Conceptual Network Design Conceptual Network Design For The Regional Cabled ObservatoryFor The Regional Cabled ObservatoryDE

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Planning for a 30-year Experiment

A design allowing future expansion is critical

The RCO can be leveraged in many ways

The RCO can integrate Global and Coastal Science

Globally significant processes can be exploredlocally and regionally by the RCO

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Apple II Introduced 4K of Memory

Most Popular ShowsHappy Days, Laverne and Shirley, Mash

NSF Budget $76M 2006 dollars

Viking 1 lands on Mars

The Year 1976, where will we be in 2036?

First Published SmokerImage Spiess et al., 1980

Hydrothermal Vents

THEN

And NOW

First Plume Weiss et al., Nature 1977

Galapagos:

49°N

48°N

129°W 128°W 127°W 126°W

Branching UnitInstrumented NodeFuture expansion

STAGE I: Neptune Canada Online 2007-2008

~$60M CAN to UVIC~6 instrumented nodes

Ridge ISS

Endeavour = Ridge ISS$5M Keck Foundationfor proto-Neptuneobservatory

RCO Stage I = Canada

http://www.neptunecanada.ca/

RCO Stage II = US

LEVERAGING THE RCO

ODP Boreholes

Potential for Integrating Global to Coastal Processes

West Wind Drift

Central PacificGyre

CaliforniaCurrent

Subarctic Current

AlaskaCurrent

AlaskaGyre

Global RFA Station PapaExamine impact of warming on sub-polar biogeochemical and ecologicalregimes

Investigate and quantify vertical mixing

Improve parameterization ofatmospheric forcing

Characterize global earth seismicstructure, response of lithosphere tosubduction-zone faulting events

Examine gyre-scale acousticthermometry and ocean dynamics

WWD

Subarctic

Thermometry

A = PHASE 1B = PHASE 2

Potential for Integrating Global to Coastal Processes

West Wind Drift

Central PacificGyre

CaliforniaCurrent

Subarctic Current

AlaskaCurrent

AlaskaGyre

SouthernCalifornia Bight

RFA Coastal-Biogeochemical ProcessesTsunami, earthquakes

45

44

Large-scale transport of water and biogeochemical propertiesLarge scale along coast gradients in productivity and community structureHypoxia, harmful algal blooms, carbon dynamics and cross-margin flux

Flow interaction with hydrate ridge methane sources

RCO full water column moorings126 125 124

45.8

46.6

126 125 124

Conceptual Network Design TimelineMAY 200516 RFA Responses [Global (2); Coastal (1)], > 175 PI’s

September 2005NSF Panel indicated 9 proposals ready to go forward

October 2005STAC RCO Subcommittee charged to summarize,prioritize, layout design framework. Watch dogs assigned

January 2006SUR’s finished for ALL 16 RFA’s; costs estimated

February - March 2006Subset of PI’s and RCO STAC develop Stage II

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STAC RCO SUBCOMMITTEE

Deborah Kelley UW Co-ChairKevin Brown SIO Co-ChairKeir Becker RSMASCharlie Paull MBARIJohn Horne UWWilliam Wilcock UW

Engineer LiaisonsKeith Raybould MBARIGary Harkins UWMark Zumberge SIOGene Maission MBARI

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Design Considerations• $90M Budget Cap

• Expandable for the future

• Reliable = Redundancy

• Excluding Shore Station & CI

• Excluding minor cables, tertiary nodes, & connectors

• Trade-off’s between infrastructure and instrumentation

• Accommodation of instruments

• Coastal-Global IntegrationDE

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MARS Science Node

MARS data hub & power supply

Costing for the Regional Cabled Observatory

Monterey Accelerated Research System

based on:

NEPTUNE Canada (Stage I)

MARS (RCO Testbed)VENUS (www.venus.uvic.ca)

http://www.mbari.org/mars/

These sources provide ‘best’ estimates for many components

NEPTUNE baseline costing

CABLE COMPONENTS

RCO PRIMARY NODE DESCRIPTION

1 Expansion Port to Secondary Node

2kVGigabit ethernetTiming signal

8 Science Ports400V

10/100 Base-T Ethernet

Timing signal

Backbone

PRIMARY NODE

Primary Node Characteristics: $2.3-2.5M (±10%)

10kV

8 ports for instruments or benthic nodes (nearby deployments ~ 100 m)

Up to 10kW, UW mateable connector to extension cable to Secondary Node

Accommodates 1 SecondaryNode

Expansion Port

Primary Node

SECONDARYNODE

scienceports

Secondary Node Characteristics:$1.5M (±30%)

10 kWTiming accuracy 1 µsec 6-10 science ports

1 Expansion Port for Daisy-Chain

1 wet-mateable connector1 10/100 Base T Ethernet connection1 400 VDC Power Output Line1 48 VDC Power Output Line1 Timing signal

1 Wet-mateable fiber optic/electrical connector1 Gigabit 10/1000BaseF Ethernet connection1 400 VDC Power Output line1 dual line 2kVDC power output connection1 Timing signal

20-100 km

Secondary Nodes can be daisy-chained

Low Power Benthic Node: $135k

ROV laid cablePower small cluster of instrumentsLow voltage 400V< 5 km from Secondary Node (academic

ROV)Easily retrieved100 m cable lengths to instruments‘Permanent’ base, removable head

Example from MARS

Extension cables:• Long Run - 10-150 km cables

– $17k/km– Cable Ship laid– Armored

• Short Run - 2-5 km cables– Cable $10k/km– ROV laid– Ship with ROV $50k/day– ~ 5 km /day– required in challenging environments

