CONSTRUCTION & DEMOLITION WASTE Rules, 2015Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate

Change NOTIFICATION

[To be published In the Gazette of India, Part-II, Section-3, Sub-section (ii)]

Dr. Sanjeev Agrawal, Ph.D.Scientist ‘D’

Pollution Assessment Monitoring & Survey DivisionCentral Pollution Control Board

Parivesh Bhavan, East Arjun Nagar, Delhi - 32Ministry of Environment & Forest & Climate Change, Govt of

India

E-mail:sanjeevagrawal.cpcb@gmail.com

sanjeevcpcb@yahoo.co.in

Any substance which the holder discards orintends, or is required to discard. In otherwords any material that is surplus to theimmediate requirements of a particularoperation. The fact that the material may beuseful or have a monetary value has no bearingon whether it is a waste.

What is a waste ?

What is C&D waste ?

Construction and demolition debris (C&D)means those materials resulting from thealteration, construction, destruction,rehabilitation, or repair of any manmadephysical structure including houses, buildings,industrial or commercial facilities, androadways.

CONSTRUCTION AND ALLIED ACTIVITIESConstruction is a term meaning the art and science toform material or immaterial objects, systems ororganizations, and comes from Latinconstructionem (from com- "together" and struere "topile up")

‘Construction work’ means any workcarried out in connection with theconstruction:

Alteration,Conversion,Fitting out,Commissioning,Renovation,Repair & Maintenance,Refurbishment,Demolition, decommissioning or

dismantling of a structures’

OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

INDIA has established itself as one of theworld's second fastest growing economiesand this growth has brought with it asignificant boost in construction activitieslike other developing countries.

According to 11th Five year plan,construction industry in India is the secondlargest economic activity after agriculture.It accounts for nearly 65% of the totalinvestment in infrastructure.

It is estimated that nearly 240 €billion(Billion Euro) to be invested in theinfrastructure sector over the next five to 10years in power, bridges and roads,infrastructures, ports and airports,telecommunications providing a boost tothe construction sector.

OVERVIEW OF CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN INDIA

Due to the rapid growth in the construction industry, itwill be appropriate to link construction and demolitionwaste generation with the Indian economic growth. It isimportant to assess the amount of construction anddemolition waste being generated.

Suitable practices are also needed to handle thewaste in order to propose a sustainable approach. Theconstruction and demolition waste (C&D waste)generation and handling issues are in focus to achievesustainability.

It has become essential to study C & D wastegeneration and handling to develop accurate data andestablish sustainable methods to manage constructionwaste. Reduce, Reuse and Recycle [3R’s] is highly usefulin handling of construction and demolition waste.

1) “hazardous,” 2) “unacceptable,”3) “potentially toxic”Examples of these wastes can include:

Waste paints, varnish, solvents, sealers, thinners, resins, roofing cement, adhesives, machinery lubricants, and caulk.; Drums and containers that once contained the items listed above; Treated wood, including lumber, posts, ties, or decks, and utility poles; Asbestos-containing items, such as certain older types of floor tile, insulation, or other materials containing asbestos. (Toxic Substances); Lead-based paint, or lead flashing or solder; Products containing mercury.

Discarded materials in Construction activities

Recycling of C & D Waste in India

In India concept of recycling is not so popular compare to other countries because:

1. Acceptability of recycled materials is hampered due to the poor image associated with recycling activity in India.

2. Low dumping cost prevalent in India acts as a barrier for recycling activity. Imposition of considerable charge on sanitary landfill can induce builders and owners to divert the waste for recycling.

3. Non awareness of recycling possibilities is one of the main barrier due to which waste is disposed only in landfills.

4. There is lack of government support and commitment towards development of recycling industry. Development of policy supported by proper regulatory framework is necessary

5. Development of proper standards, specifications for recycled materials would provide producers a targets and users an assurance in quality of material.

Collection, Processing, Use & Disposal of Construction and

Demolition Waste Draft Rules, 2015

The Collection, Processing, Use & Disposal of Construction and Demolition Waste Rules, 2015

Draft Rules, 2015 is placed on the website of MoEF&CC for public comments

Roles and responsibilities of stakeholdersThe roles and responsibilities of different stake holders with regard to appropriate

management of construction and demolition waste shall be as under;i) Responsibility of the generator;ii) Responsibility of the Service providers and their contractors;iii) Responsibility of the Competent Authority (Urban Local Bodies);iv) Responsibility of the Prescribed Authority (SPCBs / PCCs);v) Responsibility of the State/Union Territory (UT Govt.);vi) Responsibility of Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB);vii) Responsibility of Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and Indian Road Congress (IRC);viii) Responsibility of the Central Government (MoEF&CC);ix) Role of Expert Organizations;

…..Contd./-

Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders

Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders…contd.

