Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Continuous Emissions Monitoring and Pilot Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) for Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources

Concept of emission trading scheme for particulate matter and pilot studies in India

Mr. S. K. Sharma & Dr. D. Sahasks.cpcb@nic.in & dsaha.cpcb@nic.in Central Pollution Control BoardDelhi

2MANDATE OF CPCBRestoration of wholesomeness of Water Quality (The Water Act, 1974)Maintenance and preservation of Ambient Air Quality (The Air Act, 1981)Environment Protection and Waste Management (EPA, 1986 and related Rules)Environmental Management and Planning.Central Pollution Control Board: Mandate31. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 19742. The Water (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Cess, Act, 1977 3. The Air (Prevention & Control of Pollution) Act, 19814. The Environment (Protection) Act, 19865. The Bio - Medical Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 19986. Recycled Plastics Manufacture and Usage Rules, 1999.7. The Municipal Solid Wastes (Management and Handling) Rules, 20008. The Noise Pollution (Regulation & Control) Rules, 20009. The Batteries (Management and Handling) Rules, 200110. Environmental Impact Assessment,200611.The Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans-boundary Movement) Rules, 2008Backup: Acts & Rules4Advise the Central Government on any matter concerning prevention and control of water and air pollutionPlan and execute nationwide pollution control programmes Co-ordinate the activities of State Boards and Pollution Control CommitteesProvide technical assistance and guidance to the State Boards and PCCsCarryout and sponsor investigation and research related to pollution controlPlan and organize training programmesOrganize mass awareness programmesCollect, compile and publish technical and statistical data relating to water and air pollutionPrepare manuals, codes and guidelines relating to treatment and disposal of wastesDisseminate information in respect of matters relating to water and air pollution Lay down, modify, water and air quality standardsPerform such other functions as and when prescribed by the Government of India.Functions of CPCB (at national level)5ROLE OF CPCBPerforming functions as per Section 16 of Water and Air Acts (a set of 16 functions)Directions to SPCBs under Section 18(i)(b); and can take over functions of any SPCB in a given area for a specified time.Issuance of directions (directly) to industries under Section 5 of EPA; andCo-ordinating role under EPA 86 RulesLEGAL/STATUTORY ROLE56To Central Govt. on matters pertaining to abatement of pollution.Co-ordination under Bilateral/ multilateral agreements

R&D on thrust areas(Research Committee/ Linkages with R&D institution)Advanced laboratory at Head Office and regular AQC for SPCBs and EPA Labs / Proficiency test ADVISORY ROLER & D6

Central Pollution Control BoardA collaborative pilot activity among:Maharashtra Pollution Control Board

Design, Implementation and Evaluation of a Continuous Emissions Monitoring and Pilot Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) for Particulate Matter from Stationary Sources (Stack)Nearly 1/3rd of Indias urban population lives in cities where ambient concentration of particulates exceeds the national standard of 60 g/m3 Particulate air pollution clearly linked to health impacts and infant mortalityEssential to create regulation to allow sustainable development

Indias growth miracle has improved the lives of millions of people BUT8Particulate Matter Pollution and Health EffectsSuspended Particulate Matter (SPM) pollution is a serious environmental problem in IndiaIn 2007 National average SPM level: 207 g/m 3In 2007 NAAQS: 140 g / m 3 for residential areasIn most large Indian cities violate NAAQS norms for RSPM are exceeded (60g/m3)SPM includes fine particles (< 10 m) that are of concernChronic exposure raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and respiratory disease (bronchitis, asthma, and lung cancer)There is no lower threshold below which exposure is harmless

9Project Objectives10Continuous Emissions Monitoring and Pilot Particulate Emissions Trading SchemeObjectives of projectAnticipated / likely BenefitsEvaluate the benefits of continuous emissions monitoring technology to support existing regulation

Evaluate the benefits of innovative market based regulation such as emissions trading made possible by better monitoringCEMS BenefitsHigher complianceReduced long term monitoring costsHigh quality, real time emissions data

Emission Trading BenefitsEnables least cost pollution control Greater transparencyProvides incentives for clean innovation

Project Structure12Project is divided into 3 phasesProject Phase NumberName Key ObjectivesIDesign PhaseDialogue and concurrenceInitial Concept Note and Evaluation DesignDraft Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems and Data Acquisition and Handling GuidelinesSelection of pilot project areas and industry based on available data and objective selection criteriaField Trials of Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems (CEMS)

