Computer Aided Engineering Design Practical

A PRACTICAL WORKBOOK OF COMPUTER AIDED ENGINEERING DRAWING

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OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY, JAMSHORO

AA PPRRAACCTTIICCAALL WWOORRKKBBOOOOKK OOFF

By: Azam Rafique Memon


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CCEERRTTIIFFIICCAATTEE

c e r t i f i e d t h a t M r . A z a m R a f i q u e M e m o n b e a r i n g r o l l

n u m b e r 0 8 E S 3 3 h a s c a r r i e d o u t t h e n e c e s s a r y w o r k a s p e r

c o u r s e o f s t u d i e s p r e v a i l e d i n t h e D e p a r t m e n t o f

E l e c t r o n i c s E n g i n e e r i n g , f o r t h e y e a r 2 0 0 8 .

__________________

ENGR. AMIT KUMAR


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INTROUDCTION TO MICROSOFT PAINTPaint (formerly Paintbrush for Windows) is a simple graphics painting program that has been included with almost all versions of Microsoft Windows since its first release. It is often referred to as MS Paint or Microsoft Paint. The program opens and saves files as Windows bitmap (24-bit, 256 color, 16 color, and monochrome, all with the .bmp extension), JPEG, GIF (without animation or transparency, although the Windows 98 version and a Windows 95 upgrade did support the latter), PNG (without alpha channel), and TIFF (without the multiple pages). The program can be in color mode or two-color black-and-white, but there is no grayscale mode. For its simplicity, it rapidly became one of the most used applications in the early versions of Windows—introducing many to painting on a computer for the first time—and still has strong associations with the immediate usability of the old Windows workspace.

2D SHAPES:The Shapes which have only two dimensions (length & breadth), are called 2D Shapes.

Line:Distance between any two points is called a Line.

Circle:A Geometrical shape, which is equidistant from a Fixed Point. The Fixed point is called Centre of Circle.

Polygons:A polygon is a multisided plane figure of any number of sides (more than two).

Triangle:A Triangle is a three sided polygon. The Sum of Interior Angles is 180 degrees.

Quadrilaterals:A quadrilateral is a four sided polygon of any shape. The Sum of Interior angles of Quadrilateral is 360 degrees.

Rectangle:A Geometrical shape, having opposite sides equal and all angles of 90 degree.


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Square:A geometrical shape, having all four sides equal in Length and each angle

of 90 degrees.

A Square of 100 x 100:

In the Tools Toolbar (on Left hand side) in MS-Paint there is a option to Draw Rectangle, click on it. Click and Drag anywhere in working Area of MS-Paint, you will see on Right-Bottom of MS-Paint, there is a Dimension of Mouse from the point of Click. Drag the Mouse till they become 100x100, and then release the mouse button.


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3D Shapes:Any geometrical shape of 3Dimensions (i.e. Length, breadth and Thickness), is called 3D

Shape.

In Microsoft Paint, the Basic 3D shapes are:

Cone:A cone has a circular base, while the other end is a fixed vertex. The line from

the centre of base to the fixed point is called Axis. If the axis is perpendicular to the base then the cone is Right Cone otherwise it is oblique Cone.

Cube:A cube is a geometrical shape of 3 Dimensions, Length, width and height.

All sides and angles of a cube are equal.

Cylinder:A cylinder has two parallel circular surfaces joined together with lines. If

the centre of both the circular faces is perpendicular then its Right Cylinder otherwise it’s Oblique Cylinder.

Sphere:A three dimension circular surface.

Draw a cube of 100 x 100?Theory:

A 3D shape having all sides and all angles equal.Procedure:

From Tools Bar take rectangle, check the dimensions at bottom of ms-paint, click and drag till the second dimensions bar shows 100x100.

Now draw another rectangle same way but from point 50x50. and join the angles / edges respectivily.


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SCREEN # 3 SCREEN # 4 SCREEN # 5

SCREEN # 1b SCREEN # 2SCREEN # 1a

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INSTALLNG AUTODESK AUTOCAD 20041. Insert CD into the CD-ROM2. Start SETUP.EXE from AUTOCAD 2004 Directory.

