Concrete & Clay Tile Roofing - WPS Cat

Concrete & Clay Tile Roofing

Presented by QA & Training

2007

Objectives

By the end of this module, you will be able to:1. Identify different tiles2. Understand installation methods3. Identify types of damage4. Create estimates5. Identify applicable codes

Tiles

• Manufacturers• Profiles• Components • Shapes• Finishes

Manufacturers

Manufacturer Info

ProfilesFlat

Low

High

© Tile Roofing Institute, 2004. All Rights Reserved.

Components - Clay

Nail Holes

Manufacturer Stamp

Nailer Board Hole

Butt End

Adhesive / Mortar Grooving

Cover lock

Components - Concrete

Nail HolesLugs

Butt End

Cover Lock or Water Lock

Lugs

Manufacture Stamp

Mortar / Adhesive Grooving

Shapes - Clay

Barrel Tile

Image from Miami-Dade, Notice of Acceptance

Shapes - Clay

Pan and Cover Tile

Image used with permission from Ludowici

Shapes - Clay

Spanish S Tile


Shapes - ClayRoyal S Tile

Image from Miami-Dade, Notice of Acceptance© 2003 All Rights Reserved, SanteFe tile Corporation

Shapes - Clay

Interlocking Flat Tile



Shapes - ClayFrench Pan Tile


Shapes - Clay

Slate - Flat Tile



Shapes - Concrete

Espana S Tile


Shapes - Concrete

Double Roll / S Tile


Shapes - Concrete

Flat Tile


Shapes - Concrete

S Tile

Image from Miami-Dade, Notice of Acceptance Image from Entegra

Finishes - Clay

Natural

Blended

Matte

Glazed

Finishes - ConcreteNatural - Painted Colored Through

Slurry

Broom Swept

Bird Stop

Installation

• Decking• Underlayment• Methods of Fastening• Flashing, Abutments, Stacks, etc.• Hip and Ridge Install• Install Issues

Install Standards

Code Bodies

Other Players

Building Code

1507.4.4 Application. Clay and concrete tile shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions or recommendations of the FRSA/TRI 07320 manual.

Decking

Requirements• Minimum of

15/32” solid decking to be used– Nailed in

compliance with wind load requirements

Decking

Recommendation• Peel and Stick

Bitumen tape used to seal seams

Photo Courtesy of FEMA: Mitigation Assessment Team Report

The 4 Systems1 – Mechanically Fastened Tile Guidelines

Unsealed or sealed underlayment system using preformed metal flashings with edge returns. Tiles are applied over the underlayment withmechanical fasteners to the deck with or without horizontal battens.

2 – Mechanically Fastened Tile GuidelinesSealed underlayment system using metal flashings without edge returns.

Tiles are applied with mechanical fasteners direct to water proofed deck.

3 – Mortar Set Tile Applications OnlySealed underlayment system using standard metal flashings. Tiles are

applied with mortar direct to waterproofed deck.4A – Adhesive Set Tile Guidelines

Unsealed or sealed underlayment system using preformed metal flashings with edge returns. Tiles are applied over the underlayment withadhesive to the deck with or without horizontal battens.

4B – Adhesive Set Tile GuidelinesSealed underlayment system using standard metal flashings. Tiles are

applied with adhesive direct to waterproofed deck.

UnderlaymentSeven Basic Types

1. Single Ply 43# or 90# organic or modified cap sheet

2. Two Ply Hot Mop 30# or 43# / 90# organic or modified cap sheet

3. Two Ply Cold Process 30# or 43# / 90# organic or modified cap sheet

4. Two Layer 30# or 43# (under battens)

5. Single Ply – Self Adhered to the deck

6. Two Ply – 30# / Self Adhered Underlayment

7. Single Ply 90# organic or modified cap sheet

Underlayment

• Base Sheet 30# or 43# felt

Hot Mop / Cold Application

© 2007, CertainTeed, Corporation, All Rights Reserved

Underlayment

• 90# Organic or Modified Cap Sheet

Image from Xactimate 24

Underlayment

• Single Ply Nailed

Diagram used with permission from FRSA/TRI manual: Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual 07320/8-05

Underlayment

• Single Ply Perimeter Sealed


Underlayment• 30# or 43#

base sheet


Underlayment• Two Ply – Hot Mop

or Cold Adhesion –90 # or Modified Bitumen Organic or Modified Cap Sheet


Peel and Stick Underlayment

Pre-Loading

Fastening Methods

• Batten Systems• Mechanical• Mortar• Adhesion• Ridges• Flashing Systems

Batten Systems


Mechanically Fastened

Diagrams used with permission from FRSA/TRI manual: Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Manual 07320/8-05





Mortar Set


Mortar Set


Mortar Set

Mortar Set

Mortar Set

Mortar Set

Adhesive Set

Photo Courtesy of Polyfoam Products, Inc.

