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Conflict in China: Conflict in China: The Chinese Civil War The Chinese Civil War
and Moreand More
Questions to ponder…Questions to ponder…
• What problems did the new What problems did the new republic of China face?republic of China face?
• Why did the Civil War erupt Why did the Civil War erupt between the Guomindang between the Guomindang (Nationalists) and the (Nationalists) and the Communists?Communists?
• As of 1911, the Qing dynasty collapsed.As of 1911, the Qing dynasty collapsed.• Sun Yat Sen – new president, wanted to Sun Yat Sen – new president, wanted to
rebuild China according to the Three rebuild China according to the Three Principles – nationalism, democracy, and Principles – nationalism, democracy, and economic security for everyoneeconomic security for everyone
• However, the leadership of Sun Yat Sen is However, the leadership of Sun Yat Sen is not working, and China quickly falls into not working, and China quickly falls into chaos. chaos.
• As China plunged further into trouble.As China plunged further into trouble.• ““Twin evils” – warlord uprisings and foreign Twin evils” – warlord uprisings and foreign
imperialismimperialism• Local warlords seized their own power and Local warlords seized their own power and
forced peasants to suffer terrible hardships. forced peasants to suffer terrible hardships. (i.e. taxes to support armies)(i.e. taxes to support armies)
• Another issue that China will deal with at that Another issue that China will deal with at that time is foreign imperialism.time is foreign imperialism.
Foreign InfluenceForeign Influence• How does the Paris Peace Conference at the How does the Paris Peace Conference at the
end of WWI relate to this issue?end of WWI relate to this issue?• What is the response of the Chinese What is the response of the Chinese
nationalists?nationalists?• During WWI, Japan gave China the Twenty-During WWI, Japan gave China the Twenty-
One Demands, a series of humiliating One Demands, a series of humiliating measures that would make China a Japanese measures that would make China a Japanese protectorate; China was too weak to resist protectorate; China was too weak to resist and had to give in and had to give in
• After WWI, the Allies gave Japan control over After WWI, the Allies gave Japan control over German possessions in China.German possessions in China.
• The Nationalists were infuriated. The Nationalists were infuriated.
The May 4The May 4thth Movement Movement• 5/4/1919- student protests erupted in Beijing, 5/4/1919- student protests erupted in Beijing,
and then spread throughout China.and then spread throughout China.• This led to the movement (nationalistic, This led to the movement (nationalistic,
intellectual)intellectual)• Wanted to go away from traditions of China Wanted to go away from traditions of China
(ex. Confucianism) and become modernized (ex. Confucianism) and become modernized – What Asian nation made this decision – What Asian nation made this decision earlier?earlier?
• Women played a role in changing the culture Women played a role in changing the culture of China during this movement.of China during this movement.
• They joined marches and campaigned to end They joined marches and campaigned to end arranged marriages and the role of women in arranged marriages and the role of women in the home.the home.
The Influence of RussiaThe Influence of Russia
• What had been going on What had been going on in Russia?in Russia?
• Who led this Who led this “movement”?“movement”?
• Why would the ideas of Why would the ideas of Marx and Lenin be so Marx and Lenin be so appealing to the youth of appealing to the youth of China?China?
Further ChangesFurther Changes
• By 1921 the Nationalists established a By 1921 the Nationalists established a government in south China.government in south China.
• Sun planned to raise an army and defeat all Sun planned to raise an army and defeat all the warlords. the warlords.
• When democratic nations refused to help, When democratic nations refused to help, what did Sun do? What would you have what did Sun do? What would you have done?done?
• The Soviets helped train the Nationalists and The Soviets helped train the Nationalists and prepared them for the warlords.prepared them for the warlords.
• When Sun dies in 1925, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang When Sun dies in 1925, Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai-Shek) takes over. He rules with an iron Kai-Shek) takes over. He rules with an iron fist. fist.
• Chiang and his Nationalist Party allied Chiang and his Nationalist Party allied themselves with the Communists in a themselves with the Communists in a combined effort to defeat the warlords in combined effort to defeat the warlords in northern China.northern China.
• The Communists were starting to gain more The Communists were starting to gain more support among the proletariat in cities; support among the proletariat in cities; Chiang turned on the Communists. In 1927, Chiang turned on the Communists. In 1927, the Nationalists killed thousands in the Nationalists killed thousands in massacres. massacres.
• This was the beginning of the CHINESE CIVIL This was the beginning of the CHINESE CIVIL WAR (1927 – 1949) – 22 yearsWAR (1927 – 1949) – 22 years
• However, one young Communist survived.However, one young Communist survived.
Mao in 1935 at the time of the Long March
Mao ZedongMao Zedong
• A young revolutionary, who disagreed A young revolutionary, who disagreed with many other Communists on where with many other Communists on where the Communists should gain their the Communists should gain their support.support.
• Mao believed the support should come Mao believed the support should come from the ever growing peasant class, from the ever growing peasant class, and not the PROLETARIAT (working and not the PROLETARIAT (working class).class).
• Do you see the logic in his decision?Do you see the logic in his decision?
The Long MarchThe Long March
• In 1934, Mao and roughly 100,000 of his In 1934, Mao and roughly 100,000 of his followers fled the Nationalists.followers fled the Nationalists.
• Over the next year (370 days), they Over the next year (370 days), they trekked 6,000 miles. trekked 6,000 miles.
• Only 8,000 people survived the ordeal.Only 8,000 people survived the ordeal.
• How does this endear Mao to his How does this endear Mao to his followers?followers?