Trade-off between costs of long andShort run cables

http://www.mbari.org/mars/

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P Summary Major RCO Components

ItemPrimary NodeBackbone Cable installedBranching UnitSecondary NodeMajor Extension Cable InstalledSmall Benthic NodeVertical Profiler (no instruments)ROV Laid Extension Cable*Ship + ROVOptical Connector

*does not include installation

Estimated Cost$2.5M$17K/km$500K$1.5M$17K/km$135K$1.7M$10K/km$50K/day$30K/pair

2000 km of Backbone12 Primary Nodes12 water column mooringsCOST > $150M

STAGE II: Scenario I

125°W130°W

45°N

50°N

N2 N1N3

N4N5 N6

N8

N11N9

N7

N10

STAGE II-SCENARIO 2 WORKING MODEL

1750 km Backbone6 Science Nodes5 Branching Units9 Water column mooringsTotal = $107M

RELIABILITYConnecting STAGE I and

Stage II

N8

N2

N3

N4N6

N7

N9N11

N10

N1

N5

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

N5-N8 may be critical for power& communications redundancy

RELIABILITYConnecting STAGE I and

Stage II

N8

N2

N3

N4N6

N7

N9N11

N10

N1

N5

STAGE 1

STAGE 2

N5-N8 may be critical for power& communications redundancy

Alaska current

Subarctic WWD

CP Gyre

California current

An Interdisciplinary Ocean ObservatoryLinking Ocean Dynamics, Climate, &Ecosystem Response from Basin to Regional Scales

chlorophyllannual

variability

2/1998

8/1998highlow

RCO Moorings: the 3rd Dimension

Surface layerprofiling package

200 mfloat

200 m

600 m

3000 m

200-600 mprofiler

600 mbottomprofiler

BottomPackage

glider

AUV

mixed layer Contributes to three of thegrand challenges identified inNSF’s Ocean Sciences NewMillennium Report:

Ocean Turbulence and dynamicsRole of the ocean in global climateNon-equilibrium ecosystem dynamics

warm phase cool phaseInterannual/decadal variability

PDO &ENSO

A Plate-Scale Observatory For Seismology& Geodynamics of the Pacific Northwest

Earthquakes, Physics, & Fault MechanicsObservatory on the Blanco Transform Fault

Seismic and Geodetic Observations Alongthe Cascadia Continental Margin

A Cabled Observatory on the Juan de FucaRidge

SEISMICITY & DEFORMATION

Regional Arrays of BoreholeObservatories for SustainedTime-series Observations ofHydrogeology, Geobiology,and Plate-scale Strain

packer

microbial-fluidsamplers

thermistors,pressure sensors,± seismometer

Highest Density of ODP Holes

10241025 1027

857D

857D

1024

1027

1025

5

3

1

0

-180

40

Time (Days)6.7.99 6.12.99 6.17.99

Even

ts/hr

Pres

sure

( kPa

)Earthquakes from SOSUS

Pressure transientsODP Observatories

4.6

M = 5.0

Davis et al., 2001 JGR

Plate-Scale Response to Seismic Events: Largest Fractured Aquifer

A. Fisher & N. Rager. 2003

• Ridge flanks account for 70-80%of the heat flux

• Chemical fluxes may besignificant

• Ridge flanks 1-65 Ma make up70% of ocean basins

• Potentially enormous habitablevolume on a global scale

Do ridge flanks support an active microbial community?

Driving hypothesis: Where there is fluid circulation,there is microbial activity

Hydrothermal Breathing Holes

A Northeast Pacific HydrateObservatory System (NEPHOS) atSouth Hydrate Ridge

METHANE HYDRATES

Borehole Observations for SustainedTime-Series Observations: Hydro-geology, Geobiology, Plate-ScaleStrain

1250 m

0

150

300

450

gas hydrate(marine &terrestrial)

10,000fossil fuels

(coal, oil, natural gas)

5,000

soils1,400

dissolved organicmatter 980

terrestrialbiosphere 830

peat500

detritial org.carbon 60 atmosphere3.6

marinebiosphere

quantities in gigatons of carbon

Earths Carbon Reserves: Importance of methane hydrates

BSRDep

th (m

)

1250 m

Hydrate Ridge Leg 204

A Cabled Observatory onthe Juan de Fuca Ridge:Crustal Formation and Life

$340K

$255K

$51K$135K$3.8 M

2nd node2nd node

20 km cable (primary to secondary node)15 km cable E-W secondary nodes3 km cable benthic node1 benthic nodeTOTAL

20 km

Costing Science Example NODE 4 (N4):

Scenario 2

5 RFA’s at this siteScenario 1Scenario 2

Axial Volcano

125°W130°W

45°N

50°N

N2 N1N3

N4N5 N6

N8

N11N9

N7

N10

STAGE II-SCENARIO 2 WORKING MODEL

1750 km Backbone6 Science Nodes5 Branching Units9 Water column mooringsTotal = $107M

Apple II Introduced 4K of Memory

Most Popular ShowsHappy Days, Laverne and Shirley, Mash

NSF Budget $76M 2006 dollars

Viking 1 lands on Mars

The Year 1976, where will we be in 2036?

BacteriaBacteria PlanktonPlanktonEcogenomic SensorEcogenomic Sensor

G. G. ArmbrustArmbrust

SAMPLE RETURN GEOBIOLOGICAL LAB

IN SITU ANALYSES

PLANNING FOR THE FUTURE