CONTENTS

BULLETIN

Issue No: 92

October 2012

The Afghanistan’s Agromet

Monthly Bulletin is being

Published on monthly Bases

in Dari and English

Languages.

Crop Information

Summary……………………………………………..…………..………..1

Crop Stage, Crop Condition and Adverse Factor……………..……..2-5

Crop Maps…………….………………………………..………...........6 - 8

Rainfall Situation

Precipitation……………………..……………………..…..……......9 – 11

Rainfall Graph …………….……………...…..…..………....….....….....12

Rainy Days………………………………………………..…….......13—14

Snowfall Situation

Snow Depth - October 2012………...…..……..….....….…………...….15

Temperature

Average Temperature…………........................................................16 -17

Maximum and Minimum Temperature…………..…..……....…..........18

Data Source:

Ministry of Agriculture , Irrigation and Livestock (MAIL), Agromet

Project , Afghan Meteorological Authority (AMA), United States Geological

Survey (USGS).

Data Source: Agromet Network 1

Summary

Crop Stage, Crop Condition and Adverse Factor

Temperature had no significant change during

Oct 2012 over the same month in 2011 in most

parts of the country, but temperature had small

decrease, temperature dropdown at freezing

point during Oct in the Central Highlands,

Western region and Southeastern regions.

The high elevations of the Northwest and the

Capital region experienced unusually light snow,

and snow fall continued as moderate in the above

mentioned region during Oct, but snowfall was

not much than expected in this time of the year .

Moderate to light rainfall were observed across

the country, in the beginning of October 2012,

many provinces in the north had experience

below long term average precipitation than

expected, in the Southern and Southwestern

regions seasonal dryness continued.

Comparison of rainfall data for the month of

October 2012, with the same month in 2011

shows significant decrease of rainfall during the

month of October 2012 over the same month of

last year around the country.

