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Consuelo Varela-Ortega

Irene Blanco, Gema Carmona, Paloma Esteve

Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), Spain

Ramón Llamas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid and FMB

Christopher Swartz, SEI –Boston USA

Thomas D. Downing, Sukaina Bhrawani,SEI-Oxford UK

John Bromley, OUCE Oxford University UK

World Water Forum, Istanbul

20 March 2009

GROUND WATER IRRIGATION: WATER FOR FOOD AND WATER FOR NATURE

Linking science to policy

consuelo.varela@upm.es

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1. NEWATER (New approaches to adaptive water management under uncertainty) (2005-2009) www.newater.info

- IP, 42 r. teams, 15 countries, 7 river basins (Rhine, Elba, Tisza, Guadiana, Nile, Orange, Amuradya)

EU research projects

Linking water policies and agricultural policies…

2. SCENES (Water Scenarios for Europe and for Neighbouring States) (2007-2011) http://www.environment.fi/syke/scenes

- IP, 23 r. teams, 17 countries, 4 regions (Mediterranean , Lower Danube, Baltic , Black sea )

3. CROSS COMPLIANCE (Facilitating the CAP reform: Compliance and competitiveness of European agriculture)(2005-2008) http://www.cross-compliance-fp6.eu/

- STREP, 11 research teams (3 non EU)

3

Basins in the EU project Newater

4 4

1. Main issues in the Mediterranean Region

MEDITERRANEAN REGION

- Water stress

- Land use changes

- Water use, irrigation

- Change in agricultural policy

- Change in water policy

- Population trends

PILOT AREAS

-Guadiana (Spain)

-Garonne (France)

-Candelaro (Italy)

-Seyhan (Turkey)

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Sustainable & competitive Agriculture

Direct aid payments decoupled from production Single farm payment (per farm) Cross-compliance mechanisms direct payments are subject to compliance with environmental regulations Rural Development Programs

Sustainable use of water resources & Good ecological status of all waters(2015)

River Basin Organization as management unit Planning and integrated management of all water resources RBMP Cost recovery, polluter pays principle Transparency and public participation

AGRICULTURAL POLICIES

CAP Reform 2003

WATER POLICIES

Water Framework Directive, 2000

The EU policy context: water and agricultural policies

IRRIGATED AGRICULTURE

MultifunctionalCompetitive

Environmentally sustainableAdaptable to new challenges (i.e. climate change)

CAP ‘HEALTH CHECK’2009…

•Water management•Climate change

•Biofuels

6

The EU Water Framework Directive

• WFD is Quality-driven …” Control of quantity is an ancillary element in securing good water quality..”

• Added difficulty for the Guadiana RBA to comply with two water objectives:

– SPANISH (Quantity O.) Guarantee water availability to all users– EU WFD (Quality O.) Good ecological status of all waters

• CAP in Spain aims to protect overexploited aquifers in irrigated areas

• Effects on irrigated farming? On rural livelihoods? On aquatic ecosystems?

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Complying with the WFD:

• Can water savings be met?

• Is it socially and financially sustainable?

• Resilience and buffering capacity of the system?

Complying with the CAP:

• What are the effects of CAP reform on land use?

• On farm income?

• Is there a water-saving potential in the CAP?

GLOBAL POLICIES

LOCAL ACTIONS

Do

wn

-scaling

to th

e regio

ns

88

The WFD Pilot Basins

99

The WFD Pilot Basins

JúcarP. Guadiana

Spanish Guadiana

101010

CUENCA INTERNACIONAL DEL RIO GUADIANA

Basin in Spain

THE GUADIANA BASIN IN SPAIN

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Castilla-La Mancha

Western La Mancha Aquifer

Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin

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OVEREXPLOITED AQUIFERS

So

urc

e: M

IMA

M (2

00

0)

One of the two Spanish aquifers officially declared overexploited

The most important aquifer in the Upper Guadiana Basin

Castilla-La Mancha

Western La Mancha Aquifer

Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin

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OVEREXPLOITED AQUIFERS

So

urc

e: M

IMA

M (2

00

0)

The most important nitrate vulnerable zone in SpainOne of the two Spanish aquifers officially declared overexploited