Adhesive Set

Photos Courtesy of FEMA: Mitigation Assessment Team Report

Adhesive Set

Code for Wind ZonesR4402.7.8.10.

Application. Mortar or adhesive set tiles applied at an incline from 4-1/2:12 up to an including 7:12 shall have the first course of tile (this applies to pan only on two-piece barrel tile) mechanically fastened with not less than one fastener per tile.


Hip & Ridge Install

Install Issues

Building Code

• Section R905.3.7.1 Add text to read as shown:

• R905.3.7.1. Hip and ridge tiles. Hip and ridge tiles shall be installed in accordance with FRSA/TRI 07320 Manual.

Hip & Ridge Install


Hip & Ridge Install


Pipe Stacks


Wall Abutments and Flashing


Valleys


Valleys


Open Valley

Open Valley

Valleys


Skylights

Skylights

Install Issues

Install Issues

Install Issues

Install Issues

Damage

• Storm• Manufactured• Wear and Tear

Storm Damage

Storm Damage

Storm Damage

Storm Damage

Storm Damage - Vulnerability

Storm Damage - Vulnerability

Storm Damage

Storm Damage - Eave Loss

Storm Damage - Eave Loss

Storm Damage

Storm Damage

Storm Damage


Storm Damage -Torn Underlayment

Wear and Tear –Deteriorated Underlayment

Wear and Tear -Deteriorated Underlayment

Mechanically Tear

Mechanically Attached

Loose Tiles

Loose Tiles

Loose Tiles

Loose Tiles

UV Light Demarcation or Shadow Lines

TAS 106 – Uplift Test

TAS 106

• R4402.7.8.13 Application. For mortar or adhesive set tile, no more than two tiles shall be loose per roofing square (100 square feet). No loose tile shall be adjacent to each other

• 1523.6.5.2.2.4 Testing. Testing in accordance with TAS 106 shall be considered a product applicationquality control test to determine general adhesion properties of the system.”

• 1523.6.5.2.3.4 Testing. TAS 106 quality control static uplift testing shall be considered a product application quality control test to determine the general uplift resistance properties of the system.

TESTING APPLICATION STANDARD (TAS) No. 106

STANDARD PROCEDURE FOR FIELD VERIFICATION OF THE BONDING OF MORTAR OR ADHESIVE SET TILE SYSTEMS AND MECHANICALLY ATTACHED, RIGID, DISCONTINUOUS ROOF SYSTEMS

1. Scope • 1.1 This Application Standard is a product application quality control test to

confirm: 1) sufficient bonding by the mortar or adhesive to the tile and underlayment in a mortar or adhesive set tile system; or 2) effective mechanical attachment of components within a rigid discontinuous roof system.

3. Requirements • 3.1 All field verification and testing shall be performed by a Dade County

Approved Testing Agency. All reports, tests, and calculations shall be in compliance with TAS 301 .

• 3.2 A minimum of 97% of the roofing tile physically inspected shall be determined to be fully bonded.

• 3.3 A minimum static test uplift load of not less than 35 lbf. per tile shall be applied for mortar or adhesive set tile systems.

• 3.4 For mechanically attached, rigid discontinuous systems, a minimum static test uplift load of not less than 80% of the resistance load (F') or (Mr’) as listed in the manufacturer’s Product Approval shall be applied.

TAS 106 Continued4. Procedure • 4.1 Examine the entire area of the roof for loose tile by lifting any

tile by hand or with a hand held griping device. Physically examine not less than one (1) tile in ten (10) of all components in the field area and one (1) tile in five (5) of all tile in perimeter and comer areas.

• 4.1.1 Mark each physically tested tile in the field and record all loose tile observed.

• 4.1.2 If more than 3% of the tile in any roof area arc determined to be loose. No further testing shall be conducted and the Roof System shall be considered to have failed the testing and be unacceptable.

• 4.1.3 If less than 3% of the tile in any roof area are determined to be loose, static up lift tests shall be performed.

• 4.1.4 Mark all tested tile with a “T” using a waterproof marker.

TAS 106 Apparatus

5. Apparatus • 5.1.1 The test apparatus shall

consist of a hook shaped to a 90 degree angle, or other load transfer device capable of sliding underneath the nose of the tile and remaining in place as the loads are applied. The hook or other device shall have sufficient strength to resist applied loads of at least 100 lbf.

• 5.1.2 The hook or other load transfer device shall be attached to a cable fitted with a load cell with a dial or digital indicator, which displays the load within 0.1 lbf.

TAS 1067. Load Application • 7.1 For mortar or adhesive set tile systems. The

operator shall apply an even load by lifting up on the handle until the load cell indicator register 35.0 ± 5 lbf. The load shall be held for 5 seconds.

• 7.1.1 This test shall be carried out on all mortar and adhesive set applications after final completion of the application at a time as stated in the Product Approval or as specifically approved by the manufacturer of the mortar/adhesive.