Zone Province District Station Wheat

Crop Stage Crop Condition Adverse Factor

Central

Kabul

Shakardara Karizmir Planting

Paghman Paghman Planting & Emergence

Kabul Darulaman Planting

Surubi Surubi Harvested

Panjsher Dara Dara

Planting Dashtak Dashtak

Parwan Syagerd Gorband

Charikar Charikar

Ploughing

Kapisa Mahmoodraqi Mahmoodraqi

Kohistan Kohistan Ploughing & Planting

Wardak Maidan shehr Maidan shehr Planting

Logar Pole Alam Pole Alam

Bamyan

Bamyan Bamyan Planting & Emergence

Yakawlang Yakawlang Emergence Normal Not Existed

Panjab Panjab

Planting

Shebar Shebar

Kohmard Kohmard

Ghazni Muqur Muqur

Andar Bande Sardi

Day kundi Nili Nili

Khideer Khideer

East Nangarhar

Agam Agam

Harvested Batikot Ghaziabad

Jalalabad Farm jaded

Data Source: Agromet Network 2

Crop Stage, Crop Condition and Adverse Factor

Zone Province District Station Wheat

Crop Stage Crop Condition Adverse Factor

East

Kunar

Asmar Asmar Ploughing

Asad Abad Asad Abad Harvested

Chawkay Chawkay Ploughing

Laghman

Mihtarlam Mihtarlam Harvested

Qarghay Qarghay

Ploughing Alengar Alengar

Noristan

Paroon Paroon

Harvesting Do Ab Do Ab

Norgaram Norgaram

Ploughing

Waigal Waigal

Wama Wama

North East

Takhar Taluqan Taluqan

Rostaq Rostaq

Kunduz

Imam Sahib Imam Sahib

Qaliazal Aqtipa

Khan Abad Khan Abad

Kunduz Kunduz Planting

Archi Archi Harvested

Chardara Chardara

Ploughing Ali Abad Ali Abad

Baghlan Pulikhomri Pozaishan

Doshy Doshy

Badakhshan

Argo Argo Ploughing & Planting

Baharak Baharak Ploughing

Ashkashm Ashkashm

Harvested Eaftale Sofla Eaftale Sofla

Khash Khash

Faiz Abad Faiz Abad Ploughing & Planting

South East

Khost

Khost Khost

Ploughing Khost Shimal

Ali Sher Ali Sher Harvested

Paktia Zormat Rohani Baba Emergence Normal Not exist

Gardiz Tera Emergence Normal Not exist

Paktika

Urgon Urgon Emergence Normal Not exist

Sharana Sharana Planting & Emergence

Khair kot Khair Kot Emergence Normal Not exist

Data Source: Agromet Network 3

Crop Stage, Crop Condition and Adverse Factor

Zone Province District Station Wheat

Crop Stage Crop Condition Adverse Factor

South

Nimroz Zaranj Zaranj Ploughing

Kandahar

Kandahar Kandahar Harvested

Kohkaran Kohkaran

Zabul Qalat Qalat Emergence Normal Poor rainfall

Urozgan Tirin Kot Tirin Kot

Harvested Hilmand

Nad Ali Nad Ali

Greshk Greshk

Nawa Nawa

Lashkargah Bolan

North

Balkh

Takhta pol Dihdadi

Ploughing Mazar shareef Mazare shareef

Nahrishahi Nahrishahi

Dawlat Abad Dawlat Abad

Planting

Jawzjan

Sheberghan Sheberghan

Darzab Darzab Harvested

Aqcha Aqcha

Planting

Saripul

Saripul Saripul

Sancharak Sancharak

Sozmaqala Sozmaqala

Ploughing

Faryab

Maimana Maimana

Andkhoy Andkhoy Harvested

Garzeewan Garzeewan Planting

Samangan

Aibak Aibak Harvested

Dara Souf Dara Souf Planting

Sar bagh Sarbagh

Harvested

North West

Badghis Maqur Maqur

Qalainow Qalainow

Planting

Ghor Chaghcharan Chaghcharan

Dawlat yar Dawlat yar

Ploughing

Hirat

Shindand Shindand

Hirat Hirat Planting

Zindajan Zindajan Ploughing

Gwazara Falahat

Planting Hirat Farm Urdokhan

Farah Farah Farah

Data Source: Agromet Network 4

Crop Stage, Crop Condition and Adverse Factor

Zone Province District Station Maize

Crop Stage Crop Condition Adverse Factor

Central

Kabul Surubi Surubi Harvested

Panjsher Dashtak Dashtak Harvesting

Parwan Syagerd Gorband Harvested

Charikar Charikar

Harvesting Kapisa

Mahmoodraqi Mahmoodraqi

Kohistan Kohistan

Logar Pole Alam Pole Alam Harvested

Bamyan Kohmard Kohmard Harvesting

Day kundi Khideer Khideer

Harvested

East

Nangarhar

Agam Agam

Batikot Ghaziabad

Jalalabad Farm jaded

Harvesting

Kunar

Asmar Asmar

Asad Abad Asad Abad

Chawkay Chawkay

Harvested Laghman

Qarghay Qarghay

Alengar Alengar

Noristan

Paroon Paroon

Harvesting Do Ab Do Ab

Norgaram Norgaram Harvested

Waigal Waigal

North East Kunduz

Kunduz Kunduz

Harvesting Archi Archi

Ali Abad Ali Abad

Baghlan Pulikhomri Pozaishan

South East

Khost Khost Shimal Harvested

Ali Sher Ali Sher Harvesting

Paktia Zormat Rohani Baba

Harvested Gardiz Tera

Paktika Urgon Urgon

South

Kandahar Kohkaran Kohkaran Harvesting

Urozgan Tirin Kot Tirin Kot

Hilmand

Nad Ali Nad Ali

Harvested Greshk Greshk

Nawa Nawa

Lashkargah Bolan

North

Balkh

Takhta pol Dihdadi

Harvesting

Mazar shareef Mazare shareef

Nahrishahi Nahrishahi

Saripul Saripul Saripul

Faryab Maimana Maimana

Samangan Dara Souf Dara Souf

North West Hirat

Shindand Shindand Maturity Normal Poor rainfall

Hirat Hirat Harvested

Farah Farah Farah

Data Source: Agromet Network 5

