dlo
gdp
(#/c
m^3
)
16.8nm from Baseline Engine16.8 nm with Aged WVU-Lubrizol Aftertreatment
1.00E+00
1.00E+01
1.00E+02
1.00E+03
1.00E+04
1.00E+05
1.00E+06
1.00E+07
1.00E+08
1 10 100 1000Dp (nm)
dN/d
logD
p
Dallas Bus 1 -1Dallas Bus 1 -2Dallas Bus 2 -1Dallas Bus 2 -2Dallas Bus 2 -3Dallas Bus 2 -4Dallas Bus 3 -1Dallas Bus 3 - 2Dallas Bus 4 -1Dallas Bus 4 - 2Dallas Bus 5 -1 Dallas Bus 5 -2Dallas Bus 5 -3Dallas Bus 5 -4Location 2 DR = 24
Bus 5GMD -33 nm
Bus 4GMD - 50 nm
Bus 3GMD 41 nm
Bus 2GMD 47 nm
Bus 1GMD 20 nm
Langley Dataat location 2GMD - 54 nm
Typical Engine Exhaust Particle Size Distributions for Different Buses At Different Locations
(Gautam and Mehta, 2001)