• 7.1.2 For mechanically attached systems, determine the load to be applied by multiplying the minimum characteristic resistance load (F ' ) or (Mr’), listed in the Product Approval by 0. 80. The operator shall apply this load by lifting up on the handle until the load cell indicator registers the magnitude of this load ± 5%. The load shall be held for 5 seconds.

TAS 1068. Recorded Data shall include the following

observations: • 8.1.1 Tile breaks or cracks. • 8.1.2 Mortar patty or adhesive separates from

the underlayment. • 8.1.3 Tile separates form the adhesive or mortar. • 8.1.4 The nose of the tile deflects vertically in

excess of 2 inches in mechanically attached systems.

TAS 106

10. Report • 10.1 The final test report shall

include the following: • 10.1.1 A sketch of the test site roof

which indicates 1) the field, perimeter and corner areas, with dimensions; and, 2) the location of all components on which a static uplift test is conducted. Indicate those attachments which were initially tested and, if applicable, those attachments which were tested in the extended testing.

• 10.1.2 A tabulated set of test results, signed by a Professional Engineer or a Registered Roof Consultant.

Inspecting

• Inspecting• Profile Matches• Requirements

Inspecting

• Steps– Diagram and Measure– Must physically inspect

all tiles, do this systematically

– Chart loose/cracked/missing tiles

• Determine if storm damage or not

– Make sure to record data of type of tile

Old vs. New

Manufactured DamageFootfall

• Horizontal cracks across the face of the tile indicate footfall damage

Manufacturer DamageAnomalies

Right Corner Cracks

Right Corner

Right Corner Cracks

RICOWI Research

• Findings– Ridge tiles not

adhered well enough

– Mortar patties too small

– Foam patties done incorrectly

Estimatics

• Repair• Replace

Repair to Tile

1. Break away old tile

2. Mastic/re-do underlayment

3. Use adhesive and put replacement tile in place

Repairs

Repairs

Repairs

Adhesive Caulk Repairs

Repairs

Matching

• Coverage not concerned with color match

• The important issue is profile match

Matching

Repairs

Replication

• Not allowed in Miami-Dade/Broward (lacks NOA stamp)

25% Code• 1521.4. Not more than 25% of the total

roof area or roof section of any existing building or structure shall be repaired, replaced or recovered in any 12 month period unless the entire existing roofing system or roof section is replaced to conform to the requirements of the code.

• 511.1.2 Not more than 25% of the total roof area or roof section of any existing building or structure shall be repaired, replaced, or recovered in any 12 month period unless the entire roofing system or roof section conforms to requirements of this code.

Estimatics – Roof Replacement• RFG TIL: Tile roofing - Clay - "S" or flat tile

Includes: tile roofing, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, roofing nails, and installation labor. Quality: clay "S" or flat tile.

• RFG TIL-: Tile roofing - Concrete - "S" or flat tileIncludes: tile roofing, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, roofing nails, and installation labor. Quality: concrete "S" or flat tile.

• RFG TIL+: Tile roofing - Clay - Barrel (mission) tileIncludes: tile roofing, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, roofing nails, and installation labor. Quality: clay barrel type roofing.

• RFG TIL++: Tile roofing - Glazed - Barrel ("S“) tileIncludes: glazed tile, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, nails, and installation labor.

• RFG TILC++: Tile roofing - Commercial - Glazed - (Barrel or 'S' tile)Includes: glazed tile, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, nails, and installation labor. Quality: heavy duty, commercial grade, barrel or 'S' tile, 2x2 redwood furring strips.

Estimatics – Roof Replacement

• Things to add– Cap Sheet– Drip Edge– Valley Metal– Step Flashing– Other Flashing– Eave Closure, Bird Stop– Vents– Pipe Jacks– Hip Ridge Nailer Board– Ridge Cap– Access Issues– (No Dumpster)

Roof Replacement

• Waste Factor is:– 10% for Gable– 15% for Hip– Round to the

nearest 1/4th

Cap Sheet – 90#• RFG RL: Rolled Roofing

Includes: 15 pound roofing felt, roll roofing, asphalt roofing cement, roofing nails, and installation labor. Quality: 90 pound roll roofing nailed down with the seams sealed using an asphalt roofing cement. This item has the normal 4" to 6" lap. Usually gravel impregnated.

• RFG RL+: Roll roofing - 50% overlapIncludes: 15 pound roofing felt, pound roll roofing, asphalt roofing cement, roofing nails, and installation labor. Quality:90 pound roll roofing nailed down with the seams sealed using an asphalt roofing cement. This item has a 50% overlap. Usually gravel impregnated.

• RFG RLHM: Roll roofing - hot mop applicationIncludes: roll roofing, hot asphalt tar, roofing nails, and installation labor. Excludes: felt.Quality: 90 pound roll roofing nailed down over hot-mopped tar. This item has the normal 4" to 6" lap. Usually gravel impregnated.

