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Construction Driven Language Processing
May 2007
Jerry T. BallSenior Research PsychologistAir Force Research Laboratory
Mesa, AZ
Conceptual Ontology
• Object– anything construed as distinct from everything else
• Relation– property or attribute of a single object, relation or
situation, or relationship between more than one objects, relations or situations
• Situation– action, state, process, location, direction, path, time,
manner or other relation, including the participants in the relation
Grammatical Functions
• Referring Expression– Specifier– Head
• Relational Expression– Relational Head– Complements
• Subject• Direct Object• Indirect Object• Relational Complement
• Modifier• Coordinator• Part of Speech
– Relational• Verb, Adjective, Preposition, Adverb, Coordinator
– Objective• Noun, Pronoun, Proper Noun
– Functional• Determiner, Auxiliary Verb, Modal Verb
Referring Expressions• Head
– word or expression describing the type of object, relation or situation that the larger expression as a whole refers to
• Specifier– referential marker of a referring expression which
determines the type of referring expression
• Referring Expression (RE)– expression that functions to refer to an object,
relation or situation
• Reference Point (RefPt)– a complement that ties a referring expression to a
described object, relation or situation via reference to an associated object, relation or situation
Specifier Head
Referring Expression(of relational type head)
Object Specifier Head
Object Referring Expression (of relational type head)
Predicate Specifier Head
Predicate Referring Expression (of relational type head)
the book is happy
[ Spec Head ] RE
[ thespec bookhead ] ORE [ isspec happyhead ] PRE
Head
Referring Expression(of relational type head)
RefPt-Specifier Head
Object Referring Expression (of relational type head)
John’s book
Specifier
RefPt-Specifier Head
Situation Referring Expression (of relational type head)
I’m hungry
[ John’srefpt-spec bookhead ] ORE [ I’mrefpt-spec hungryhead ] SRE
[ RefPt Spec Head ] RE
RefPt
• Relational Expression (RelExpr)– expression with one or more complements that is
headed by a word or expression describing a relation
• Relational Head (RelHead)• Complement (Comp)
– referring expression that is a participant in a relational expression
Relational Expressions
RelHead Comps(0..3)
Relational Expression
Compsubj
[Compsubj RelHead … ] RelExpr
Compsubj RelHead
Relational Expression
John smiled
[ Johnsubj smiledrelhead ] RelExpr
Compsubj RelHead
Relational Expression
he likes
[ hesubj likesrelhead youobj] RelExpr
you
Compobj
• Modifier (Mod)– word or expression that constrains the meaning
of the word or expression it modifies without changing the grammatical function (GF) of the word or expression
• Coordinator (Coord)– word or expression that combines two or more
parts of speech or grammatical functions of the same type, with the resulting expression retaining the grammatical function of the conjuncts
GFi Mod
GFi
GFiMod
GFi
Conj GFi
GFi
GF(0..n)i
Head Mod
Head
red book
RelHead Mod
RelHead
fast run
Coord Head
Head
apples and
Head
oranges
[ appleshead andcoord orangeshead] head
[ redmod bookhead] head [ runhead fastmod] relhead
Construction Driven Language Processing
• Words and expressions in linguistic input activate constructions
• Some subset of activated constructions is selected for subsequent processing
• Selected constructions are integrated into an evolving representation
Basic Process:Construction Activation, Selection and Integration
He is kicking the ball
Construction Activation
• he [ he ] PRON
• he [ heSPEC-HEAD ] ORE
• is [ is ] AUX-VERB
• he is [ REF-PTCOMP beSPEC PREDICATIONHEAD ] SRE
• kicking [ kicking ] VERB
• kicking [ SUBJCOMP kickHEAD OBJCOMP ] RELEXPR
• is kicking [ beSPEC V-ingHEAD ] PREDICATOR
• the [ the ] DET
• the [ theSPEC HEAD ] ORE
• ball [ ball ] NOUN
• the ball [ theSPEC ballHEAD ] ORE
• kicking the ball [ VHEAD OBJCOMP ] PREDICATION
Construction Selection
• In the simplest case all activated constructions may be selected for integration
• Competing constructions may result in one construction being preferred
• Depth of processing (e.g. skimming vs. reading for full understanding) may affect construction selection and integration process
• Assume simplest case in examples that follow…
He
Construction Integration
he
ORE
[he ]spec-head
He is SRE
he is
[is]aux-verb
[ref-ptcomp bespec predicationhead]
ORE
[he ]spec-head
He is kicking SRE
he kicking is
[is]aux-verb
[ref-ptcomp bespec predicationhead]
[bespec V-inghead]ORE
PREDICATOR
[he ]spec-head [kicking]verb
PREDICATION
[kickhead objcomp]
He is kicking the SRE
he is
[is ]aux-verb
[ref-ptcomp bespec predicationhead]
[bespec V-inghead]
ORE
PREDICATOR
[he ]spec-head
the
ORE
[thespec head]
kicking
[kicking]verb
PREDICATION
[kickhead objcomp]
SRE
he kicking the ball is
[is]aux-verb
[ref-ptcomp bespec predicationhead]
[bespec V-inghead]
ORE ORE
PREDICATOR
[he ]spec-head [thespec ballhead][kicking]verb
[vhead objcomp]
PREDN
He is kicking the ball
• Serial processing without backtracking!• If current input is unexpected given the prior
context, then accommodate the input• Related to Lewis’ “Limited Repair Parsing”,
but accommodation is “part and parcel” of the processing mechanism
• The following example is from the Computational Cognitive Model which is under development– “no airspeed or altitude restrictions”
• Tree structures were automatically generated from model output using phpSyntaxTree (Eisenbach & Eisenbach)
Context Accommodation
No airspeed
No airspeed or altitude
No airspeed or altitude restrictions