Mao’s rulesMao’s rules
• During the march, Mao had rules for his During the march, Mao had rules for his soldiers.soldiers.– Do not take a single needle or piece of thread Do not take a single needle or piece of thread
from the people;from the people;– Turn in everything you capture;Turn in everything you capture;– Treat peasants politely;Treat peasants politely;– Pay for goods they wanted; andPay for goods they wanted; and– Avoid damaging crops.Avoid damaging crops.
• What impact will these rules have on the What impact will these rules have on the perception of Mao and his soldiers?perception of Mao and his soldiers?
– ““The Long March is also The Long March is also a seeding machine. It a seeding machine. It has sown many seeds in has sown many seeds in eleven provinces, which eleven provinces, which will sprout, grow leaves, will sprout, grow leaves, blossom into flowers, blossom into flowers, bear fruit, and yield a bear fruit, and yield a crop in the future.”crop in the future.”
• Why did Mao makes this Why did Mao makes this statement? statement?
• What does it mean?What does it mean?
More problemsMore problems
• While Chiang chased the Communists, While Chiang chased the Communists, Japan invaded Manchuria.Japan invaded Manchuria.
• This caused issue for Chiang, specifically This caused issue for Chiang, specifically with his own generals.with his own generals.
• Why was he wasting time fighting other Why was he wasting time fighting other Chinese, instead of mobilizing to fight Chinese, instead of mobilizing to fight foreign invaders?foreign invaders?
• The Nationalists and the Communists will The Nationalists and the Communists will be forced to join together to stop the be forced to join together to stop the Japanese.Japanese.
19371937
• The Japanese strike China again, but The Japanese strike China again, but this time attack mainland China.this time attack mainland China.
• Chiang retreats, and the Japanese set Chiang retreats, and the Japanese set up a new capital for themselves in up a new capital for themselves in China, in what used to be the China, in what used to be the Nationalist capital.Nationalist capital.
• The ensuing killing and torture will The ensuing killing and torture will receive the title, receive the title, The Rape of NankingThe Rape of Nanking
Quiz (10 points)Quiz (10 points)
• What were the “twin evils” that hurt China in What were the “twin evils” that hurt China in the 1910s? (two points)the 1910s? (two points)
• What was the name of Sun Yat Sen’s What was the name of Sun Yat Sen’s key key ideasideas to improve China? to improve China?
• What was the name of the dominant political What was the name of the dominant political party of China in the 1920s and 1930s?party of China in the 1920s and 1930s?
• Who was the leader of the Communist Party?Who was the leader of the Communist Party?• What nation had been victimizing China?What nation had been victimizing China?• What was the major event from 1934 – 1935 What was the major event from 1934 – 1935
during which the Communists were during which the Communists were attempting to escape and survive?attempting to escape and survive?
• Why did Communists appeal more to average Why did Communists appeal more to average Chinese people? (three points)Chinese people? (three points)
Rape of NankingRape of Nanking
• Under the rule of the Japanese soldiers, over Under the rule of the Japanese soldiers, over 80,000 women, elderly and children were raped.80,000 women, elderly and children were raped.
• The women were usually murdered right after The women were usually murdered right after the rapes.the rapes.
• A beheading contest was reported in the Tokyo A beheading contest was reported in the Tokyo Nichi Nichi Shimbun newspaper and the Nichi Nichi Shimbun newspaper and the English-speaking Japan Advertiser much like a English-speaking Japan Advertiser much like a sporting event with updates on the score.sporting event with updates on the score.
• This is only a small tidbit about the horror that This is only a small tidbit about the horror that took place.took place.
Moving forwardMoving forward
• The power struggle continues, and by The power struggle continues, and by the early 1940’s, it becomes obvious the early 1940’s, it becomes obvious that the Chinese will continue their that the Chinese will continue their renewed Civil War after WWII.renewed Civil War after WWII.
• This time however, the Communists are This time however, the Communists are victorious.victorious.
Compare and ContrastCompare and Contrast
• Consider how Mao Tse-Tung’s Consider how Mao Tse-Tung’s approach to Chinese nationalism and approach to Chinese nationalism and Gandhi’s approach to Indian Gandhi’s approach to Indian nationalism and winning SWARAJ nationalism and winning SWARAJ (home-rule)?(home-rule)?
• How are they similar? How are they How are they similar? How are they different?different?
Social Class Struggle
• Karl Marx said that human history is the struggle between the haves and have-nots. What did he mean by this?
• Is this what we have seen this year? Consider the causes of– French Revolution– Russian Revolution
Social Class Struggle
• Haves in every society do not want to give more to the have-nots. Why not?– Greed– A feeling of entitlement; “I worked hard to be
where I am. If other people want what I have, they can work hard, too.”
Social Class Struggle
• Haves support the government – How?
• Government supports the haves – How?
• Haves support the Church – How?
• The Church supports the haves (makes special exceptions)
• This is why Marx said that these institutions need to be overthrown by the proletariat; why there should be no religion in communism.
Real Life Examples
The following areas have had revolutions having to do with communism
• Korea – split – North Korea “communist”
• Cuba and several other Latin American countries – mixed – Cuba “communist”
• Vietnam – today “communist”
• Cambodia
Why does it happen in these places?
• Why should the haves care about the have-nots?– Self-Interest – preventing riots and protests,
preserving stability– It is right to do something for the less
fortunate in society (Jesus and Gandhi)
• Why should the haves care that the have-nots have medical coverage? – Haves say: “I studied and worked hard to gain
medical benefits either through my job or by paying thousands every year. Why can’t the have-nots do the same?”