Cap Sheet – Modified Bitumen• RFG BI: Modified Bitumen Roof

Includes: fiberglass base sheet, modified bitumen, and installation labor. Quality: APP modified bitumen with a granulated surface. torch down application with standard 3" to 4" laps

• RFG BIC: Modified bitumen roof - cold adhesive applicationIncludes: asphalt coated base sheet, modified bitumen, adhesive, and installation labor. Quality: SBS or APP modified bitumen approved for cold adhesive applications with a granulated surface with standard 3" to 4" laps.

• RFG BIM: Modified bitumen roof - hot moppedIncludes: fiberglass base sheet, modified bitumen, asphalt (tar), and installation labor. Quality: SBS modified bitumen cap sheet with a granulated surface. Hot mopped application with standard 3" to 4" laps.

Ridge Nailer Board• RFG RIDGT: Ridge cap - tile

roofing. Includes: tile ridge cap, copper roofing nails, and installation labor. (done on a lineal foot basis)– (Use this for Rake tiles also)

• Need to add:– 2” by whatever needed,

treated lumber that includes labor and materials.

– (Take Framing base service charge off)

Example of Replacement

• Action: Xactimate Demonstration

Example of Repair

• Action: Xactimate Demonstration

References• A Duin Construction Co., Inc. 2006 http://www.aduincontractors.com/gallery.htm• American National Standard for Evaluating the Simulated Wind Uplift Resistance of Roof Assemblies Using Static Positive and/or Negative Differential

Pressures, ANSI/FM Approvals 4474, March 2004• American Society for Testing Material. 1996-2007 http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/index.shtml?E+mystore• Clay Forever, LLC. http://www.altusa.com/frame-1.htm• Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Installation Guide, Fourth Edition, Florida Roofing, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Association, Winter Park, FL, and Tile

Roofing Institute, Chicago, 2005.• Concrete and Clay Roof Tile Design Criteria Installation Manual for Moderate Climate Regions, Western States Roofing Contractors Association,

and Roof Tile Institute, September 2002.• Concrete and Clay Tile Roofs Damage Assessment Seminar Handout, 2005, HAAG Engineering.• Custom Tile Roofing, Inc. 2003-2006 The Roof Tile Guru http://www.customtileroofing.com/default.asp• Entegra Sales, Inc. http://www.entegra.com/• Florida Building Code 2004, Florida Department of Community Affairs, Tallahassee, FL, 2005.• Florida Roofing, Sheet Metal and Air Conditioning Contractors Association, Inc. http://www.floridaroof.com/index.htm• Hansen Roof Tile http://www.hansonrooftile.com/• Hip and Ridge Installation Instructions, FRSA/TRI “Concrete and Clay Roofing Tile Installation Manual” Fourth Edition, August 3, 2005.• Hurricanes Charley and Ivan Wind Investigation Report, Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues, Inc. (RICOWI, Inc.), March 2006• Hurricane Research Advisory Committee, Report to the Florida building Commission, October 10, 2005.• Installation Manual, Second Edition, Ludowici Roof Tile• International Code Council http://www.iccsafe.org/• Ludowici Roof Tile 2006 http://www.ludowicirooftile.com/• Mitigation Assessment Team Report, Hurricane Charley in Florida, Observations, Recommendations, and Technical guidance, FEMA 488/April 2005,

490/March 2005.• Monier LifeTile, LLC. 2005 http://www.monierlifetile.com/• Performance of Tile Roofs Under Hurricane Impact, International Hurricane Research Center, Amir Mirmiran, PhD.• Polyfoam Products, Inc. http://www.polyfoam.cc/products/roof/polyset.html• Practical Pressure http://www.practicalpressure.com/How_to_Repair_a_Tile_Roof.htm• Roof Damage Issues in Hurricanes; HAAG Engineering Company, Timothy P. Marshall, P.E.; 2455 S. McIver Dr., Carrollton, TX 75006.• Summary Report Building Performance, 2004 Hurricane Season, FEMA 490 / March 2005• (TAS) Testing Application Standards 101-95, Test Procedures for Static Uplift Resistance of Mortar or Adhesive Systems, 1995-1998.• (TAS) Testing Application Standards 106, Standard Procedure for Field Verification of the Bonding of Mortar or Adhesive Set Tile Systems and

Mechanically Attached, Rigid, Discontinuous Systems, 2004• Tejas Borja http://www.tejasborja-usa.com/homeI.asp• The Tile Man, Inc. The Tile Tattler http://www.thetileman.com/tattler.html• Tile Roofing Institute http://www.tileroofing.org/• USTILE http://www.ustile.com/

http://www.aduincontractors.com/gallery.htm

http://www.astm.org/cgi-bin/SoftCart.exe/index.shtml?E+mystore

http://www.altusa.com/frame-1.htm

http://www.customtileroofing.com/default.asp

http://www.entegra.com/

http://www.floridaroof.com/index.htm

http://www.hansonrooftile.com/

http://www.iccsafe.org/

http://www.ludowicirooftile.com/

http://www.monierlifetile.com/

http://www.polyfoam.cc/products/roof/polyset.html

http://www.practicalpressure.com/How_to_Repair_a_Tile_Roof.htm

http://www.tejasborja-usa.com/homeI.asp

http://www.thetileman.com/tattler.html

http://www.tileroofing.org/

http://www.ustile.com/

Questions

Credits:Trevor McDonaldKathleen Krol

1

Concrete & Clay Tile Roofing:Reference Handout

Tile Basics

Tile provides a protective and aesthetic roof covering. It protectsthe roof from UV rays and acts as awatershed. However, it is theunderlayment beneath tile thatserves as the waterproofingfeature.

