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Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden Lukas Smas Department of Human Geography

Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

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Page 1: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Contractual planning polices and practices in SwedenLukas Smas Department of Human Geography

Page 2: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Introduction

● Spatial planning in the Nordic countries ● Comprehensive planning model in question

● Urban contractual policies in Sweden

Page 3: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Institutional difference● Denmark and Norway (and also Iceland) - ministerial tradition

– ministerial rule, close linkages between ministers/ministries and government authorities/ agencies

• DK: Ministry of Industry, Business and Financial Affairs - Danish Business Authority • NO: Ministry of Local Government and Modernisation

● Sweden and Finland - technocratic tradition – small ministries with limited mandates and no executive power, and autonomous government

agencies • SE: Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation - The National Board of Housing, Building and

Planning • FI: Ministry of the Environment - Centres for Economic Development, Transport and the

Environment

Page 4: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Differences in territorial divisions

Page 5: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

A Nordic comprehensive planning model

● National legislation, directives and guidelines ● Regional (development), strategies and plans

● Local comprehensive plans and strategies, and detailed development plans, building permits

Page 6: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Comparing planning instruments

Delimiting ● Statutory or non statutory ● Spatial planning/territorial governance ● Regional policy/regional development ● Sector plans (e.g. infrastructure plan)

Characteristics ● Visionary, strategic, framework, regulatory

Page 7: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Finland: YhdyskuntasuunnitteluPlanninginstruments

National Nationallanduseguidelines

Regional Regionallanduseplan

Maritimespatialplan

Local Localmasterplan Localdetailedplan

Landpolicyprogamme

Buildingordinance

Page 8: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Norway: planlegging

Planninginstruments

National Nationalexpectations

Centralgovernmentplanningprovisions

Centralgovernmentplanningguidelines

Governmentland-useplan

Regional Regionalplanningstrategy

Regionalmasterplan

Regionalplanningprovisions

Regionalplanningforums

Local Intermunicipalplanningcooperation

Municipalplanningstrategy

Municipalmasterplan

Zoningplans

Page 9: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Sweden: (samhälls-)planering

Planninginstruments

National Nationalprovisions

Regional RegionalplanforStockholm

Local Comprehensiveplan

Detaileddevelopmentplan

Arearegulations

Page 10: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Tensions in Nordic planning

● Policy: reforms, reviews and revision of spatial planning system with

focus on efficiency (and policy integration) and strategic dimensions

● ‘Out-put efficiency’ versus ‘input legitimacy’ (Mäntysalo, et al 2011)

● Practice: but also more (non-statutory) strategies, visions and spatial

representations for flexibility and to fill gaps in practice

Page 11: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

New urban contractualism

● Contractual arrangements between national (and regional) authorities and (regional and)

local municipalities to integrate sectors and implement urban policies

● Different examples: letters-of-intent (MAL) in Finland, urban development agreements in

Norway, urban environment contracts in Sweden

● An emergent institutionalization of public-to-public contractual arrangements through

national regulation and funding (i.e. not informal)

Page 12: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Contractual polices in Sweden ● Stockholm negotiation

(Sw. Stockholmsförhandlingen)

● National Negotiation on Housing and Infrastructure (Sw. Sverigeförhandlingen)

● Urban environment agreements (Sw. Stadsmiljöavtal)

Page 13: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Stockholmsförhandlingen 2013-2014

● Commissioned by the Government to negotiate Stockholms infrastructure until 2030

● Parties: the Government, Stockholm County Council and the municipalities of Stockholm, Solna, Nacka, Järfälla

● Result: an agreement on financing and co-financing subway line extensions and 78 000 new housing units

Page 14: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Sverigeförhandlingen 2014-2017

”This is a negotiation on co-financing which is

focused on the benefits and in which municipalities,

regions, towns and cities and the business sector can

all participate and influence the result. Using

negotiation as a working method creates the greatest

possible benefit for the funds invested by all

parties and leads to increased efficiency and more

rapid implementation.” (www.sverigeförhandlingen.se)

