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CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE FOODS: EVIDENCE FROM HEAVY METAL, MINERAL AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTAMINATION (ToR # 16) Team Members Dr. M. Rafiqul Islam Dr. M. Jahiruddin Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam Dr. Md. A. Alim Dr. Md. Akteruzzaman. Food security and Food contamination - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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CONSUMPTION OF UNSAFE FOODS: EVIDENCE FROM HEAVY METAL, MINERAL
AND TRACE ELEMENT CONTAMINATION
(ToR # 16) Team Members
Dr. M. Rafiqul Islam Dr. M. Jahiruddin Dr. Md. Rafiqul Islam Dr. Md. A. Alim Dr. Md. Akteruzzaman
Food security and Food contaminationFood security exists when all people, at all times, havephysical and economic access to enough safe andnutritious food to meet their dietary needs and foodpreferences for an active and healthy lifestyle(World Food Summit 1996)
Sources of food Contamination Heavy metals Pesticide residues Hormone residues Chemicals for ripening of fruits & vegetables Microbiological contamination Food adulteration Use of contaminated water
Drinking water
Grain
Background of the research:Background of the research:Arsenic may gain access to human body through Arsenic may gain access to human body through --
Chicken eggsCow’s milk MeatBroiler meat
Liv
esto
ck
Liv
esto
ck
prod
ucts
prod
ucts
Vegetables
Major Routes of Heavy Metal Contamination: Example arsenic
Fish
OBJECTIVES
i) Assess the concentration of major foods and beverages consumed by poor and non-poor households for heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Co, Hg, Sb, Li and As), minerals (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and trace elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo Se, Al, Ni and Cr)
ii) Assess the extent of exposure to heavy metals, minerals and trace elements through food intake by poor and non-poor households and the potential health implications
iii) Draw implications and to provide suggestions for actions to reduce contamination
METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Location Food access to Household category
1. Gulshan Upper Income group
Non-poor (>2122
Kcal/day/person)
2. Kawranbazar
Middle income group
3. Hazaribagh Low income group Poor (<2122 Kcal/day/person)
FOOD SAMPLING
FOOD SAMPLING
Each food sample was collected from 10 different shops of Kawranbazar and Hazaribagh and 3 supermarkets & 7 shops of Gulshan market
Standard operating procedures were followed for processing of food samples (NIN, 2009)
Each food sample was collected from 10 different shops of Kawranbazar and Hazaribagh and 3 supermarkets & 7 shops of Gulshan market
Standard operating procedures were followed for processing of food samples (NIN, 2009)
Food group Sample #
Food Group Sample #
1. Cereal 8 9. Oil 2
2. Pulses 4 10. Fruit 9
3. Fish 8 11. Drinks 6
4. Egg 1 12. Sugar & Molasses
2
5. Meat 4 13. Dinning out 3
6. Vegetables 18 14. Spices 7
7.Milk & dairy 2 15. Chewing 2
8.Sweetmeat 3 16. Tap water 1
Total for each location 80
Food Samples CollectedFood Samples Collected
Food samples were cooked with enough water just to boil, with no salt
Food samples were cooked with enough water just to boil, with no salt
Market situations in Bangladesh: Some Examples Hazaribagh
Market situations in Bangladesh: Some Examples Gulshan
PROCESSING AND COOKING OF FOODS: RICE
Weight of the parboiled rice (coarse and fine grain) recorded
Washed with tap water
Cooked by both absorption and draining methods
Excess water discarded in case of draining out method
Weight of the cooked rice recorded YIELD FACTOR A sub-sample was kept in oven to obtain dry weight
Processing of Food SamplesSweetgourd, Jackfruit, Fish, Meat
Cooking and Processing
Inert and non-metallic mortar & pestle
Inert and non-metallic mortar & pestle
Cooking in gas stove
Cooking in gas stove
Drying in oven Drying in oven
Foods in powder form
Foods in powder form
Chemical analysis
Digestion
Food samples were digested with Ultrapure grade
HNO3 and H2O2 using the digestion block at 115 °C.
Determination of elements
Digested samples were analyzed for elements using ICP-MS in the laboratory of SGS Bangladesh Ltd Dhaka
Reliability
The reliability of the procedure for the estimation of all elements was assessed by analyzing the Certified Reference Material GBW(E)080684.