Crop Stage, Crop Condition and Adverse Factor

Zone Province District Station

Rice

Crop Stage Crop Condition Adverse Factor

Central Kabul Surubi Surubi

Harvested

East

Nangarhar

Agam Agam

Batikot Ghaziabad

Jalalabad Farm jaded

Harvesting Behsood Behsood

Kunar

Asmar Asmar Maturity Normal Poor rainfall

Asad Abad Asad Abad Harvesting

Laghman

Mihtarlam Mihtarlam Maturity

Normal

Poor Rainfall & Shortage of

input

Qarghay Qarghay

Harvested

North East

Takhar Taluqan Taluqan

Kunduz

Imam Sahib Imam Sahib

Harvesting

Qaliazal Aqtipa

Khan Abad Khan Abad

Harvested

Kunduz Kunduz

Archi Archi

Harvesting

Ali Abad Ali Abad

Baghlan

Pulikhomri Pozaishan

Harvested

Doshy Doshy

South East

Khost

Khost Khost

Khost Shimal

Ali Sher Ali Sher

Harvesting Paktia Zormat Rohani Baba

South Uruzgan Tirin Kot Tirin Kot

Data Source:Agromet Network 6

Wheat Crop Stage, Condition and Adverse Factor Maps

Map 1

Map 2

Map 3

Data Source:Agromet Network 7

Wheat Crop Stage, Condition and Adverse Factor Maps

Map 4

Map 5

Map 6

Data Source:Agromet Network 8

Wheat Crop Stage, Condition and Adverse Factor Maps

Map 7

Map 8

Map 9

Data Source: Agromet Network 9

As it is well-known, rainfall is the product of water

vapor on the ground, but this one is somewhat

different, for realizing that, it needs to be defined.

Rainfall Definition: The term “Rainfall” is used

for those ordinary fine liquid droplets, that if fall

on corrugated iron covered buildings, then the

noise that is produced should not be confused with

either trace or rain shower or rainstorm. That is

because rain shower and rain storm are harmful for

agricultural cultivations and also for agricultural

soil due to erosion and washing out of the organic

material of the soil surface, so rainfall is useful for

agriculture and research plot farms.

RAINFALL SPECIFICATIONS: There are

some specific forms of rainfall considered very

important to understand, which are: intensity,

duration, starting and ending times, droplet size

and raindrop quality, such as acidic rainfall etc.

Rainfall intensity is the most important factor

governing soil erosion caused by the rain. Dry land

precipitation is inherently variable in amounts and

intensities and so on.

The subsequent runoff, surface runoff is often

higher in dry lands than more humid regions due

to the tendency of dry land soil to form

impermeable crusts under the impact of intense

thunderstorms and in the absence of significant

plant cover.

EXTREMES OF THE RAINFALL: There are

two significant limits of rainfall often taken into

account in different parts of fauna and flora living

circumstances, which is either the heaviest of

rainfalls or the least amount of rainfall. For

example Paroon is the region with high extent of

37mm rainfall with respect to the other stations in

October of (2012). On the contrary, Logar and

Faizabad get the least amount with 2mm of

rainfall. And regions with no rainfall are:

Bamyan, Ghaziabad, Baghlan, Kunduz, Mazar,

Kandahar, Zaranj and Urgun provinces. So in

comparison with October of 2011, the drought

probabilities are predicted to be over 50 percent.

To ensure this a table of relevant data is accord-

ingly shown below. As considered in the table,

there are two types of comparisons; comparison

with the data of 2011, and Long Term Average

comparison (LTV).

Rainfall criteria related to moisture requirement of

various crops, monthly rainfall distribution at all

provincial rain gauging stations of Afghanistan.

These limits are chosen, considering and in close

relation with broad requirements of crops. Since the

time span of most of the crops is usually 90 days or

more, the following limits were set for them:

1. Rainfall < 30cm/month for at least three

consecutive months, would be suitable for crops

like paddy in Jalalabad, the water need of which

is very high.

2. Rainfall from 20 to 30 cm/month (not

consecutive) would be suitable for crops with

higher water needs, but less than that of paddy.

3. Rainfall from 10 to 20 cm/month for at least

three consecutive months is considered suitable

for crops requiring less water. For example.

Potatoes and some cereal like lentil.

4. Rainfall from 5 to 10 cm/month is just sufficient

for crops that have low water requirement for

example, beans.

5. Rainfall 75mm/month, in which only

a region like Paroon has gotten effective rainfall in

the year 2011, unfortunately in 2012, no region has

got the effective rainfall, it can be an alarm bell for

weaken products and outbreak of famine.

