Computer Fundamentals and Photoshopchanilkumar.weebly.com/uploads/5/9/8/1/5981243/fcp_material.pdf · Computer fundamentals & Photoshop I B.Sc CS / B.Com CA Ch. Anil Kumar 4 Mini

Computer Fundamentals and Photoshop I B. Sc Computer Science / I B.Com Computer Applications

CBCS

Ch. Anil Kumar

Lecturer in Computer Science Visit us at: www.chanilkumar.weebly.com

FUNDAMENTALS OF COMPUTERS AND PHOTOSHOP I B.SC (COMPUTERS) / I B.SC (INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY) / I B.COM (COMPUTER APPLICATIONS)

Published by VRL Publishers

First Release August, 2016

No part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means,

electronic, mechanical, prototyping, recording, or otherwise or stored in a database or retrieval

system without the prior written permission of the publishers. The program listed (if any) may be

entered, stored and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The book comes into existence due to my observation of lack of support material of

undergraduate students. It is published with the belief that it will help the I Year BCOM /

BSC students to the maximum extent.

Ch.Anilkumar Lecturer in Computer Science

V.S.R. Govt. Degree & P.G. College Movva, Krishna District

For more e-books visit us at: www.chanilkumar.weebly.com

http://www.chanilkumar.weebly.com/

i

INDEX UNIT – 1 1 Chapter – 1 : Introduction to Computers 1

Definition of Computer 1

Characteristics and Limitations of Computers 1

Block diagram of a Computer 2

Types of Computers based size and functionality 3

Uses of Computers 4

Generations of Computers 5

History of Computers 7

Chapter – 2 : Number Systems 8

Binary number system 8

Octal number system 10

Hexadecimal number system 10

UNIT – 2 Chapter – 3 : Input and Output Devices 13

Types of Input devices 13

Types of output devices 18

Chapter – 4 : Types of Software 22

Software and hardware 22

Classification of software 22

Types of system software 23

Types of application software 23

Commercial software 24

Open source software 24

Domain software 24

Free ware software 24

Chapter – 5 : Memories 25

Types of Primary memory 25

Types of Secondary memory 25

Cache memory 28

Chapter – 6 : Windows basics 29

Features of Windows Operating system 29

Desktop 29

Icons on the Desktop 29

Start menu 31

UNIT – 3 33 Chapter – 7 : Introduction to Adobe Photoshop 33

Creating a document in Photoshop 33

Saving a document in Photoshop 33

Explanation of parts of Photoshop Application window 33

Menu bar 34

Tool bar 37

ii

Screen modes 40

Reverting changes 41

Closing document in Photoshop 41

UNIT – 4 42 Chapter – 8 : Images 42

Opening an image 42

Saving files in different modes 42

Image size and resolution 43

Editing an image 45

Colour modes 45

Zooming and panning image 45

Rulers 47

Grids and guides 47

Cropping an image 48

Changing the background of an image 49

Making selections 51

Computer fundamentals & Photoshop I B.Sc CS / B.Com CA

Ch. Anil Kumar 1

UNIT - 1 Chapter – 1: Introduction to Computers

Q1. Define a Computer?

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes

these data under the control of set of instructions and gives the result and saves output for the future use.

The basic components of a modern digital computer are: Input Device, Output Device, Central

Processor Unit (CPU), mass storage device and memory.

accepts data Input

processes data Processing

produces output Output

stores results Storage

Q2. Give the characteristics and limitations of a computer?

Characteristics of a Computer:

Speed: As you know computer can work very fast. It takes only few seconds for calculations that

we take hours to complete. You will be surprised to know that computer can perform millions of

instructions and even more per second. Therefore, we determine the speed of computer in terms

of microsecond 10-6

and nanosecond 10-9

. From this you can imagine how fast your computer

performs work.

Accuracy: Computer always gives accurate results. The accuracy of Computer does not go down

when they are used continuously for hours together. It always gives accurate results.

Diligence: A computer is free from tiredness, lack of concentration, etc. It can work for hours

without creating any error. If millions of calculations are to be performed, a computer will

perform every calculation with the same accuracy.

Versatility: It means the capacity to perform completely different type of work. You may use

your computer to prepare payroll slips. Next moment you may use it for inventory management

or to prepare electric bills.

No IQ: Computer is a dumb machine and it cannot do any work without instruction from the

user. It performs the instructions at tremendous speed and with accuracy. It is you to decide what

you want to do and in what sequence. So a computer cannot take its own decision as you can.

Storage: The Computer has an in-built memory where it can store a large amount of data. You

can also store data in secondary storage devices such as floppies, which can be kept outside your

computer and can be carried to other computers.

Automation: Computers are quite capable of functioning automatically, once the process is

given to the computer. They do not require any instruction from the operator at any stage of the

process. Computers can be programmed to perform a series of complex tasks involving multiple

programs. Computers will execute the programs in the correct sequence, provided they are

programmed correctly.

Limitations of a Computer System:

Computers can‘t think: Computers cannot think and they can‘t do any job unless they are first

programmed with specific instructions for same. They work as per stored instructions. Algorithms


Ch. Anil Kumar 2

are designed by humans to make a computer perform a special task. This is also called artificial

intelligence.

Computers can‘t decide: Computers are incapable of decision making as they do not possess the

essential elements necessary to take a decision i.e. knowledge, information, wisdom, intelligence and

the ability to judge.

Computers can‘t express their Ideas: In any type of research ideas plays a vital role. In this context,

computers can‘t express their ideas.

Computers can‘t implement: Though computers are helpful in storage of data and can contain the

contents of encyclopaedias even, but only humans can decide and implement the policies.

Q3. Draw the Block diagram of a Computer? Explain its parts in detail?

A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve highly complicated

problems quickly and accurately. A computer performs basically five major computer operations or

functions irrespective of their size and make. These are

1) It accepts data or instructions by way of input,

2) It stores data,

3) It can process data as required by the user,

4) It gives results in the form of output, and

5) It controls all operations inside a computer.

Input Unit: This is the process of entering data and programs in to the computer system. Therefore,

the input unit takes data from us to the computer in an organized manner for processing with the help

of some input devices like Keyboard, mouse, trackball, etc.

Output Unit: This is the process of producing results from the data for getting useful information.

The examples of Output devices are Monitor, speaker, printer, etc.

Central Processing Unit: The ALU and the CU of a computer system are jointly known as the central

processing unit. You may call CPU as the brain of any computer system.

Arithmetic & Logic Unit: After you enter data through the input device it is stored in the primary

storage unit. The actual processing of the data and instruction are performed by Arithmetic

Logical Unit. The major operations performed by the ALU are addition, subtraction,

multiplication, division, logic and comparison. Data is transferred to ALU from storage unit

when required. After processing the output is returned back to storage unit for further processing

or getting stored.


Ch. Anil Kumar 3

Control Unit: The next component of computer is the Control Unit, which acts like the

supervisor. Control Unit is responsible for coordinating various operations. It coordinates the

activities of computer‘s peripheral equipment as they perform the input and output.

Storage: The process of saving data and instructions permanently is known as storage. A personal

Computer has two types of memories they are Primary memory and secondary memory. Primary

memory is temporary memory and main memory of the computer, primary memory includes RAM

and ROM. The secondary memory is permanent memory it includes Hard disk, floppy disk, etc.

Q4. Explain the types of computers?

Computers are classified according to their functionality and size.

Based on Functionality: According to functionality computer can be divided in to three types:

Analog, Digital, Hybrid

Analog Computer: ―An analog computer is a form of computer that uses the continuously-

changeable aspects of physical fact such as electrical, mechanical to model the problem being

solved. The examples of Analog computers are Thermometer, analog clock, speedometer, etc.

Digital Computer: A computer that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities

represented as digits, usually in the binary number system of ―0‖ and ―1‖. Examples are: IBM

PC, Apple Macintosh, Calculators, Digital watches, etc.

Hybrid Computers: A computer that processes both analog and digital data. Examples are:

Hybrid computer is the computer used in hospitals to measure the heartbeat of the patient,

Devices used in petrol pump.

Based on Size:

Super Computer: Supercomputers are one of the fastest computers currently available.

Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require

extremely large amount of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting,

scientific simulations, graphics, nuclear energy research, electronic design, and analysis of

geological data.

Main frame Computer: Mainframe is very large in size and is an expensive computer capable

of supporting hundreds or even thousands of users simultaneously. Mainframe executes many

programs concurrently and supports much simultaneous execution of programs.


Ch. Anil Kumar 4

Mini Computer: A midsized computer, in size and power, In general, a minicomputer is a

multiprocessing system capable of supporting from 4 to about 200 users simultaneously. Mini

computers have operating systems with multitasking and network capabilities enabling them to

serve more than one user.

Micro Computer: Micro computers is a digital computer whose processing unit consists of one

or more microprocessors, one or more input / output units and sufficient memory to execute

instructions. They are used in schools, homes, office etc. Some popular micro computer is IBM

system, etc.

Q5. What are the uses Computers?

Computers are used in so many fields in our daily life. From Engineers to Doctors, Students,

Teachers, and Government Organization they all use computers to perform specific tasks, for

entertainment or just to finish office work. Computers have made our life easier.