3. Click NEXT4. Click I ACCEPT and then Click NEXT

5. Enter Serial # as 000-00000000 and Click NEXT6. Enter PERSONAL INFO and Click NEXT7. Select INSTALLATION TYPE [Better suggested is TYPICAL] and Click NEXT

8. Enter PATH (to Install AutoCAD) and Click NEXT9. Select TEXT EDITOR(default is: C:\WINDOWS\NOTEPAD.EXE) and Click NEXT.10.Click NEXT to Begin Installation in Next Screen.11.Uncheck YES, I WANT TO VIEW THE README and Click NEXT

SCREEN # 6 SCREEN # 7 SCREEN # 8


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REGISTRATION PROCEDURE:1. Check if their Exist a Folder named as CRACK or PATCH in Installation(Backup)

Directory of AUTOCAD 2004.2. If Exist goto that Directory.3. There is a File named ADESK.REG, double click on It

4. Click YES

5. Click OK

6. Then Check for File named LICPATH.LIC copy this file into Installed Directory(where AutoCAD is installed, default is: “C:\Program files\AutoCAD 2004\”)

7. Now it is the Registered Version of AUTODESK AUTOCAD 2004.

UNINSTALLING AUTODESK AUTOCAD 20041. Go to CONTROL PANEL2. Double Click ADD & REMOVE PROGRAMS3. Select AUTODESK AUTOCAD 2004 from LIST of Programs and Click REMOVE

the Following Sequence of Screens will appear and Program will be uninstalled.


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INTRODUCTION TO AUTOCAD2004

Working Area:The Area / Space at which all work is to be performed. It is a Plateform for all drawing and drafting work. In this Area 2D and 3D shapes can be creating / viewed.

Drawing Toolbar:The Toolbar present at the Left side of Computer Screen. A Toolbar which contains basic drawing objects, like: line, polygon, polyline, circle, arc, ellipse etc.

Modify Toolbar:A Toolbar on Right side of Computer Screen. This Toolbar contains most important features / actions, which are required very much while drawing / drafting. The Toolbar contains: Erase, Move, Rotate, Cut etc.

Axis:Axis is the configuration / View of the Working Area, Normally it is in 2D (i.e. X-Axis & Y-Axis) but it can be rotated according to the view of object on the Screen. “3dorbit” command is used to make is rotate and to view its 3D figure (i.e. X-Axis, Y-Axis & Z-Axis).

Command Line:It is bottom portion of AutoDesk’s AutoCAD 2004. It is a Command Line, which is mostly used for Drafting means for Accurate Measurements to check out Errors or Defects before Assembling.

Working AreaDrawing Toolbar

Modify Toolbar

Axis

Command Line


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Distance between any two points is called a Line. ORLine is collection of points in straight direction. ORLine is the shortest possible distance between two points.

PPrroocceedduurree::In AutoCAD it can there are four ways to draw a Line, which are: Drawing Toolbar Draw Menu Command Line

o Using Lengtho Using Co-ordinate System

From Drawing Toolbar:Select Line Tool from Drawing Toolbar and Click on one place for first point and then on second place for 2nd point.

From Draw Menu:Select Line from Draw Menu and Click on one place for first point and then on second place for 2nd point.

From Command Line:There are two methods to draw a Line from Command Line, which are:

Using Length (@....) Using Co-Ordinate System (x, y, z axis Location)

Syntax1: LineSyntax2: l

Using Length:This technique is used when we have to create a line of Some Length (in mm, cm or meters), In this case we just have to enter initial values (i.e. First Point Value) and then @ Command is used to specify length from current point (from first point selected).

Command: line Specify first point: 10,10Specify next point or [Undo]: @10,5Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel*

Using these value options we have created a Line of 10m in X-Axis & 5 m in Y-Axis. Its co-ordinates will be from 10,10 to 20,15.


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Using Co-ordinate System:This technique is used when we know both the point values in co-ordinates (x, y).

Command: line Specify first point: 10,10Specify next point or [Undo]: 20,15Specify next point or [Undo]: *Cancel*

DRAW A SQUARE OF SIZE 10X10?Theory:

A 2D Geometrical shape, which has all sides equal and all angles of 90 degrees.

Procedure:To get the accurate Reading, this square has been drawn by using Command Line.