Precipitation

Data Source: Agromet Network 10

Precipitation

Station Name October of ( 2012 )

Deviation Comparison Prediction 2011 2012 LTA

Bamyan 17.5 0 3.9 3.9 Below Normal Probable Dryness

Kabul 50.6 5.1 2.3 -2.8 Below Normal Not determined

Logar 56.3 2 2.8 0.8 Below Normal Probable Dryness

Paghman 62 21 4.9 -16.1 Above Normal Periodic Dryness

Sarobi 71.4 4 3.5 -0.5 Above Normal Wet

Asmar 71 20 39.5 19.5 Below Normal Probable Dryness

Ghaziabad 17 0 0.8 0.8 Below Normal Dryness is seen

Jalalabad 24 5 7.8 2.8 Below Normal Dryness is seen

Mehterlam 31 5.2 5 -0.2 Above Normal No Dryness

Paroon 189 37 36.2 -0.8 Above Normal No Dryness

Baghlan 17.2 0 4.7 4.7 Above Normal No Dryness

Faizabad 64 2 25.6 23.6 Below Normal. Dryness is seen

Kunduz 15.1 0 8.6 8.6 .Below Normal Dryness is seen

According to the prediction which was taken place there is no a significant change is predicted.

Aibak 12.5 5.5 11.5 5.7 Below Normal Dryness

Dara-e-Soof 17 19.5 9.9 -9.6 Above Normal No Dryness

Jawzjan 3.4 2.9 8.2 5.3 Below Normal Dryness

Mazar 0 0 4.9 4.9 Below Normal Dryness

Saripul 5 6 19.2 13.2 Below Normal Dryness

Kandahar 4 0 0.3 0.3 Below Normal Dryness

Uruzgan 9.8 4.5 0.6 -3.9 Above Normal No Dryness

Zaranj 4 0 0 0 Normal No change

Gardiz 45.6 8.4 3.7 -4.7 Above Normal No Dryness

Ghazni 11.5 5 1.3 -3.7 Above Normal No Dryness

Khost 80 6.4 6.3 -0.1 Above Normal No Dryness

Sardi 15 10 0.1 -9.9 Above Normal No Dryness

Urgun 43 0 0.2 0.2 Below Normal Arid

Farah 18 4 0.5 -3.5 Above Normal No Dryness

Hirat 0 16 1.2 -14.8 Above Normal No Dryness

Qala-e-Naw 2 12 5.6 -6.8 Above Normal No Dryness

Shindand 12 15 1.9 -13.1 Above Normal No Dryness

Table 3

Data Source: Agromet Network 11

Precipitation

Moderate to light rainfall were observed across the

country, in the beginning of October 2012, many

provinces in the north had experience below long term

average precipitation than expected, in the Southern

and Southwestern regions seasonal dryness continued.

Comparison of rainfall data for the month of Oct 2012

with the same month in 2011 (Chart 1) shows

significant decrease of rainfall during the month of

Oct 2012 over the same month of last year around the

country.

Comparison of rainfall data for the month of Oct 2012

with the same month of long term average (Chart 1) also

shows a decrease of rainfall during the month of October

2012 over the same month of long term average.

Most amount of rainfall occurred in the Eastern region

during October 2012, and the Northern, western and

limited areas in the Central Highlands received moderate

precipitation. There was not much rainfall has recorded in

the rest of the country.

Map 10

Data Source:Agromet Network 12

Rainfall Graphs for the Month of October 2012

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

Rainfall in mm

Oc

tob

er

20

11

20

12

LT

A

Ch

art 1

Data Source: Agromet Network 13

Rainy Days

As it has been mentioned frequently, rainy days is

the most important factor for crops root zone

moisture, accumulation of ground water, and dirt,

pest and disease wash-out from plants, so it needs

to be taken under the consideration. It can also be

said that, the importance of rainy-days is more

than the rainfall, because during the rainy days

adequate amount of water can be stored in big

dams and ground water surface area becomes

larger and higher. That may also be useful for all

kinds of plants. Now referring to the given table:

As it is mentioned above, all regions have been

involved in probable dryness either long, periodic or

prolonged dry seasons in the year of 2012 in

comparison with 2011. For example, there were 11

days of rain in Paroon in the year of 2011, while at

the same month there has been only three days in

2012. In other regions like Logar with 8 rainy days in

2011, there has been only 2 rainy days in 2012.

