Chinese Civil war: Phase OneChinese Civil war: Phase One

The Main PlayersThe Main Players

The Kuomintang (KMT)The Kuomintang (KMT)

National Party (Kuomintang)National Party (Kuomintang)

Dr. Sun Yat-sen FounderDr. Sun Yat-sen Founder

Sun Yat-sen died in 1925 Sun Yat-sen died in 1925

Chiang Kai-shek assumes leadership Chiang Kai-shek assumes leadership

The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)The Chinese Communist Party (CCP)

Mao ZedongMao Zedong

Student of MarxismStudent of Marxism– However, he believed the However, he believed the

communist revolutions would not communist revolutions would not begin with urban factory workers, begin with urban factory workers, but with RURAL PEASANTSbut with RURAL PEASANTS

– ““The force of the peasantry is like The force of the peasantry is like that of the raging winds and that of the raging winds and driving rain. It is rapidly driving rain. It is rapidly increasing in violence. No force increasing in violence. No force can stand in its way. The can stand in its way. The peasantry will tear apart all nets peasantry will tear apart all nets which bind it…They will bury which bind it…They will bury beneath them all forces of beneath them all forces of imperialism, militarism, corrupt imperialism, militarism, corrupt officialdom, village bosses and officialdom, village bosses and evil gentry.”evil gentry.”

Big Idea – First Civil WarBig Idea – First Civil War

Period of chaos and power vaccuum Period of chaos and power vaccuum

Fight for controlFight for control

Former allies against the monarchy split Former allies against the monarchy split and civil war continuesand civil war continues

Background: The MonarchyBackground: The Monarchy

For centuries China had been ruled by emperorsIn 1908 the throne of China was inherited by Pu YiIn 1912 Pu Yi was forced to abdicate and a republic was formed,

CCP and KMTCCP and KMT

The KMT was outlawed, and they set up a rival government under Sun Yat-senIn 1915, Yuan Shih-kai died, leading to a period known as the “The CCP and KMT joined together to form a united frontIn 1925 Sun Yat-sen died, and General Chiang Kai-shek succeeded him as leader of the KMTThe CCP and KMT joined together to form a united front

Formation of the Chinese RepublicFormation of the Chinese Republic

Sun Yat-sen(Yatsen)Sun Yat-sen(Yatsen)– Leader of the KuomintangLeader of the Kuomintang

Kuomintang China’s Nationalist Party China’s Nationalist PartyOverthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes Overthrows Qing Emperor in 1911 and becomes China’s first president, China’s first president,

War Lord Era

““The Chinese people…do not have The Chinese people…do not have national spirit. Therefore, even though we national spirit. Therefore, even though we have four hundred million people gathered have four hundred million people gathered together in China…they are just a heap of together in China…they are just a heap of loose sand.”loose sand.”

Sun could not unite ChinaSun could not unite China

China becomes a military dictatorship China becomes a military dictatorship overrun by warlordsoverrun by warlords

World War I & The Treaty of World War I & The Treaty of VersaillesVersailles

In 1917, China declares war on GermanyIn 1917, China declares war on Germany– China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end China believed by fighting for the allies that at the end

of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be of the war, territories controlled by Germany would be returned to the people of Chinareturned to the people of China

– Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German Treaty of Versailles gave Japan the former German territoryterritory

Jiang Jieshi & the NationalistsJiang Jieshi & the Nationalists

After Sun Yixian’s After Sun Yixian’s death in 1925, Jiang death in 1925, Jiang Jieshi becomes the Jieshi becomes the head of the head of the KuomintangKuomintangJiangJiang– Feared communismFeared communism– Supported by bankers Supported by bankers

and businessmenand businessmen– Over saw a corrupt Over saw a corrupt

governmentgovernment

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

1927 Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against 1927 Jiang Jieshi starts a campaign against communistscommunists– Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the Has troops and armed gangs kill members of the

Communist Party and union members on the city Communist Party and union members on the city streets of Shanghaistreets of Shanghai

In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang In 1928 the US and Britain recognize Jiang Jieshi as president of ChinaJieshi as president of China– The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of The Soviet Union does not due to persecution of

Communist Party in ChinaCommunist Party in China

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Between 1930-1933 Communist manage Between 1930-1933 Communist manage to hold on to southern provinces (Jiangxi to hold on to southern provinces (Jiangxi and Fujian)and Fujian)

1934 retreat from urban areas1934 retreat from urban areas

The Long MarchThe Long March

Chinese Civil War Chinese Civil War

The Long MarchThe Long March– Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists Jiang sends 700,000 men after Communists

and surrounds themand surrounds them– 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000 100,000 Communists flee and begin a 6,000

mile-journey (The Long March)mile-journey (The Long March)Tens of thousands die due toTens of thousands die due to

– StarvationStarvation– Battle woundsBattle wounds– Exposure to the coldExposure to the cold

– Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the Mao and 8,000 survivors take shelter in the caves of northwestern China. caves of northwestern China.

Luding Bridge

Red Army soldiers marching part of the 6,000 miles

Mao on the Long MarchCommunist leader addresses the survivors of the Long March

Cave dwellings in ShaanxiRed Army troops crossing the snowy mountains

Effects of the Long MarchEffects of the Long March

Though a great loss to the Red Army, the Long March had positive effects for Mao:– It decisively cemented his position as leader of the

CCP– Provided a base area for the communists away

from the direct control of the nationalists (and later, the Japanese)

Effects of the Long MarchEffects of the Long March

Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting Mao forms the Red Army by recruiting peasantspeasants– Established themselves in the countryside of Established themselves in the countryside of

south-central Chinasouth-central China– Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help Trained Red Army in guerilla warfare with help

from Soviet Unionfrom Soviet Union

Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after Jiang sends Nationalists soldiers after them, but can’t completely wipe them out them, but can’t completely wipe them out due to guerilla warfaredue to guerilla warfare

Chinese Civil WarChinese Civil War

Time Out!!!Time Out!!!– The Civil War between the The Civil War between the

Nationalists and Red armies Nationalists and Red armies is suspendedis suspended

JAPAN INVADES JAPAN INVADES MANCHURIA IN 1931MANCHURIA IN 1931By 1937 Japan invades all of By 1937 Japan invades all of ChinaChinaNationalists and Communists Nationalists and Communists unite to repel Japanese unite to repel Japanese invasion invasion

TO BE CONTINUED TO BE CONTINUED AFTER WORLD WAR II…AFTER WORLD WAR II…

Japanese troops entering Shenyang

The Manchurian CrisisThe Manchurian Crisis

The Manchurian CrisisThe Manchurian Crisis

The Manchurian Crisis – Japanese invasion of ChinaLed to a truce between nationalists and CCPExample: Rape of Nanking

Effects:Effects:

The CCP seemed more effective at fighting off the JapaneseCCP expanded their military forcesEstablished political control over as many as 90 million peopleCreation of MaoismConsolidation of Mao’s power