Responsibilities•Responsibility of the waste generator: the generator shall prima-facie beresponsible for collection, segregation of concrete, soil and others and storage ofconstruction and demolition waste generated, as directed/notified by the concernedlocal body in consonance with these rules.•Responsibility of the Service Providers and their Contractors: service providingauthorities who provide services like water, sewerage, electricity, telephone, roads,drainage etc. often generate construction and demolition waste during theiractivities, which includes excavation, demolition, civil work etc. These departmentsneed to have comprehensive waste management plan covering segregation, storage,collection, reuse, recycling, transportation and disposal of C&D waste.•Role and responsibility of the Competent Authority (Urban local body): theCompetent Authority shall issue detailed directions with regard to propermanagement of C&D waste within its jurisdiction in consonance with these rules.•Responsibility of Prescribed Authority (SPCB/PCCs): The prescribed authority shallmonitor the implementation of these rules by the concerned local bodies and thecompetent authorities at local level. The annual data shall be sent to the CentralPollution Control Board (CPCB) and the State Government (or any other State levelNodal Agency identified by the State Government) for generating state levelcomprehensive data.

•Responsibility of the State/Union Territory (UT) Government: Each State/UT Government shall prepare their policy document with respect to management of construction and demolition (C&D) waste in line with these rules within one year from publication of this rule. The State Government would also facilitate identification of appropriate land for setting up processing and recycling facilities in different cities through land use plan and identification of waste land.•Responsibility of the Central Pollution Control Board: The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) is responsible for preparation of operational guidelines related to environmental management of C&D waste management. The data received from the State Pollution Control Boards (SPCB’s) shall be analyzed and collated by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB).•Responsibility of Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian Roads Congress (IRC): The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) and Indian Roads Congress (IRC) are responsible for preparation of code of practices and standards for use of recycled materials and products of construction and demolition waste in respect of construction activities. IRC’s role shall be specific to the standards and practices for roads.Responsibility of the Central Government: The Ministry of Urban Development (MoUD) and the Ministry of Rural Development (MoRD)/Ministry of Panchayat Raj, Government of India shall be responsible for facilitating Local Bodies (LB) in compliance of these rules. The Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF), Government of India shall be responsible for reviewing implementation of these rules and subsequent amendments, as and when required.Responsibility of Expert Organizations : Expert organizations / institutions mandated by theCentral Government or any State Government shall analyze the data gathered at state andnational levels and evolve ways through (Research & Development) R&D to use such material inthe best possible manner. The solutions could be different for different areas in the country,especially in view of use of locally available construction material.

Roles and responsibilities of stakeholders……contd/-

Criteria for storage and processing or recycling facilities

(a)the selection of the site for storage and processing or recycling facilities for construction and demolition waste shall be as per the criteria given in Schedule V

(b) the operator of the facility shall apply in Form VII for authorisation from State Pollution Control Board.

Implementation of Rules and Schedules

These rules shall be implemented with the schedules as mentioned below:•One year and six months from the date of its notification for million pluscities based on 2011 census of India•Two years from the date of its notification for 0.5 to 1 million cities based on2011 census of India•Three years from the date of its notification for other cities (< 0.5 millionpopulation) based on 2011 census of India

Monitoring Compliance of the Rule: The respective Competent Authority (Local Body), Prescribed Authority (State Pollution Control Board or the Committee as the case may be) shall monitor compliance of these rules.

Timeline for implementation of provisions of these rules Schedule IV- (See Rule 24 (a) 25 (d) - (after the notification)

The respective urban local body, state pollution controlboard or pollution control committee as the case may beshall monitor implementation of these rules

Monitoring compliance of the provisions of these rule

Accident reporting

When an accident occurs at any construction and demolition waste processing/ treatment or disposal facility, the officer in charge the facility in the urban local body or the operator of the facility shall forthwith report of the accident in Form-XI to urban local body, as applicable and the instructions issued by the said authority shall be followed.

Management (See Schedule III, Rule 23, Part A)

Management (See Schedule III, Rule 23, Part A) …….contd/-

Management (See Schedule III, Rule 23, Part B) …….contd/-

Proposed standards for recycled aggregates: Construction and Demolition (C&D) waste as stored and collected at present, is mostly in mixed form. Therefore, the proposed standards should address mixed aggregates or recycled aggregates (RA), which is distinct from recycled concrete aggregates (RCA). I. Recycled aggregate (RA) may be used in making concrete for non-structural purposes. The extent of

use would be limited to non-load bearing structures only, provided the conditions mentioned below at point no. 2 is complied with. Examples of use – wall between two RCC load bearing members, filling walls between RCC frame, non-industrial flooring, etc.

II. The RA should be free from deleterious material, such as, organic content, vegetable matter, coal, clay lumps, external substances such as, soft fragments like pieces of plastics, paper etc. RA should also be free from chemicals, known to be detrimental for the strength or durability of concrete or steel reinforcement, such as, chlorides, etc. beyond the threshold value.

III. Percentage of replacement of natural aggregates by RA can be up to 20% for any type of plain concreting (PCC) work. The percentage can be increased up to 30% for road sub-base / base / other road related applications except wearing course. However, this should be backed up by laboratory test reports.

IV. RA of appropriate quality (as mentioned above) can be used for various purposes, such as, in making kerb stones, paving blocks, concrete blocks and bricks, road sub-base, pathways for pedestrian use, rural roads (used for walking and bicycles) etc. However, it has to be ensured that the existing norms for strength (such as, M20, M25 etc.) are complied with for desired application.

V. Recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) can be used in all grades of PCC (structural and non-structural). VI. RCA have to be pre-wetted near to SSD (saturated surface dry) conditions before use to avoid rapid

slump loss due to its high water absorption rate. Admixtures with better slump retention effect would be useful.

VII. Fine washed aggregates in the range of 4.75 mm to 0.075 mm (75 μ) separated from C&D waste using ‘wet’ process may be used as ‘manufactured sand’ for non-load bearing structures.

Standards & specification (See Rule Part C)

The respective competent authority (local bodies etc.), prescribed authority (State Pollution Control Board or the Committee as the case may be) shall monitor compliance of these rules after the notifications through Gazette of India.

Sl.

No.

Compliance Criteria

Cities with

population of 01

million and above

Cities with population

of 0.5-01 million

Cities with

population of less

than 0.5 million

1 Formulation of policy by

State Govt.

12 months 12 months 12 months

2 Identification of sites for

collection & processing

facility

18 months 18 months 18 months

3 Commissioning &

implementation of the

facility

24 months 24 months 24 months

4 Monitoring by SPCBs 3 times a year –

once in 4 months

2 times a year – once in

6 months

2 times a year – once

in 6 months

Timeframe for Planning and Implementation See Schedule IV: [ Rule 24(a) 25(d)]

Criteria for Site Selection For Storage and Processing / Recycling Facilities – See Rule Schedule V

Criteria for selection of storage and processing/recycling facilities for construction and demolition waste 1. In areas falling under the jurisdiction of ‘Development Authorities, it shall be the responsibility of such Development Authorities to identify the storage facility, processing/recycling facilities and hand over the sites to the concerned municipal authority for development, operation and maintenance, which shall ultimately be given to the operators by Competent Authority. Elsewhere, this responsibility shall lie with the concerned municipal authority.2. Selection of processing/recycling facility shall be based on examination of environmental issues.The Local body shall co-ordinate (in consultation with Department of Urban Development of the State or the Union territory) with the concerned organizations for giving necessary approvals and clearances to the operators. 3. C&D waste shall be utilized in sanitary landfill for municipal solid waste of the city / region as mentioned at Schedule III of this rule. Residues from C&D waste processing / recycling industries shall be land filled in the sanitary landfill for municipal solid waste. 4. The processing/recycling shall be large enough to last for 20-25 years (project based on-site recycling facilities). 5. The processing/recycling site shall be away from habitation clusters, forest areas, water bodies, monuments, National Parks, Wetlands and places of important cultural, historical or religious interest. 6. A buffer `Zone of no-development`* shall be maintained – 20m (for handling less than 500 TPD C&D waste) and 30m (500 TPD or more) – around processing / recycling site and shall be incorporated in the land use plans of the concerned authority. In the case of successful implementation of ‘no-development zone’ the buffer zone inside the facility boundary should be limited to 6m and 10m respectively for the above mentioned capacities. Thus land required to be leased for the facility would reduce.

Facilities at the Processing/Recycling Sites 7. Processing / recycling site shall be fenced or hedged and provided with proper gate to monitor incoming vehicles or other modes of transportation. 8. Approach road and other internal roads for free movement of vehicles and other machinery shall exist at the storage and processing/recycling site. 9. Provisions like weigh bridge to measure quantity of construction and demolition waste brought at processing/recycling , fire protection equipment and other facilities as may be required shall be provided. 10. Utilities such as drinking water, toilets and bathing facilities for workers and lighting arrangements for safe processing/recycling operations shall be provided. 11. Safety provisions including health inspections of workers at storage, processing/recycling and landfill site shall be periodically made.

Pollution prevention In order to prevent pollution problems from processing / recycling operations, the following provisions shall be made, namely: Air Quality MonitoringNoise monitoring Plantation at Processing / Recycling Sites

Criteria for Site Selection For Storage and Processing / Recycling Facilities – See Rule Schedule V…contd.

Forms attached with the C&D rules, 2015

1. FORM – VII, See [Rule 23 (4)(c), 24 (b)] - Application for obtaining authorization

2. FORM – VII, See [Rule 23 (4)(c), 24 (b)] – Issue of authorization to the operator

3. Form –IX, See [Rule 23 (3) (p,q)] - Format of Annual Report to be submitted by Urban Local Body to the State Pollution Control Board

4. Form –X , See [Rule 23 (4)(d)] - Format of Annual Report to be submitted by the State Pollution Control Board / Committees to the Central Pollution Control Board

5. Form –XI , See [ Rule 27] - Accident reporting

Conclusive Remarks with Reduction Strategies on Managing C&D waste

Reduction of energy consumption as well as of CO2 emissions : Production of energy of recycled materials is considerably less than the energy used to produce and transport primary construction materials;

Reduction of Environmental degradation : Illegal dumping of waste and excessive extraction of natural resources has negative environmental effects;

Reduction of health hazards generated by illegal deposits : Proliferation of pests can be reduced if C&D waste is reduced, reused, recycled and minimal quantities are deposited on controlled landfills;

Improvement of Air Quality : Emissions due to production and uncontrolled disposal of burning are reduced.

International Practices, Directives & Regulations on Construction & Allied Activities

1) United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA);

2) Handling & Disposal of Construction Activities; EPA, Alaska Operations Office EPA, Seattle USA;

3) Department of Markets and Consumer Protection Code of Practice for Deconstruction and Construction Sites;

4) Environmental Guidelines for Construction, Demolition, Recycling Facilities, Australia; 2009.

5) Department of Markets and Consumer Protection, Code of Practice for Deconstruction and Construction Sites, United Kingdom, 2013.

6) Environmental Guidelines for Major Construction Sites; Australia, 1996.

7) Environmental Guidelines for Major Construction Sites, Best Practice Environmental Management, EPA Australia, 1996.

8) European Union (EU)-Joint Waste Management Plan for the South East Region 2006.

9) Control of Pollution & Noise from Demolition & Construction Sites, Code of Practice, London UK, 2007.

10) Buildings Investing in energy and resource efficiency, United Nations Environment Programme, 2011.

11) CONSTRUCTION AND DEMOLITION WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES, AND THEIR ECONOMIC IMPACTS, Report to DGXI, European Commission, 1999.

12) Construction and Demolition Waste Management in Turkey, 2012.

CONSTRUCTION, DEMOLITION, AND RENOVATION

Policy / Technical / Regulatory Requirements

Policy is required for mandating the following:

Each ULB should keep track of construction and demolition activity and generate data regardingquantity and characteristics continuously for at leastone year and then repeat once in every 3 years;

This data should be collated by the NodalAgency (may be the UD / Mun. Admn. Deptt. of theconcerned State Govt.);

Expert organizations / institutions shouldanalyze the data and evolve ways to use thematerial in the best possible way;

Pilot demonstration projects should be taken up ineach state.

Thank you for your kind attention…

Construction and demolition debris is uncontaminated solid waste resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of utilities, structures and roads; and uncontaminated solid waste resulting from land clearing. Such waste includes, but is not limited to:

bricks, concrete and other masonry materialssoil and rockwood (including painted, treated and coated wood and wood products)land clearing debriswall coverings, plaster, drywall, plumbing fixtures, non-asbestos insulationroofing shingles and other roof coveringsasphaltic pavementglassplastics that are not sealed in a manner that conceals other wastesempty buckets ten gallons or less in size and having no more than one inch of residue remaining on the bottomelectrical wiring and components containing no hazardous liquids, and pipe and metals that are incidental to any of the above.

Which are the C&D wastes / debris ?

Solid waste that is not construction and demolition debris (even if resulting from the construction, remodeling, repair and demolition of utilities, structures and roads and land clearing) includes, but is not limited to:

asbestos wasteGarbagecorrugated container boardelectrical fixtures containing hazardous liquids such as fluorescent light ballasts or transformersfluorescent lightscarpeting, furnitureappliancesTiresdrumscontainers greater than ten gallons in size, any containers having more than one inch of residue remaining on the bottom and fuel tanks.