RESULTSRESULTS
EDIBLE COEFFICIENT AND YIELD FACTOR OF COOKED VEGETABLES
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
Potato
Tomato
Brinja
l
Cauliflo
wer
Cabbage
Pumpki
n
Radish
Green b
anana
EC
YF
ELEMENT CONCENTRATION
ELEMENT CONCENTRATION
Foods Elements Gulshan K. Bazar H. Bazar
Fine Rice
Ca ++ ++ ++
K ++ +++ +
Mg ++ ++ ++
Coarse Rice
Ca + +++ ++
K ++ +++ +
Mg + ++ ++
Lentil Ca +++ ++ +
K +++ + +
Mg ++ ++ +
Prawn Ca +++ ++ +
K +++ + +
Mg ++ ++ ++
COMPARATIVE STATUS OF MINERALS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS
+ Low, ++ Medium, +++ High
Food Items
Elements Gulshan K. Bazar H. Bazar
Farm chicken
Ca + ++ +++
K ++ + +++
Mg ++ + +++
Cauliflower
Ca ++ + +++
K ++ + ++
Mg ++ + +++
Apple Ca +++ ++ +
K ++ ++ +
Mg ++ + +
Onion Ca + +++ ++
K ++ + ++
Mg + +++ ++
COMPARATIVE STATUS OF MINERALS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS
Food Items
Elements
Gulshan K. Bazar H. Bazar
Fine Rice Zn ND ND ND
Mn ++ +++ ++
Cu ++ ++ +
Coarse Rice
Zn ND ND ND
Mn + +++ ++
Cu ++ ++ ++
Lentil Zn ND ND ND
Mn ++ ++ +
Cu +++ ++ +
Prawn Zn +++ + +
Mn +++ ++ +
Cu + +++ +
COMPARATIVE STATUS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOODS FROM THREE
MARKETS+ Low, ++ Medium, +++ High
Food Items
Elements Gulshan K. Bazar H. Bazar
Farm Chicken
Zn ND ND ND
Mn + ++ ++
Cu ++ + +++
Cauliflower
Zn ND ND ND
Mn + + ++
Cu + + ++
Apple
Zn ND ND ND
Mn ++ +++ +
Cu +++ + +
Onion
Zn ND ND ND
Mn +++ + ++
Cu ++ + ++
COMPARATIVE STATUS OF TRACE ELEMENTS IN FOODS FROM THREE MARKETS
COMPARATIVE STATUS OF HEAVY METALS IN FOODS FROM THREE
MARKETSFood Items Elements Gulshan K. Bazar H. Bazar
Fine Rice
As +++ + ++
Cd +++ + ++
Hg + + +
Pb +++ + +
Coarse Rice
As ++ +++ +
Cd + + +++
Hg + ND ND
Pb + + +++
Lentil
As ND ND ND
Cd ND ND ND
Hg ND ND ND
Pb ++ + +++
Prawn
As + ++ ++
Cd ++ +++ +
Hg ++ + ND
Pb + ++ ++
Food Items
Elements
Gulshan K. Bazar H. Bazar
Farm Chicken
As ND ND ND
Cd ND ND ND
Hg +++ ++ +
Pb + ++ +++
Cauliflower As ND + ND
Cd + ++ +
Hg ND ND ND
Pb ++ ++ +++
Apple As + ND ND
Cd ND ND ND
Hg ND ND ND
Pb +++ ++ +
Onion As + ND ND
Cd + ++ ++
Hg ND ND ND
Pb + ++ ++
COMPARATIVE STATUS OF HEAVY METALS IN FOODS FROM THREE
MARKETS
Wheat
0
300
600
900
1200
Gulshan Kawranbazar Hazaribagh
Mn c
onc.
(ppb)
Ata
Moida
0
15
30
45
60
Gulshan Kawranbazar Hazaribagh
Cu c
onc.
(ppb)
Ata
Moida
0
3
6
9
12
Gulshan Kawranbazar Hazaribagh
Mo c
onc.
(ppb)
Ata
Moida
Mn & Cu conc. for ata higher in Gulshan,
Mn & Cu conc. for ata higher in Gulshan,
0
5
10
15
20
Gulshan Kawranbazar HazaribaghPb c
onc.
