Computers: Computers: Information Information Technology Technology

in Perspectivein Perspective

Inside the Inside the ComputerComputer

PresentatioPresentation 3n 3

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Be Informed ! !Be Informed ! !

And, make good And, make good decisions when decisions when

purchasing a PC.purchasing a PC.

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Electronic SignalsElectronic Signals

Analog

Digital

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Binary Digits (Bits)Binary Digits (Bits)

Only 2states

possible

On OffFiber Optic Cable}Light

PulseNo Light

Pulse

Permanentlystored onCD-ROM}Pitted

NotPitted

Inside thecomputer’s

memory (RAM)

}Electronicpulse

present

Electronicpulse

absentPermanently

stored ondisks}Positive

magnetic field

Negative magnetic

field

} Human readable symbols

On1

Off0

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001001110001

001001110001

DigitalDigital

Digitizing DataDigitizing Data

AnalogAnalog

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Encoding SystemsEncoding Systems

“A” is represented by this bit pattern1 byte= 8 bits

0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 A

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ASCII ChartASCII Chart

Please memorize Please memorize by our next class.by our next class.

Just kidding!Just kidding!

Character ASCII Code Character ASCII CodeA 100 0001 0 011 0000B 100 0010 1 011 0001C 100 0011 2 011 0010D 100 0100 3 011 0011E 100 0101 4 011 0100F 100 0110 5 011 0101G 100 0111 6 011 0110H 100 1000 7 011 0111I 100 1001 8 011 1000J 100 1010 9 011 1001K 100 1011 Space 010 0000L 100 1100 . 010 1110M 100 1101 ( 010 1000N 100 1110 + 010 1011O 100 1111 & 010 0110P 101 0000 $ 010 0100Q 101 0001 * 010 1010R 101 0010 ) 010 1001S 101 0011 ; 011 1011T 101 0100 , 010 1100U 101 0101 - 101 1111V 101 0110 ? 011 1111W 101 0111 : 011 1010X 101 1000 = 011 1101Y 101 1001

Other Systems:Other Systems:ANSI (8 bit)ANSI (8 bit)

Unicode (16 bit)Unicode (16 bit)Hexadecimal displayHexadecimal display

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PC System UnitPC System Unit

MotherboardMotherboard

Processor

RAM

ExpansionCards

StorageStorageDevicesDevices

Hard Drive

Floppy Drive

CD-ROM/DVD Drive

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MotherboardMotherboard

Electronic circuit boardElectronic circuit boardProvides communication among:Provides communication among:

MicroprocessorMicroprocessor Chipset Chipset Memory chipsMemory chips Expansion boardsExpansion boards BusBus Device controllersDevice controllers

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Intel Processor Intel Processor ProgressionProgression

Pentium 4  Pentium DCeleron D   Core 2AtomPentium (Dual- (Dual-

Core)  Core)  Core (i3 · i5 · Core (i3 · i5 ·

i7)i7)Photo Courtesy of Intel Corporation

286, 386, 286, 386, 486486

Pentium®Pentium®Pentium® Pentium®

ProProPentium® II Pentium® II Pentium® III Pentium® III Celeron®Celeron® Itanium™Itanium™

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Microprocessor Microprocessor ComponentsComponents

Control UnitControl Unit Read/Interpret program instructionsRead/Interpret program instructions Direct the operation of internal Direct the operation of internal

componentscomponents Control flow of programs/data to RAMControl flow of programs/data to RAM

DecoderDecoder

Program Program RegisterRegister

Instruction Instruction RegisterRegister

ALUALUAccumulatorAccumulator

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Memory TypesMemory Types

Cache

RAM

ROM

Flash

PROM

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RAMRAM

Random Access MemoryRandom Access MemorySolid-state electronic circuitrySolid-state electronic circuitryHolds current data and programs at a Holds current data and programs at a

RAM addressRAM addressTemporary or volatile storageTemporary or volatile storage

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RAM TypesRAM Types

SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM)SDRAM (Synchronous Dynamic RAM) Can synchronize itself with the processorCan synchronize itself with the processor

RDRAM (Rambus DRAM)RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) Newer and more expensiveNewer and more expensive 6 times faster than SDRAM6 times faster than SDRAM