Business: A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or

versatility which made it an integrated part in all business organisations. Computer is used in

business organisations for:

Budgeting

Sales analysis

Managing employees database

Banking: Today banking is almost totally dependent on computer. Banks provide following

facilities:

Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits,

overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records.

ATM machines are making it even easier for customers to deal with banks

Insurance: Insurance companies are keeping all records up-to-date with the help of computers.

The insurance companies, finance houses and stock broking firms are widely using computers

for their concerns. Insurance companies are maintaining a database of all clients with

information showing

procedure to continue with policies

next due installment of a policy

maturity date


Ch. Anil Kumar 5

Education: The computer has provided a lot of facilities in the education system.

The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based

Education) which involves control, delivery, and evaluation of learning.

The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer students.

Marketing: In marketing, uses of computer are following:

Advertising - With computers, advertising professionals create art and graphics, write and

revise copy, and print and disseminate ads with the goal of selling more products.

At Home Shopping - Home shopping has been made possible through use of

computerised catalogues that provide access to product information and permit direct entry

of orders to be filled by the customers.

Health Care: Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The

computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also

used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc.,

are also done by computerised machines. Some major fields of health care in which computers

are used are:

Diagnostic System - Computers are used to collect data and identify cause of illness.

Patient Monitoring System - These are used to check patient's signs for abnormality such

as in Cardiac Arrest, ECG etc.

Engineering Design: Computers are widely used in engineering purpose. One of major areas is

CAD (Computer aided design). That provides creation and modification of images. Some fields

are:

Structural Engineering - Requires stress and strain analysis for design of Ships,

Buildings, Budgets, and Airplanes etc.

Architectural Engineering - Computers help in planning towns, designing buildings,

determining a range of buildings on a site using both 2D and 3D drawings.

Military: Computers are largely used in defence. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military

also employs computerised control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been

used are:

Missile Control

Military Communication

Communication: Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech that is

received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for. Some

main areas in this category are:

E-mail

Chatting

Video-conferencing

Government: Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields in this

category are:

Budgets

Male/Female ratio

Computerization of voters lists

Q6. Explain the generations of Computers?

Generation in computer terminology is a change in technology a computer was being used. There are

totally five computer generations known till date. Each generation has been discussed in detail along

with their time period and characteristics. Following are the main five generations of computers:


Ch. Anil Kumar 6

First Generation (1946-1959):

The period of first generation was 1946-1959. The computers of first generation used

vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for Central Processing Unit.

These tubes, like electric bulbs, produced a lot of heat, were very expensive and could be

afforded only by very large organisations. Punched cards, paper tape, and magnetic tape were

used as input and output devices. The computers in this generation used machine code as

programming language.

Second Generation (1959-1965):

The period of second generation was 1959-1965. In this generation transistors were used that

were cheaper, consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and faster than the

first generation machines made of vacuum tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used

as primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as secondary storage devices. In this

generation assembly language and high-level programming languages like FORTRAN, COBOL

was used.

Third Generation (1965-1971):

The period of third generation was 1965-1971. The computers of third generation used

integrated circuits (IC's) in place of transistors. A single IC has many transistors, resistors and

capacitors along with the associated circuitry. The IC was invented by Jack Kilby. This

development made computers smaller in size, reliable and efficient. In this generation remote

processing, time-sharing, multi-programming operating system were used. High-level languages

(FORTRAN-II TO IV, COBOL, PASCAL PL/1, BASIC, ALGOL-68 etc.) were used during

this generation.


Ch. Anil Kumar 7

Fourth Generation (1971-1980):

The period of fourth generation was 1971-1980. The computers of fourth generation used

Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits. VLSI circuits having about 5000 transistors and

other circuit elements and their associated circuits on a single chip made it possible to have

microcomputers of fourth generation. Fourth generation computers became more powerful,

compact, reliable, and affordable. As a result, it gave rise to personal computer (PC) revolution.

In this generation time sharing, real time, networks, distributed operating system were used. All

the high-level languages like C, C++, etc., were used in this generation.

Fifth Generation (1980 to till date):

The period of fifth generation is 1980 till date. In the fifth generation, the VLSI technology

became ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology, resulting in the production of

microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components. This generation is based on

parallel processing hardware and AI (Artificial Intelligence) software. AI is an emerging branch

in computer science, which interprets means and method of making computers think like human

beings. All the high-level languages like C and C++, Java, .Net etc., are used in this generation.

Q7. Explain the history of a computer?

Computer history starts with the development of a device ABACUS by Chinese around 3000 BC.

This device was used for counting.

English Mathematician Edmund Gunter develops a slide rule. This machine can perform

arithmetic operation. It was widely used in Europe in 16th

century.

The mechanical adding machine was invented by a 19th

year old French boy named Blaise Pascal.

This machine could perform addition and subtraction.

Blaise Pascal machine was further improved by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz a German

mathematician to perform multiplication and division.

It was in the year 1823; a famous English man Charles Babbage designed a mechanical computing

machine to do some mathematical calculations.


Ch. Anil Kumar 8

Chapter – 2: Number Systems

Binary is the simplest kind of number system that uses only two digits of 0 and 1. By using these

digits computational problems can be solved by machines because in digital electronics a transistor is used

in two states. Those two states can be represented by 0 and 1. That is why this number system is the most

preferred in modern computer engineer, networking and communication specialists, and other professionals.

Q8. Explain Binary number system?

We know the operation of decimal number system; the same concept can be applied to binary

numbers, octal numbers, and hexadecimal numbers. So before discussing other number systems, let us

first take a look at how we form a number in the decimal number system.

Suppose we have a decimal number 123, what do you call this number? How did you get its value?

The answer is that we first arrange individual digits into columns and then multiply each digit with the

value of its position.

Hundreds(102) tens (10

1) ones (10

0)

Decimal 1 2 3

= 1X100 + 2X10 + 3X1

= 100+20+3

= 123

The same concept is applicable to the binary number system, the only difference being that wherever

10 is used, and it is replaced by 2.

Converting a binary number into decimal form: In a binary number, all the columns are powers

of 2

Four‘s column(22) two‘s column(2

1) one‘s column(2

0)

For example covert the 1101 into a decimal number

=1X23 + 1X2

2 + 0X2

1 + 1X2

0

=1X8 + 1X4 + 0X2 + 1X1

=8 + 4 + 0 + 1

=13

Converting a decimal number into binary form: To convert a decimal number into its binary

equivalent, simply divide the decimal number by 2 and then write down the remainder, repeat

this process until the number cannot be divided by 2 anymore.

For example the decimal number 13 is converted to binary as follows:

2 | 13 | R

2 | 6 | 1

2 | 3 | 0

2 | 1 | 1

| 0 | 1

The binary form of decimal number 13 is 01101

Adding two binary numbers: Adding binary numbers is not only simple but also similar to the

addition of decimal numbers. While performing binary addition, start by adding the bits in one

column at a time, from right to left as we do in the case of adding decimal numbers. However,

to perform binary addition, one must remember the rules of addition.

Rules of binary addition:

0+0=0

0+1=1

1+0=1

1+1=0 (and carry 1 to the next more significant bit)


Ch. Anil Kumar 9

For example add (0001010, 0100100)

0001010

+ 0100100

---------------

0101110

---------------

Subtracting two binary numbers: Like addition of two binary numbers, the subtraction of

binary number is same but here we follow the rules of binary subtraction:

Rules of binary subtraction:

0-0=0

1-0=1

1-1=0

0-1=1, and borrow 1 from the next more significant bit

For example subtract (1011, 1001)

1011

- 1001

--------

0010

--------

Subtracting two binary numbers by using two‘s complement: Subtraction of two binary by

using two‘s complement is easy. Here there are two steps involved, they are:

Step 1: calculate the two‘s complement of subtrahend

Step 2: add it to the subtrahend

For example subtract (1011, 1001)

The one‘s complement of 1001 is 0110

The two‘s complement of 0110 is 0110+1=0111

Add 0111 to 1011

1011

+ 0111

1 0010

Now discard the carry from the last bit, hence the result is 0010

Multiplying two binary numbers: Binary numbers are multiplied in the same manner as we

multiply two decimal numbers. Rules for multiply two binary numbers are:

0X0=0

0X1=0

1X0=0

1X1=1

For example multiply the binary numbers 1011, 11 as:

1010

X11

-------

1010

10100

--------

11110

--------


Ch. Anil Kumar 10

Q9. Explain octal number system?

The octal number system is the base 8 number system which uses digits 0-7. This number

system was used extensively in early mainframe computer systems, but has become less popular in

comparison with binary and hexadecimal number systems.

Octal decimals operate in the same manner in which decimal and binary numbers operate. In

the octal number systems, each column is a power of 8.

Fourth digit Third digit Second digit First digit

Decimal 103 10

2 10

1 10

0

Binary 23 2

2 2

1 2

0

Octal 83 8

2 8

1 8

0

Converting an octal number into decimal form: In order to convert an octal number into its

decimal form, multiply that place holder value (power of 8) with the digit, and then adds all the

products.

