Constitutional Law II - Lupu - Fall 2004

8/11/2019 Constitutional Law II - Lupu - Fall 2004

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CONSTITUTIONAL LAW IILUPU, FALL 2004

I. CONSTRAINTS ON STATE ACTION..................2A. PRIVILEGESANDIMMUNITIES(14A)................2

II. INCORPORATION.................................................2

A. CURRENTREGIME.............................................2

B. OLDFACT-SPECIFICAPPROACH.......................21. Blac !"#$%$ F#a&'%#"#.................................

III. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS (14A).................

A. ECONOMICLIBERTIES.......................................1. L*c+&"# E#a (Ec*&*,c DP)...........................

a) Rule.............................................................3b) Cases...........................................................3

2. M*/"#& E#a D"a+ *' L*c+&"#.......................4

a) Rule.............................................................4b) Cases...........................................................4

. Sl!"# *' P*$$0l" U$"........................................4

B. NON-ECONOMICLIBERTIES(PRIVAC)............1. C*ac"3*&....................................................

a) Source.........................................................5b) Griswold v. Coec!icu!, "#$%5).......... .... ...5

2. A0*#*&.............................................................

a) Roe v. &ade "#$'3).....................................%b) (!ervei Cases........................................%c) Plaed Pare!*ood v. Case+......................%d) Pos!Case+..................................................'

. Fa,l R"la*&$+3$........................................5

a) -arriae......................................................'b) /!eded Fail+.................................. .......'

4. S"6%al............................................................7

IV. E8UAL PROTECTION..........................................7

A. RATIONALBASISREVIEW.................................71. R%l"....................................................................7

a) U1*eld (....................................................b) isavorable Fac!ors...................... ......... ....$

2. H$*#...............................................................9

. M*/"#& D*c#&"...............................................9

a) A+ coceivable 1ur1ose suicie!.............$b) S!roer 1resu1!io w*e ivolvi e/1edi!ures $

B. STRICTSCRUTIN............................................1:1. Racall D$c#,&a*# P%#3*$"...................1:

a) 6is!or+ o oc!rie...................................#0

b) s!ablis*i iscriia!or+ Pur1ose. ... ... .#0c) Arlington Heights 5 Factors......................##d) S1eciic Co!e/!s......................................##

2. E/%ca*&.........................................................12

. P%0lc E,3l*,"& a&/ C*ac&;............12

4. Al"&a;"...........................................................1

C. INTERMEDIATEREVIEW..................................11. G"&/"# D$c#,&a*&...................................1

a) Rule (!eredia!e Scru!i+......................#3b) Pur1oses....................................................#3

#


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c) Geerall+ s!ruc7 dow, 3 e/ce1!ios.........#32. D$a0l..........................................................14

. Ill";,ac......................................................1

4. S"6%al O#"&a*&..........................................1

a) Roer v. vas........................................#5b) SaeSe/ -arriae.................................. .#5c) Ado1!io...................................................#5

d) -ili!ar+.....................................................#5D. OTHERCLASSIFICATIONSANDRATIONALBASIS 1e/crescece.@

A1odaca v. 9reoEUaii!+ reDuiree! o cos!i!u!io does o! a11l+.

1. BLAC@VERSUSFRAN@FURTER

8lac7 arued !*a! o! usi 8ill o Ri*!s allowed !oo uc* udicial discre!io.

Prac!icall+, 8lac7 wo sice os! aede!s are icor1ora!ed.

Fra7ur!er believed i !*e >udae!al airess@ sc*ool. :*ou* 8ill o ri*!s

could ior airess, cour! was o! i 1osi!io !o c*oose w*ic* Aede!s !oi!era!e.

III. SUBSTANTIVE DUE PROCESS (14A) sse!iall+ dead doc!rie, wi!* soe e/ce1!ios.

Firs! a!!e1! !o ive subs!a!ive co!e! !o #4A P. Loc*er A11roac* uri !*eLochner era, law reDuired >direc! rela!io !o a11ro1ria!e

ad lei!ia!e ed.@ -a+ laws s!ruc7 dow. &or7 *ours lii!a!io. Loc*er. For woe. -uller

Pro*ibi!io o 1urc*asi isurace ro ou! o s!a!e co. Allee+er

-iiu wae or woe. Ad7is.

Law 1ro*ibi!i reusal !o *ire ouio wor7ers. Co11ae.

Subec!i icevedors !o 1ublic u!ili!+ reula!io. Lieba.

ebbia eded !*e Loc*er era. Presu1!io 9 uless s*ow o! be lei!ia!e 1ur1ose

or arbi!rar+ ad o! reasoabl+ rela!ed. See cases.

Carolee Produc!s w*ile u1*oldi Federal law o 5A rouds ar!icula!ed core #4A ad

5A 1rici1les i Foo!o!e 3. ou* !*a! soe evil is a! *ad ad !*a! i! i*! be !*ou*! !*a! law could address i!.

Lee 91!ical.

Leac+ o Loc*er is 1rivac+.

A. ECONOMICLIBERTIES

1. LOCHNERERA(ECONOMICDP)

a) Rule

A ac! i!ereri wi!* ecooic liber!+ us! *ave a >direc! rela!io, as a

eas !o a ed, ad !*e ed i!sel us! be a11ro1ria!e ad lei!ia!e.@ (1rac!ice, cour! ol+ views ecooic eds as a11ro1ria!e. SC s!ruc7 s!a!elaws i!ereri wi!* ecooic liber!+.

b) Cases

Alle+er v. LouisiaaEFirs! !ie SC ivalida!e s!a!e law o $%0$a&!" due

1rocess rouds. S!ruc7 dow law 1ro*ibi!i 1urc*ase o isurace roco1aies aili !o co1l+ wi!* LA law.


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Loc*er v. ew or7 Cour!s s!ruc7 dow law 1ro*ibi!i ba7er+ e1lo+ee

wor7 *ours. Cour! oud !*a! law did o! ur!*er 1ur1ose o 1ro!ec!i*eal!* or welare ad i1ro1erl+ res!ric!ed ri*! o ree co!rac!.

-uller v. 9reoEU1*eld law lii!i eale laudr+ wor7ers !o #0 *ours

1er da+.

Co11ae v. asasES!ruc7 dow law 1ro*ibi!i wor7ers ro reusi !o

*ire uioi?ed wor7ers bHc e1lo+ers *ad ri*! !o se! !ers o e1lo+e!.

Ad7is v. C*ildrereasoable rela!io !o a 1ro1er leisla!ive 1ur1ose, ad are ei!*erarbi!rar+ or discriia!or+.@ ebbia. Sac!i!+ o ecooic liber!+ dies.

b) Cases

ebbia v. ew or7 "#$34)EU1*olds law i/i re!ail 1rice o il7 or

beei! o il7 arers because i! was ei!*er >arbi!rar+, discriia!or+,or deos!rabl+ irreleva!@ !o lei!ia!e 1ur1ose. @ll$ L*c+&"#.