10

3 Förutsättningar för förhandlingen: Parter och roller

3.1 Nyckelaktörer I ett internationellt forskningsperspektiv betraktas det svenska sättet att bedriva politik som unikt. Det har präglats under mycket lång tid av rationalitet, pragmatism och konsensus. Särskilt lyfts utredningsväsendet fram. Statens offentliga utredningar arbetar med (1) stor självständighet från regeringen, (2) under arbetet bjuds intressegrupper in till förhandlingar och rådslag, (3) utredningsförslaget behandlas av regeringen som i sin tur remitterar och slutligt bereder vad som avses bli regeringens ställningstagande. På så sätt säkras att en bred palett av samhällsintressen som kan ge synpunkter på beslutsunderlagen.

Sverigeförhandlingens uppdrag är sällsynt komplext och innefattar å ena sidan att förhandla fram avtal om utbyggnad av järnväg, stationer och bostäder, kollektivtrafikåtgärder i storstäder samt tidplaner och finansiering. Vi väljer här att kalla den delen planeringsuppdraget. Och å andra sidan att lägga förslag till lagändringar kring värdeåterföring (SOU 2015:60) och policy för finansiering av höghastighetsjärnväg (SOU 2016:3) Detta är den mer traditionella rollen för utredningsväsendet. Vi kallar detta här för att förtydliga planeringsförutsättningar. Resultaten kan också användas i andra sammanhang än Sverigeförhandlingen. Följeforskningen avser endast planeringsuppdraget.

Nedan tar vi upp de offentliga aktörer som direkt eller indirekt är berörda av förhandlingen. Det finns två grupper av aktörer statliga respektive kommunala med ansvar och roller både i förhandlingsskedet och i förvaltningsskedet2. Bilden nedan beskriver aktörernas roller inom ramen för sverigeförhandlingens spelplaner.

Figur 1, statens aktörer inom ramen för förhandlingsprocessen (blå rutor) samt förhandlingsparter inom kommunsfären (svarta rutor)

2 Följeforskningen berör frågor om förhandlingsprocesserna men också om hur resultaten

ska vårdas

Cars,G.&Engström,C-J.(2016)Sverigeförhandlingenochsedan?

Page 15: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Urban environmental agreements

● New ordinance (2015:579) from 2015 about supporting

sustainable urban environments

● Financing support and agreement between national

(sectoral) and local (regional) authorities

● Measures for new transport solutions and counter-

measures concerning e.g. new housing developments

Page 16: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Two examplesMunicipality Measures CountermeasuresLuleåTotalcostSEK16millionSupportSEK8million

Investmentinnewchargingstationsforelectricbusesandrenovationofallbusstopsalongtheline.

• Detaileddevelopmentplanforanewneighbourhood• Mobilityoffice• Developmentofregionaltrafficstrategy• Expansionofpedestrianandcyclepathsandpublictransport

measures• Parkingstrategyandparkingrates• Speedstailoredtovulnerableroadusers

ÖstersundTotalcostSEK6.350millionSupportSEK3.175million

Investmentinnewchargingstationsforelectricbusesandrenovationofallbusstopsalongtheline.

• Expressbicyclepaths,6.5km• Loweringthep-standardsandintroducingflexibleparking

numbers• Newbuslane• Housingconstruction,about1200homes

Smas,L.ed(2017)UrbanContractualPoliciesinNorthernEurope.Nordregio

Page 17: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Considerations• Austerity and neoliberal politics

• Flexible market-oriented arrangements (contracts, agreements, negotiations) in formal (representative democratic) government systems?

• Multi-level governance

• State interventions in local affairs stimulating place-based competition for resources (and regional scalar politics)

• Multi-sectorial governance

• Integrating policy sectors (land-use, housing and transport) to achieve sustainable (i.e. compact) urban development?

Page 18: Contractual planning polices and practices in Sweden · • Express bicycle paths, 6.5 km • Lowering the p-standards and introducing flexible parking numbers • New bus lane •

Thank you for your attention!https://www.su.se/profiles/lsmas