IIBaseline SurveyBaseline survey of industriesAnalysis of data to estimate abatement costs, project benefits, health impacts, status of industry etc CARE Center infrastructure in SPCBs CEMS installation and evaluation(CARE Center used to receive continuous emissions data from regulated industries)IIIImplementation Phase

Training and capacity building, SPCBsRegulatory notification enabling trading on pilot basisConcurrent evaluation and documentation of pilotPhaseActivitiesDesign PhaseUnderstanding the activityIdentification of project sites, CEMS draft standards, Data Transmission standards, Training and workshopsSynchronizationBaseline PhaseBaseline survey of industry and associated research

Care Center setup in SPCBs and CPCB

CEMs installation in industry and connection to CARE centers

ETS Implementation PhaseImplementation of pilot emissions trading regime and associated evaluationCEMS Benefits and Evaluation Methodology15Continuous Emissions Monitoring SystemsCEMS provides constant real time data (graph on right compares manual monitoring over many months with CEMS from Tamil Nadu)

Greater transparency and enables scientific analysis using data generated

Reduction in regulatory cost by reducing need for frequent inspections

Better compliance by industry, and therefore lower emissions

Manual MonitoringCEMS MonitoringMarket-Based Environmental Regulation17Market-based Scheme Reduces Compliance Cost by Giving Industry More Flexibility in AbatementRegulatorPollution Source(Industry)PermitTradingQuantity Standard Setting & PermitAllocationRegulatorPollution Source(Industry)ConcentrationStandards(150mg/Nm3)ManualMonitoring(for complianceto fixed standards)ContinuousMonitoring(for compliance topermit holdings)Current RegulationsEmissions trading pilotPollution Source(Industry)18Basic Methodology of Emission Trading PilotIndustries selected based on fuel consumption (solid or liquid fuel) and location (by respective SPCBs based on suitability for pilot).

Industry stacks to be equipped with CEMS and emissions monitoring.

A cap will be set on total emissions load from all monitored point sources.

Industry may buy and sell permits with each other to emit specified mass of PM within a given period (one year)

Initial permits may be auctioned with rebate or given free

Both total cap and individual permits denominated in emissions load (mass based standard)

Emissions Trading Scheme Can Help Reduce CostsCuts compliance costs and costs.Baseline survey to enable detailed modeling of expected benefitsGraph based on modeled outcomes based on TN data

20Benefits of emission trading over status quoStatus Quo: Command & ControlProposed: Market BasedIndustry compliance may be low owing to limited oversight possible

Industry costs are higher than they could be since no flexibility

No direct incentive to pollute less or to innovate in finding solutions

May not be transparent

Difficult to link to ambient levels or carry out regional targetingBased on better monitoring therefore greater compliance

Allows least cost abatement by industry

Direct cost for every ton emitted: Increases innovation and deters pollution

Transparency built into design

Concept of a regional cap enables environmental targeting based on regional conditionsEvaluation Design22PM-CEMSAn Overview on Monitoring & Measurement Technique

Available Technology for Continuous Particulate Matter (PM) and Velocity/Flow MonitoringI. In-situ Cross Duct/StackGas is being measured passing by a specific line of sight of the monitor, typically ranging from a few feet, to the full distance across the interior diameter of the stack/ duct

In-situ Probe TypeGas is being measured at one specific point or along a short path in the stack or duct

Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement1.TransmissiometerThe loss of light due to the absorption by the dust particles is proportional to the dust concentration.

2.Scatter-light DryLight scattered by dust particles is proportional to the dust concentration

Beam splitterLight sourceControl detectorMeasurement detector

Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement3.Scatter-light WetSame as dry but the gas is extracted and heated to vaporise the water droplets and is in moisture form.

Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement4.Triboflow / TriboelectricAn impact principles, as emission particles comes in contact with the sensor & generate triboflow signal (current & voltage) which is proportional to the emission.SENSORDIRECTION OF PARTICULATE FLOWSPECIAL CO-AXIAL CABLEPROCESSING ELECTRONICS4-20 mA ANALOG OUTPUTC.E.M.S.