&es! 6o!el Co. v. Parris*E9verruled Ad7is ad u1*olds iiu

wae law or woe *oldi cos!i!u!io does o! e!io reedo oco!rac! ad 1ro!ec!i woe


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a) Pui!ive aaes /cessive 1ui!ive daaes a+ be see as arbi!rar+. See8-& v. Gore "reversi I2- 1ui!ive daaes w*ere co1esa!or+ were ol+I4,000).

b) Re!roac!ive leisla!io eed+ !*i7s !*a! re!roac!ive leisla!io viola!es due1rocess se1ara!e ro :a7is Clause.

B. NON-ECONOMICLIBERTIES(PRIVAC) S!adard o review was clear a!er Roe "s!ric! scru!i+), a!er Case+ i!s uclear "w*a! is

>udue burdeJ@) ad Lawrece "does

1. CONTRACEPTION

volved ou! o 1are!1eubras@ o !*e

8ill o Ri*!s ad icludi ri*! !o 1rocrea!io. Griswold.

ises!ad! *eld ri*! !o co!race1!io was a idividual, o! us! arried cou1le1eubras@ o ri*!s "icludi 1rivac+)uara!eed uder 8oR as icor1ora!ed.

6arla os! durable o1iio. :*i7s law viola!es basic values >i1lici! i !*ecoce1! o ordered liber!+@ "Fra7ur!er sc*ool) b+ viola!i idividual ri*! o1rivac+.

ises!ad! v. 8aird "#$'2) Perso dis!ribu!ed co!race1!ive !o uarried 1eo1le.

6eld is!ic!io bH! arried ad uarried was ucos!i!u!ioal adre1roduc!io idividual ri*! Fids Griswold ad S7ier as addressicos!i!u!ioal ri*! o decisio !o bear or bee! a c*ild.

2. ABORTION


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Ri*! !o !eria!e 1reac+ s!es ou! o ri*! !o 1rocrea!e ad 1rivac+. Roe

Roe Reie S!ric! Scru!i+ or laws reula!i abor!io. Co1elli i!eres! ad

!ries!er s+s!e. Roe. -a+ laws s!ruc7 dow. See e.g. A7ro "*os1. reDuiree!).

Roe !o Case+ :uri :ide

o du!+ !o ud abor!io, -cRae, or rela!ed services, Rus!.

SC oud !ries!er raewor7 lawed ad did o! ivalida!ed law des1i!e "#)reD. doc!or !o !es! or viabili!+ ad "2) s!a!i lie bea a! coce1!io.&ebs!er.

Case+ Reie

Re1laced s!ric! scru!i+ wi!* >1ur1ose or eec! o crea!i udue burde@

1rior !o viabili!+. -a+ *ave saved Roe bu! led !o a lo! o 1reviousl+ i1erissible laws !o be

u1*eld. See e.g. -a?ure7 oe!*eless, K ba s!ruc7 dow w*e lac7ed a!eral *eal!* e/ce1!io.

S!eber.

a) Roe v. Wade (1973)

H"l/"8lac7u) Ri*! !o 1rivac+ icludes ri*! !o !eria!io 1reac+. Procrea!io is a udae!al ri*!.

Res!ric!ios o ri*! !o 1rocrea!e !rier s!ric! scru!i+.

:ries!er S+s!e S!a!e *as o co1elli i!eres! !o reula!e

abor!io 1rior !o viabili!+ "#s! !ries!er). ( secod !ries!er, s!a!ea+ 1ass reasoable a!eral *eal!* reula!ios. :*ird !ries!er,1os!viabili!+, s!a!e *as co1elli i!eres! ad a+ 1roscribe solo as *eal!* e/ce1!io e/is!s.

b) Intervening Cases

6os1i!ali?a!io reDuiree! or 1os!irs! !ries!er abor!io cos!i!u!ed

>siiica! obs!acle.@ A7ro v. A7r C!r. or Re1ro. 6l!*. "#$$0)"subseDue! !o Case+ siilar 1rovisios *ave bee u1*eld).

o ov. du!+ !o ud abor!io "6+de Aed.), eve i ecessar+. 6arris v.

-cRae "#$0)

o ov. du!+ !o ud rela!ed services. Rus! v. Sulliva "u1*oldi :i!le

res!ric!io o uds or abor!io couseli).

&ebs!er v. Re1roduc!ive 6eal!* Services "#$$) Plurali!+ oud

R*"$ #,"$"# '#a,"=*# 'la="/.

Law


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eclied !o overrule Roe, ad !*ou* i! a+ *ave saved abor!io ri*!s

a!er &ebs!er, i! allowed a w*ole *os! o 1reviousl+ i1erissiblereula!ios.

9verruled !ries!er raewor7 as !oo riid ad uwor7able.

d) Post"Case!

K law ruled ucos!i!u!ioal w*e lac7i a!eral *eal!* e/ce1!io.

S!eber v. Car*ar!.

-a?ure7

. FAMILRELATIONSHIPS

-arriae is a udae!al ri*! uder P ad P. Lovi.

SC will eae i >cri!ical e/aia!io@ o laws abridi arriae ri*!.

Mabloc7i. 9ver!ured law reD. 1roo o abili!+ !o su11or! ocus!odial c*ild. d.

9ver!ured 1ro*ibi!io aais! 1risoers arr+i. Sale+.

Laws aec!i e/!eded ail+ e! ore deerece. 8orass "u1*oldi ?oi or

urela!ed ail+ ebers)N -ic*ael 6. "u1*oldi s!a!e law 1resu1!io !*a!o!*ercri!ical e/aia!io !es!. :urer ave reasos or arriaei1or!ace.

Lovi v. ;iriia

PC Ca

Al!. 6oldi Ri*! !o arr+ is udae!al ri*! uder #4APC.

Mabloc7i v. Red*ailESC ivalida!ed &isc. law de+i arriae

liceses !o reside!s wi!* ocus!odial de1ede!s uless !*e+ 1rovedsu11or! would o! be eo1ardi?ed. SC eaed i >cri!ical e/aia!io,@>suicie!l+ i1or!a! s!a!e i!eres!s ad is closel+ !ailored !o eec!ua!eol+ !*ose i!eres!s.@ Uder !*a! s!adard i! oud, eve i i!eres!s wereadeDua!e, law !oo broadl+ i!erered wH r!. !o arr+. SC aai sees as Pad P arue!.

:urer v. Sale+ESC ivalida!es law 1ro*ibi!i 1risoers ro

arr+i uless 1reac+ or 7id ivolved ci!i i1or!ace o "#)

e/1ressio o eo!ioal su11or! ad coi!e!, "2) Reliioussiiicace, "3) eve!ual cosua!io, "3) arriae 1recodi!io !oov. beei!s.

b) $%tended &a'il!