Command: lineSpecify first point: 5,5Specify next point or [Undo]: 15,5Specify next point or [Undo]: 15,15Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 5,15Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: 5,5Specify next point or [Close/Undo]: *Cancel*


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Theory:Ray: It is a Helping line used in drawing / drafting for accurate (Near to Accurate) Measurements, or Accurate Shape Size. It is also non-terminated line but its one end is fixed and other is non-terminated. It is helping Line, So it will not be Printed.

Construction Line: It is also an Helping Line having both Ends non-Terminated. It is used for measurement Accuracy in Drafting / Drawing. It is also non-printable Line.

Rectangle: It is the type of quadrilateral.in which opposite sides are parallel and are equal & all angles are of 90 degrees.

Procedure:Ray: This ray line can be drawn from Drawing toolbar, Draw Menu and using command “ray”. It can be draw manually as well as from command line & by using “from” option.

Construction Line: This line can be drawn from Drawing toolbar, Draw Menu and using command “xline”. It can be draw manually as well as from command line & by using “from” option.

Rectangle:In autocad the option of rectangle is available.u can draw simply by select the rectangle from toolbar and draw it on Working Area. The second way is by command line simply type

Command: rectangleSpecify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 5,5Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: 10,10

Second Method:If you want to make the rectangle of exact length and width. You can use this command as follow(6 x 7 rectangle)

Command: recRECTANGSpecify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 5,5Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: dSpecify length for rectangles <0.0000>: 6


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Specify width for rectangles <0.0000>: 7Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: 12,13

Third Method:To make two rectangles, which are equi-distant from each other

Example # 1:Command: rectangleSpecify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 10,10Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: 20,20

Command: rectangleSpecify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: fromBase point: 10,10<Offset>: @-5,-5Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: from Base point: 20,20

<Offset>: @5,5

Example # 2:Command: rectangleSpecify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: 40,10Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: 50,20

Command: rectangleSpecify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/Width]: fromBase point: 40,10

<Offset>: @-5,-5Specify other corner point or [Dimensions]: from

Base point: 50,20<Offset>: @-5,-5


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Without Direction With Direction

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Theory:Polyline: It is a multi-pupose line contains more than just a line specialities. It has Special features of Arc, Width, Angle etc., which can be used at any instant in use of polyline.

Attributes / Arguments / Parameters:Parameters: Arc, Halfwidth, Length, Undo, Width, Close

Command: plineSpecify start point: 5,6Current line-width is 0.0000Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 10,6Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 12,10Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c

Arc: It is used to draw a part of circumference of Circle.Sub Parameters: Angle, CEnter, CLose, Direction, Halfwidth, Line, Radius, Second pt, Undo, Width

Angle: It is used to give the angle at which to start the arc.Specify included angle: 30

CEnter: Center point to Draw a arc.Specify center point of arc: 15, 15

CLose: Ends the Current Function/ Command & Joins First a Last

Point through Running Condition / Parameter.

[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: dSpecify the tangent direction for the start point of arc: (manually)

Specify endpoint of the arc: (manually)Specify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: Cl

Direction: It is used to define the direction of Arc(either circumference of arc should be on top or bottom of Working Position.

Without Direction: Without Direction Arc can only be drawn to bottom or top(means end point of arc). In this case Its circumference can not be raised upwards to downwards but can be raised left-wards and right-wards.With Direction: With the help of Sub-parameter Direction(d), arc can be drawn with its start and end point on same plane and its circumference raised upwards or downwards.


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Width: It asks for Starting Width and End Width and Draws the Shape in increasing width order or decreasing width Order.Line: Draws a Line to Sends the Pline to Line, to draw a line.

Radius*: It is the value, which is usually asked in between the commands but if we provide the radius it might not ask between the commands.

Second Pt: It asks a point from which arc must pass through. OR it is a point on Arc.

Length: It asks for the length of Line in x,y and z axis.

Undo: This cancels your last done action or change.

Close: This ends the drawing at the instant(current / Last) stage. But also connects the starting pont and End point.

Command: plineSpecify start point: 5,6

Current line-width is 0.0000Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 10,6Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 12,10Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c


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TO DRAW THE TOMB OF QUAID-I-AZAM?

