Conservatism and Liberalism Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. We have seen the relative

Conservatism and Conservatism and Liberalism Liberalism

Examples of Conservatism that is Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe.shaken in Europe.

We have seen the relative success of We have seen the relative success of the conservative order in Europe the conservative order in Europe against the forces of Liberalismagainst the forces of Liberalism

A quick Review:A quick Review:

Conservatism and Conservatism and LiberalismLiberalism

The Habsburgs: Metternich is able The Habsburgs: Metternich is able to manage the multinational Empire to manage the multinational Empire without having any without having any successfulsuccessful movement towards ethnic Autonomymovement towards ethnic Autonomy

The German Confederation will be The German Confederation will be the way that Austria controls the way that Austria controls German states and profits from their German states and profits from their economic primacyeconomic primacy


Prussia: Frederick William III Prussia: Frederick William III rescinds his promise of a movement rescinds his promise of a movement toward Constitutionalism toward Constitutionalism

He also re-establishes the power of He also re-establishes the power of the the JunkerJunker class and they rule the class and they rule the Diets Diets that he had formedthat he had formed

The The Carlsbad DecreesCarlsbad Decrees are are emblematic of the repression of emblematic of the repression of Nationalist and Liberal thinkingNationalist and Liberal thinking


Great Britain: Great Britain: The Government favors the wealthy The Government favors the wealthy

with legislation like the with legislation like the Corn LawsCorn Laws The Peterloo Massacre leads to the The Peterloo Massacre leads to the

Six ActsSix Acts The Six Acts rescind many rights The Six Acts rescind many rights

Guaranteed by the Bill of RightsGuaranteed by the Bill of Rights


France:France: Bourbon Restoration – The Charter Bourbon Restoration – The Charter

is an attempt to bridge the gains of is an attempt to bridge the gains of the Revolution and the rising tide of the Revolution and the rising tide of MonarchismMonarchism

Ultraroyalist pressure is displayed in Ultraroyalist pressure is displayed in the change in the electoral laws, the the change in the electoral laws, the censorship of the press and the censorship of the press and the control of education by the Catholic control of education by the Catholic Church Church


Conservatism will be Conservatism will be institutionalized by the institutionalized by the Congress Congress System/Concert of EuropeSystem/Concert of Europe

The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brings The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle brings France back into the France back into the foldfold, and troops , and troops are withdrawn by the Big Fourare withdrawn by the Big Four

Yet, even within the Congress Yet, even within the Congress System, there was no sense of unitySystem, there was no sense of unity


The Conservative Order Shaken The Conservative Order Shaken in Europein Europe

Russia: Decembrist Revolt in 1825Russia: Decembrist Revolt in 1825 Alexander I – moves away from Alexander I – moves away from

Enlightenment ideals and suppresses Enlightenment ideals and suppresses Liberalism and nationalismLiberalism and nationalism

Russian officer, exposed to the ideals of Russian officer, exposed to the ideals of France through Napoleons troops, France through Napoleons troops, develop more progressive ideals develop more progressive ideals


Secret societies within the Army Secret societies within the Army begin to challenge the Tsars powerbegin to challenge the Tsars power Abolish SerfdomAbolish Serfdom Constitutional MonarchyConstitutional Monarchy Yet, they wish retain the power of the Yet, they wish retain the power of the

AristocracyAristocracy


Dynastic CrisisDynastic Crisis Alexander I DiesAlexander I Dies He has He has no direct heirsno direct heirs Brother Constantine marries non Brother Constantine marries non

royalroyal Nicholas, younger brother, is the Nicholas, younger brother, is the

new Tsar Both brothers new Tsar Both brothers acknowledge the others, and there is acknowledge the others, and there is a vacuum of leadershipa vacuum of leadership


Nicholas eventually gains the Nicholas eventually gains the support of the Army, and takes oversupport of the Army, and takes over

A pledge of loyalty is made to the A pledge of loyalty is made to the Tsar Nicholas, but the Moscow Tsar Nicholas, but the Moscow regiment, loyal to Constantine, regiment, loyal to Constantine, refuse to recognize Nicolasrefuse to recognize Nicolas

This is the This is the Decembrist RevoltDecembrist Revolt, and , and Nicholas puts it down brutallyNicholas puts it down brutally


Nicholas reverts to Autocracy after the Nicholas reverts to Autocracy after the revolt, but the revolt will be one of many revolt, but the revolt will be one of many against the Tsar’sagainst the Tsar’s

Nicholas is the Nicholas is the typical conservativetypical conservative who who recognizes the need for change but recognizes the need for change but cannot let go of traditional social and cannot let go of traditional social and economic institutions…like serfdomeconomic institutions…like serfdom

Secret police and censorship were also Secret police and censorship were also advocatedadvocated


Official “Russian” Nationality pressed Official “Russian” Nationality pressed for a unified Russia…which meant for a unified Russia…which meant refusal of acceptance of ethnic refusal of acceptance of ethnic diversitydiversity

Religious control of SchoolsReligious control of Schools Enforced lack of social mobilityEnforced lack of social mobility Only the Autonomy of the Tsars was Only the Autonomy of the Tsars was

seen as possibility of success for the seen as possibility of success for the peoplepeople


Russia and the Repression of PolandRussia and the Repression of Poland Russian rules Poland under the Russian rules Poland under the