Tile roofing typically has a warrantyfor an extended period of time, butthe underlayment below the tileroofing has a limited life span.

The principle types of tile roofingare Concrete & Clay tiles.

Clay tile is lighter, but takes longer

to manufacture. Clay tiles areformed, baked in a kiln, and are more costly than concrete tiles.

Clay:- Average 5 to 10 lbs a piece- Average 1 square foot of exposure per tile

Barrel tile (Mission)“S” Spanish tileRoyal “S” FlatSome flat looks like slate FrenchInterlockingHand Formed

Concrete:- Average 6 to 14 lbs a piece- Average 1 square foot of exposure per tile

Barrel tile (Mission)“S” Spanish TileDouble Roll “W”, sometimescalled double “S”, or even an “M”Flat

Profiles & ShapesAll tiles are classified as low, medium, or high profile

Concrete tile is made of readily available materials and is easier tomake. Subsequently, they cost lessand weigh more.

Concrete tiles tend to be a bitmore durable than Clay. However,both should be given care when walking on them.

Page1 - Tile Basics1 – Profiles & Shapes 2 – Finishes2 – Install Standards3 – Underlayments3 – Pre-loading3 – Attachment4 – Hip & Ridge4 – Install Issues5 – Storm Damage5 – Footfall5 – Right Corner Cracks 5 – Underlayment Deterioration6 – Underlayment Storm Damage6 – Loose Tile7 – TAS 106 7 – Repairs7 – Matching8 – Replication8 – Estimating a Replacement9 – Adding

Underlayment10 –Replacement

AdditionalItems

11 –Repairs – Factors11 –Repair Example11 -Resources

Brought to you by the Quality Assurance & Training Group (2007)

Disclaimer: The following document is provided as a reference for educating about Concrete & Clay tile Roofing only. Itis not to be used as a standards and procedures manual for handling Tile Roof claims. Each claim is and should behandled on its own merits. The hope and desire of the Quality Assurance & Training Department is to establish a greaterunderstanding of Tile Roofing in Florida.

© 2007, Citizens Property Insurance, Inc. All Rights Reserved

2

The Install Standards for Florida come from The Florida BuildingCode:

1507.4.4 Application. Clay and concrete tile shall be applied in accordance with the manufacturer’s installation instructions orrecommendations of the FRSA/TRI 07320 manual.

The FRSA/TRI manual is “Concrete and Clay Roof TileInstallation Manual.” This manual was created in conjunctionby Florida Roofing, Sheet Metal and Air ConditioningContractors Association, Inc. (http://www.floridaroof.com/)and The Tile Roofing Institute (http://www.tileroofing.org/).

This manual details how tile roofs are to be installed in Florida.

Install Standards

Concrete:Natural - Raw ConcretePaintedColored Through – The pigment isput into the concrete resulting in the same color through out the tileSlurry – The surface is painted and then heated to produce a glazedappearance. Often times it will havean orange peel textureBroom Swept – This is actual linedridges in the surface of the concrete

Clay:Natural (natural fired clay)Blended – Often, for esthetics,several tones of natural will be used in a pattern to produce a blended look.Glazed (glazed surface) – anenamel coloring is applied to thesurface and when fired, it has a glossyfinishMatte – a glazed tile in which the gloss has been roughened, taking the shine away effectPainted

Finishes

CommonManufacturers:

Clay:LudowiciSante Fe’AltusaTejas Borja USA

Concrete:Monier Life TileHansonEntegra

floridabuilding.org

Floridaroof.comtileroofing.org



http://www.floridaroof.com/


3

Tile is attached either to a batten system or directly to the underlayment. There are three basic ways to attach tile:

1) Mechanical – can be done by nails, by screws, or by clips

2) Mortar Set – A dollop of mortar that should be a 10” trowel length

3) Chemical Adhesive – A Chemical Foam that adheres the tile to the roof

2 31

Attachment

It is necessary to pre-load the roof with the tile, so that the structure can adjust to the weight of the tilesystem.