-oore v. . CleveladESC ivalida!ed law deii ail+ as ol+ uclear

o P rouds s!a!i >C!. us! careull+ e/aie !*e i1or!ace o ov!.


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8elle :orres v. 8orassECo!ras! wi!* -oore. C!. u1*eld ?oi law

e/cludi urela!ed rou1s uder a ore deere!ial P s!adard.

:ro/el v. GravilleEUder P, SC ivalida!ed ruli awardi rad1are!s

visi!a!io r!s. over obec!io o 1are!. C!. o!ed i! didbe!!er@ decisio.

-ic*el 6. v. GeraldERel+i o !radi!io, Scalia u1*eld lower c!. deial o

cus!od+ !o li7el+ bioloical a!*er bHc Cal. law 1resued cus!od+ beloed !owieUALIT

( 8owers, SC raed issue i !ers o lac7 o cos!i!u!ioal 1ro!ec!io or

*oose/ual sodo+.

( Lawrece, eed+ "or SC) e/1lici!l+ over!ured 8owers sa+i "#) ri*! a! s!a7e

ore eeral ri*! !o i!ia!e rela!ios "uder DP), ad "2) social coce1!ios *adc*aed, "3) -orals isuicie! !o i!rude o 1rivac+.

8owers v. 6ardwic7 "#$%) "54) &*i!e reused !o e/!ed re1roduc!ive, ail+,

ari!al ri*!s !o cover *oose/ual sodo+ uder P, w*ic* law ad !radi!io *as

1roscribed. 8lac7u raed issue i !ers o eeral r!. !o eae i i!ia!erela!ios*i1s. !"erturned by La#rence.

R",",0"#Roer was P.

Lawrece v. :e/as "2003)ELawrece covic!ed o devia! se/ual coduc! or

*oose/ual se/. HELD eed+, ollowi 8lac7u, ci!es leal c*aes "Case+ ad

Roer ad ol+ #3 s!a!es 1roscribe) ad isuiciec+ o oralcosidera!ios *oldi !*a! ri*! !o i!ia!e rela!ios 1ro!ec!s 1riva!ecosesual rela!ios*i1s.

Ga+ arriae is uclear. S!a!e cases *ave idica!ed acce1!ace uder coce1!ios o

P ad P. 8a7er, Goodrie, bu! 3' s!a!es 1assae o a!ia+ aede!s ad9-A c*allee w*e!*er i! i*! >udae!al !o ordered liber!+.@

IV.E8UAL PROTECTION>9S:A:S6ALL. . . :9APRS9&(:6((:SBUR(S(C:(9:6OUALPR9:C:(99F:6LA&S.@

cooic ue Process or Dual Pro!ec!io

Dual 1ro!ec!io c*allees diere!ial !rea!e! based o rou1 ebers*i1.

ue Process ivolves i1ro1er res!ric!io o liber!+ or 1ro1er!+ irres1ec!ive orou1 ebers*i1.

cooic ue Process esse!iall+ dead.

cooic ue Process eerall+ aec!s S!a!es.

A. RATIONALBASISREVIEW

1. RULE

a) eld I*+

"#) L";,a" 3%#3*$" c*&c"!a0l "6$$, ad,

eed o! be ac!ual 1ur1ose. Fri!?, 8eac* Couica!ios.


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"2) Leisla!ure could ra!ioall+ believe law ur!*ered ac!ual or *+1o!*esi?ed1ur1ose.

eed o! be bes! eas. SeeSc*wei7er, -uria.

Grea!er !olerace or udericlusiveess. -coald, $ussman-

tenBroek.

S!roer 1resu1!io w*e e/1edi!ures ivolved. Sc*wei7er.

"3) C*alleer cao! cou!er ever+ coceivable basis. See 8eac*.

b) ,is*avorable &actors

Arbi!rar+, ca1riciousE9lec*.

Udeocra!ic. Alle*a+, 9lec*.

Persis!e! !*read o e/aii ac!ual 1ur1ose. 8rea "o1iio i

-oreo, disse! i Fri!?), ver+ wea7 i S!eves "disse! i Fri!?,cocurrece i 8eac*).

2. HISTOR

-iial review o eas ad 1ur1ose.

-coald v. 8oard o lec!io CoissioersES!a!e ailure !o 1rovideballo!s !o 1risoers w*ile 1rovidi !*e !o o!*ers i i!s cus!od+ u1*elduder !*e !*eor+ o udericlusiveess.

&illiaso v. Lee 91!icalESC u1*eld 9 law reDuiri licesed

o1*!*alolois! or o1!oe!ris! w*e e!!i lasses. 6eld "#) Lei!ia!eed a+ be a!!ribu!edpost hocb+ cour!, eed o! be ac!ual, "2) A >law eedo! be i ever+ res1ec! loicall+ cosis!e! wi!* i!s ais !o be cos!i!u!ioal.@

E>CEPTION US e1!. o Aricul!ure v. -oreoESC s!ruc7 dow

res!ric!io coveri ol+ rela!ed idividuals i sae *ouse*old. Cour! oudlaw o! reasoabl+ !o s!a!ed 1ur1ose o aricul!ural subsid+ ad raisiu!ri!ioal levels, A, sus1ec!ed real o!ive was !o discriia!e aais!*i11ies. 8urer cour!.

ew 9rleas v. u7es ew 9rleas 1rovisio e/e1!i 1us*car! vedors

co!iuall+ o1era!ed or +ears r 1ro*ibi!io 9 *is!orical 1reserva!io,cus!osHa11earaces 9

-ass. 8d. 9 Re!iree! v. -uria -A law re!iri 1olice oicers a! 50+rs

9 ra!ioall+ ur!*ered 1ur1ose. o! 1erec!, bu! !*a!s o! reDd

C :rasi! v. 8ea?er u1*eld e/clusio o all e!*adoe users ro !rasi!

obs.

. MODERNDOCTRINE

a) -n! conceivable urose su**icient.

U.S. Railroad v. Fri!?EReairs ac!ual 1ur1ose o! eeded adsues!s !*a! w*ere !*e lauae o !*e s!a!u!e is clear. >Coressi!eded w*a! i! eac!ed.@ 8rea, -ars*all !*ou*! ac!ual 1ur1oseus! ascer!aied.

FCC v. 8eac* Couica!iosE:*oas s!a!es !*a! >!*ose

a!!ac7i !*e ra!ioali!+ o !*e leisla!ive classiica!io *ave !*eburde Q!o ea!ive ever+ coceivable basis w*ic* i*! su11or! i!. .. i! is e!irel+ irreleva! or cos!i!u!ioal 1ur1oses w*e!*er !*e


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coceived reaso or !*e c*alleed dis!ic!io ac!uall+ o!iva!ed!*e leisla!ure.@

b) Stronger resu'tion wen involving e%enditures

Sc*wei7er v. &ilsoESC u1*eld deial o coor! allowaces !o

eed+, blid ad disabled.

Pro1er!+ :a/esEUeDual !a/a!io 9, so lo as is 1roduc! o

cosis!e!l+ a11lied law. eocra!ic a!ure i1or!a!. Seeordlier, but seeAlle*a+ ad 9lec*. Also, classiica!io o oeeou*. Alle*a+ Pi!!sbur* Coal v. &ebs!er Cou!+ESC s!ruc7 dow

ore accura!e !a/ assesse! sc*ee, cosis!e! wi!* S!a!ecos!i!u!io, w*e ol+ soe 1eo1le w*ere bei assessed b+s+s!e.

ordlier v. 6a*ESC u1*olds acDuisi!io based 1ro1er!+ !a/

s+s!e i! &AS oal o leisla!io, !*ereore u1*eld "eve !*ou*siilarl+ si!ua!ed 1eo1le would 1a+ diere! aou! o !a/es).

;illae o &illowbroo7 v. 9lec*ERe!alia!or+ reDuiree! o

easee! rea!er !*a !*a! reDuired o o!*ers siilarl+ si!ua!eds!ruc7 dow. 9!e ci!ed !o s*ow 1ro*ibi!io aais! arbi!rar+ orca1ricious adiis!ra!io.

B. STRICTSCRUTIN

1. RACIALLDISCRIMINATORPURPOSE

Laws wi!* raciall+ discriia!or+ 1ur1ose us! be ecessar+ !o a co1elli

overe! i!eres!.

a) istor! o* ,octrine

8row v. 8oard o duca!ioECour! ordered serea!io declari!*a! se1ara!e was o! eDual ad oe s*ould loo7 !o s1iri! o #4A.

orea!su ar!icula!ed eed or s!ric! scru!i+ or racial

classiica!ios w*ile u1*oldi Ba1aese i!ere!.

S!rauder coeced !radi!io o loo7i a! socialH1olic+

coseDueces o law cobied wi!* 1ur1ose o #4A.

b) $stablising ,iscri'inator! Purose

Rule ( P s*ows decisio a&"/, !*e ov. us! s*ow i! would

*ave ade sae decisio a+wa+. Arli!o 6ei*!s.

S+*=&; *' /$c#,&a*# 3%#3*$" $+'$ 0%#/"& !o . a+

!*e ei!*er S*ow law would *ave bee 1assed a+wa+ is a deese. %f.

6u!er v. Uderwood "#$5)"eoii disDualiica!io1rovisio 1reve!i c*ec7 boucers ro vo!i. S!a!earued 1ur1ose was !o diserac*ise 1oor w*i!es. SC oud!*a! was o! but-for 1ur1ose, diserac*isi AAs was),9R

S*ow ecessi!+ or co1elli overe! i!eres!.


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-cLau*li v. Florida "#$%4)ESC ivalida!ed 1ro*ibi!io o

i!erracial oari!al orica!io idi i! i1ossible or a law !obe cos!i!u!ioall+ valid >w*ic* a7es !*e criiali!+ o a ac!de1ed u1o !*e race o !*e ac!or.@ Foud law !o be ividiousdiscriia!io subec! !o s!ric! scru!i+.

Law a+ o! ive eec! !o 1riva!e biases. Palore v. Sido!i "#$5)

"Reversi cus!od+ award !o w*i!e o!*er w*ere u1brii wi!*blac7 a!*er i*! *ave bee ore 1aiul !o c*ild. 6ar coesro 1riva!e bias, o! cour!).

"#) Racall D$3a#a" I,3ac &$%''c"&.a. I,3ac al*&" ;"&"#all &$%''c"&. &as*i!o v. avis

"dis1ro1or!ioa!e ailure ra!e or AA 1olice a11lica!s dido! es!ablis* 1ur1ose), o!e !*a! S!eves cocurrecesues!ed !*a! ereious i1ac! i*! be suicie!.

b. Sa$cal E!/"&c". Goillio "ivalida!i AL lawcrea!i 2sided dis!ric! eec!ivel+ diserac*isi $5 oAAs).

c. Pa"#& *' /$c#,&a*# a33lca*&. ic7 &o v.6o17is "eve*aded lawc) -rlington eigts / &actors

F Cour! u1*eld a ci!+


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criiali!+ o a ac! de1ed u1o !*e race o !*e ac!or.@Foud law !o be ividious discriia!io subec! !o s!ric!scru!i+.

Lovi v. ;iriia. "#$%') "(valida!i isceea!io law

des1i!e eDual a11lica!io !o blac7s ad w*i!es).

"2) Sc*ool Serea!io. -ili7e v. 8radle+ "54 SC overruled is!ric!Cour! ude !*a! *ad ordered suburbai?ed deserea!io. SC said!*a! deserea!io ca ol+ be ordered aais! wrodoers).

2. EDUCATION

"#) :i!le (; is !rea!ed sae as #4A PC. Powell i 8a77e. :*ereore, i sc*oolacce1!s Federal oe+, +ou ca a11l+ !radi!ioal PC s!ric! scru!i+uris1rudece.

"2) S#c $c#%& reDuires a 1la !*a! is >arrowl+ !ailored !o a co1elli s!a!ei!eres!.@

"3) Acce1!ableHuacce1!able s!a!e i!eres!s"i) &ducational di"ersity. Gru!!er "9


14/27

"i) >-iori!+ role odels@ o! suicie!l+ co1elli i!eres! !o us!i+iri w*i!e !eac*ers. &+a! v. Bac7so Sc*ool 8oard.

"ii) iversi!+. -e!ro 8roadcas!i "over!ured).

"4) M"+*/$. Geerall+ reDuire "Croso)"i) (de!iied 1er1e!ra!ors"ii) Reed+ arrowl+ !ailored !o vic!is."iii) (! is uclear i beei!s us! ru !o !*e s1eciic idividuals or !o class"iv) Fidi ade b+ bod+ co1e!e! !o !*e !as7. "e.. cour!s, leisla!ive

bodies, bu! o! ecessaril+ 1eo1le o ro! lies.

eerece ive !o Coressioal idis o discriia!io.

Fullilove "1lurali!+)"u1*oldi Cooressioal racebased1reereces i overe! co!rac!i. o!e !*a! C. ade law,o! s!a!e).

Croso "sae se!asides seeed arbi!rar+ w*e eac!ed b+ ci!+

wi!* isuicie! ac!ual basis or coclusio eve !*ou* i! wasFullilove

"2) E6c"3*&$"i) S!a!es a+ lii! ri*! !o vo!e ad *old 1oli!ical oice."ii) S!a!es *ave o au!*ori!+ o illeal alies.

C. INTERMEDIATEREVIEW

1. GENDERDISCRIMINATION

a) Rule+ Inter'ediate Scrutin!

Gederbased classiica!ios us! be subs!a!iall+ rela!ed !o a i1or!a!

overe!al i!eres!. Crai v. 8ore "8rea, ivalida!es law allowiwoe !o dri7 bear a! # bu! e ol+ a! 2#. Pur1ose i1or!a!, bu! SCs7e1!ical !*a! eas was subs!a!iall+ rela!ed).