Therefore periodic dryness

No Station Name

October of 2012

Comparison Prediction Rainy Days

2011 2012

1 Kabul 8 2 Dry

2 Logar 7 1 Dry

3 Paghman 7 2 Dry

4 Sarobi 6 1 Dry

5 Bamyan 2 0 Dry

6 Asmar 5 2 Dryness

7 Ghaziabad 2 0 Dry

8 Jalalabad 5 3 Dry

9 Mehterlam 6 1 Dryness

10 Paroon 11 3 Dry

11 Aibak 3 1 Dry

12 Mazar 0 0 No Change and Dry

13 Saripul 2 1 Dry

14 Baghlan 1 0 Dry

15 Faizabad 6 1 Dry

16 Kunduz 3 0 Dry

18 Dara-e-soof 3 1 Dry

19 Jawzjan 3 2 Dry

20 Ghazni 3 1 Dry

21 Kandahar 2 0 Dry

23 Sardi 2 1 Dry

24 Uruzgan 3 2 Dry .

25 Zaranj 3 0 Dry

26 Gardiz 4 2 Dry

27 Khost 5 1 Dry

28 Urgun 3 0 Dry

29 Farah 1 1 No Change and Dry

30 Hirat 0 2 No Dry

31 Qala-e– Naw 1 2 No Dry

32 Shindand 2 1 Dry

Table 2

Data Source: Agromet Network 14

Rainy Days for the Month of October 2012

Comparison of rainy days for the month of Oct 2012 with

the same month of last year (Chart 2) shows rainy days

had significant decrease during the month of Oct 2012

over the same month of last year

0 2 4 6 8

10

12

Rainy Days in Number

Oc

tob

er

20

11

20

12

Ch

art 2

Data Source:USGS 15

The high elevations of the Northwest and the Capital

region experienced unusually light snow, and snow

fall continued as moderate in the above mentioned

region during Oct, but snowfall was not much than

expected in this time of the year Map (11) shows

Afghanistan Snow Depth for month of October 2012

snow depth for the end of Oct. As map (11) shows the

snow depth has been recorded from 10 to 30 cm in

Northeastern, and 2 – 10 cm for the some parts of

Central Highlands.

Map 11

Data Source:AMA 16

It is evident that no crop even no plant can proceed its growing

affairs without temperature distributions, that is because each

phonological term of growth corresponds to one specific rate of

temperature, for instance in temperatures of -10 or -8 paddy rice

cannot emerge, and on the other hand, there is a range of

thermal tolerance for all plants in there environmental

ecosystem. The plant’s thermal tolerance ranges between +58 at

the highest and -48 at the lowest; that is of course in moderate

latitudes, thus crops need to be studied along with their thermal

tolerances. There are four types of temperature which are

important to be studied in line with cultivation of crops. They

include Max-temp, Min-temperature, Optimum temperature and

effective temperature, in which all of them are called as Cardinal

-temperature. Now we go along with the table of temperature

data which is prepared by meteorologist observers, and it will

analyze cardinal temperature data of October/2012 step by step.

Maximum temperature: As evaluated in the table above the

highest-max temperature has occurred in the region of Zaranj

where it has reached to (37.7) degrees centigrade. This is called

the extreme point of positive temperature in which about 98% of

crops can grow. On the contrary the least Max- temperature

(23.2) degrees centigrade has occurred in Bamyan province

which can allow for 90 percent of crops to grow at this rate of

change. On the other hand with a decrease in temperature rate of

change, the crops growth response also decreases. The range of

negative temperature is much more limited than the range of

positive temperature. In this way the high land regions possess

some limitations in relation with crops growth.

Minimum Temperature: As recorded in the table, minimum

temperature is the least negative temperature which is observed

early in the morning before sunrise at the standard time of GMT

or UTC. As shown in the table highest minimum temperature

has been observed in Bamyan to the extent of (-4.4) degrees

centigrade, and low minimum has been observed in Jalalabad

province with (11) degrees centigrade.

POSITIVE RANGE OF TEMPERATURE: The range of

thermal regime for all environmental crops growth of

stations must be found in those stations: 37.7 – 23.2 = 14.5

degree of centigrade.

NEGATIVE RANGE OF TEMPERATURE: Also for the

minimum range of crops growth it can be calculated as: 11 –

(-4.4)= 15.4. This is the thermal distribution according to its

region’s variability, indicating the thermal regime for the

month of October of 2012.