Command: plineSpecify start point: 5,5 Current line-width is 0.0000Specify next point or [Arc/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: lSpecify length of line: 0,5Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: aSpecify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: dSpecify the tangent direction for the start point of arc: 10,10Specify endpoint of the arc: 15,5Specify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: lSpecify endpoint of arc or

[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: lSpecify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 20,5Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 20,20Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 18,20Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: aSpecify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: dSpecify the tangent direction for the start point of arc: 18,22Specify endpoint of the arc: 7,20Specify endpoint of arc or[Angle/CEnter/CLose/Direction/Halfwidth/Line/Radius/Second pt/Undo/Width]: lSpecify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 5,20Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: 5,5Specify next point or [Arc/Close/Halfwidth/Length/Undo/Width]: c


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A plane shape having three or more sides is called as polygon.There are two types of polygons:

Inscribed in circle Circumscribed about circle

Inscribed In Circle: Means whenpolygon can fit inside a circle. In this case edges of polygon will touch the circumference of circle.Circumscribed about circle: In this case a circle can fit inside a polygon and the circumference of circle will touch the sides of polygon.

Attributes / Arguments / Parameters:Parameters: Center and EdgeUsing Center: When drawing the polygon by providing its center point and radius. Sub parameters: Inscribed in circle & Circumscribed about circleInscribed in circle: A Polygon whose edges (Angles) should touch the circumference of circle

when placed in circle of same radius, is called Inscribed In Circle.Command: polygonEnter number of sides <5>: 5Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 15, 12.5Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: iSpecify radius of circle: 5

Circumscribed about circle: A Polygon whose sides touches the circumeference of circle, when a circle of same radius is drawn, is called Circumscribed About Circle.

Command: polygonEnter number of sides <5>: 5Specify center of polygon or [Edge]: 15,12.5Enter an option [Inscribed in circle/Circumscribed about circle] <I>: cSpecify radius of circle: 5

These are both polygons of same size, same shape, same radius and at same centre point/location. But are different in Look, it is because of Circum / Inscibed Circle.

Using Edge: When drawing a polygon by providing its any two Ponts (angle Point).

Enter number of sides <4>: 5Center of Polygon or [Edge]: eSpecify first endpoint of edge: 10, 10Specify second endpoint of edge: 20, 15


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Arc: It is a part of circumference of circle.

Attributes / Arguments / Parameters:ARCParameters: Center, Angle, ChordNormally: Normally it asks three points First or Start Point, center or any point from which to pass & end or Finish Point of Arc.

Center: This asks for Center Point, Start and End Point.Command: arcSpecify start point of arc or [Center]: cSpecify center point of arc: 10,10Specify start point of arc: 5,5Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: 15,15

Center further have 2 parameters: Angle & Chord

Angle: This asks Center Point, First/Start Point and Angle.Command: arcSpecify start point of arc or [Center]: cSpecify center point of arc: 5,5Specify start point of arc: 10,10

Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: aSpecify included angle: 60

Chord: Chord asks Center Point, First/Start Point of Arc and Length of Arc.Command: arc

Specify start point of arc or [Center]: cSpecify center point of arc: 5,5Specify start point of arc: 10,10Specify end point of arc or [Angle/chord Length]: LSpecify length of chord: 6


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CIRCLEParameters: 3P, 2P, ttr(Tan Tan Radius)

Normally: It asks for Center Point and radius.

3P: It asks for Three Points from which to draw circle, it automatically detects the radius from these three points

Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 3pSpecify first point on circle: 5,2Specify second point on circle: 5,10Specify third point on circle: 10,5

2P: It asks for Two points from which to draw circle and automatically detects radius from the points.Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: 2pSpecify first end point of circle's diameter: 5,5Specify second end point of circle's diameter: 10,10

Ttr (tan Tan Radius): It draws a circle with reference of any other shape and asks for two points and radius.

CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: tSpecify point on object for first tangent of circle: (manually selected edge point of triangle)Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: (manually selected edge point of triangle)Specify radius of circle <3.5355>: 5

ORIt asks for any two points on an object and auto detects its center and asks for Radius.

CIRCLE Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr (tan tan radius)]: tSpecify point on object for first tangent of circle: (manually selected edge point of triangle)Specify point on object for second tangent of circle: (manually selected edge point of triangle)Specify radius of circle <5.0000>: 1

The Two Figures using above two examples of TTR.

r c


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Theory:ELLIPSE:A closed figure drawn on two axis namely horizontal and the vertical axis,when the distance from intersecting point of the axis to end points of both the axis is same,the figure is a circle.