Gisbur *as called i! >e/ac!i scru!i+.@

F#$ +&EReed v. Reed "#$'#)ESC a11lies RR, bu! ivalida!es s!a!e1reerece or ale es!a!e adiis!ra!ors over eale oes. -ereadiis!ra!ive eiciec+ does

o! s!ric! scru!i+. %f. 8rea i Fro!iero v. Ric*ardso "ivalida!i

ili!ar+ reula!io reDuiri e 1roved de1edece w*ile assui i! orwoe).

b) Puroses


15/27

"#) P%#3*$" ,%$ 0" ac%al &* +3*+"cal *# 3*$ +*c. U.S. v. ;iriia

"2) E6c""/&;l 3"#$%a$!" i*! *ei*!e i!eredia!e review, bu!Lu1u disarees. U.S. v. ;iriia ";-().

c) Generall! struc0 down 3 e%cetions.

"#) P#"'"#"&al #"a,"& '*# =*,"&. ReDuires idi o ac!ual 1as!discriia!io. 6oa "ivalida!i woeol+ ursi sc*ooladissio

-aleol+ Selec!ive Service Reis!ra!io w*ere o

woe were allowed !o serve. Ros!7er v. Goldber"u1*eld rule bHc "i) e ad woe *ad real1*+sical dierece, "ii) ol+ e could ac!uall+i*!).

Sc*lesier v. 8allard "#$'5) "u1*oldi ederdierece i >u1 or ou!@ 1roo!io s+s!e becausee ad woe o! siilarl+ si!ua!ed wi!* res1ec!!o 1roo!ioal o11or!ui!ies). ot remediation.

"3) Ec*&*,c La=$ A/!a&a;&; W*,"&soe!ies 9 i narro#lytailored.

Caliao v. &ebs!er "#$'')u1*eld ederbased orula

or old ae beei!s because ol+ 1ur1ose was !o redress>los!adi dis1ara!e !rea!e! o woe.@

&eiberer v. &ieseeld "#$'5)E(valida!i s!a!e law

w*ic* aorded woe less 1ro!ec!io bHc Soc. Sec. beei!s

o wives< were 1aid ol+ !o iors bu! *usbads< 1aid !owie ad 7ids.

9rr v. 9rr "#$'$)E(valida!i AL law reDuiri alio+

1a+e!s !o wives bu! o! *usbads bHc *earis !ode!erie eed alread+ !oo7 1lace).

&eler v. ruis! -u!ual (s. Co. "#$0)E(valida!i

law reDuiri widowers, bu! o! widows, !o 1rovede1edece w*ere classiica!io did o! serve s!a!u!or+


16/27

1ur1ose o *el1i eed+ s1ouses because idividual*earis alread+ !oo7 1lace o eed.

2. DISABILIT

Ac!" RR. Clebure v. Clebure Livi Ce!er "SC a11lied RR !o ci!+ decisio

!o 1ro*ibi! e!all+ disabled acili!+ w*ile allowi ursi *oes ad o!*er

siilar). S7e1!icis. SC recoi?es ca disabili!+ ca ea o! siilarl+ si!ua!ed

bu! s7e1!ical ad read+ !o see as >desire !o !rea! disabledT as ou!siders,1aria*s, w*o do o! belo !o !*e coui!+.@

. ILLEGITIMAC

(!eredia!e Scru!i+ Subs!a!iall+ rela!ed (1. ov. ob. Clar7 v. Be!er, :ua

A* u+e

4. SE>UALORIENTATION

Ga+ arriae is uclear. S!a!e cases *ave idica!ed acce1!ace uder coce1!ios oP ad P. 8a7er, Goodrie, bu! 3' s!a!es 1assae o a!ia+ aede!s ad

9-A c*allee w*e!*er i! i*! >udae!al !o ordered liber!+.@ "P)

:ec*icall+, RR, bu! SC ore aressive. Roer.

a) Ro'er v. $vans+

SC ivalida!es Col. Aed. 2 1ro*ibi!ed 1assae o a+ laws 1ro!ec!i*oose/uals.

H RR wi!* bi!e."#) eies P o laws !o a 1ar!icular rou1."2) -o!iva!ed b+ aius !owards a 1oli!icall+ u1o1ular rou1.

Scalia :*i7s A2 ol+ deies s1ecial r!s., A !*i7s >aius@ is 9 adsociall+ acce1!able.

N :*is case !oes lie be!wee P ad P. Lawrece was a P case. :ribe!*i7s case i!e!ioall+ cola!es P ad P.

b) Sa'e"Se% #arriage

-ass. SC *eld ba viola!ed s!a!e P ad P clauses o Cos!. Goodrie

v. e1!. o 6eal!*.

;er. crea!ed civil uios i !*e wa7e o 8a7er v. ;ero! "s!a!e Cos!.

rouds).

e+ Oues!io o Lawrece ad Roer lead !o s!ri7i dowJ

Full Fai!* ad Credi! does

-arriae o! a ude!

Recoi!io based o coi!+, i1lica!i 1ublic 1olic+ ada+ s!a!es *ave 1assed s!a!e cos!i!u!ioal aede!s aais!i!.

eese o -arriae Ac! Preve!s Fed. ov. ro recoi?i a+

arriae, eve i s!a!e does, A, 1ro!ec!s s!a!e w*o reuse !o recoi?eo!*er


17/27

c) -dotion

Lo!o v. Florida. Flor. SC u1*eld a+ ado1!io 1ro*ibi!io o ra!ioal

basis rouds.

d) #ilitar!

Cos!i!u!ioali!+ o ba as well as level o scru!i+ i !*e air.

:wo rulis *ave *eld coduc! cao! be ra!ioall+ ierred ro

s!a!ee!s. -ei*old v. U.S. e1

D. OTHERCLASSIFICATIONSANDRATIONALBASIS

1. AGE

RR -ass. 8d. Re!iree! v. -uria "-ada!or+ re!iree! 1olic+ u1*eld

because 1eo1le over 50 o! discre!e ad isular iori!+, a la Carolee, F4 3).

2. POVERTANDWEALTH

RR w*e!*er de ure or de facto. Baes v. ;al!ierra "u1*oldi law reDuirireeredu !o issue low icoe *ousi bld. 1eri!s w*ere low icoe o!siled ou! because reereda used i a+ o!*er co!e/!s. -ere disadva!aidid o! rise !o P issue).

V. RIGHT TO BEAR ARMS &*ile !*e 2A 1ro!ec!s idividual ri*! !o bear ars, erso, !*e sco1e o 2A is uclear.

-iller, !*e ol+ case 1ur1or!i !o i!er1re! 2A s!a!es !*a! #eapons !*a! could be used b+

ili!ia are 1ro!ec!edN ruli is 1roblea!ic bHc i! would 1ro!ec! !oo a+ wea1os ad wasol+ arued o oe side.