Which are not the C&D wastes / debris ?

ISO Classification of Construction WorksISO Types 1-6: Construction Code Descriptions

ISO 1 – Frame (combustible walls and/or roof): Wood frame roof with wood decking and typical roof covers below;

ISO 2 – Joisted Masonry (JM) (noncombustible masonry walls with wood frame roof): Concrete block, masonry, or reinforced masonry load bearing exterior walls;

ISO 3 - Non Combustible (NC):Class NC-I Minimal combustible materials in the building construction

ISO 4 - Masonry Non Combustible (MNC):Class NC-II Concrete block, reinforced masonry, tilt-up concrete load bearing walls

ISO 5 - Modified or Semi Fire Resistive (MFR or SFR): Class AA Protected steel and/or concrete or heavy masonry walls and floors. Semi windresistive Roof deck and roof cover systems;

ISO 6 - Fire Resistive (FR):Class AAA Reinforced Concrete Construction building frame and floors and/or very wellprotected steel and concrete Floors are minimum 4" cast in place concrete.

Pollution Prevention and Control during Construction & Allied Activities

Site Planning

Erect effective barriers around dusty activities or the site boundary

Plan site layout–machinery and dust causing activities should be located away from sensitive

receptors

Identify responsible person in charge

Hard surface site haul routes

Construction traffic

All vehicles should switch off engines – no idling vehicles

Wash or clean all vehicles effectively before leaving the site if close to sensitive receptors All loads entering and leaving site to be covered

No site runoff of water or mud

All non road mobile machinery (NRMM) to use ultra low sulphur diesel (ULSD) where available

On-road vehicles to comply with the requirements of a possible future Low Emission Zone (LEZ) as

a minimum

Hard surfacing and effective cleaning of haul routes and appropriate speed limit around site

Demolition Works

Use water as dust suppressant .

Cutting equipment to use water as suppressant or suitable local exhaust ventilation systems

Securely cover skips and minimize drop heights

Wrap buildings to be demolished

Site Activities

Minimise dust generating activities

Use water as dust suppressant where applicable

Keep stockpiles for the shortest possible time

If applicable, ensure concrete crusher or concrete batcher has permit to operate

Concrete, cinder blocks, drywall (sheetrock, gypsum, or plaster), masonry, asphalt and wood shingles, slate, and plaster; Forming and framing lumber, plywood, wood laminates, wood scraps, and pallets; Steel, stainless steel, pipes, rebar, flashing, aluminum, copper, and brass, residential and commercial steel framing, structural steel, steel utility poles; Brick and decorative blocks; Siding doors and windows; Plumbing fixtures; Electrical wiring; Non-asbestos insulation;Wood, sawdust, brush, trees, stumps, earth fill and rock and granular materials.

Discarded materials in Construction activities

C&D Waste Management Plan prior to construction

Construction waste

Excess Materials Damaged Materials Packaging Waste

Transport

Re-use atanother site

Disposal Recoverablematerial

Residualmaterial

Separate /sort

Transferto Landfill

ProcessesCrushing/

Sorting

Disposalat Landfill

ProducerResponsabi

lity

The flow chart illustrates some of the potential waste streams that arise from a typical construction site operation, the numerous decisions that a contractor may have to make in relation to the recovery, disposal and transporting of C&D waste. Disposal should be a contractor's last alternative and in theory only residual waste should be landfilled. In financial terms the cost of disposal far outweighs the cost of recovery

C&D Waste Management Plan prior to demolition

Demolition waste

Inert C&DRubble/Waste e.g.

soil, concrete, stone

Hazardous waste Waste electrical goods

Processing, crushing, screening

Removable material

Residual material

Disposal /recovery

Separate material on site

Disposal Employ specialist waste broker or contractor to transfer to Authorised

Facility

Transport to localRecycling centre for recovery or employ

contractorto remove and

recover

The flow chart below illustrates some of the potential waste streams that arise from a typicaldemolition site operation. The chart shows the various options available for a contractor in terms of inert C&D waste and the limited options in relation to hazardous waste materials.

Proposed Standards for Air, Water and Noise Pollution during Construction & allied activities

Construction, Processing & Recycling sites requiressustainable practices in order to prevent pollution of air,water and noise level from such activities/ operations inresidential, commercial and industrial area and inter-alia.Control measures during Construction activities,processing & recycling sites and sustainable constructionpractices considered necessary to regulate and control airpollution, water pollution and sources generating noisewith the objective of maintaining the water, air and noisestandards under Environment (Protection) Act 1986.