(ppb)
Ata
Moida
Chromium, Lithium, Antimony, Mercury: Below detection limit for both rice and wheat
Chromium, Lithium, Antimony, Mercury: Below detection limit for both rice and wheat
Sources of Heavy metals
Heavy Metals Sources of PollutionArsenic Soil minerals
Irrigation water Wood preservatives Pesticides
Cadmium Soil minerals Sewage sludge Metal melting and refiningPaints
Lead Soil minerals Batteries Combustion of fossil fuels metallurgical industries Fertilizers Sewage sludge Semi-conductors
Mercury Coal fired power stationFossil fuel burningBatteries Pesticides Chlorine manufacture
CALCULATION OF DIETARY EXPOSURE
CALCULATION OF DIETARY EXPOSURE
CALCULATION OF DIETARY EXPOSURE
Steps Concentration of elements in in fresh weight of
individual food item
Get the individual food item intake by poor and non-poor household in Dhaka city
Dietary Exposure = Food chemical concentration x food consumption amount
Plot the data of 100 household of each of poor and non-poor household for a particular element
Compare with the Acceptable daily intake (ADI) for heavy metals and Recommended daily intake (RDI) for minerals and trace elements
Per capita Intake of Major Food Items (g)Food Items Poor Non-poorRice 406.19 420.52Wheat 20.36 28.73Potato 63.44 73.78Pulses 10.15 16.22Vegetables 141.80 177.25Edible oil 14.20 23.41Onion 15.69 24.74Beef 1.55 9.27Mutton 0.11 0.83Chicken 4.11 15.09Eggs 3.40 9.02Fish 31.16 57.81Milk & Milk products 12.18 43.63Fruits 20.46 56.00Sugar/Gur 3.32 10.88Food taken outside 17.70 35.41Miscellaneous 50.28 81.81Total 816.22 1084.53
HIES, 2010
Dietary Exposure of Cadmium from Rice
Cadmium (Cd) level in rice: 0.2 mg/kg Rice intake by poor: 406 g/day Cd intake from rice: 406x0.2=0.0812
mg/day =2.436
mg/month Provisional Tolerable Monthly Intake:
0.025mg/kg body weight (WHO, 2011) An adult having body weight of 70 kg can
tolerate the intake of 1.75mg Cd/month Intake of 406 g rice/day having 0.2 mg
Cd/kg is contributing 139% of the PTMI
RDI and UL of minerals and trace elements for adult male
Elements RDI (per day)
UL (per day)
Calcium 1000 mg 2500 mg
Magnesium 400 mg -
Sodium 1500 mg 2300 mg
Potassium 3800 mg ND
Iron 8 mg 45 mg
Zinc 11 mg 40 mg
Manganese 2.3 mg 11 mg
Copper 0.9 mg 10 mg
Selenium 55 µg 400 µg
Molybdenum 45 µg 2000 µg
Cobalt 29 µg ND
Reference Health standards for toxic heavy metals
Toxic heavy metals
Reference Health Standard
(mg/kg body wt)
Source
Aluminium 1.0 (PTWI^) JECFA 74 (2010)
Antimony 2.3 mg/kg body wt www.strobel.com/ antimony _risks .htm)
Arsenic None JECFA 72 (2010)
Cadmium 0.025 mg/kg body wt (PTMI*)
WHO (2011)
Chromium 0.06 g/kg body wt WHO (1996); NAS (1989)
Lead None JECFA 73 (2010)
Hg-Inorg. 0.004g/kg body wt WHO (2011b)
Hg-Organic 0.0016 g/kg body wt JECFA 72 (2010)^ PTWI = Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake* PTMI = Provisional Tolerable Monthly IntakeˇPMTDI = Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake
^ PTWI = Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake* PTMI = Provisional Tolerable Monthly IntakeˇPMTDI = Provisional Maximum Tolerable Daily Intake
CONCLUSION
• Minerals conc. of foods generally higher in Gulshan followed by K. bazar and H. bazar.
• Heavy metals conc. Generally higher in H. bazar followed by K. bazar and
Gulshan.
• Elements Li, Sb and Cr conc. below detection limit.
• Dietary risk exposure is yet to be calculated.
Permissible limit of heavy metals in foods
Heavy Metals Permissible limit
Reference
Cadmium 0.5 mg/kg FAO, 1983
Lead None
Arsenic None
Mercury (inorganic)
None
Zinc 30 mg/kg FAO, 1983
Copper 30 mg/kg FAO, 1983