A11roac* Saord Leviso arues !*ere are !e/!ual, *is!orical, s!ruc!ural, doc!rial ad 1rude!ial

reasos !o !a7e !*e 2A seriousl+.

3 sc*ools o !*ou*! o ri*! (dividual, collec!ive ad so1*is!ica!ed collec!ive.

erso.

:*is !*a! are uclear

(dividual ri*! e/is!s or o!J

Circui!s s1li!. erso, 5!*Cir. sa+s +es

S!adard o Review

Udue burde

(cor1ora!ioJ

1. SANFORDLEVINSON

"#) :e/!ual :e/! does

"2) 6is!orical S!ro arue! !*a! >ili!ia@ reers !o all 1eo1le.

o 1olice orce i #'$#

Fear o s!adi ar+ ad o!io ili!ia could re1lace ar+ or !e1er i!s

1ower.

Ar!. ( = .


18/27

>-ili!ia@ ea! all ablebodied, w*i!e e.

= Coress a+

call u1o ili!ia !o su11ress isurrec!io or re1el ivasio.

= Coress ca s1eci+ !*e rules o disci1lie, orai?a!io ad

ar !*e ili!ia.

"3) S!ruc!ural 2d

, $!*

ad #0!*

Aed. recoi?e i1or!ace o ci!i?er+ i re1ublicaor o overe!.

"4) oc!rial Problea!ic bHc ol+ doc!rie is -iller.

"5) Prude!ial Uli7el+ c!. would over!ur C.

2. US V. MILLER "#$3$)

-iller viola!ed a!ioal Firears Ac! orbiddi i!ers!a!e !ras1or!a!io o sawed

o double barrel s*o!us wi!*ou! 1a+i a !a/ 9l+ case 1ur1or!i !o i!er1re! 2A.

Li!!le value sice ol+ arued o oe side ad cr+1!ic

6eld Sawedo s*o!us *ave li!!le beari o !*e eec!iveess o a >well

reula!ed ili!ia.@ /ell then0 #hat about ba1ooka2s grenades3

. US V. EMERSON "5!* Cir. 200#)

erso covic!ed o irear 1ossessio w*ile uder a res!raii order or

!*rea!ei e/wie.H erso covic!io viola!ed ei!*er P or 2A.

ue Process

Lac7 o o!ice ew *e 1ossessed !*e wea1o ad s*ould *ave

7ow abou! law w*e sied a11lica!io. (suicie!l+ 1ar!iculari?ed ReD1eo1le,@ Cos!i!u!io

>8ear ars@ is bo!* idividual ad collec!ive.

>ee1 ars@ is idividual r!.

VI. FREEDOM OF SPEECH

A. THEOR

1. PURPOSES

T#%+. 8radeis cocurrece i &*i!e+.

-ar7e!1lace o (deas. 6oles disse! i Abras v. U.S.


19/27

S"l'-G*!"#&,"&. Ci!i?es eed iora!io !o a7e iored decisios

reardi overe!. 8rea i :ies Co. v. Sulliva.

A%*&*,. S1eec* is ecessar+ or ra!ioal decisios w*ic* are !*e basis o ree

will. Cardo?o i Pal7o, 8radeis cocurrece i &*i!e+.

2. HISTOR

lis* :radi!io

Prior Res!rai!

>8ad :edec+@

Sedi!ious Libel Sedi!io Ac! #'$ "ever ivalida!ed b+ SC, bu! C. re1ealed,

a1oloi?ed ad 1aid daaes).

. THEMES

"#) Facal Val/ !"#$%$ a$ a33l"/

Ac!io a+ be 1roscribable, bu! law ivalid a+wa+. Goodi.

"2) V"=3*& D$c#,&a*&. Geerall+ (1erissible

6a!e S1eec*. R.A.;.

9bscei!+. Aerica 8oo7sellers.

S+bolic S1eec*. 9

Ca!well. Goodi "8rea).

8radebur.

"5) Sc"&"#

Ac!ual i!e! reDuired or

(ci!ee!. 8radebur. SC Cri!ical o 1resued i!e!. %f.

&*i!e+, a!es. Libel. Sulliva. o! reDuired or 1riva!e 1erso. Greeoss.

(!iida!io. 8lac7 "ivalida!i leisla!ive 1resu1!io o

i!iida!io).

o! reDuired or

Fi*!i words. See Ca!well.

"%) L"!"l *' Ha#,

:edec+ versus iedia!e daer

:edec+ was !*e s!adard. >a!ural ad 1robable.@ Abras.

SC will ide1ede!l+ e/aie daerousess. Ladar7.

Uwi!!i /1osure eerall+ o! suicie!.

Fi*!i words. Co*e.


20/27

B. INCITEMENT Curre! :es!. 8radebur

"#) irec!ed a! ici!i or 1roduci iie! lawless ac!io, ad"2) (s li7el+ !o 1roduce suc* ac!io, ad

A!er 8radebur

SC reDuires iedia!e daer ad will be s7e1!ical o leisla!ive de!eria!ios.Ladar7.

&*e e/aii, c!. will reDuire clear idica!io o daer. 6ess, Claibore.

6is!orical evelo1e!

Cl"a# a&/ P#"$"& Da&;"#. Sc*ec7Fro*wer7ebs :rilo+

CP oud i dis!ribu!io o l+ers uri dra! resis!ace. Sc*ec7

>a!ural !edec+@ ad >reasoabl+ 1robable eec!@ ad i!e!. 6oles

i ebs. Ha&/ !. H*l,"$. &*i!e+ "6oles), -asses "6ad)

(ediac+. Cri!ical or 6oles, irreleva! or 6ad.

:edec+ or earl+ 6oles, cleares! e/1ressio or 6ad.

(!e!. 8o!* reDuire i!e!, bu! 6ad reDuires a11eal !o du!+.

R"/ Sca#" Ca$"$ SC u1*eld i!s os! Dues!ioable covic!ios, w*ic* 1resued

daerousess, Gi!low, ad seeed o! !o reDuire iiece. &*i!e+. 6olescocer or s1eec* 1ro!ec!io rew. isse! i bo!* cases. Fis7, eBoe adLowr+ sialed re!rea! wi!*ou! Dues!ioi &*i!e+ or Gi!low.

S,+ Ac P#*$"c%*&$. #$50s briel+ saw resurece o re1ressio duri

-cCar!*+ ra, eis, bu! as !*a! ervor died dow SC 1ared dow doc!rie.

1. CLEARANDPRESENTDANGER

( lad, !es! was >bad !edec+.@

Sc*ec7 v. US "#$#$)E-a covic!ed uder s1ioae Ac!, w*ic* criiali?ed

>isubordia!io, dislo+al!+, u!i+ or reusal o du!+,@ w*e *e dis!ribu!ed

l+ers uri 1ublic !o asser! ri*!s aais! dra!. Cl"a# a&/ 3#"$"& /a&;"#us!iies res!ric!io. 6oles.