For example convert the octal number (123)8:

=1X82 + 2X8

1 + 3X8

0

=1X64 + 2X8 + 3X1

=64 + 16 + 3

=83

Converting an decimal number into octal form: To convert a decimal number into its octal

equivalent, simply divide the decimal number by 8 and then write down the remainder, repeat

this process until it cannot be divided by 8 anymore. For example convert the (786)10 into octal

as:

8 | 786 | R

8 | 98 | 2

8 | 12 | 2

8 | 1 | 4

| 0 | 1

The decimal number of (786)10 is (1422)8

Converting an octal number into binary form: To convert an octal number into its binary

equivalent, replace each octal digit with its binary equivalent. For example (63)8 can be

converted into its binary equivalent using the following steps:

Step 1: convert binary equivalent of 6 which is equal to 110

Step 2: convert binary equivalent of 3 which is equal to 011

Step 3: merge the two values, therefore (63)8 = (110011)2

Converting a binary number into octal form: To convert a binary number into its octal

equivalent, divide the binary number into two groups of bits, where each group consists of

exactly three bits (except the last). Convert each group into its equivalent octal number.

Combine these individual octal numbers to get final result. For example convert 1101100 into

its octal form

Step 1: divide the number into groups of 3 bits : 1 101 100

Step 2: convert each group of binary into its equivalent : 1 5 4

Step 3: merge the octal values to get the final result : (154)8

Q10. Explain Hexadecimal number system? The hexadecimal number system is the base 16 number system. It uses sixteen distinct symbols-the

symbols 0-9 represent values zero to nine and A,B,C,D,E,F, (or a-f) represent values 10-15. The main

problem with the binary number system is that, for larger values, binary numbers quickly become too


Ch. Anil Kumar 11

unwieldy. The hexadecimal number system overcomes this problem, as easy to convert from

hexadecimal to binary and vice versa.

Converting a hexadecimal number into decimal form: To convert a hexadecimal number to

decimal, multiply the values in each position by its hex weight and add each value. For

example, let us convert 312B into its equivalent decimal value.

= 3 1 2 B

= 3 X163 + 1X16

2 + 2X16

1 + BX16

0

= 3X 4096 + 1X256 + 2X16 + 12X1

= 12288 + 256 + 32 + 12

= 12588

Converting a decimal number into hexadecimal form: To convert a decimal number into its

hexadecimal equivalent simply divide the decimal number by 16 and then write down the

remainder, repeat this process until it cannot be divided by 16 anymore.

Let us convert decimal number 1239 into its hex equivalent.

16 | 1239 | R

16 | 77 | 7

16 | 4 | D

| 0 | 4

Now write the result starting from the last remainder obtained. Therefore, (1239)10 is (4D7)16

Converting a hexadecimal number into binary form: Converting a hexadecimal number into

binary form is easy by simply break number into 4-bit groups beginning with the last

significant bit, and substitutes the corresponding four bits in binary for each hexadecimal digit

in the number.

For example convert ABCD into its binary equivalent.

A B C D

1010 1011 1100 1101

Therefore the binary value of the given hexadecimal number is:

(1100101111001101)2

Converting a binary number into hexadecimal form: Converting a binary number into

hexadecimal form is the reverse process of converting hexadecimal number into binary

number. Take the binary number and separate the 4-bit group and convert the each group into

its decimal value, and merge the all values.

For example convert the 01101110010110 into hexadecimal form as:

0001 1011 1001 0110

1 12 9 6.

1 B 9 6

Therefore the hexadecimal value of the binary number is: 1B96

Converting a hexadecimal number into octal form: To convert a hexadecimal number into its

octal form equivalent, first convert the hexadecimal into its binary equivalent. Then, convert

the binary number into its equivalent octal number:

For example to convert (A1E)16 into octal form, perform the following steps:

Step 1: convert the given number into its binary form:

A 1 E

=1010 0001 1110

=(101000011110)2

Step 2: divide the above binary number into 3-bit groups, and convert each group bits into its

equivalent octal number, therefore


Ch. Anil Kumar 12

101 000 011 110

= 5 0 3 6

(A1E)16 = (5036)8

Converting a octal number into hexadecimal form: To convert an octal number into its

equivalent hexadecimal number, first convert the octal number into its binary equivalent and

then convert the binary number into its hexadecimal form.

For example, the steps to be performed to convert (567)8 into its hexadecimal equivalent are

as follows:

Step 1: convert the each digit in the hexadecimal number into binary value:

5 6 7

101 110 111

(101110111)2

Step 2: divide the binary number into 4-bit groups and then convert the binary values into its

hexadecimal equivalent, therefore:

0001 0111 0111

1 7 7

(567)8=(177)16


Ch. Anil Kumar 13

UNIT - 2 Chapter – 3: Input and Output Devices

Q11. Explain the types of input devices?

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with

and control the computer. The most commonly used input devices on a computer are

the keyboard and mouse. However, there are dozens of other devices that can also be used to input data

into the computer. Below is a list of computer input devices that can be used with a computer or a

computing device.

Keyboard

Mouse

Joy Stick

Light pen

Track Ball

Scanner

Graphic Tablet

Microphone

Magnetic Ink Card Reader(MICR)

Optical Character Reader(OCR)

Bar Code Reader

Optical Mark Reader(OMR)

Keyboard:

Keyboard is the most common and very popular input device which helps in inputting data to

the computer. The layout of the keyboard is like that of traditional typewriter, although there are

some additional keys provided for performing additional functions. The keys on the keyboard are as

follows:

S. No Keys Description

1 Typing Keys These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (0-9) which

generally give same layout as that of typewriters.

2 Numeric Keypad It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement.

3 Function Keys

The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which is

arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard. Each function key has

unique meaning and is used for some specific purpose.


Ch. Anil Kumar 14

4 Control keys

These keys provide cursor and screen control. It includes four

directional arrow keys. Control keys also include Home, End, Insert,

Delete, Page Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt),

Escape(Esc).

5 Special Purpose

Keys

Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as Enter,

Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print Screen.

Pointing Device:

Mouse: Mouse is most popular pointing device. It is a very famous cursor-control device

having a small palm size box with a round ball at its base which senses the movement of

mouse and sends corresponding signals to CPU when the mouse buttons are pressed.

Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and a wheel is present

between the buttons. Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen, but it

cannot be used to enter text into the computer.

Light Pen: Light pen is a pointing device which is similar to a pen. It is used to select a

displayed menu item or draw pictures on the monitor screen. It consists of a photocell and an

optical system placed in a small tube. When the tip of a light pen is moved over the monitor

screen and pen button is pressed, its photocell sensing element detects the screen location and

sends the corresponding signal to the CPU.

Track Ball: A trackball is a pointing device that is used to control the position of the cursor

on the screen. It is usually used in notebook computers.


Ch. Anil Kumar 15

Touchpad: A touchpad is a small, flat, rectangular stationary pointing device with a sensitive

surface of square inches. The user has to slide his or her fingertips across the surface of the

pad to point to a specific object on the screen. The surface translates the motion and position

of the user‘s fingers to a relative position on the screen. Touch pads are widely used in

laptops, and are in built on the laptop keyboards.

Handheld input devices:

Joystick: Joystick is also a pointing device which is used to move cursor position on a

monitor screen. It is a stick having a spherical ball at its both lower and upper ends. The

lower spherical ball moves in a socket. The joystick can be moved in all four directions. The

function of joystick is similar to that of a mouse. It is mainly used in Computer Aided

Designing (CAD) and playing computer games.

Touch Screen: A touch screen is a display screen that can identify the occurrence and position

of a touch inside the display region. The user can touch the screen either by using a finger or

a stylus. The touch screen facilitates the users to interact with what is displayed on the screen

in a straightforward manner, rather than in an indirect way by using a mouse or a touchpad.

Such touch screen displays are available on computers, laptops, PDAs, and mobile phones.

Optical Input Devices:

Optical devices, also known as data-scanning devices, use light as a source of input for

detecting or recognizing different objects such as characters, marks, codes, and images. The optical

device converts these objects into digital data and sends it to the computer for further processing.

Some optical devices that are discussed in this section include barcode readers, image scanners,

optical character recognition (OCR) devices, optical mark readers (OMR), and magnetic ink

character recognition (MICR) devices.


Ch. Anil Kumar 16

Barcode Scanner: A barcode reader is a handheld input device that is used to capture and read

information stored in a bar code. It consists of a scanner, a decoder, and a cable used to

connect the reader to a computer. The function of the barcode reader is to capture and

translate the bar code into numerals and/or alphabets. It is connected to a computer for further

processing of the captured information.

Image Scanner: A scanner is a device that captures images, printed text, and handwriting,

from different sources such as photographic prints, posters, and magazines and converts them

into digital images for editing and display on computers. Scanners come in handheld, feed-in,

and flat bed types, and for scanning either colour images, black-and-white images, or both.

MICR Scanner: Magnetic ink character reader (MICR) is used to verify the legitimacy of

paper documents, especially bank checks. It consists of magnetic ink printed characters that

can be recognized by high-speed magnetic recognition devices. The printed characters

provide important information for processing to the receiving party

OMR Scanner: Optical mark recognition (OMR) is the process of electronically extracting

data from marked fields, such as checkboxes and fill-in fields, on printed forms. The optical

mark reader, is fed with an OMR sheet that has pen or pencil marks in predefined positions to

indicate each selected response (such as answers for multiple-choice questions in an entrance

examination)


Ch. Anil Kumar 17

OCR Scanner: Optical character recognition (OCR) is the process of converting printed

materials into text or word processing files that can be easily edited and stored. The steps

involved in OCR include:

Scanning the text character by character

Analyzing the scanned image to translate the character images into character codes

Audio – visual input devices:

Today, all computers are multimedia-enabled , that is, computers not only allow one to read

or write text, but also enable the user to record songs, view animated movies, etc. Hence, in

addition to having a keyboard and a mouse, audio–video devices have become a necessity today.

Audio input Devices: Audio devices are used to either capture or create sound. They enable

computers to accept music, speech, or sound effects for recording and/or editing.

Microphones and CD players are examples of two widely used audio input devices. A

microphone feeds audio input to the computer.

Video Input Devices: Video input devices are used to capture video from the outside world

into the computer. Here, the term video means moving picture along with sound. Digital

camera and web camera are popular examples of video input devices.


Ch. Anil Kumar 18

Q12. Explain the types of Output devices? Any device that gives information from a computer can be called an output device. Monitors and

speakers are two widely used output devices. For example, monitors display characters as they are typed.

Similarly, speakers play a song instantly when the user selects one from a playlist. Other examples of

output devices include printers, plotters, and projectors.

Soft copy output devices:

Soft copy output devices produce an electronic version of an output, for example, a file that is

stored on a hard disk, CD, or pen drive and is displayed on the computer screen. Features of a soft copy

output include the following:

• The output can be viewed only when the computer is on.

• The user can easily edit soft copy output.

• Soft copy cannot be used by people who do not have a computer.

• Searching for data in a soft copy is easy and fast.

Monitors: The monitor is a soft copy output device used to display video and graphics

information generated by the computer through the video card. Computer monitors are similar

to television screens but they display information at a much higher quality. Monitors come in

three variants—cathode ray tube (CRT), liquid crystal display (LCD), and plasma

CRT Monitors: CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors work by firing charged electrons at

a phosphorus film. When electrons hit the phosphor-coated screen, they glow, thereby

enabling the user to see the output. The size of CRT monitors is big and high power

consumption.

LCD Monitors: An LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitor is a thin, flat, electronic

visual display unit that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals, which do

not emit light directly. LCD screens are used in a wide range of applications ranging

from computer monitors, televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays,

signage, etc.


Ch. Anil Kumar 19

Plasma Monitors: Plasma monitors are thin and fl at monitors widely used in televisions

and computers. The plasma display contains two glass plates that have hundreds of

thousands of tiny cells filled with xenon and neon gases.

Projectors: A projector is a device that takes an image from a video source and projects it onto

a screen or another surface. These days, projectors are used for a wide range of applications,

varying from home theatre systems for projecting movies and television programmes onto a

screen much larger than even the biggest available television.

Speakers: By using speakers, the user can enjoy music, movie, or a game, and the voice will be

spread through the entire room. With good quality speakers, the voice will also be audible even

to people sitting in another room or even to neighbours

Hard copy output devices:

Hard copy output devices produce a physical form of output. For example, the content of a file

printed on paper is a form of hard copy output. The features of hard copy output include the following:

• A computer is not needed to see the output.

• Editing and incorporating the edits in the hard copy is difficult.

• Searching for data in a hard copy is a tiring and difficult job.

• Distribution of a hard copy is not only costly but slow as well.

Printers: A printer is a device that takes the text and graphics information obtained from a

computer and prints it on to a paper. Printers are available in the market in various sizes,

speeds, and costs. Usually, more expensive printers are used for higher-resolution colour

printing. Printers can be broadly classified into two groups: impact and non-impact printers

Impact printers: These printers print characters by striking an inked ribbon against the

paper. Examples of impact printers include dot matrix printers, daisy wheel printers, and

most types of line printers.


Ch. Anil Kumar 20

Dot Matrix Printer: A dot matrix printer prints characters and images of all types as a pattern of

dots (hence the name). This printer has a print head that consists of pins representing the

character or image. The print head runs back and forth, or in an up-and-down motion on the

page and prints by striking an ink-soaked cloth ribbon against the paper, much like the print

mechanism of a typewriter. From 1970s to 1990s, dot matrix impact printers were the most

common type of printers used with PCs

Daisy Wheel Printer: A daisy wheel printer uses an impact printing technology to generate

high-quality output comparable to typewriters, and is three times faster. However, today, daisy

wheel technology is found only in some electronic typewriters. The print head of a daisy wheel

printer is a circular wheel, about 3 inches in diameter with arms or spokes. The shape of the

printer wheel resembles the petals of a daisy flower, and hence its name. The characters are

embossed at the outer ends of the arms.

Line Printer: A line printer is a high-speed impact printer in which one typed line is printed at a

time. The speed of a line printer usually varies from 600 to 1200 lines per minute, or

approximately 10–20 pages per minute. Because of their high speed, line printers are widely

used in data centres and in industrial environments. Band printer is a commonly used variant of

line printers.

Non-Impact Printers: These are much quieter than impact printers, as their printing heads

do not strike the paper. They offer better print quality, faster printing, and the ability to

create prints that contain sophisticated graphics. Non-impact printers use either solid or

liquid cartridge-based ink, which is sprayed, dripped, or electro-statically drawn onto the

page. The main types of non-impact printers are inkjet, laser, and thermal printers

Inkjet Printer: Inkjet printers came in the market in the 1980s, but it was only in the 1990s that

their prices reduced enough to bring the technology to the high street. Inkjet printers have made

rapid technological advances in recent years. The colour inkjet printers have succeeded in making

colour printing an affordable option even for home users.


Ch. Anil Kumar 21

Laser printer: A laser printer is a non-impact printer that works at very high speeds and produces

high-quality text and graphics. It uses the technology used in photocopier machines. When a

document is sent to the printer, the following steps take place:

Plotters:

A plotter is a printing device that is usually used to print vector graphics with high

print quality. They are widely used to draw maps, in scientific applications, and in CAD,

CAM, and computer aided engineering (CAE).


Ch. Anil Kumar 22

Chapter – 4: Types of Software

Q13. What is software and hardware? Explain?

A computer system consists of two parts they are software and hardware.

Hardware: This is constituted by the physical components of a computer

Software: This is the programs inside the computer, which tells the hardware what to do and how

to do it.

If we compare a computer to a living being, then the hardware would be the body parts. Since

the computer hardware is a part of a machine, it can understand only two basic concepts: on and off,

called binary. Computer software was developed to use the binary to tell the computer hardware

what to do.

The computer hardware cannot think and make decisions on its own. Hence, it cannot be used

to analyse a given set of data and find a solution. The hardware needs software to instruct what has to

be done. A programme is a set of instructions arranged in a sequence to guide the computer to find a

solution for a given problem. The process of writing a program is called programming.

Computer programmers write a set of instructions using a specific programming language.

Such instructions are known as the source code. Another computer programme called compiler is

then used to transform the source code into a language that the computer can understand. The

following are some examples of computer software: computer games software, driver software,

educational software, media players and media development software, productivity software,

operating systems, etc.

Q14. Explain the classification of computer software?

Computer software can be broadly classified into two groups: application software and system

software.

Application software: It is designed to solve a particular programme for users. Examples of

application software include spreadsheets, database programmes, desktop publishing systems,

program development software, games software, etc.

System software: This environment provides new functions that are not available at the hardware

level and performs tasks related to executing the application program. System software

represents programs that allow the hardware to run properly.

System software Application software

It is a collection of programs that enable the

user to interact with the hardware components

It is a collection of programs written for a

specific purpose.

It controls and manages hardware It use the services of hardware components

with the help of system software

It is machine dependent It is machine independent

It directly interact with the hardware It indirectly interact with the hardware

Writing system software is complicated task. Writing application software is easy.

Example: compiler, operating system, etc. Example: MS word, Paint, etc.

Computer system

Computer hardware Computer software

System software Application software


Ch. Anil Kumar 23

Q15. Explain the types of System software?

System software is computer software designed to operate the computer hardware and to provide and

maintain a platform for running the application software.

Computer BIOS and device drivers: The computer basic input / output system (BIOS) and

device drivers provide the basic functionality to operate and control the hardware connected to

or built into the computer.

When the computer starts the first function that the BIOS performs the identify system

devices such as the video display, keyboard, mouse, hard disk, CD/DVD driver, and other

hardware. This process is also known as booting.

Operating system: The primary goal of an operating system is to make the computer system

continent and efficient use. The operating system offers generic services to support user

applications. An operating system ensures that the system resources are utilized efficiently.

Utility software: Utility software is used to analyse, configure, optimize, and maintain the

computer system.

Disk defragmenter – detects computer files whose contents are broken on the hard disk and

move fragments to one location in order to increase efficiency.

Disk cleaners – they are used to locate files that are either not required for computer

operation, the users to decide what to delete when their disk is full.

Disk partitions – are used to divide an individual drive into multiple logical drives.

Backup – utilities are used to make a copy of the information stored on a disk.

Antivirus utilities – are used to scan a computer for viruses.

Compiler, interpreter:

Compiler – it is a translator used to translate a source code written by the user by using

programming language in high level language into machine understandable format.

Compiler converts the entire source code at a time to machine language.

Interpreter – it is a translator used to translate a source code written by the use by using

programming language in high level langue into machine understandable format. Interpreter

converts the source code line by line to machine language.

Q16. Explain the types of Application software?

Application software is a type of computer software that employs the capabilities of computer

directly to perform a user – defined task. Typical examples of application softwares are: Microsoft

office package, graphics software, multimedia software, database management software, etc.

Microsoft office package: Microsoft office introduced by Microsoft in 1989 is a suite of

interrelated applications for the Microsoft windows. Microsoft office contains the following:

User 1 User 2 User n

Application software

System software

Computer hardware


Ch. Anil Kumar 24

Microsoft word – it is word processor software that enables the users to create, edit, print

and save document for future use. The main feature of Microsoft word is we can create

documents, operate with margins, formatting paragraphs, change data size, colour, font

type and style, insert the page numbers, check and correct spelling and grammar

mistakes, working with tables, edit options like cut, copy and paste, delete, insert

pictures, using macros and mail merge, etc.

Microsoft Excel – it is a spread sheet software application, the data is stored in rows,

columns or cells. The main features of excel is using auto fill, auto format, function

wizard, chart wizard, macro, formatting text, auditing formulas, data filter, etc.

Microsoft power point – it is presentation software, used to create multimedia

presentations and slide shows.

Microsoft access – it is a database application used to store data, by using the data we

can prepare reports, pages, forms, etc.

Graphics software: Graphics software or image editing software is a program that allows users to

create and edit digital images. Example of such softwares includes Adobe photo shop, paint

shop, Microsoft paint, etc.

Paint programs – these programs enable the users to create freehand drawings. The

images are stored as bit maps and can easily be edited as and when required.

Adobe photo shop – it is image editing software that allows the user to edit the digital

images, change backgrounds, correct blur in images, resize the images, etc.

Multimedia software: Multimedia means different types of media. Nowadays multimedia is

widely applied in areas such as advertisements, entertainment, engineering, business, etc.

Database management software: Database management software or DBMS is a collection of

programs that helps users to store, edit, and extract data from a database. Today different types

of DBMS, such as Microsoft access, IBM DB2, Oracle SQL, etc.

Q17. Explain commercial software?

Commercial software is any software or program that is designed and developed for licensing

or sale to end users or that serves a commercial purpose. Commercial software was once considered

to be proprietary software, but now a number of free and open-source software applications are

licensed or sold to end users. Microsoft products such as the Windows Operating System and MS

Office are some of the most well-known examples of commercial software.

Q18. Explain Open source software?

Open source refers to a program or software in which the source code is available to the

general public for use and/or modification from its original design free of charge. The examples of

open source software are: Apache HTTP server, Blender, Open Office, etc.

Q19. Explain Domain software?

Programs that are un-copyrighted because their authors intended to share them with everyone

else are in the public domain. The UNIX community has developed a number of such programs over

the years. Programs in the public domain can be used without restriction as components of other

programs.

Q20. Explain Freeware software?

Freeware is programming that is offered at no cost and is a common class of small

applications available for downloading and use in most operating systems. Because it may be

copyrighted, you may or may not be able to reuse it in programming you are developing. The least

restrictive "no-cost" programs are un-copyrighted programs that are in the public domain.


Ch. Anil Kumar 25

Chapter – 5: Memories

Q21. What is Primary Memory? Explain its types?

Primary memory or main memory or internal memory is the only type of memory that is

directly accessed by the CU. The CPU continuously reeds instructions stored in the primary memory

and execute them. Any data that has to be operated by the CPU is also stored there.

Primary memory is divided into two memories they are – Read only memory (ROM),

Random Access memory (RAM).

Radom Access Memory (RAM):

RAM is a volatile memory within the computer that is typically used to store data

temporarily. RAM is considered random access because any memory cell can be directly

accessed if its address is known when the RAM gets full; the computer system operates at a slow

speed.

In the year 2000, a personal computer had only 128MB of RAM, but today PCs have 1-2 GB

of RAM. There are two types of RAM – static RAM and dynamic RAM.

Static RAM – this type of RAM that holds data without an external refresh as long as it is

powered. SRAM is occupies more space ad most expensive and is faster, more reliable.

Dynamic RAM – this is the most common type of memory used in personal computers,

workstations and servers today. A DRAM chip contains millions of tiny memory cells. Each

cell is made up of transistor and capacitor and can contain one bit of information. To store a

bit of information in a DRAM chip, a tiny amount of power is put into a cell to charge the

capacitor.

Read only Memory (ROM):

ROM refers to computer memory chips containing permanent data. Unlike ROM is non-

volatile; that is the data is retained in it even after the computer is turned off.

Most computers contain a small amount of ROM that stores critical programs such as the

basic input/output system (BIOS), which is used to boot up the computer when it is turned on.

Q22. What is secondary memory? Explain its types?

Secondary memory is also known as external memory or auxiliary memory in that it is not

directly accessible by the CPU. The secondary storage devices hold data even when the computer is

switched off. An example of such devices is hard disk, floppy disk, magnetic tape, CD, DVD, pen

drives, memory cards, etc.


Ch. Anil Kumar 26

Magnetic tape:

Magnetic tapes are storage devices capable of backing up and retaining large volumes of

data. A magnetic tape is a thin strip of plastic coated with magnetic recording material. Magnetic

tapes are available in the form of cassettes, reels and cartridges.

A magnetic tape drive is used to read and write data on magnetic tape. A magnetic tape is

compact in size, light in weight and can be used to transfer data from one computer to another.

Floppy disk:

Floppy disks are data storage devices that consist of a thin magnetic storage medium encased

in a square plastic shell. The storage capacity of the floppy disk is very limited, and its cost is

cheap, they are much slower than other data storage devices.

Floppy disks were widely used from the mid 1970s till 2000s to distribute software, transfer

of data, however today their use has become limited.

The mechanism of floppy disk involves two motors, while one motor in the drive rotates the

disk at a speed, the second motor moves the magnetic R/W head to read or write the data on the

magnetic plate. The memory capacity of the 3.5 inch floppy disk is 1.44 MB

Hard disk:

The hard disk is a part of the computer that stores all the programs and files, so if the drive is

damaged for some reason, all the data stored on the computer is lost.

A hard disk is basically a set of disks, stacked together, that has data recorded

electromagnetically on tracks. Hard disks are also called as magnetic disks; at present 1 Terra

byte hard disks are available.


Ch. Anil Kumar 27

Magnetic disks enable random access of data; can be used as a shared device in a multi-user

environment. The cost of the magnetic disk is very low, and its data transfer rate is much higher

than magnetic tapes.

Optical Disk:

Optical storage refers to storing data on an optical readable medium that can be read using a

beam of laser light focused on a spinning disk. The most popular optical storage devices are CD,

DVD, etc.

CD-ROM:- Compact disk read only memory, is a type of optical disk that uses laser

technology to read and write data onto the disk. Once the information is stored on the disk is

permanent and cannot be altered.

CD-R:- Compact disk recordable is a blank disk that can be used to store information. The

user can write the data onto the disk until the maximum disk capacity is fill after that we

cannot write data.

CD-RW:- Compact disk rewritable is a new generation of erasable optical disk. The user can

write and overwrite data on the CD-RW disk multiple times.

DVD-ROM:- Digital video disk or digital versatile disk is an extremely high capacity optical

disk with storage capacity ranging from 4.7 GB to 17 GB. DVDs are widely used to store

large data bases, movies, music, softwares, etc.

USB flash drives:

USB flash drives are removable and rewritable and are physically much smaller drives,

weighting less than 30g. A flash drive consists of a small printed circuit board carrying the circuit

elements and a USB connector that can be carried in a pocket or on a key chain.

They can be easily used to transfer data from one computer to another. Flash drives have

higher data capacity than any other removable media. In 2010, the storage capacity of the USB

flash drives was as large as 256 GB.


Ch. Anil Kumar 28

Memory cards:

A memory cards is a small device that can be store digital files. They are easily portable from

one place to another. Today different types of memory cards are available in the market. They

are:

Secure dig memory card (SD)

Mini SD card

Micro SD card

Memory stick

Multimedia card (MMC)

Memory card enables the users to add or delete files multiple times.

Q23. What is Cache Memory?

Cache memory is an intermediate form of storage between the ultra-fast registers and the

RAM. The CPU uses cache memory to store instructions and data that are repeatedly required to

execute programs, thereby improving the overall system speed and increasing the performance of

computers.

When a program is being executed and the CPU wants to read data or instructions, the CPU

first checks whether the data or instructions is available in the cache memory. If it is not present

there, then the CPU reeds the data or instructions from the main memory, when the same piece of

data or instruction is needed again, the CPU reeds it from the cache memory instead of the main

memory.


Ch. Anil Kumar 29

Chapter – 6: Windows Basics

Q24. Give the features of Windows Operating system?

1. WINDOWS provides user – friendly environment.

2. It is a capable of multitasking of graphical programs and character based systems.

3. Program manager can be used to switch easily between multiple programs.

4. Built – In accessories such as word pad and paint.

5. A powerful help facility is provided which will enable a user to sort out its problems in comfortable

manner.

6. Searching for a specific file is very easily.

Q25. What is desktop? Explain?

When a computer is switched on, booting process will start, after the completion of booting

process you can saw a screen is called desktop. Desktop is the first screen when computer is turned

on. Desktop has icons, mouse pointer, and taskbar.

Taskbar: The rectangular bar that runs horizontally across the bottom of the screen is called

taskbar. It provides access to all programs, it include start button, time, etc. You can also switch

one program to another program here by using the task bar. Task bar also has quick launch it

allows you to open frequently used programs quickly.

Icons: Icons are small graphical images that can represent computer programs, fields, folders. To

activate the icon you double click on it with the left mouse button. The standard icons in

windows operating system include My Computer, My Documents, Internet Explorer, Recycle

Bin, etc.

Mouse Pointer: it is a small graphical image where you can move this by using mouse, and

select whatever you want on the desktop.

Q26. Explain the different Icons available on the Windows Desktop?

Computer desktop contains many icons. Icon is a small graphical image that belongs to

shortcut for a folder or program. By selecting the icon you can open the corresponding folder or

program. In windows operating system the following are the basic icons. They are My Computer,

My Documents, Recycle Bin, Internet Explorer, etc.

My Computer: This is a standard icon and is very useful; it contains all the resources available

in your computer. Generally it consists of hard disk drives, removable storage devices, network

drives, and user documents and shared documents folder of your computer. To open My

Computer window then double-click My Computer icon on the desktop or go to start button and

then select My Computer option or press keyboard short cut keys ―Window Button + W‖ then the

My Computer Window will appear.


Ch. Anil Kumar 30

My Documents: The default location where to create all types of documents, workbooks,

images, presentations, databases, image files, folder in windows environment is My Documents

folder. My Documents folder contains My Pictures, My Videos, My Music, and all types of files

created by the user. To open My Documents double-click My Documents icon on the desktop or

go to start button and then select My Documents option then the My Documents folder will

appear.

Recycle Bin: The files removed by the user in the computer will go to this Recycle bin. Do you

want to remove the files permanently from the computer then select ―delete‖ option in the recycle

bin. If you want to get back files from recycle bin to the original location where the file is

actually deleted, then select ―restore‖ option from the recycle bin.


Ch. Anil Kumar 31

Internet Explorer: Internet Explorer is the default browser application provided by the

Microsoft Corporation in the windows operating system. Browser is application program or

software it can be used to view web sites or web pages on the internet and also it allows the user

to create web pages. You can open Internet Explorer by double-clicking Internet explorer icon on

the desktop or press Internet explorer option in the start button.

Q27. Explain Start menu?

The start button is the single most commonly used feature in windows. This button is the primary

thing of starting programs from the desktop. Using the start button you can start programs, open

documents, etc.

All Programs: This section of the start menu holds all of the program groups and programs

installed on your machine.

My Recent Documents: The documents section contains the last few documents you worked

on. By clicking on a document name, the document will be opened in the program that was

used to create it.


Ch. Anil Kumar 32

Help and Support: This program can also be accessed by pressing F1. See the help section for

more information.

Run: Run can be used to start a program on your hard drive.

Search: To search a drive, multiple drives or your entire system for a file of folder.

Control panel: Control panel contains options for different software or hardware settings. The

windows XP operating system contains the following options: Appearance and themes, printer

and other hardware, network and internet connections, user accounts, add or remove

programs, date, time, languages, and regional options, sounds, speech, and audio devices, etc.

Log Off: Use this feature if you want to log off your system and allow someone else to log on

without running through a complete shutdown of the system

Turn off Computer: The turn off menu will allow you to turn the computer off or reboot your

system as you choose.


Ch. Anil Kumar 33

UNIT - 3 Chapter – 7: Introduction to Adobe Photoshop

Q28. How do you create a document in Photoshop?

Go to file menu and select new option.

―New‖ Dialog box will appear.

In the above dialog box enter the name of the document.

Select the document size at preset sizes combo box.

Select colour mode (RGB color / CMYK color, etc) if required.

Press ―OK‖ push button.

A new document will be created.

Q29. Give the steps for saving a document in Photoshop?

Go to file menu and select save option.

It will display ―Save As‖ dialog box.

In the save as dialog box first select the location where the document will be save in your

computer.

Type the name of the file name.

Choose format for your image such as JPEG / TIFF / Photoshop, etc.

After using required options in the dialog box press ―SAVE‖ push button.

Photoshop file will be saved.

Q30. Draw a neat sketch of Photoshop application window? Explain its parts in detail?

Title Bar: Title bar always displays the name of the program that you are currently working, so

title bar contains ―Adobe Photoshop‖.


Ch. Anil Kumar 34

Menu Bar: Menu bar is a horizontal bar; it contains file, edit, image, layer, select, filter, view,

window, and help menus. All options for working with the Photoshop are available in the menus.

Title bar Menu bar Options bar Tool bar Current Document

Panes

Options bar: Every tool in Photoshop Elements has options that you can change; options bar

contains the options for your currently using tool in the toolbar.

Tool bar: Tool bar is a vertical bar; it has so many tools that enable us to design an efficient

image. Tool bar contains the following tools, they are: marquee tool, move tool, lasso tool,

magic wand tool, crop tool, slice tool, healing brush tool, brush tool, clone stamp tool, history

brush tool, eraser tool, gradient tool, blur tool, dodge tool, path selection tool, horizontal type

tool, Pen tool, rectangle tool, notes tool, eye dropper tool, hand tool, zoom tool, set foreground

and background tool, etc.

Current document: which document you are currently working is called as current document.

Panes: Panes are also vital features that relay all kinds of information like tool options, layer

selection, history, display location information, and text style, among others. Here is a list of

panes you are most likely to encounter when you start using Photoshop: Palettes, Layers, etc.

Q31. Explain menu bar in Photoshop?

Menu bar in the Photoshop contains the following menus: File, Edit, Image, Layer, Select,

Filter, View, Window, and Help.


Ch. Anil Kumar 35

File Menu:

Option Purpose

New This option is used to create a new Photoshop document or file with PSD

extension

Open This command is used to open a required image file in Photoshop

Close This option is used to close an open document in Photoshop.

Save This option is used to save any document created or modified on Photoshop in

any required format.

Save As If you want to save an image file two or more than two times with two or more

than two different names or formats you can use the option named Save As.

Revert This option is used to remove all the changes made in any image by the use of

Photoshop.

Page Setup This command is used to set the Size, Source and Orientation for the page.

Print This command is used to print any selected file in as much copies as we need.

Exit This command is used to close opened Photoshop window.

Edit Menu

Option Purpose

Undo This command is used to delete the impact of the most recently applied command

on the Photoshop document.

Step

backward

This Command is used to undo or remove the impacts of the two or more than

two recently applied commands from the Photoshop document one by one.

Step

forward

This command is used to apply back the removed impacts of the two or more

than two commands on Photoshop document.

Cut Through this command we can transfer any selected image or a selected part of

an image temporarily from the canvas to computer‘s memory (Clip Board).

Copy

Through this command we can create a copy of a selected image or the selected

part of an image temporarily into computer‘s memory in an area that is called

Clip Board.

Paste This command is used to drop and display images that we have saved in the

Clipboard by applying Cut, Copy commands.

Clear In Adobe Photoshop 7.0 the command named Clear is used to delete the selected

part of the layer that is currently selected in the layer palette.

Check

spelling

Through this command you can correct the spelling mistakes made accidentally

in the text, typed on the Photoshop document.

Find and

replace text

If you have used any specific word many times in the text typed on Photoshop

document and you want to replace that word with some other word in an instant,

you can use the option named Find and Replace Text given in the Edit Menu.

Fill This command is used to fill any desired solid color or predefined pattern inside

the selected layer with desired level of Opacity.

Stroke

This option is used to create outline around the selected area. Through this option

you can not only create outline around the selected area, but you can set the

Width, Color, Location, Blending Mode and Opacity for that outline.

Free

transform

Through this command you can easily re-size any selected layer and rotate it in

any direction.

Purge

This command is used to make Photoshop run faster by deleting unnecessary or

corrupt files holding the record of previously applied commands on Photoshop

document from the computer's memory.


Ch. Anil Kumar 36

Image Menu:

Layer Menu:

Select Menu:

Filter Menu:

Option Purpose

Mode The first item on the Image menu is Mode. This is what you use to change the

color mode and appearance on the entire image.

Adjust

You can see that the adjust option on the Image menu gives you a lot of different

tools for adjusting your image. The most basic types of adjustments you can

make with Photoshop involve colors and brightness.

Image size Another common basic feature of Photoshop that lives on the Image menu is

image size. You use this function to resize an image

Canvas size Canvas Size is similar to Image Size, but changes to an image's canvas size can

provide you with more working area for your image

crop

The Crop function in the image menu is fairly straightforward. Make a selection,

go to Image and select crop, and then everything outside your selection

disappears. The image size reflects the change.

Option Purpose

New To create a new layer

Duplicate

layer Creates the duplicate layer

Delete For deleting selected layer

Layer

properties To know the properties of current layer like name, color, etc.

Layer style For applying stroke, shadow like styles to the current layer

New fill

layer For applying solid color, gradient and pattern options

Option Purpose

All This command selects everything on the current layer.

Deselect Use this command to get rid of the marching ants around a selection

Reselect If you didn‘t mean to deselect a selection, use this command to get the selection

back.

Modify This option lets you tweak the edge of your current selection by expanding or

shrinking it, feathering it, grabbing just its border, or smoothing it.

Grew This command finds and grabs pixels that match the colors around the area

you‘ve selected.

Similar

Like the Grow command, this option finds all the pixels in your image that match

the selected area‘s colors, but it finds similar-coloured pixels anywhere in your

image.

Transform

selection

This command lets you resize the currently selected area with the handles of a

bounding box

Option Purpose

Liquefy This filter lets you push, pull, and move pixels in all sorts of ways

Blur These filters change the focus in all or part of an image

Artistic This category includes filters that make your images look like a painting or

drawing

Brush

strokes

The filters in this category make your image look like it was painted, penciled, or

spray painted, among other effects;


Ch. Anil Kumar 37

View Menu:

Window Menu:

Use this menu to change what you see in Photoshop; it lets you arrange your open

documents, view or hide panels, and so on. Here we have options that the parts of Photoshop

application window likes, Tools, options, Navigator, color, history and layers, etc are to hide or

unhide.

Help Menu:

If you don‘t know how to do something in Photoshop, you may find the answer in this menu.

It includes a link to Adobe‘s online help system, several tutorials, and options for activating and

deactivating your copy of Photoshop. You need an active Internet connection to use almost

every item in this menu

Q32. Explain Tool box in Photoshop?

The toolbox contains selection tools, painting and editing tools, foreground and background

color selection boxes, and viewing tools.

Rectangular Marquee Tool (M):

Move Tool (V):

Use this tool to, well, move things. Usually you use it to move a Layer around after it has been

placed. Hold the [Shift] key to limit the movements to vertical/horizontal.

Distort These filters create geometric patterns based on your image, including ripple,

twirl, and zigzag effects

Noise This category includes filters that can help smooth areas of your image that don‘t

blend well, fix dust and scratches in photos, and remove graininess

Sharpen You can use filters in this category to make blurry or out-of-focus images appear

more clear

Option Purpose

Proof setup Use the items in this submenu to create a proof

Proof

colours

This option turns soft proofing on or off

Pixel aspect

ratio

This item lets you change the shape of your image‘s pixels for specific projects.

Zoom in This command works like a magnifying glass, increasing your image‘s

magnification level

Zoom out This command decreases your image‘s magnification level

Fit on

screen

This option resizes the current image and the window it‘s in to fill your monitor‘s

screen

Print size This item changes the size of your image to show how big or small it will be

when you print it.

Screen

mode

This submenu lets you choose how you want to view your images.

Rulers This command shows or hides the horizontal and vertical rulers that run along the

document window‘s left and top edges

Use this tool to make selections on your image, in a rectangular shape. This changes the area of

your image that is affected by other tools or actions to be within the defined shape. Holding the

[Shift] key while dragging your selection, restricts the shape to a perfect square. Holding the

[Alt] key while dragging sets the centre of the rectangle to where your cursor started.


Ch. Anil Kumar 38

Polygon Lasso Tool (L):

Use this to draw selections in whatever shape you would like. To close the selection, either

click on the beginning point, or just double-click. When holding the [Ctrl] key, you‘ll see the

cursor change, and the next time you click, it will close your selection.

Magic Wand Tool (W):

Use this to select a color range. It will select the block of color, or transparency, based on

wherever you click. In the Options Bar at the top, you can change the Tolerance to make your

selections more/less precise.

Crop Tool (C):

The Crop Tool works similarly to the Rectangular Marquee tool (see above if you have no

short-term memory). The difference is when you press the [Enter/Return] key; it crops your

image to the size of the box. Any information that was on the outside of the box is now gone.

Not permanently, you can still undo.

Slice Tool (K):

This is used mostly for building websites, or splitting up one image into smaller ones when

saving out. It‘s kind of an advanced tool, and since you‘re in here for the basics, we‘ll kind of

skip over it.

Healing Brush Tool (J):

You can use this tool to repair scratches and specs and stuff like that on images. It works like

the Brush tool. You choose your cursor size, then holding the [Alt] key, you select a nice/clean

area of your image. Let go of the [Alt] key and paint over the bad area. It basically copies the

info from the first area to the second, in the form of the Brush tool.


Ch. Anil Kumar 39

Brush Tool (B):

It paints one your image, in whatever color you have selected, and whatever size you have

selected. There are a lot of options for it, but this is basic, so you don‘t get to learn them.

Clone Stamp Tool (S):

This is very similar to the Healing Brush Tool. You use it the exact same way, except this tool

doesn‘t blend at the end. It‘s a direct copy of the information from the first selected area to the

second.

History Brush Tool (H):

This tool works just like the Brush Tool except the information that it paints with is from the

original state of your image. The History Brush tool paints with the information from whatever

History state is selected.

Eraser Tool (E):

This is the anti-Brush tool. It works like an eraser and erases whatever information wherever

you click and drag it. If you‘re on a Layer, it will erase the information transparent. If you are

on the background layer, it erases with whatever secondary color you have selected.

Gradient Tool (G):

You can use this to make a gradation of colors. Gradation doesn‘t appear to be a word, but it

makes sense anyway. It creates a blending of your foreground color and background color

when you click and drag it. Like a gradient.

Blur Tool (R):

The Blur tool is cool. It makes things blurry. Click and drag to make things blurry. The more

you click and drag, the blurrier things get.

Dodge Tool (O):

This tool isn‘t as crappy as the car brand. It‘s actually used to lighten whatever area you use it

on. As long as it is not absolute black. Absolute black won‘t lighten.

Path Selection Tool (A):

You use this tool when working with paths. Since this is all about the basics, I won‘t go into

details. It‘s related to the Pen Tool though.

Horizontal Type Tool (T):

It makes type. You can click a single point, and start typing right away. There are a lot of

options for the Type Tool. Just play around, it‘s fairly straight-forward.

Pen Tool (P):

It‘s for creating paths, in which you would use the Path Selection Tool to select the path. You

use the tool by clicking to add a point. If you click and drag, it will change the shape of your

path, allowing you to bend and shape the path for accurate selections and such.


Ch. Anil Kumar 40

Rectangle Tool (U):

By default it draws a Shape Layer in the form of a rectangle. It fills the rectangle with

whatever foreground color you have selected. It‘s pretty complicated; don‘t hurt yourself with

this one.

Notes Tool (N):

Like post-it notes, but digital. You can use this tool to add small little note boxes to your

image. These are useful if you‘re very forgetful or if you‘re sharing your Photoshop file with

someone else.

Eyedropper Tool (I):

This tool works by changing your foreground color to whatever color you click on. Holding the

[Alt] key will change your background color.

Hand Tool (T):

It‘s for moving your entire image within a window. So if you‘re zoomed in and your image

area is larger than the window, you can use the Hand Tool to navigate around your image. Just

click and drag. You can get to this tool at any time when using any other tool by pressing and

holding the [Spacebar].

Zoom Tool (Z):

It allows you to zoom into your image. Hold the [Alt] key to zoom out. Holding the [Shift] key

will zoom all of the windows you have open at the same time. Double-click on the Zoom Tool

in the palette to go back to 100% view.

Background colour:

These are your color boxes. Foreground (in the front) and Background (in the back). Click on

either one to bring up the color select dialog box.

Q33. Explain Screen modes in Adobe photoshop?

Do This

To Change to

This Screen

Mode

What‘s Happening

Press Shift+Tab. Hide all panels. All the panels in your working space — except for the Tools panel —

vanish. When you need to access them again, press Shift+Tab again.

Press the Tab key.

Hide all panels

and the Options

bar.

All the panels (including the Tools panel) and the Options bar vanish,

leaving you with a clean workspace showing only the Menu bar,

Application bar, and any open documents (on the Mac, the Application bar

may not display).

Select the Screen

Mode button in the

Tools panel.

Full Screen

mode with

Menu bar.

Only the active document window is visible, along with the panels, Menu

bar, Application bar, and Options bar. The document window is

maximized, and the other documents are hidden.

Select the Screen

Mode button in the

Tools panel.

Full Screen

mode. View the image alone with all other components hidden.

Select the Screen

Mode button in the

Tools panel.

Standard Screen

mode.

The default Photoshop screen appears, displaying all menus and panels.


Ch. Anil Kumar 41

Q34. How to reverting files in Photoshop?

The word revert means to return to something earlier or to go back. While changing an image in the

Photoshop, do you want to cancel the previous step and get the image into the previous state then you can

use revert option in the file menu.

Follow the below steps to know how to use revert option:

Open an image

Make changes in the original image.

To revert (kept the image in the previous state), then click revert option in the file menu.

You can see that the last action you have used on the image will be reverted.

You can use revert option until you reached the image in original stage.

Q35. How to close files in Photoshop?

To close the Photoshop document, follow the below steps:

To go file menu and select ‗close‘ option.

It displays the following dialog box.

The above dialog box means photoshop don‘t lets you close the photoshop file until saving the

changes made by you.

If you want to close the document with changes made by you then press ‗yes‘ push button.

If you want to close the document without changes made by you then press ‗no‘ push button.

To close this dialog box then press ‗cancel‘ button.


Ch. Anil Kumar 42

UNIT - 4 Chapter – 8: Images

Q36. How to open an image?

To open an image in the Adobe Photoshop then follow these steps:

Go to file menu and select open option.

It will display ‗open‘ dialog box.

In this dialog box go to the folder or directory by using look in combo box, to locate image for

insert.

Select the desired image to open and press ‗open‘ push button.

The selected image will be opened in the Photoshop application window.

Q37. Explain file saving modes in Photoshop?

Photoshop Elements can save images in several file formats, depending on how you plan to

use them. If you are working with web images, the Save for Web command provides many options for

optimizing images. To convert several images to the same file format, or the same size and resolution,

use the Process Multiple Files command. Like you may save images in .jpeg, .tiff, .png, etc. formats.

To change file-saving options, then follow these steps:

Go to file menu and select save option.

It will display ‗Save As‘ dialog box.

To save the file in different format other than Photoshop (.psd), then click

‗format combo box‘

Here you can see different types of image formats available to save the

image.

Select the desired format to save the image.


Ch. Anil Kumar 43

File formats: Photoshop Elements can save images in the following file formats:

BMP (bitmap image): A standard Windows image format. You can specify either Windows

or OS/2 format or a bit depth for the image.

GIF ("Graphics Interchange Format): Commonly used to display graphics and small

animations in web pages. GIF is a compressed format designed to minimize file size and

transfer time.

JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group): Used to save photographs, JPEG format retains all

color information in an image. JPEG is a standard format for displaying images over the web.

PSD (Photoshop Document): The standard Photoshop Elements format for images. You

should generally use this format for edited images to save your work and preserve all your

image data and layers in a single page file.

Photoshop PDF (Portable Document Format): A cross-platform and cross-application file

format. PDF files accurately display and preserve fonts, page layouts, and both vector and

bitmap graphics.

TIFF (Tagged-Image File Format): Used to exchange files between applications and

computer platforms. TIFF is a flexible bitmap image format supported by most paint,

image-editing, and page-layout applications. Most desktop scanners can produce TIFF files.

In addition, Photoshop Elements can open files in several other older formats: Pixel Paint, Portable

Bit Map, SGI RGB, Soft Image, Wave front RLA, and Electric Image.

Q38. Explain about image size and its resolution?

Managing file size is important when working with digital images, if you don‘t keep track of

your file sizes you may end up with very large images, and this will undoubtedly cause problems

somewhere down the line, large files eat up disk space quickly, crash printers, slow down web

browsers, etc. so it is better to set a correct image size based on our requirement, it is possible to

keep our file sizes as low in Photoshop.

To check physical dimensions of an image, then go to ‗image‘ menu and select ‗image size‘,

it will display the following dialog box:

Notice that there are two sections to this window.

The upper section allows you to adjust the number of pixels used for the image. This is how much

data is available in the image. Imagine an image of a face with only 10 pixels of information per row

and column, you probably would be able to tell that it is a face, but it would be unrecognizable.

The lower section of this window allows you to adjust the print size. This is how you adjust the

physical size of the image. You can print out the 10X10 image. Changing the print size does not

adjust the amount of information, and therefore the size of the file.

The resolution is the pixels/inch. This ratio relates image size to print size. ‗72dpi‘ is the default

resolution used for online graphics, 150-300 dpi is used for printing.


Ch. Anil Kumar 44

Q39. Explain various options for editing an image?

There are so many options available in the edit menu for editing an image. To edit an image it

is compulsory to select image or part of image, after that only editing an image is possible. Some

most used options for editing image is explained below:

Cut: By using this option, the selected image or part of image is copied into clipboard and the

same will be removed at the original place. Go to edit menu and select cut option.

Original image selecting part of image using cut option

Copy: By using this option, the selected image or part of image is copied into clipboard without

removing anything. Go to edit menu and select copy option.

Original image selecting part of image using copy option

Paste: This option is used to place the image or part of image in the clipboard by using cut or

copy options. Go to edit menu and select paste option.

Original image image after using paste option

Clear: By using this option the selected image or part of image will be removed at the original

place. Go to edit menu and select clear option.

Original image image after using clear option

Revert: explained in question number 34


Ch. Anil Kumar 45

Q40. Explain about colour modes in Adobe Photoshop?

The color mode or image mode determines how colors combine based on the number of

channels in a color model. Different color modes result in different levels of color detail and file size.

For instance, use CMYK color mode for images in a full-color print brochure, and use RGB color

mode for images in web or e-mail to reduce file size while maintaining color integrity. The most

commonly used colour modes are explained below:

RGB (RED GREEN BLUE) mode:

Photoshop RGB Color mode uses the RGB model, assigning an intensity value to each pixel. In

8-bits-per-channel images, the intensity values range from 0 (black) to 255 (white) for each of

the RGB (red, green, blue) components in a color image. For example, a bright red color has an

R value of 246, a G value of 20, and a B value of 50. When the values of all three components

are equal, the result is a shade of neutral gray. When the values of all components are 255, the

result is pure white; when the values are 0, pure black.

CMYK (CYAN MAGENTA YELLOW BLACK) mode:

In the CMYK mode, each pixel is assigned a percentage value for each of the process inks. The

lightest (highlight) colors are assigned small percentages of process ink colors; the darker

(shadow) colors higher percentages. For example, a bright red might contain 2% cyan, 93%

magenta, 90% yellow, and 0% black. In CMYK images, pure white is generated when all four

components have values of 0%.

Index mode:

Indexed Color mode produces 8-bit image files with up to 256 colors. When converting to

indexed color, Photoshop builds a color lookup table (CLUT), which stores and indexes the

colors in the image. If a color in the original image does not appear in the table, the program

chooses the closest one or uses dithering to simulate the color using available colors.

Gray scale mode:

Gray scale mode uses different shades of gray in an image. In 8-bit images, there can be up to

256 shades of gray. Every pixel of a gray scale image has a brightness value ranging from 0

(black) to 255 (white). In 16-and 32-bit images, the number of shades in an image is much

greater than in 8-bit images. Gray scale values can also be measured as percentages of black ink

coverage (0% is equal to white, 100% to black)

Bitmap mode:

Bitmap mode uses one of two color values (black or white) to represent the pixels in an image.

Images in Bitmap mode are called bitmapped 1-bit images because they have a bit depth of 1.

Q41. Explain zooming and panning image in Adobe Photoshop?

Zooming Image:

To zoom an image, click zoom tool at the tool box.


Ch. Anil Kumar 46

In the options bar, you can see zoom in and zoom out icons.

Click the zoom in icon.

Select the area which you want to zoom in the picture.

After that you can saw your selected part of the image is looks big.

Panning Image:

When you're zoomed in on an image, you'll often want to drag the image around inside the

document window to check out other areas of the image at the same zoom level. This is

commonly known as "panning", and we can pan images around inside the document window

using the Hand Tool which you'll find next to the Zoom Tool in the Tools palette.


Ch. Anil Kumar 47

Q42. Explain Rulers?

Rulers help you position images or elements exactly. When visible, rulers appear along the

top and left side of the active window. Markers in the ruler display the pointer‘s position when you

move it. Changing the ruler origin (the (0, 0) mark on the top and left rulers) lets you measure from a

specific point on the image. To show or hide rulers, choose View > Rulers.

Q43. Explain Guides and grids?

Guide:

Guides and the grid help you position images or elements precisely. Guides appear as

nonprinting lines that float over the image. You can move and remove guides. You can also lock

them so that you don‘t move them by accident.

To use guides, go to view menu and select rulers option

Rulers will appear in your image.

To set horizontal ruler, then move your mouse pointer to horizontal ruler.

Click the mouse left button and control button on the horizontal ruler.

Drag your mouse.

A horizontal guide will appear.

For vertical guide move your mouse pointer to vertical ruler.

Click the mouse left button and control button on the vertical ruler.

Drag your mouse.

A vertical guide will appear.


Ch. Anil Kumar 48

Grid:

The grid is useful for laying out elements symmetrically. The grid appears by default as

nonprinting lines but can also be displayed as dots. To use grids, go to view menu and select

show option, a sub menu will appears, in the sub menu select grid option, grids will automatically

appears in your image.

Q44. How to crop an image?

To remove unnecessary area in the image by keeping part of image you want is done by using crop

tool. To crop an image, follow these steps:

Open an image that you want to crop

Select crop tool in the tool bar.

Select the area in the image that you want to crop by using mouse.

The selected area only displayed in the document and the remaining area will be removed.

To apply these selected press enter key in the keyboard.

Your image was cropped and displayed as below.


Ch. Anil Kumar 49

Q45. How to change background of an image?

1. Open the image in Adobe Photoshop using open dialog box

2. Now right click on lasso tool and click on magnetic lasso tool.

3. Then move the tool on the person‘s body outline.

4. Right click and click on layer via copy

5. On the layer menu click on new then layer or press Shift+Ctrl+N.

7. Now open the new background image in Photoshop.

8. Now ―select all‖ the image by pressing Ctrl+A and copy using Ctrl+C.


Ch. Anil Kumar 50

9. Now paste it on the original image using Ctrl+P.

10. Now delete the layer named ―Background‖

11. Change the order of the two layers Layer 1 and layer 2.

12. Now change the size of layer 2 using Ctrl+T.


Ch. Anil Kumar 51

13. You are done as shown in figure.

Q47. Making selections?

Selecting the part of an image is done by using marquee tool in the tool bar.

Select rectangular marquee tool, and then click mouse right button.

You will find different versions of marquee tools.

The different versions of marquee tools are: Rectangular marquee tool, elliptical marquee tool, single

row marquee tool, single column marquee tool

Select the desired tool, example rectangular marquee tool

Click mouse left button in the document

Drag the mouse in required direction by holding mouse left button.

Release the mouse pointer.

You was selected the image or part of the image as seen below