The most important aquifer in the Upper Guadiana Basin

Castilla-La Mancha

Western La Mancha Aquifer

Clash between irrigation-based human development and ecosystem conservation

Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin

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• Common pool resources + Open access• Policy-driven incentives for irrigation expansion

• Free riding behavior illegal drillings and overpumping• Top-down institutions (WUAs) • Difficult control, high transaction costs & social costs• Costly and difficult policy enforcement• Water management and governance problem

Environmental issues in the Upper Guadiana basin

Clash between irrigation-based human development and ecosystem conservation

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July, 2006

“TABLAS DE DAIMIEL” NATIONAL PARK (Ramsar Wetlands)

Challenge

Balancing the trade-off between water for rural livelihoods and water for conserving ecosystems

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Field work

Policy scenarios

BA

SIN

LE

VE

LF

AR

M L

EV

EL

Baseline analysis

Water use

Vulnerability analysis CART

Socio-economic and agronomic impacts

Farmers’ strategies Farm income Public expenditure

Available water

ECONOMIC MODELSIWAP

HIDROLOGY MODEL WEAP

Aquifer recharge / wetland recovery

Environmental impacts

AGRONOMIC MODEL

CROPSYST

Crop YieldsTechnologies

Bayesian NetworksDSS

STAKEHOLDER PARTICIPATION

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Guadiana Basin Authority

Guadiana Basin Authority

Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs

Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs

Hydrology Hydrology EnvironmentEnvironment

ECONOMIC MODELECONOMIC MODEL

SIMULATION SCENARIOSSIMULATION SCENARIOS

Agriculture/EconomyAgriculture/Economy

Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,

Farmers…

Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,

Farmers…

HYDROLOGY MODELHYDROLOGY MODEL

AGRONOMIC MODELAGRONOMIC MODEL

POLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTOPOLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTO SH-DRIVENSH-DRIVEN

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Guadiana Basin Authority

Guadiana Basin Authority

Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs

Ministry of Environment, Regional Departments of Environment, Env. NGOs

Hydrology Hydrology EnvironmentEnvironment

ECONOMIC MODELECONOMIC MODEL

SIMULATION SCENARIOSSIMULATION SCENARIOS

Agriculture/EconomyAgriculture/Economy

Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,

Farmers…

Ministry of Agriculture, Regional Dep. of Agriculture,

Farmers…

HYDROLOGY MODELHYDROLOGY MODEL

AGRONOMIC MODELAGRONOMIC MODEL

POLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTOPOLICY-DRIVENWFD, CAP, WTO SH-DRIVENSH-DRIVEN

Stakeholders

Purchase of water rights?

Water banks?Closing-up of illegal wells?

Legalization of illegal wells?

Water markets?

Water tariffs?

2121

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

14000

16000

18000

20000

Gro

un

dw

ate

r S

tora

ge

(th

ou

san

ds o

f M

m3)

Reference; Expected Climate

WAP only; Expected Climate

F2 AEP to 2006 then SPUG; Expected Climate

F2 AEP to 2006 then failed SPUG; Expected Climate

Reference; Dry Cycle Climate

F2 AEP to 2006 then SPUG; Dry Cycle Climate

WEAP Model: Groundwater storage

Joint effects of water policies and the CAP on the aquifer

• SCIENCE/POLICY: Participatory integrated modeling are valuable tools for water management link technical developments/management/governance

• ARIDITY/POLICY ENFORCEMENT: For arid regions, basins have difficulty adapting to quality-driven WFD

to reduce social opposition, and high enforcement costs. Better top-down policy enforcement by the RBA

required together with increased accountability, bottom-up SH participation , transparency and public awareness

• SCALE: scale matters: Down-scaling to specific local actions is crucial to meet adaptation targets.

• POLITICAL WILL: The dual target of recovering the aquifer and maintain rural livelihoods, will be attained only if all measures of the Special Water Plan of the UG are fully implemented (closing of illegal wells, purchase of water rights, reforestation, rainfed…). difficult in the case of drought.

• GLOBAL SCOPE: In the context of the WTO, Agricultural policies can play a role in saving water promote integration, synergies, cohesion and administrative coordination legitimization, credibility EU SDS

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GRACIAS POR SU ATENCIÓN

consuelo.varela@upm.es