Concentrating Solar Power Technologies.indico.ictp.it/event/a06350/session/15/contribution/8/material/0/0.pdf · Concentrating Solar Power Technologies. ICTP Experts meeting on “Science

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2003-1

presented by:Massimo Falchetta

January 16, 2007ICTP - Trieste

Concentrating Solar Power Technologies

ICTP Experts meeting on “Science & Renewable Energy” – Jan 16 2007

Overview of PresentationOverview of Presentation

Basics of CSP Technology

Perspectives of CSP Technologies

ENEA R&D effort

ENEA/ENEL demonstration plans


Basics of CSP technologiesBasics of CSP technologies

CSP stands for “Concentrating Solar Power”

A series of technologies that permit to convert sun’s energy to electric power by means of:

Concentration of solar irradiation by a series of mirrors or optical devices exploits only the “direct” part ofirradiationProduction of high temperature heat, normally transferred

to a Heat Transfer Fluid (air, diathermic oil, salt mixtures, steam …)

Generation of electricity by means of thermodynamic conversion



Concentratingdevice

High temperature steam (400 –550 C°)

Steam tubineElectricGeneratorElectric grid


Basics of CSP technologiesBasics of CSP technologiesParabolic Trough Systems

Source: solarpaces.org

Source: CSP-GMI Initiative


Basics of CSP technologiesBasics of CSP technologiesCentral receiver or “Power Tower” systems


Source: Sandia – Solar Two plant


Basics of CSP technologiesBasics of CSP technologiesParaboloic Dish systems


Source: CESI - Eurodish


Some more imagesSome more images

Parabolic Troughs

Source: Sandia – Kramer Junction


Some more imagesSome more images

Power Towers

Source: Sandia – Solar Two


Some more imagesSome more imagesDish prototypes

Source: Sandia - SunLab Source: Sandia


Some more imagesSome more imagesDish prototypes

H2 production from natural gas. source: CSIRO (Australia) Source: web downloads



CSP technology joins together three subsystems

“Solar equipment” for high temperature heat production: similar to systems for process heat, but normally more demanding in terms of temperature (300 – 600 °C)

Heat transfer (and storage) equipment: similar to petro-chemical plants

Conversion equipment: often similar to conventional fuel fired plants


CSP perspective CSP perspective CSP technology is technologically different with respect to photovoltaic thecnology (PV)

Similarities are found with respect to “concentrating PV”e.g. mirrors and solar tracking equipment; both exploit only the Direct component of the Solar Beam (Direct Normal Irradiation – DNI)

Other links exist in underlying technologies (e.g. materials for mirrors and selective coatings)


““Solar shareSolar share”” of CSP of CSP

From the market point of view CSP technology and PV techology could be seen as “competitors”: but a deeper insight will show that:

PV plants are fit for a number of “diffused” industrial, residential and energy applications at most of the latitudes

CSP plants are fit to high DNI (e.g. arid or “desert like”) situations for bulk electric energy production

Therefore the two markets are not overlapping; a “solar alliance” can be more productive than a “solar competition”


Parabolic trough Tower DishApplications Grid connected Grid connected Stand alone

Process heat H2 production H2 production

Max size (to date) 80 MWe 10 MWe 25 kWe

Temp (proven) 400 °C 565 °C 700 °C

Temp (target) 550 °C 1000 °C > 1000 °C

El.efficiency 14-18 % 15-20% 30 %

Status Commercially Prototype Experimentalproven

Comparison of CSP technologiesComparison of CSP technologies


LEC Assessment LEC Assessment -- CSP technologiesCSP technologies

Source: Sargent & Lundy Cost Assessment for NREL – NREL/SR-550-34440


LEC targets LEC targets -- CSP technologiesCSP technologies


Proven Proven TechnolgyTechnolgy: SEGS plants: SEGS plantsSEGS: Solar Electric Generating System

9 plants at three locations (Daggett, Kramer Junction, Harper Lake), Mojave desert (CA)

Individual unit size: 14 to 80 MWe

Installed between 1984 and 1990

Total size: 354 Mwe

Still operating: actual operator of units III to IX is FPL Energy; electricity customer is SCE


Recent developments and launched projectsRecent developments and launched projects

APS Saguaro 1 MWe with oil filled parabolic trough and Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) Temperature. 300 °C

Developer: Solargenix (USA), customer Arizona Public Service Company (APS)

completed april 2006

Nevada Solar One: 64 MWe parabolic trough, oil filled, 390 °C, steam rankine cycle

Developer: Solargenix (USA). Construction started february 2006

AndaSol: 2+2 50 MWe units, oil parabolic trough and molten salt storage

Temp. 390 °C Location: Spain. Developer: SolarMillennium/ACS-Cobra (Germany/Spain) Construction of unit 1 started on June 19th 2006.