Fro*wer7 v. US "#$#$)E>Circula!io o !*e 1a1er was i Duar!ers w*ere a li!!le

brea!* would be eou* !o 7idle a lae.@ 6oles.

ebs v. US "#$#$)Euee ebs covic!ed or s1eec* viola!i s1ioae ac!

w*e >a!ural !edec+@ A

>reasoabl+ 1robable eec!@ A

(!eded !o *ave eec!.@ 6oles

ote that the speech likely couldn2t ha"e effect0 but Holmes found

any#ay.

2. HANDV. HOLMES

ierece. &*i!e+ "6oles), -asses "6ad)

(ediac+. Cri!ical or 6oles, irreleva! or 6ad.

:edec+ or earl+ 6oles, cleares! e/1ressio or 6ad.

(!e!. 8o!* reDuire i!e!, bu! 6ad reDuires a11eal !o du!+.

Abras v. US "#$#$)EGera iira!s covic!ed uder s1ioae Ac! or

cur!aili 1roduc!io o war a!erials w*e !*e+ ured aui!io wor7ers !o


21/27

s!ri7e !*rou* 1a1*le!s. SC *eld !*a! >a!ural ad 1robable !edec+@ os1eec* was !o cur!ail 1roduc!io.

H*l,"$ "disse!)

(ediac+. braces ore s1eec* 1ro!ec!ive s!adard b+ reDuiri

euie iediac+. -ar7e!1lace o (deas. >:*e bes! !es! o !ru!* is !*e 1ower o !*e

!*ou*! !o e! i!sel acce1!ed i !*e co1e!i!io o !*e ar7e!.@

-asses Publ. Co. v. Pa!!e "#$#') P c*allees 1os!as!errevolu!ioar+@ aa?ie, w*ic* Pos!as!er clais would i1ede recrui!e!,viola!i s1ioae Ac!

Ha&/

>o 1ur1or! bu! !o cousel@ viola!io reDuired.

u!+. o! eou* !o cousel ac!io, us! ivo7e du!+.

. REDSCARECASES

Gi!low v. ew or7 "#$25)EGi!low was eber o radical couis! ac!io

sied a declara!io advoca!i eeral resis!ace.

SC u1*eld covic!io uder criial aarc*+ s!a!u!e deerri !o leisla!ivede!eria!io o s1eec*

abolis*i !*e wae s+s!e ad !a7i bac7 !*e ar!*. eBoe v. 9reo "#$3%)E ebers*i1 i Couis! Par!+.

6erdo v. Lowr+ "#$3')E(!e! !o resis! s!a!e s!a!u!e o basis o 1ossessio

o docue! uri vo!e or selde!eria!io.

4. SMITHACTPROSECUTIONS

Re1ressio Resurece ad Rela/a!io

eis v. US "#$5#)E9rai?a!io o a 1ar!+ advoca!i viole! over!*row

o overe! cos!i!u!ed clear ad 1rese! daer. CKP sees !o be !es!, !*ou* iiece is s!re!c*ed.

a!es v. US "#$5')E9ver!urs covic!io o Couis! Par!+ leaderbecause *e did

SC reDuires 7owlede o ulawul ais A i!e! !o ur!*er !*e.

Scales v. US "#$%#)EReD( ( ever e! a rile i +*ads, L8B will be !*e irs! oe.


22/27

. BRANDENBURGTEST

a) 2randenburg v. io"#$%$)F leader i1lies *ar, bu! does o! direc!l+ !*rea!e, AAs. 96 law w*o>advoca!e or !eac* !*e du!+, ecessi!+, or 1ro1rie!+@ o violece >as a eas oacco1lis*i idus!rial or 1oli!ical reor@N or w*o >us!i+@ coissio o

viole! ac!s, or w*o >volu!aril+ asseble@ wi!* a rou1 ored !o !eac*criial s+dicalis.H "1er curia) A/!*cac ,a *&l 0" 3#*+0"/ =+"&

(1) D#"c"/ a &c&; *# 3#*/%c&; ,,&"& la=l"$$ ac*&

AND

(2) I$ l"l * 3#*/%c" $%c+ ac*&.

AND

() La= ,%$ 0" &a##*=l al*#"/

6ere, law overbroad bHc icluded ere advocac+.N

Uclear i overrules eis o a!b) Post"2randenburg

6ess v. (diaa "#$'3)E9ver!ured covic!io or a w*o said >&e


23/27

C*a1lis7+ v. ew 6a1s*ire "#$42)EU1*eld covic!io uder law 1ro*ibi!i

'ac"-*-'ac" use o words li7el+ !o iduce reasoable 1erso !o violece. Casee/cludes i*!i words ro #A abi! w*e Be*ova*daed ascis!@ ad >rac7e!eer.@

Goodi v. &ilso "#$'2)EFaciall+ ivalida!es law 1ro*ibi!i use o >lauae,

!edi !o cause a breac* o !*e 1eace@ w*e a said !o co1 >ou w*i!e so o abi!c*, (

Sa&/a#/ew or7 :ies v. Sulliva "#$%4)EPolice c*ie sues :ies w*e *is 1olice

de1ar!e! is i1lica!ed i wave o Sou!*er re1ressio aais! AAs. H"l/ eaa!or+ alse*ood covic!io reDuires

eaa!io

ac!ual alice or rec7lessess or !ru!*.

9ver!urs CHL s!ric! liabili!+

La0l #";," A+!*i less !*a s!ric! liabili!+ is o7. 8u! SHL o7 or 1riva!e 1ersos

ad 1riva!e a!!ers Da,a;"$ Pui!ive ol+ allowed i rec7less or 7owi.

P#!a" P"#$*& 3#!a" c*&c"#& Ca& +a!" SL a&/ +a!" 3%&!" /a,a;"$.

S!adard

Public oicials

Public iures

Priva!e Fiures

Public 1ublis*i. Ger!?

A+ S!adards e/ce1! SHL

Ac!ual daaes ad 1ui!ive or ac!ual alice

Priva!e -a!!er. K8

A+ s!adard 97, eve SHL Ca e! 1resuedH1u.

P#&c3l"$

elie! liable ives brea!*i roo or 1ro!ec!ed s1eec*.

Lii!s o Liabili!+ de1ed o !*ree ac!ors

(de!i!+ o 1lai!i "1ublicH1riva!e)

(de!i!+ o deeda! "ediaHoedia)

a!ure o issue discussed "1ublicH1riva!e cocer)


24/27

Public iures, o! us! 1ublic oicials, icluded uder Sulliva. Cur!is Publis*i v.

8u!!sN but cf.Ger!?

Ger!? v. Rober! &elc* "#$'4)

S!a!es ca deie daaes as !*e+ wa! so lo as o! SHL

arrows deii!io o 1ublic iure !o e/clude 1roie! law+er.

