A. Link the following pairs of sentences using the linking words in brackets.

1. Ted has a blue sweater. His brother has one too. (both ... and)

2. Ted likes sweets very much. He likes good food too. (not only ... but also)

3. Mary is coming on Saturday. Her mother is also coming. (not only .... but also)

4. People speak Portuguese in Portugal. They also speak Portuguese in Braziland Angola. (as well as)

5. Mr Davis took his hat. He also took his umbrella. (as well as)

6. This coat was a good purchase. It is good. It was cheap. (what is more)

7. He cheated in his examination. He was expelled (because)

8. It was raining. Tom went to school by bus. (as)

9. It is raining very hard. We'd better stay in. (so)

10. You are so thin. You don't eat enough. (that's why)

11. He had no difficulty in getting a scholarship for the University. He was a very good student. (since)

12. Dinner is ready. I'll set the table. (since)

13. I can't afford a new car. The old one will have to do (so)

14. The authorities forbade the demonstration. They threat to put to jail all the demonstrators. (moreover)

15. They closed all the streets around the Parliament. The demonstrators couldn't get close to it. (thus)

 

B. Complete using one of the following linking words. More than one answer is possible in some sentences.

As a result of; as well as; because; because of; besides;  due to ; moreover ; not only … but also; so; that’s why; therefore

1. _______________ the fog many flights have been cancelled.

2. He looked like a beggar ____________ he was wearing shabby clothes.  

3. ____________ the terrible accident they had last week, the Browns are a still in hospital.

4. The doctor’s prognosis is still reserved, _________ we don't know whether the Browns can spend the holiday at home.

5. Peter is lucky; he is ____________good-looking, __________ intelligent. All the girls like him.

6. The traffic was heavy. __________ my car broke down. __________ I arrived late to the meeting.

7. The plane was late. ___________ I couldn't arrive on time for my son's birthday party.

8. ____________ last night’s thunderstorm there was a power failure.

9. The power failure caused all kinds of problems with the computers, ___________ an enormous confusion among everybody.

10. He arrived late ____________ he missed the bus. ________ it was raining very much.

 

 

C. Link these sentences, using the correct linking word (as; as well as; because; because of; both ... and; moreover; since; so; that's why; therefore)

 

1.   Ted is   good at school. He is good at sports too.

2.   I was really interested in that house. It was new. The rent was not too high.

3.   Peter was found guilty. Jack was found guilty too.

4.   He was a good School Captain. He won the respect of his schoolfellows

5.   It's time for you to go to bed. Say good-night to everyone.

6.   It is raining very much. We'd better stay in.

7.   He had to buy a new coat. The old one was worn-out and shabby.

8.  The boy ate so much. He had indigestion.

9.  The old pipe was rusty. It had to be replaced.

10. She has been very kind to us. I'd like to offer her something she really likes.

Connectors to express contrast: however (contudo); although (embora); in spite of (apesar de); nevertheless (contudo)

D. Choose the correct  connector

I bought the CD you recommended, however/in spite of I didn’t like it.

Although/In spite of we told her the truth, she didn’t believe us.

Although/ In spite of their poor game, they won the match.

The winner managed to overcome his rival in spite/although he was stronger

Most people keep using cars although/however they cause much pollution.

However/Despite feeling cold, they didn’t turn on the heater.

Bill had a terrible headache; although/however he kept working.

Despite/Although having all the necessary books, he doesn’t use them to study.

E. Use the appropriate  connector: although, however, in spite of/despite, nevertheless

………… she works a lot, she doesn’t deserve a raise.

…………. not being prepared for the test, she had to do it.

She was ill, she had to go to school.

Everybody knows he is a liar, ………….. he was not dismissed.

…………… it was sunny, there was nobody at the beach.

Thomas will do the job ……………….. he is on holiday.

……………. arriving later he finished work earlier than the others.

The new waitress seems honest and diligent, ………………….. the boss doesn’t like her.

F. Rewrite as follows.

1. Pam was not felling well, however she went to school.

Although …

In spite of …

2. Tom was seriously advised by his teacher, but he insisted in disturbing the

class.

Although …

In spite of …

3. I tried several times, but I couldn’t find a taxi.

Although,

In spite of …

4. Although he felt tired, he stayed up to keep us company.

Despite …

5. They didn’t have much time, however they came to visit us.

In spite of ….

6. He is too old, but he still does his gymnastic every morning.

Although ….

In spite of / Despite ….

7. Although the shirts are very expensive, people buy them because they are trendy.

In spite of …

8.      Although he had no qualifications for it, he got the job.

In spite of ….

Purpose Conjunctions (Conjunções finais)

to (para); in order to (de modo a); so as to (de modo a); so that (para que)

A conjunção “so that” é sempre seguida de um   modal verb: can/ could; may/might; will/would)

 

EXERCISES

G. Rewrite these sentences, using the linking words in brackets. Follow the example.

 

1.Everyone was pushing because they wanted to get to the front of the queue. ( order to)

    Example: Everyone was pushing in order to get to the front of the queue.