Pre-Loading

Acceptable types of underlayments include:(The specific underlayment system is dictated by the manual dependingon the type of fastening system)

– Single Ply 43# or 90# organic or modified cap sheet– Two Ply Hot Mop 30# or 43# / 90# organic or modified cap

sheet– Two Ply Cold Process 30# or 43# / 90# organic or modified

cap sheet– Two Layer 30# or 43# (under battens) – Single Ply – Self Adhered to the deck– Two Ply – 30# / Self Adhered Underlayment

UnderlaymentsCommonManufacturers:

GAFCertainteedTamkoOwnes Corning

For pre-loading,you have to referto the individualtile installationmanuals for recommendations.

Batten systems arenot very commonin Florida. Directadhering to theunderlayment is the commonapplication.



4

If a mechanically fastened tile has the nail/screw driventoo tight, it will crack the tile,and if it is too loose, the tilewill be susceptible to movement.

Often times, the tiles were not installed straight and willappear as though they haveslipped. Careful attention needs to be given to determine if this is an installissue.

Many ridges are only held inplace by mortar. Often the mortar bed is not adequateenough to hold the ridge tilein place making it moresusceptible to storm damage

Mortar or Foam adhesivepatties that are not large enough or placed in the wrong position will make the tile more susceptible to de-bondment.

Install Issues

All hips and ridges are now required to have a nailerboard according to code.

A ridge can be repaired withjust nailer board applied to the repaired portions of ridge.

Hip & RidgeFlorida BuildingCode:

R905.3.7.1. Hipand ridge tiles. Hip and ridge tiles shallbe installed in accordance withFRSA/TRI 07320Manual.

The hip and ridgetile supplementwas addedAugust 3rd, 2005

The currentmethod is screwattachment usinga screw gun with adevice thatprevents overdriveof the screw. Of course, the devicehas to be set upand used properly.

A mortar dollopshould be a 10” trowel length.

Foam patty size is determined by theproduct andmanufacturer.

www.Polyfoam.cc

If tiles are notstraight, look for the UV lightdemarcation linesto see if there hasbeen a recentshift.



http://www.Polyfoam.cc

5

Right Corner Cracks

Right corner cracks are common. Many adjustershave mistaken these for storm damage. Theyoccur due to expansion and contraction of the roof. A 50’ lineal run of tile with a 50 degreechange of temperature can shift 2 cm in a day.The way the tiles are installed, they tend to betighter fitting on the bottom right corner and this is one of the weakest points of the tile. The pressurecauses the corner to crack. In addition whenwalked on, the tiles will shift causing the rightcorner to crack. Right corner cracks occur on concrete and clay tile.

If the roof has water penetration into the interior, it means there is a breach in theunderlayment. When inspecting, youcan often look at the underlayment todetermine the condition. The picture tothe left shows a cracked and deteriorated underlayment. This crack is not storm damage. Often theunderlayment will leak where thenail/screw penetrated it.

Underlayment Deterioration

Footfall damage occurs from walking on the tilewhether it is from cleaning the roof, maintenance,inspections, etc. Often low to mid profile tiles willbe cracked horizontally across the face. Foottraffic also contributes to right corner cracks.

Footfall

The ridges, eaves, and rakes are normally the first to be damaged. It iscommon for the ridge tile to become dislodged and damage field tile.The field tile will occasionally lift and become dislodged. Debris impactalso causes large amounts of damage to the tiles.

The field tile will typically peel off in sections.

Storm Damage

The ridges, eaves,and rakes are themost vulnerable.

You should walk onthe tile such thatyou stay on thearea that overlapsthe other tile. Thatway, you arewalking on thestrongest point.

“Many adjustershave mistakenthese for stormdamage.”

The FRSA/TRI installmanual requires sealant atunderlaymentpenetration in many of thesystems.



6

The picture on the left shows where tiles have punctured the underlayment.The picture to the right shows that when the tile pulled off, it ripped theunderlayment with it.

Loose Tile

Loose tiles are one of the most common issues of misunderstanding withconcrete and clay tile roofs. A tile can be loose for two reasons; 1) A stormdisplaces it 2) The tile has de-bonded from age, wear and tear, poor install,or man made events such as walking on the tile or physically breaking thebond.

When a storm causes a tile to de-bond and to become displaced there is normally evidence. This evidence shows itself in things such as a shift in theline of demarcation, ultra-violet demarcation line, or age/wear line. In otherwords, you will be able to see the fade of the tile, of where it once was, andwhere it is now due to the storm.

Mortar set tiles have a tendency to de-bond. When the tile is installed, thetile is supposed to be wetted and cool when placed in the mortar. If it isn’t,the heat and dryness pulls out the moisture in the mortar dollop does notfully bond with the tile. Plus, with mortar mixed on the job site, the mix is notalways correct. Age, walking on the tile, and normal expansion and contraction of the roof will cause it to de-bond. If you see the fade line, youwill be able to determine if the tile has been loose for an extended period oftime or it happened suddenly.

Many have the theory that the wind lifts the tile, breaking the bond with themortar and then sets the tile back down in the same spot. This theory is veryunlikely. If the wind is strong enough to lift the tile and break the bond, theprobability will be strong that it will be displaced from its original place.