Tsar’s controlTsar’s control News of the Nationalist revolts in News of the Nationalist revolts in

France and Belgium (1830) spur France and Belgium (1830) spur disturbances in Polanddisturbances in Poland

Poland “disposes” of the Tsar as Poland “disposes” of the Tsar as ruler of Polandruler of Poland

Russia represses the revoltRussia represses the revolt


The French “Revolution” of 1830The French “Revolution” of 1830 Louis Brother, and Ultraroyalist, Louis Brother, and Ultraroyalist,

takes the throne after Louis dies in takes the throne after Louis dies in 18241824

Charles X will be a reactionary Charles X will be a reactionary against the gains of the revolution against the gains of the revolution

As he rescinds many of the gains of As he rescinds many of the gains of the Revolution, another revolt will be the Revolution, another revolt will be causedcaused


Aristocrats are to be returned land lost Aristocrats are to be returned land lost during the Revolutionduring the Revolution

Primogeniture is restoredPrimogeniture is restored Strengthens the Catholic ChurchStrengthens the Catholic Church There is a liberal resurgence in the There is a liberal resurgence in the

elections of 1827, but Charles will elections of 1827, but Charles will eventually call for new elections in 1830 eventually call for new elections in 1830 to get his Chamber of Deputies back on a to get his Chamber of Deputies back on a conservative track conservative track


1830 – Elections are a victory for the 1830 – Elections are a victory for the liberalsliberals

Charles issues the Four Ordinances Charles issues the Four Ordinances in July of 1830 – based on the in July of 1830 – based on the Monarchical victories in North Monarchical victories in North AfricaAfrica

These ordinances were effectively a These ordinances were effectively a coup taking over the Governmentcoup taking over the Government


Four Ordinances:Four Ordinances: Restrict freedom of the pressRestrict freedom of the press Dissolves the Liberal Chamber of Dissolves the Liberal Chamber of

DeputiesDeputies Restricts the franchise to only the Restricts the franchise to only the

wealthiestwealthiest Calls for new elections to stack the govt Calls for new elections to stack the govt

in the monarchies favorin the monarchies favor This is the so-called “July Revolution”This is the so-called “July Revolution”


Troops are called to put down Troops are called to put down popular rebellion, and Charles X popular rebellion, and Charles X actually Abdicates and exiles himself actually Abdicates and exiles himself to Englandto England

Charles might have been successful Charles might have been successful if he had proper troop placement in if he had proper troop placement in ParisParis

Yet the liberals did not want a Yet the liberals did not want a republic and wanted to avoid the republic and wanted to avoid the chaos of post-1792 Francechaos of post-1792 France


Louis Philippe and the “New France”Louis Philippe and the “New France” He become the King of the FrenchHe become the King of the French The tri-color is re-establishedThe tri-color is re-established Catholicism was scaled backCatholicism was scaled back Censorship was abolishedCensorship was abolished The King was bound to cooperate with the The King was bound to cooperate with the

Chamber of DeputiesChamber of Deputies Yet, it remained a very Yet, it remained a very conservativeconservative Country Country

economicallyeconomically


Yet…Yet… No sympathy for the working classesNo sympathy for the working classes No job protection or wage controlNo job protection or wage control


Britain the the Britain the the Great Reform BillGreat Reform Bill Parliamentary elections in 1829 began Parliamentary elections in 1829 began

a call for some manner of reforma call for some manner of reform Here we will see more cooperation Here we will see more cooperation

between the calls for reform and those between the calls for reform and those who seek to maintain the status quowho seek to maintain the status quo

Why the accession to reform?Why the accession to reform? Why is Britain “ready” for Reform?Why is Britain “ready” for Reform?


The Growth of the Industrial class The Growth of the Industrial class and the commercial class meant that and the commercial class meant that government would have to deal with government would have to deal with themthem

Whig aristocrats had, historically Whig aristocrats had, historically been in favor of reformbeen in favor of reform

Civil Liberties, violated by previous Civil Liberties, violated by previous administrations, would not be administrations, would not be tolerated tolerated foreverforever


Catholic Emancipation Act: = Fear Catholic Emancipation Act: = Fear of an Irish Rebellion William Pitt the of an Irish Rebellion William Pitt the Younger gets the Act of Union Younger gets the Act of Union PassedPassed

Ireland gets 100 reps in the Ireland gets 100 reps in the Parliament, (but they are Protestant Parliament, (but they are Protestant only), to represent the Catholic only), to represent the Catholic MajorityMajority

This, of course, will engender even This, of course, will engender even more Irish resistancemore Irish resistance


Irish Resistance leads to a Irish Resistance leads to a concession to Parliamentary concession to Parliamentary Representation by Irish CatholicsRepresentation by Irish Catholics

Robert Peel pushes Catholic Robert Peel pushes Catholic Emancipation in 1828Emancipation in 1828

Yet, Wellington received much Yet, Wellington received much resistance from the Anglican Tories resistance from the Anglican Tories


Change through LegislationChange through Legislation The Great Reform BillThe Great Reform Bill

Increases the size of the electorate…Increases the size of the electorate…but…but…

It increases the number of voters by It increases the number of voters by 200,000200,000

But, property was still determining the But, property was still determining the franchisefranchise

It was not a triumph of the Middle ClassIt was not a triumph of the Middle Class

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Conservatism and Liberalism Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. Examples of Conservatism that is shaken in Europe. We have seen the relative