Physical installationPhysical installation SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single)SIMMs: 32-bit data path to CPU (single) DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual)DIMMs: 64-bit data path to CPU (dual) RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade)RIMMs: faster RDRAM chips (use to upgrade)

DDR SDRAMDDR SDRAM 12001200 MB/sMB/s DDR2 SDRAMDDR2 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM DDR3 SDRAM 6400 MB/s6400 MB/s

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Cache MemoryCache Memory

Faster and more costly than RAMFaster and more costly than RAMMuch smaller capacity than RAMMuch smaller capacity than RAMHolds next likely instructionsHolds next likely instructions Increases system Increases system throughputthroughput

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ROMROM

Read Only MemoryRead Only MemoryPermanent; user cannot changePermanent; user cannot changeLoads Operating System during Loads Operating System during

boot processboot processPROMPROM

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Flash MemoryFlash Memory

Type of PROMType of PROM Can be easily changed by userCan be easily changed by user Non-volatileNon-volatile Upgrade by downloading software from the Upgrade by downloading software from the

Web or diskWeb or disk No longer need to replace chips or circuit No longer need to replace chips or circuit

boardsboards

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What Happens InsideWhat Happens Inside

ArithmeticLogic Unit

Main memory

ControlUnit

OutputUnit

Data Data flowflow

Instruction flowInstruction flow

InputUnit

Control flowControl flow

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Instruction Cycle = I-time + Instruction Cycle = I-time + E-timeE-time

Everything is translated

to Machine Language

Instruction Time

Execution Time

Fetch Instruction

Execute Instruction

Plac

e re

sult

in m

emor

y Decode InstructionPipelining

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Adding PeripheralsAdding Peripherals

Courtesy of ATI Technologies Inc.

Expansion Slot

Expansion Card

Peripheral plugs into port

Pins plug into slot

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Bus TypesBus Types

ISA busISA bus PCI local busPCI local bus SCSI busSCSI bus USB bus (hot plug)USB bus (hot plug) 1394 bus (FireWire)1394 bus (FireWire) AGP busAGP bus PCI ExpressPCI Express

Expansion boards are made to fit a Expansion boards are made to fit a particular type of busparticular type of bus

PCI Express slots (from top to bottom: ×4 , ×16, ×1 and ×16), compared to a traditional 32-bit PCI slot (bottom), as seen on DFI’s LanParty nF4 SLI-DR.

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PortsPorts

• 1 bit at a time• Slow

• Mice/modems• Long distances

• High speed• Buy cable separately

• Infrared Light waves• Printers

• Short distance

• 8 bits at a time • Fast

• Printers• Short distances

• 15 peripherals• Daisychained

• Expensive ?• External hard drives

• Video cameras

• Keyboard• Mouse

• Round 5-pin connector

• High speed

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Adding PeripheralsAdding Peripherals

Common boards:Common boards: AGP (accelerated graphics port)AGP (accelerated graphics port) PCI-EPCI-E SoundSound Data/Voice/Fax modemData/Voice/Fax modem Cable modemCable modem

Other boards:Other boards: USB hubUSB hub Network interface card (NIC)Network interface card (NIC) SCSI interface cardSCSI interface card Video capture cardVideo capture card

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PCMCIA CardPCMCIA Card

U.S. Robotics Mobile Communications Corporation

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Describing the Describing the ProcessorProcessor

Word SizeWord Size 64-bit for PCs64-bit for PCs

Processor Speed Processor Speed MHz, MIPS, FLOPSMHz, MIPS, FLOPS 750 MHz to 750 MHz to 3.23.2 GHz for PCs GHz for PCs

RAM CapacityRAM Capacity 1 G1 GB B to 16 GB to 16 GB for PCsfor PCs

Processor PersonalityProcessor Personality

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Storage CapacityStorage Capacity

Byte - one character 20 = 1 byte

Kilobyte (KB) 210 = 1024 bytes

Megabyte (MB) 220 = 1024*1024 bytes

Gigabyte (GB) 230 = 10243 bytes

Terabyte (TB) 240 = 10244 bytes

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Processor DesignProcessor Design

Parallel processingParallel processingMassively parallel Massively parallel

processingprocessingNeural networksNeural networks

Inside the Inside the ComputerComputer

The EndThe End