Further Projects in SpainFurther Projects in SpainSpain is the most promising short term market for CSP

Feed in law for solar – 2004: 18-20 €cent/kWh for CSP, 20 year

2010 Target: 500 MWe

Iberdrola, Solucar, Solar Millennium have announced projects totalling over 1000 MWe

Most projects are parabolic troughs; two projects are solar towers

A number of projects will use molten salt Heat storage


CSP with Thermal storageCSP with Thermal storage

Example of time shifting with 6 hour storage – source: U. Hermann, P. Nava FlagsolTrough Workshop in lake Tahoe, 2006


CSP with Thermal storageCSP with Thermal storage

Example of production with 12 hour storage – source: U. Hermann, P. Nava FlagsolTrough Workshop in lake Tahoe, 2006


Molten salt Heat storage for CSPMolten salt Heat storage for CSP

Introduced at first in the 10 MWe “Solar Two” Power Tower (1996-1999).

Advantages:

Temperatures up to 565 °C

Low cost energy storage

Challenge

Need of a additional Heat trace system for circuit priming and maintenance

due to high melting temperature of the salt


Molten salts vs. Molten salts vs. diathermicdiathermic oiloil

source: D. W. Kearney, ENEA-SunLab Workshop - 2006


Molten salts vs. Molten salts vs. diathermicdiathermic oil oil –– cost of storagecost of storage

source: D. W. Kearney, ENEA-SunLab Workshop - 2006


Integrated solarIntegrated solar--combined cyclecombined cycle

source: Solar Thermal Power Now – ESTIA/greenpeace


Long term development of a EUMENA Long term development of a EUMENA ““Renewable networkRenewable network””

Solar

Hydro

Wind

Geothermal

Source: DLR


Long term development: TransLong term development: Trans--CSP studyCSP study

Possible path of HVDC lines for massive export of CSP power to Europe. Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR

Focus: Interconnection of electricity grids of Europe, Middle East, North Africa (EUMENA) region

Scenario

CSP to supply firm capacity for base, intermediate and peak load in MENA

CSP to supply 700 TWh/year to Europe (15% of european electricity demand at 2050

Transmission losses evaluated as 15% using HVDC lines; overcompensated by the high solar irradiance in MENA (300% than average Europe)



Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR



Possible path of HVDC lines for massive export of CSP power to Europe. Source: Trans-CSP study - DLR


ENEA R&D effort on High Temperature SolarENEA R&D effort on High Temperature Solar

1. Heat collection and storage for electricity production, usingmedium temperature (about 550°C) – CSP technology

2. Heat collection for direct hydrogen production, using high temperature (higher than 850°C).

In 2001 ENEA launched a programme on High Temperature solar thermal technology with two main goals:

o 75 researchers are involved in this programo the R&D budget until now has been 17 Ml €.


ENEA development effort on CSPENEA development effort on CSP

R&D on components and new concepts for CSP

Experimental set-up for prototype evaluation

Demonstration plant (Archimede)


Law 388/2000

Law 273/2002

DPCM 7 marzo 2003

20.658 k€ 27.500 k€

R&D Archimede Power Plant

40%

Financing of CSP developmentFinancing of CSP development

The following laws allow 100 % funding for the R&D and 40 % for the demonstration.

The residual 60 % for demonstration will be supplied by the national electric utilitiy ENEL.


R&D activitiesR&D activities

Cold fluid

Hot fluid

Power block

Steam generator

290°C

550°CStorage tanks

Solar collector

Receiving tubeHeat storage

Heat transfer fluid

ENEA design introduces major improvements to the current technology:• Molten salt (KNO3 – NaNO3 “solar salt”) as Heat Transfer Fluid and for Heat storage• A new solar collector design• An innovative receiving tube design


R&D activitiesR&D activities

The use of molten salt as Heat Transfer Fluid AND as heat storage medium permits the following advantages:

•Higher steam temperature (540 °C instead of 390 °C)

•No oil to salt heat exchanger

•Much lower storage cost (half volume for the same size).

Challenge: the entire network of pipes is filled with molten salt


New supporting structureNew supporting structure

USA-Kramer Junction

ENEA Eurotrough


New Tracking systemNew Tracking system

Piston

Hydraulic system

Contractor: Duplomatic


New New receiver tubereceiver tube

Involved enterprises:ITIV (MI), STEROGLASS (PG), ANGELANTONI (PG), POLO (FI), Components andSAES GETTER (MI), NUOVA STEIM (TR), assemblyCOMVAT (Switzerland)

CETEV (AQ), Galileo Avionica (AQ), SelectiveG.EMI. (RM), TFE (MI), CTS (TR) coating

Budget: 2,80 M€

Metal-glass junction

COMPENSATION BELLOW

1. Steel pipe with spectrally selective coating2. External glass pipe wit anti-reflective treatment3. Absorbing material (getter) for void maintenance

1 2 3

MetallicMetallic layerlayer

CERAMIC LAYERCERAMIC LAYER

ENEA “CERMET” SELECTIVE COATING:

1. High absorptance of solar spectrum (α > 94 %)2. Low emittance in the infrared spectrum at high

operating temperature (εmax < 14 % @ 580 °C )

STEEL PIPESTEEL PIPE

New coatingNew bellow


New New receiver tube receiver tube

Bellows

Designed for 550°C operating temperature

Lab tests


Sputtering machine for coating of receiver tubeSputtering machine for coating of receiver tube

Installed October 2005 - Commissioning December 2005 - Full operation March 2006Budget: 3,54 M€

Contractor: Angelantoni


Solar Collector Assembly Test Loop (PCS)Solar Collector Assembly Test Loop (PCS)

Italian experience using molten salt in parabolic troughItalian experience using molten salt in parabolic trough

Involved enterprises :ALSTOM Power (MI), GECOP (RM) Construction

Krohne Italia (MI), Friatec (Germania) ComponentsThermo Engineering (CR), Parcol (MI)Inox Impianti (MI), Eurochemicals (MI),Pompe Gabbioneta (MI)TECNOCOOP (PO), Nuova STEIM (TR) Maintenance Budget: 5,43 M€


ENEAENEA--ENEL Archimede ENEL Archimede solarsolar power power plantplant

A traditional oil electric generation plant was recently converted into a modern gas fired combined cycle plant at Priolo - Sicily

Nominal electric power 760 MWe


““ArchimedeArchimede”” projectproject

1350

1750kWh/m2

The plant is located nearby Siracusa, one of the mostinsolated Sicilians areas: 1725 kWh/m2 year of DNI


““ArchimedeArchimede”” projectproject

Combined cycle Solar systemIntegration betweenIntegration between::


Archimede Archimede solarsolar project: project: first modulefirst module

Budget is 21 M€

Measured DNI is 1725 kWh/m2 year

Equivalent capacity: 5 MWe

Expected production: 10,8 GWhe

Energy saving: 2.365 TEP/year

Avoided CO2 emission : 7250 t/year

Number of collectors: 72

Solar field

Combinedcycle


Archimede Archimede solarsolar project: project: final stagefinal stage

Number of collectors: 318

Solar field area: 37.6 ha

Equivalent Capacity: 28 MWe

Peak Solar Thermal Power: 136 MW

Thermal storage: 500 MWh

Net yearly production: 54.2 Gwhe

Net design total efficiency: 17.3%

Primary energy saving: 11,835 tep/y

Avoided CO2 emissions: 36,306 t/y


ITALIAN SOLAR ROADMAPITALIAN SOLAR ROADMAP

2001

2002

2006

2007

2008

2009

Start-up of the project

Design components and test facility (PCS)

Start-up of the test facility (PCS)

Design and construction Archimede power plant

Start-up Archimede power plant

Agreement with ENEL (Italian electricity utilities)

Experimental phase new components2005

2004

2003Building test facility and main components

2010


2020 prospects2020 prospects

Desert location (DNI = 2,900 kWh/m2 year), for each square km

Plant with molten salt HTF and storage

Peak capacity 75 MWe (*)

Electric energy production 275 GWh/(km2 year)

Equivalent hours 3660

Primary energy saved 60.000 t/(km2 year)

Avoided CO2 emision 184.250 t/(km2 year)

(*) Low specific peak capacity due to the presence of storage.


2020 prospects2020 prospects

Desert location (DNI = 2,900 kWh/m2 year) target - for 100 MWe unit

LEC evaluation – 2020 target

Specific Investment cost: 1600 €/kWe

Operative life: 25 years

Interest rate: 7%

Yearly O&M: 2% of investment cost

LEC: 4,5 € cent/kWh (*) (*) This numbere is in agreement with data calculated in Assessment of Parabolic Trough and Power Tower Solar Technology Cost and Performance Forecast - Sargent&Lundy LLC Consulting Group per NREL - NREL/SR-550-34440 - Oct. 2003 - staing a LEC in the range of 4.3 US cent/kWh(SunLab estimate) to 6.2 US cent/kWh (S&Lestimate)


CSP on the webCSP on the web

For a deeper insight a nuber of docìuements can be retrieved from the following sites:

www.solarpaces.org

www.nrel.gov

www.dlr.de/tt/trans-cspwww.dlr.de/tt/med-csp

http://www.enea.it/com/ingl/solarframe.htmhttp://www.enea.it/com/solar/doc/csp.pdf

Documents

Concentrating Solar Power Technologies.indico.ictp.it/event/a06350/session/15/contribution/8/material/0/0.pdf · Concentrating Solar Power Technologies. ICTP Experts meeting on “Science