Underlayment Storm Damage

“Loose tiles areone of the mostcommon issues ofmisunderstandingwith concrete andclay tile roofs.”

“When the tile isinstalled, the tile issupposed to bewetted and coolwhen placed inthe mortar.”



7

In repairing tile roofing, the new tile will often not match exactly to theexisting tile. The policies do not provide coverage to match. However,many confuse matching of the color appearance to the matching of theprofile of the tile.

Matching the profile of the tile is essential. If the profile does not match, therepaired tile will not fit correctly. Matching of the profile is essential to a repair.

Discontinued tile can often be found in “bone yards” of reclaimed tilecompanies.

Matching

A tile roof can be repaired. Whether it is clay or concrete, the first step is toremove the damaged tile. Often, it will be chipped out. The nail/screwwould be cut (do not want to rip underlayment) and have mastic applied. Ifthere is a foam paddy, it typically is cut away with a razor knife, making sure not to cut the underlayment. If there is a mortar dollop, it is gently chipped away.

The new tile is put in place by either using a new mortar dollop, a clip thatconnects around the butt end of the tile, or the most common methodwhich is to foam set it in. Sometimes, the tiles around the damaged tileneed to be manipulated to leverage the tile in place.

If the underlayment is torn, mastic/tar is often used to seal the tear. If thedamage is bad enough, they will cut the damaged area and then placenew underlayment with heavy mastic/tar in that specified area. There is atheory that if the underlayment is compromised, you have to replace theentire underlayment. This theory is incorrect.

Repairs

TAS 106 is often quoted by engineers, building inspectors, PA’s, contractors,etc. This is an uplift test to determine if the tile has bonded correctly from theFlorida Building Code. Individuals will quote portions of the test and use it tocondemn a roof. The problem with this test is that it is designed for newconstruction. It is not an applicable test for an existing roof. In addition, an un-bonded tile does not mean that it is damaged from a covered cause ofloss. Individuals quoting and using the TAS 106 test are incorrectly evaluatinga roof for storm damage.

TAS 106

Refer to the FloridaBuilding Code for the exact wordingof this test.

“A tile roof can berepaired.”

“Many confuse matching of thecolor appearance to the matching ofthe profile of thetile.”



8

When estimating for the complete replacement of a tile roof, these will be theXactimate codes used:

RFG TIL: Tile roofing - Clay - "S" or flat tileIncludes: tile roofing, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, roofing nails, andinstallation labor. Quality: clay "S" or flat tile.

RFG TIL-: Tile roofing - Concrete - "S" or flat tileIncludes: tile roofing, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, roofing nails, andinstallation labor. Quality: concrete "S" or flat tile.

RFG TIL+: Tile roofing - Clay - Barrel (mission) tileIncludes: tile roofing, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, roofing nails, andinstallation labor. Quality: clay barrel type roofing.

RFG TIL++: Tile roofing - Glazed - (Barrel or "S" tile)Includes: glazed tile, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, nails, and installationlabor.

RFG TILC++: Tile roofing - Commercial - Glazed - (Barrel or 'S' tile)Includes: glazed tile, furring strips, 30 pound roofing felt, nails, and installationlabor. Quality: heavy duty, commercial grade, barrel or 'S' tile, 2x2 redwoodfurring strips. (This is for Clay Glazed tile – concrete can’t be glazed)

Glazed clay tile and commercial glazed clay tile is not very common.

***Xactimate’s descriptions indicate a batten system with mechanicalattachment. Xactimate’s prices are applicable whether it is foam set ormortar set.***

Estimating a Replacement

Replication is the process in which they take an old discontinued tile and make a cast for it, and then replicate the exact tile. This is an expensiveprocess, but can often eliminate the need to replace an entire roof. (Things toconsider, casting fees, delivery, need for two casts for ridge and field, labor toinstall)

Replication is a plausible process everywhere except for Miami-Dade and Broward. In those counties they require an NOA (Notice of Acceptance)stamp on the back of the tile. A replicated tile does not have an NOA stamp.

Replication

There arecompanies thatspecialize in replicating tile.

Remember;anything with a lip that is not just acurved shape is considered an “S”tile for Xactimate.

“Glazed clay tileand commercialglazed tile is notvery common.”



9

If the roof has a 90 # Cap Sheet, you would use the following codes:

RFG RL: Rolled Roofing Includes: 15 pound roofing felt, roll roofing, asphalt roofing cement, roofingnails, and installation labor. Quality: 90 pound roll roofing nailed down withthe seams sealed using an asphalt roofing cement. This item has the normal 4"to 6" lap. Usually gravel impregnated.

RFG RL+: Roll roofing - 50% overlap Includes: 15 pound roofing felt, pound roll roofing, asphalt roofing cement,roofing nails, and installation labor. Quality: 90 pound roll roofing nailed down with the seams sealed using an asphalt roofing cement. This item has a 50%overlap. Usually gravel impregnated.