Available Measuring Principal for Continuous PM Measurement5.Beta gauge absorptionAbsorption of a Beta ray (electrons) emitted by a radioactive emitter through particles collected

International Certification for PM-CEMSEuropean UnionUSAQAL 1(Quality assurance level 1)MACT(Maximum Achievable Control Technology)TUV(Technical watch-over Association)PS-1(USEPA)MCERTS(Monitoring Certification Schemes)PS-11(USEPA)Available Manufacturers/Suppliers for Continuous PM Measurement in StackS. N.Manufacturer/supplier1.M/s Chemtrols Industries Ltd., New DelhiSICK Miahak,Germany2.M/s Durag India Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd, BangaloreDurag Germany3.M/s Environment S.A. India Pvt Ltd., Navi MumbaiDurag Germany, Land Instruments, UK4.M/s Forbes Marshal Codel Pvt. Ltd., New DelhiCodel UK5.M/s Horiba India Pvt. Ltd., New DelhiTamaka Electric Lab Ltd., Japan & Durag Germany6.M/s ICE (Asia) Pvt., Ltd., MumbaiPCME Ltd., UK7.M/s Marvel Engineering Company, ChennaiLand Instruments, UK8.M/s Nevco Enginners Pvt. Ltd, New DelhiTYCO Env. Sys, Australia9.M/s Swan Environmental North Pvt. Ltd, New DelhiMipoy Finland10.M/s Shree Tecs Pvt. Ltd, MumbaiShree Tecs India11.M/s Thermofisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd., NoidaThermo Scientific USA12.M/s Vayubodhan Upkaran Pvt. Ltd, DelhiPCME Ltd, UKAvailable Measuring Principal for Continuous Velocity / Flow Measurement1.Pitot Tube / Differential PressureDifferential pressure developed due to the flow between two points is proportional to the square of the flow rate.

2.Ultrasonic Transit time difference between upstream and downstream signal is proportional to the velocity of flue gas.

FlowDirectionFlow ProbeCross OverCockDifferential PressureMeasuring TransducerAbsolute PressureMeasuringTransducer(optional)TemperatureMeasuringTransducer(optional)MicroprocessorEvaluation UnitAvailable Measuring Principal for Continuous Velocity / Flow Measurement3.Thermal Mass FlowThe energy required to maintain the constant temperature between two probes is directly proportional to the mass flow rate.

4.IR-Time Correlation TechniqueMeasure gas velocity using a time delay correlation of flue gas infrared emission received by two detectors spaced a fixed distance apart.

Det 1Det 2

Available Manufacturers/Suppliers for Continuous Velocity/Flow Measurement in StackSl. NoManufacturer/supplier1.M/s Chemtrols Industries Ltd., New DelhiSICK Miahak,Germany2.M/s Durag India Instrumentation Pvt. Ltd, BangaloreDurag Germany3.M/s Environment S.A. India Pvt Ltd., Navi MumbaiEnvironment SA, France4.M/s Horiba India Pvt. Ltd., New DelhiDurag, Germany5.M/s Forbes Marshal Codel Pvt. Ltd., New DelhiCodel UK6.M/s Marvel Engineering Company, ChennaiEMRC, USA7.M/s Nevco Enginners Pvt. Ltd, New DelhiTYCO Env. Sys, Australia7.M/s Swan Environmental North Pvt. Ltd, New DelhiMipoy Finland8.M/s Thermofisher Scientific India Pvt. Ltd., NoidaThermo Scientific USAETS Evaluation Design34Firms Divided into Groups Research QuestionPhase 2.aCEMSNo CEMSMeasure the effect of continuous emissions monitoringPhase 2.bCEMSCEMSPhase 3TradingNo TradingTradingNo TradingMeasure the effect of market-based regulationBased on objective comparison (emission data and surveys) of groups in different conditions to rigorously determine benefits of CEMS and Trading34Challenges in Implementing the Pilot ETS in IndiaMonitoring and Verification - Continuous Emissions Monitoring Systems require industry expense and supply is limited. It is difficult for installation to take place across several industries in a short period of time .

Technology Robustness and Reliability in the Indian Operating Conditions

Installing Continuous Monitoring Systems for Small Scale Industries

Developing a Fail Safe Infrastructure for data validation , transfer and storage

Institutional Challenges Capacity building for environmental labs to conduct CEMS Certification

Conducting an Emissions Trading Scheme draws on the limited manpower of regulatory authorities

Capacity building in regulatory authorities to adopt trading regime

35Challenges AnticipatedInstallation of CEMsCalibration of CEMSCalibration FacilitiesIn-house calibration facilitiesDevelopment of SOPsTraining

Data GenerationData ValidationData TransferData StorageData EvaluationDevelopment of SOPsTraining

Specification of CEMS, supply of CEMS, local maintenanceDevelopment of load based Emission StandardLegal backupParticipation and Synchronization

THANK YOU ALLCentral Pollution Control BoardDelhi