2   A lot of people learn English because they want to study in England. (in order to)

3.  Try to write clearly. That way you will avoid being misunderstood. (so as to)

4.  What do I need to know, if I want to be a good doctor? (in order to)

5.  She turned up early because she wanted to get the room ready (in order to)

6.  If you want to have a hundred students, you will need at least three teachers. (in order to)

7.  I came to live in the country because I wanted to have trees around me instead of buildings. (so as to )

8.  They had to eat grass and drink melted snow if they wanted to stay alive. (in order to)

9.  He wanted to keep his car out of sight so he left it in the road. (in order to)

10.  I wanted to get to Madrid on time, so I had to travel overnight from Barcelona (to)

 

H. Rewrite these sentences using in order to. Follow the example.

1. (Example) We spoke quietly, because we didn’t want to disturb anyone.

    We spoke quietly in order not to disturb anyone.

2. She moved carefully, because she didn’t want to wake the children.

3. He sat quietly on the corner, because he didn’t want to be seen.

4. I gave up sugar and butter, because I didn’t want to put on weight.

 

b) Now write these sentences using so as to

1. (Example) She used both hands, because she didn’t want to drop anything.

   She used both hands, so as not to drop anything.         

1. We went over everything carefully, because we didn’t want to make any mistakes.

2. She left quietly, because she didn’t want to make any trouble.

3. We covered the furniture, because we didn’t want to get paint all over it.

 

I.  Rewrite these sentences using so that

1. (example) He lifted me up because he wanted me to see what was happening.

He lifted me up, so that I could see what was happening.

2. The houses were knocked down  to build car parks and office blocks.

3. I sat next to the window, because I wanted to see out.

4. He tied a knot in his handkerchief, because he didn’t want to forget her message.

5. I waved my arms. I wanted them to see me.

6. He wanted the report early, because he wanted to discuss it with colleagues.

7. We will take a telescope. We want to see the birds without getting too close.

8. I’ll fasten the donkey, because I don’t want it to escape.

9. She left her address. She wanted us to forward her letters.

10. He wears a disguise. He didn’t want his friends to recognise him.

 

J. Rewrite as indicated below

He does gymnastics in the bathroom to keep fit.

a)  He does gymnastics in the bathroom in order to ...

b) He does gymnastics in the bathroom so that ...

2. She chose her words very carefully. She didn’t want to offend him.

She chose her words very carefully  so that ...

3. The secretary gave her all the instructions. She wanted  to apply for the job.

The secretary gave her all the instructions so that ...

4. He drove as fast as he could. He  wanted to reach the airport in time.

He drove as fast as he could  so as to ...

5. He took a taxi to the airport. That way he didn’t miss the plane.

He took a taxi to the airport  so as to ...

He took a taxi to the airport  so that ...

6. He took all the due precautions. He didn’t raise any suspicions.

He took all the precautions so as not to .....

7. He took a medicine. He wanted to recover

He took a medicine in order to ...

He took a medicine so that ...

8. The teacher spoke very clearly. He wanted the students to fulfil his instructions exactly.

The teacher spoke very clearly so that ...

9. I told him everything. I wanted him to know how to do it.

I told him everything so that ...

10. She is singing  sweetly. She doesn't want to disturb the sleeping child.

She is singing sweetly in order not to ....

She is singing sweetly, so that ...

11. He is looking for a second  job. He wants to make some  extra money.

He is looking for a second job so as to ...

He is looking for a second job so that ...

12. I brought  him some books. I wanted him to choose the one that interested him the most.

 I brought  him some books so that ...

Linking words (Conjunções)

K. Time connectors (temporais)

Combine each pair of sentences to make a title of a pop song. Use the following time connectors : as soon as (logo que), before (antes), since (desde), when (quando), while (enquanto), until (até). Follow the example.

Think of me – I’m away.                                     Think of me while I’m away

I’ll love you – I die                                                _______________________

I hear music – I see you.                                     _______________________

Come home –  It’s too late.                                _______________________

I’ve been sad – You left.                                     _______________________

I fell in love – We met.                                        _______________________

 

  L. Other connectors (Outras conjunções)

    Put in these words: although (embora); because (porque); but (mas); if (se); in case (no caso de); in order to (de modo a); in spite of (apesar de); so (por isso); so that (para que); unless (a menos que).

__________________ it was late, Alex didn’t seem in a  hurry to leave.

They put video cameras in shops ____________________ stop people stealing things.

I decided not to go out for a meal ______________________ I couldn’t afford it.

 __________________________ you’re ready, we can start now.

Our room was very small, ___________________________ we didn’t mind it at all.

No one was watching television, ________________________ I switched it off.

You can’t drive a car _______________________________ you’ve got a license.

___________________________ having absolutely no talent, the man became a popular TV personality.

Voicky sent us a map ________________________ we could find her house.

I think my answers are right, but  can I just check them with yours ______________________ I’ve  made a mistake?

M. Choose the correct linking word.

A: We  hadn’t any bread, ______________________ 1 (because/so) I went to the  shop. I needed some __________________ 2 (so that/to) make sandwishes. I got there just ____________________ 3 (after/before) the shop closed and luckily they had some left.

B: Does the little shop stay open _____________________ 4 (after/before) the supermarket has closed?

A: Yes, it stays open till ten o’clock. It’s very convenient, _______________ 5 (but/in spite of) it’s rather expensive. I always go there __________________ 6 (if/in case) I need just one or two things. I didn’t go to the supermarket ________

7 (if/unless) I need a lot.

B: The shop must have done much less business ________________________ 8 (since/until) the supermarket has been there.

A: I don’t like the supermarket __________________________ 9 (although/in spite of)  having a much bigger choice. I go there ____________________ 10 (because/so) it’s cheaper.