RFG RLHM: Roll roofing - hot mop applicationIncludes: roll roofing, hot asphalt tar, roofing nails, and installation labor.Excludes: felt. Quality: 90 pound roll roofing nailed down over hot-moppedtar. This item has the normal 4" to 6" lap. Usually gravel impregnated.

The most common 90 # cap sheet is RFG RLHM

If the roof has Modified Bitumen Cap Sheet, you would use the following codes:

RFG BI: Modified Bitumen Roof Includes: fiberglass base sheet, modified bitumen, and installation labor.Quality: APP modified bitumen with a granulated surface. Torch down application with standard 3" to 4" laps

RFG BIC: Modified bitumen roof - cold adhesive applicationIncludes: asphalt coated base sheet, modified bitumen, adhesive, and installation labor. Quality: SBS or APP modified bitumen approved for coldadhesive applications with a granulated surface with standard 3" to 4" laps.

RFG BIM: Modified bitumen roof - hot moppedIncludes: fiberglass base sheet, modified bitumen, asphalt (tar), and installation labor. Quality: SBS modified bitumen cap sheet with a granulatedsurface. Hot mopped application with standard 3" to 4" laps.

The most common modified cap sheet is RFG BIM

*** Peel and Stick Modified Cap Sheet is becoming more and more common as far as an application. Many roofers are using this. Remember, you are estimating for the product they had that was damaged, not an upgradedproduct. ***

Adding Underlayment

The differencebetween 90 # andModified Bitumenis extremelydifficult todetermine duringan inspection.

Most Common touse:RFG RLHM

Most Common toUse:RFG BIM

Peel and Stick is the popularproduct now.



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When estimating a repair it is very important to note the profile, style, make,manufacturer of the tile.

You need to have a detailed diagram of the roof showing the areas ofdamage.

Count the individual field tiles to be replaced and measure the lineal footageof ridge tile to be repaired.

A 20% waste factor should be used for the field tiles.

Detach & Reset should only be used for storm displaced tiles.

Repairs - Factors

Replacement Example

Additional Items to consider for the line items of a Xactimate estimate tocorrectly estimate the roof replacement are:

– Drip Edge – Valley Metal– Step Flashing– Other Flashing– Eave Closure, Bird Stop– Vents– Pipe Jacks– Hip Ridge Nailer Board (Roofs must have a nailer board)– Ridge Cap – Access Issues – (No Dumpster – Dumpster is included in the Removal)

A hip has a 15% waste factor, and a gable has 10% waste factor.

The squares should be rounded up to the nearest ¼.

Replacement Additional Items

Remember,estimate for whatthey have/had…

This serves only asan example of what a fullreplacementwould look like.

“A 20% wastefactor should be used whenestimating field tilerepairs.”



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The following are some resources to learn more about tile roofing and wind damage in Florida:

Roofing Industry Committee on Weather Issues, Inc. http://www.ricowi.comCustom Tile Roofing, Inc. http://www.customtileroofing.com/default.aspPoly Foam Products http://www.polyfoam.cc/home.htmlThe Tile Tattler http://www.thetileman.com/tattler.htmlFEMA http://www.fema.govInternational Hurricane Research Center http://www.ihc.fiu.edu/Tile Roofing Institute http://www.tileroofing.org/Florida Roofing, Sheet Metal, and Air Conditioning Contractors Association,Inc. http://www.floridaroof.com/Florida Building Code www.floridabuilding.orgFlorida Department of Community Affairs http://www.dca.state.fl.us/

Manufacturers:Altusa http://www.altusa.com/frame-1.htmHanson http://www.hansonrooftile.com/Ludowici http://www.ludowicirooftile.com/Monier http://www.monierlifetile.com/Tejas Borja http://www.tejasborja-usa.com/homeI.aspEntegra http://www.entegra.com/

This document is the property of Citizens Property Insurance, Inc. It is not to be copied, distributed, referenced, or used without the express consent ofCitizens Property Insurance, Inc.

The photos in this document belong principally to Trevor McDonald and are used with permission.

This document serves only as a resource to educate regarding tile roofing.

Resources

Repair Example

This is an exampleof what a repair totile roofing wouldlook like.



http://www.ricowi.com

http://www.customtileroofing.com/default.asp

http://www.polyfoam.cc/home.html

http://www.thetileman.com/tattler.html

http://www.fema.gov

http://www.ihc.fiu.edu/


http://www.floridaroof.com/

http://www.floridabuilding.org

http://www.dca.state.fl.us/

http://www.altusa.com/frame-1.htm

http://www.hansonrooftile.com/

http://www.ludowicirooftile.com/

http://www.monierlifetile.com/

http://www.tejasborja-usa.com/homeI.asp

http://www.entegra.com/

Documents

Concrete & Clay Tile Roofing - WPS Cat