FROST PHENOMENA IN OBSERVATORY REGIONS:

Frost occurs when the dew point temperature of air falls

below the freezing point (0°c). When condensation starts

with temperature below 0°c, the water vapor in the air passes

directly from the gaseous to solid state. On the other hand,

decreasing the minimum air temperature (in a height of 2m

above the ground) is said to be FROST PHENOMENA,

when the air temperature in the interval of 24 hours (diurnal)

becomes positive, since the soil surface minimum

temperature is lower with respect to the air temperature at the

time of frost occurrence, thus frost occurrence can be

considered into two sections as below:

Frost in case of wind velocity < 10knt.

Min-air temperature. ------------------------ Frost intensity.

From -0.1 to -3.5c -------------------------- poor frost.

From -3.6 to -6.4c ---------------------- moderate frost.

From -6.5 to -11.5 -------------------------- severe frost.

Frost in case of wind velocity > 10knt.

Min- air temperature. --------------------- Frost intensity.

From -0.1 to -0.4 ---------------------- poor frost.

From -0,5 to -2.5 ------------------------- moderate.

From -2.5 to -5.5c ----------------------- severe frost.

So according to the above mentioned postulates, provinces

like Gardiz, Logar, Ghazni and Hirat have been affected by

poor frost conditions, while Bamyan with moderate frost, and

the other stations with no frost at all.

Average Temperature for the Month of October 2012

Table 3

Stations Max-tem-Celsius

degree 2012

Deviation Min-Tem-Celsius

degree. 2012

Deviation Actual

2012

Deviation

Gardiz 23.2 12.5 10.7 -1.2 12.5 11.3 11.4 12.5 1.1

Logar 28 13.3 14.3 -3 13.3 10.3 12.7 13.3 0.6

Ghazni 24.4 12 12.4 -1.2 12 10.8 11.3 12 0.7

Hirat 32.2 17.3 14.9 -1.6 17.3 15.7 15.3 17.3 2.0

Bamyan 23.2 10.2 13.0 -4.4 10.2 5.8 8.9 10.2 1.3

Shiberghan 32 18.8 13.2 3.5 18.8 12.3 18.5 18.8 0.3

Kunduz 30.6 19 11.6 5 19 14 18.9 19 0.1

Kabul 28.4 14.5 13.9 0.6 14.5 13.9 14.5 14.5 0

Kandahar 32 20.3 11.7 3.6 20.3 16.7 19.2 20.3 0.8

Jalalabad 36 23.6 12.4 11 23.6 12.6 23.1 23.6 0.5

laghman 34.6 21.6 13.9 9 21.6 12.6 21.8 21.6 0.2

Zaranj 37.7 23.2 14.5 6 23.2 17.2 22.8 23.2 0.4

Mazar 31 24.9 6.1 2.8 24.9 22.1 18.9 24.9 6.0

Aver

ag

e 2

011

Aver

ag

e 2

011

Aver

ag

e 2

011

Data Source:AMA 17

Temperature had no significant change during Oct 2012

over the same month in 2011 in most parts of the country,

but temperature had small decrease, temperature

dropdown at freezing point during Oct in the Central

Highlands, Western region and Southeastern regions.

Comparison of monthly average of temperature for the

month of Oct 2012 with the same month in 2011

(Chart3) shows there is no significant change in

temperature during the month of Oct 2012 compared to

the same month of last year around the country, but in

most parts of the country temperature accompanied

with small negative departure.

Average Temperature for the Month of October 2012

0 5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Temperature in C

Oc

tob

er

20

11

20

12

Ch

art 3

Data Source:AMA 18

Chart (4)shows maximum and minimum temperature for

the month of Oct. As chart shows Zaranj with 37.7 ° C

was the warmest spot of the country, and Bamyan with

- 4.4 ° C experienced lower temperature.

Zaranj with 37.7 C° was the warmest spot of the country during the month of October

2012

Temperature for the Month of October 2012

-15

-10 -5 0 5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Temperature in C

Oc

tob

er

Min

Ma

x

Ch

art 4

Data Source: 19

You can download the Afghanistan’s Agromet Bulletins from this site:

http://afghanistan.cr.usgs.gov/agrometeorology-publications-maps

Name Position Cell Email Address

Mohammad ishaq Noori Director of AMA

(Ministry of Transportation) 0799461756 Ishaq_avi@yahoo.com

Gh.Rabbani Haqiqatpal Director of Marketing, Econom-

ics &Statistic Divison (MAIL) 0700284879 rabani.haqiqatpal@gmail.com

For more information please contact: