Computer Architecture - Final

8/13/2019 Computer Architecture - Final

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Computer Definition

An electronic programmable device which receives data, process the

data, according to the controlling program to produce desired output in a

useful form and stores the results for later use, diligently with accuracy,

speed, consistency without any emotions or feelings


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Hardware Software Firmware

Components of Computer

Types ofComponents

MS-WindowsMS-Office

LinuxOS/2UNIX

MS-DOS

TallyAuto CAD

Hard diskMother board

CPURAM

ROM


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Components of Computer

Hardware ComponentsTangible Components

Software Components In-tangible Components

Firmware Components Hardware Components withembedded software

components


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Hardware Components

A typical computer consists of a case or chassis with

following parts Mother Board Central Processing Unit (C.P.U.)

Random Access Memory (RAM)

Basic Input Output System (BIOS)

Power Supply

Storage Controller

Video Display Controller

Computer bus controllers

Some type of removable media writer & storage device.


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Hardware Components

Floppy Disk

Hard Disk Drive

Zip Drive

USB Flash Drive

Pen Drive

Tape Drive (Magnetic Tape)

Sound Card

Networkingto connect the computer to the Internet and/or other

computers.

Modemfor dial-up connection

Networking CardLAN Card


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Block Diagram of a Micro Computer

Input Devices

Memory

Central processing Unit (CPU)

Includes

CU, ALU, Registers,Accumulators

Output Devices

Secondary Storage


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Computer History

3000BC (Somewhere around) - The abacus

1642 another mechanical device was created called

the Pascaline

1800s were not electronic computers to be driven by

steam

1940s - the real beginning of the computer age - first

computer ENIAC was built. The UNIVAC was the firstcommercial computer.
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Generations of Computers

Key for Computer Generations Time Frame

Circuit Components

Elements per Component

Internal Storage

Memory Capacity

Data Input

Popular Computers and Companies atthat time
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First Generations 1951- 1958

Vacuum Tubes

Magnetic Drum

4,000 bits

Hard Wire Programs in computers

IBM 650, Univac I

ENIAC


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Second Generation 1959-1964

Transistors

Magnetic Cores

32,000 bits

Punch Cards

CDC, GE, IBM


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Third Generation 1965-1974

Silicon Chips (Integrated circuits)= IC

Cores, ICs

128,000 bits

Keyboard Entry

IBM, NCR, Honeywell


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Fourth Generation 1975-1989

Silicon Chips (Large scale integratedcircuits)=LSI

ICs, LSIs

100 million bits

Read programs off disks

Apple, Xerox, Texas Instrument, Hewlett-Packard


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Fifth Generation 1990-present

Silicon Chips ( Very Large Integrated Circuits)VLSI

LSIs, VLSIs

Unlimited

CD-Rom, Optical Disk

NEC, Packard Bell, Compaq, Other Clones


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Digital ComputerAnalog Computer

Computer

Micro Embedded System Mini Mainframe Super

Home Office

Desktop Laptop Notebook

PC - XT PC- AT

Types of Computer


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Micro Computer Hardware ComponentsInput Device:An input device lets you input data to a computer and issue commands. A

keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, Light Pan, Optical Mark Reader

(OMR), Optical Character Reader (OCR) touch Pads, Bar Code Reader and

joystick are examples of input devices.

Some Common Computer Input Devices:

Text Input Devices

Keyboard

Pointing Devices

Mouse

Track BallGaming Devices

Joystick

Game Pad

Game Controller

Image Video Input Devices

Image Scanner

Web CamAudio Input Devices

Microphone


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Micro Computer Hardware Components

Output Device - To displays information on a screen, creates printed

copies or generates sound. A monitor, printer,

plotters, and speakers are examples of outputdevices.

Some Common Output Devices

Video Output Devices

Printer (Laser, Inkjet, Dot-matrix)

Monitor (LCD, CRT) (Visual Display UnitVDU)

Audio Output Devices

Speakers

Headset


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Central Processing Unit (CPU)

Does all of the processing and controlling function of a computer

1. Does all of the mathematics, mainly addition2. Does all the logical comparisons of values

3. Directs the flow of data in a computer

4. Controls the operation of the parts of the computer

Fourth Generation onwards, all CPUs of Micro-computers are microprocessors

A microprocessor is a complete CPU on a single silicon chip does all of the

functions of a computer

Fetch data to be worked upon using a set of instructions as per user

needs

Directing and controlling the operations of a micro computer

Some of the Micro Computers CPUs components

The Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU), Controlling Unit (CU), Cache, Registers,Accumulators


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Form of Memory and Storage Device
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Memory and Storage Device


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Capacity of Memory

In computers the capacity of memory is measured in Mega bytes. Bytes

is the

Smaller Unit and means a set of 8 bits. Higher units are Kilo bytes, Mega

bytes

and Gigabytes.