Rosebloo v. -e!roedia "#$'#)ESues!s !*a! subect matter, o! 1erso is w*a!a!!ers. 4uestion

u K 8rads!ree! v. Greeoss 8uilders "#$5)EPlurali!+ *eld ac!ual alice o!

reDuired w*e deali wi!* a!!ers o 1riva!e cocer.

E. HATESPEECH P#*$c#0&; ,*!" !"#$%$ $3""c+

S1eec* c*&"& a+ o! be 1uis*ed !*rou* !"=3*& /$c#,&a*&. THIS

APPLIES TO ALL SPEECH LAWS.R.A.;. E6c "#) -iial ris7 o idea su11ressio or "2) s1eec* *as coduc!li7e

>secodar+ eec!s.@ "*arasse! a! wor7).

S1eec* as &,/a*& a+ be 1uis*ed. 8lac7. -essae ca evidece ,*!", w*ic* a+ e*ace criial 1eal!ies. -i!c*ell.

Sc"&"# (!e! us! be 1rove b+ s!a!e, cao! be 1resued. %ompare 8lac7 #ith

&*i!e+ "SC uwilli !o c*allee law1. VIEWPOINTDISCRIMINATION

R.A.;. v. S!. Paul "#$$2)EFaciall+ ivalida!i uici1al >8ias -o!iva!ed Crie@

ordiace w*e a !eeaer was covic!ed or buri a cross o AAi*!i words.@ E6c"3*& V"=3*& /$c#,&a*& O@ =+"& daer o idea

su11ressio iial or s1eec* *as coduc!li7e secodar+ eec!s"e.. se/ual *arasse! ad o11ressive wor7 eviroe!).

N

:*is case 7illed !*e a!i*a!e s1eec* leal ovee!.

SC could *ave ivalida!ed as overbroad uder C*a1lis7+, bu! we!

ou! o i!s wa+ !o ci!e view1oi! discriia!io. Lu1u


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-o!ive v. view1oi! RA; criiali?ed epression of idea, i 1ublic or

1riva!e, o! a+ coduc! obec!ivel+ u1ro!ec!ed b+ #A. ( -i!c*ell, SCs!ar!s wi!* criial coduc! ad uses view1oi! as evidece o o!ive.

. SPEECHASINTIMIDATION(THREATS)

;iriia v. 8lac7 "2003)EU1*eld covic!io o lasa, 8lac7 or buri a cross

uder ;ir. law criiali?i crossburi >wi!* !*e i!e! o i!iida!i a 1ersoor rou1 o 1ersos.@ Law 1resued i!e! ro ac! o crossburi.

H S!a!e a+ 1eali?e i!e! !o i!iida!e 1erso or rou1. &isc. law

sou*! !o 1ro*ibi! >a 1ar!icularl+ virule! or o i!iida!io.@ (valida!ed 1resu1!io o i!e! "see &*i!e+0 1resui i!e!

ro ebers*i1).

F. SE>UALLE>PLICITE>PRESSION

1. OBSCENIT

a) #iller v. Cali*ornia"#$'3)F covic!ed uder s!a!u!e 1ro*ibi!i usolici!ed aili o obsceea!erials "does

"2) o eed !o s*ow *ar."3) Privac+, P, does o! cover viewi 1or i 1ublic 1lace.

B#"&&a& :oo !ou* !o draw lie ol+ coveri obscei!+ A !*a! wei*isocial value o s1eec* "soe versus serious) is 1recluded b+ #A. Arued orre1eali all laws.

c) 5er! di**icult to sow real ar'

"#) 9ese !o uwilli oloo7ers. Reec!ed i Co*e."2) (ducee! !o criial coduc!. o real evidece o causa!io, cer!ail+o CKP daer. %f. $he Attorney 8eneral2s %ommission on +ornography"#$%)."3) rodi oral s!adards. isle+ Pic!ures soew*a! uderies b+*oldi e/1ressio o ioral ideas isuicie! !o su11ress s1eec*.


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"4) 6ari social abric. C!. 1a!eralis!icall+ 1ro!ec!s 1eo1le. "8urer iParis Adul!).

d) -*ter Paris and #iller

Bur+ de!eries coui!+ s!adards. Si!* v. US "#$''), 8U:

;alue o! easured b+ local s!adards. Po1e v. (lliois.

2. CHILDPORNOGRAPH

D''"#$ '#*, #";%la# *0$c"&. ew or7 v. Ferber "#$'#) "U1*eld covic!io

uder law criiali?i &*=&; 1roduc!io, direc!io or 1roo!ioicludi se/ual coduc! o ior).

Reaso Priar+ *ar is !o c*ildre, o! udiere!ia!ed social *ar.

o r!. !o 1riva!e 1ossessio. 9sbor v. 9*io "#$$0).

eed o! be wor7 as a w*ole.

o e/ce1!io or serious value.

-ere de1ic!io o c*ildre i se/ual ac!s o! 1roscribable, c*ildre us! be

ivolved. As*cro! v. Free S1eec* Coali!io "ivalida!i C*ild Porora1*+

Preve!io Ac!).

. PORNOGRAPHASFEMALESUBORDINATION

a) -'er. 2oo0sellers -ss6n v. udnut"#$%)F (valida!ed (diaa1olis versio o -aciowor7i S!a!u!e w*ic*deied 1orora1*+ as de1ic!ios o woe bei se/uall+ subordia!ed oreo+i bei *ur! or *uilia!ed or bei de1ic!ed as obec!s.H "as!erbroo7)

(1) V"=3*& /$c#,&a*& Sa+s soe de1ic!ios are 9 ad o!*er

willul des!ruc!io o dra! card. H T"$ '*# la=$ ;*!"#&&; $,0*lc $3""c+

"#) 9!*erwise wHi cos! 1ower o ov!"2) Fur!*ers i1or!a! or subs!a!ial ov! i!eres!. Here0 maintainingdraft card system.

"3) c#%cal 8 ov! i!eres! is urela!ed !o su11ressio o ree e/1ressio"a) :ie i 1lace reula!io 9"b) ( rela!ed, does

"4) arrowl+ :ailored icide!al res!ric!io o #s! A reedos o rea!er!*a esse!ial !o ur!*eri !*a! i!eres!

eed o! be leas! res!ric!ive al!era!ive.


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S"6%al ac$ &* c*&/%c. Arcara v. Cloud "#$%)EU1*eld closure o adul!

boo7s!ore w*ere se/ual ac!s ad solici!a!ios !*ereore occurred iside bHc se/ualcoduc! is o! ree s1eec*.

2. STRICTSCRUTIN

:e/as v. Bo*so "#$$)E9ver!uri covic!io uder :e/. la desecra!io s!a!u!e

o as a11lied basis. H 9

Documents

Constitutional Law II - Lupu - Fall 2004