1 Character = 1 byte = 8 bits

1 Kilo bytes (KB) = 1024 bytes or 210

bytes1 Mega byte (MB) = 1024 KB

= 1024 X 1024 bytes or 220bytes

1 Giga byte (GB) = 1024 MB

= 1024 X 1024 bytes or 230bytes

1 Terra byte (TB) = 1024 GB


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System Unit Computer System


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System UnitMotherboard - The motherboard is the main circuit board of a

computer. It is also known as the mainboard or system board.

CPU- The CPU is the central electronic chip that determines theprocessing power of the computer.

Computer memory, and often casually refers to computer

components, devices and recording media that retain digital data

used for computing for some interval of time. In contemporary

usage, memory usually refers to a form of solid state storage

known as random access memory (RAM) and sometimes other

forms of fast but temporary storage. Similarly, storage more

commonly refers to mass storage - optical discs, forms of magnetic

storage like hard disks, and other types of storage which are slower

than RAM, but of a more permanent nature.

Bus - A bus is an electronic line that allows 1s and 0s to move

from one place to another.


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Ports and Connectors - A port is a connector located on the

motherboard or on a separate adapter.

Bays - A bay is a space inside the computer case where a

hard drive, floppy drive or CD-ROM drive sits

Power Supply: - A power supply changes normal householdelectricity into electricity that a computer can use.

Sound Components - A sound card lets a computer play

and record high quality sound.

System Unit .............


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Micro Computer Software Components

Software a set of programs enables a computer hardware to

perform specific tasks. This includes application software such as a

word processor, which enables a user to perform a task, and systemsoftware such as an operating system, which provides Interface for

human computer interaction and application software a platform.

By interfacing with hardware and with other software or Custom

software made to user specifications.

Types of Software

System Software

It helps run the computer hardware and computer system. It

includes Operating Systems, Device Drivers, Diagnostic Tools,

Servers, Windowing Systems, Utilities, and more.


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Application Software

It allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-

computer) related) tasks, Typical application, include

industrial automation, business software, educational

software, medical software, databases and computer games.

Businesses are probably the biggest users of application

software.

Programming Software

It provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer

programs and software using different programming

languages in a more convenient way, The tools include text

editor, compilers, interpreters, linkers, debuggers and so on.


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Operating system(OS)an example of system software, is a

set of software that manages computer hardware resources and

provides common services for computer programs. The

operating system is a vital component of the system software ina computer system and support the function of..

Time sharing of CPU

Memory allocation/ deallocation

System call/ Interrupts handling

Executing system command

Resource Sharing/ allocation

Hardware controlling and making usable

Carrying out housekeeping services

Supporting Application SoftwareExamples of popular modern operating systems includes MS

DOS, Mac OS, OS/2, Microsoft Windows, Linux, UNIX.


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Comparison of CUI & GUI

User Interfaces

The user interface is how the computer's operating system presents

information to the user and the user gives instructions (commands) tothe computer.

There are two kinds of User Interfaces

1. Character User Interface (CUI)

Presents information to the user in the form of text.

Have to type in commands or select commands from a menudisplayed as text on the screen.

Hard to use or learn, because the user must memorize and type in

commands.

Examples:

MS-Dos (Microsoft Disk Operating System) Pro-Dos (Professional Disk Operating System)

Unix


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2. Graphic User Interface (GUI)

Presents information to the use in the form of pull-

down menus and icons. Pull-down menus the user clicks on to display the

menu

The user gives commands to the computer by

selecting items from a menu or by clicking on an icon

when using a pointing device. GUIs are easy to learn and use

Examples:

Windows 98, Windows 2000, Mac OS, Window XP, AllEdition, Window Me, Window Server 2003 & 2008


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Speed of CPUs

The speed of CPUs is measured in hertz's.

A hertz is one cycle per second.

Need to measure time to determine cycles per second All computers have a clock built into them for timing the cycles

The clock is usually located in a small metal box on the

motherboard.

Today, many CPUs can complete over MIPS.

Speeds of modern CPUs

Most computers have a CPU that can do at least more than

400 MHz

MHz stands for megahertzs

A MHz is 1,000,000 cycles per second.

Computers will soon be at speeds of over a gigahertz,

1,000,000,000 Hertzs.

Computer Data Stores Information


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Computer Data Stores InformationHow a computer stores information

The computer stores information as a string of zeros (0) and ones (1)

The standard string length is eight 0's or 1's in a row

This standard length is called a byte

A byte equals one character A character is a letter, number, or symbol - it is about any thing that can be typed on a keyboard.

There are 256 standard characters used by almost all computers.

Information size measurements

Kilobyte (KB)

One kilobyte equals 1024 bytes

1KB is about 140 words, about a half page of typed double-spaced text (words only)

Megabyte (MB)One megabyte equals 1024 KB

One megabyte equals about 1,048,576 bytes i.e. 1024 * 1024 KB

One megabyte equals about 500 pages of text, or one large book

Gigabyte (GB)

One gigabyte equals 1024 MB

One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000 KB

One gigabyte equals about 1,000,000,000 bytes

One gigabyte equals over 1,000 books of text Terabyte (TB)

One terabyte equals 1024 GB

Documents

Computer Architecture - Final