ELLIPSE ARCThe part of ellipse, is known as ellipse arc.

SPLINESpline is used to make curved or zig-zag line.

Attributes / Arguments / Parameters:ELLIPSEParameters: Arc, Centre, Rotation

Normally: Normally It asks three points to draw an Ellipse.

Example:Command: ellipseSpecify axis endpoint of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: 10,10Specify other endpoint of axis: 15,10Specify distance to other axis or [Rotation]: 8

ARC: It is same as Ellipse Arc. This Asks the same options and draws in same way but it draws only a part of an Ellipse. Moreover defined in Ellipse Arc.

Centre: This asks Centre Point, one end point and distance to axis point to draw an Ellipse.Example:command: ellipseSpecify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: cSpecify center of ellipse: 10,10Specify end point of axis: 20,10Specify distance to other axis or [rotation]: 6

Rotation: It is sub-parameter of Centre and it makes an Ellipse on some rotation(provides) around Axis.

Example:command: ellipseSpecify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/Center]: cSpecify center of ellipse: 10,10Specify end point of axis: 20,10Specify distance to other axis or [rotation]: r


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Specify rotation around major axis: 30

ELLIPSE ARCSome Examples are Given below to draw an Ellipse Arc. The Procedure is same as of Drawing an Ellipse.

1. By giving endpoints of an axis,rotation to major axis and the included angle:Command: ellipseSpecify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/center]:aSpecify axis end point of elliptical arc or [center]: 10,10

specify other end point of axis: 20,10Specify distance to other axis or [rotation]: rSpecify rotation around major axis: 5,5specify start angle or [parameter]: 45Specify end angle or [parameter/included angle]:iSpecify included angle for arc<180>: 90

2. By giving center, endpoint of axis,start and the end angle:Command: ellipseSpecify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/center]:aSpecify axis end point of elliptical arc or [center]: cSpecify center of elliptical arc: 20,10Specify end point of axis: 10,10Specify distance to other axis or [rotation]:15,15Specify start angle or [parameter]: 90

Specify end angle or [parameter/included angle]:180

3. By giving ParametersCommand: ellipseSpecify axis end point of ellipse or [Arc/center]:aSpecify axis end point of elliptical arc or [center]: 10,10

specify other end point of axis: 20,10Specify distance to other axis or [rotation]: rSpecify rotation around major axis: 20,20specify start angle or [parameter]: pSpecify start parameter or [Angle]: 10,20specify end parameter or[Angle/Included angle]: 5,5

SPLINEUsing Spline command:command:splineSpecify first point or [object]: 10,10Specify next point: 12,12Specify next point or [close/fit tolerance] <start tangent>: 14,7Specify next point or [close/fit tolerance]: 20,15


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LLAABB ## 1100OOBBJJEECCTT:: TTOO BBEECCOOMMEE FFAAMMIILLIIAARR WWIITTHH 33DD--SSHHAAPPEESS && DDRRAAWW DDIIFFFFEERREENNTT 33DD--SSHHAAPPEESS??THEORY: 3D-SHAPES:The Geometrical Shapes drawn in x, y & z co-ordinates. Having three parameters are called 3D-Shapes.ORA Geometrical shape having three dimensions are called 3D-Shapes. Solids are the examples of 3D-Shapes.

BOX: A 6 Faced Geometrical Shape. It can be Cube as well as parallelepiped.CONE: A 3D rouund Figure whose both faces (generally: top and bottom) are circularDISH: A 3D Figure of Half Sphere, whose locus is at the constant distance from a fixed point.MESH: A 3D Figure, like a plain paper in 3D Space.SPHERE: A Circular 3D figure, which is defined as “The Locus of a point, such that its distance from a fixed point always remain constant.TORUS: A 3D Figure like a car wheel tube, having one hole in its centre and the distance from a point in the centre of that hole and any point on tube is same.WEDGE: A 3D Figure of 5 faces, from which two are triangular, two are rectangular and one is square Figure.

ATTRIBUTES / ARGUMENTS / PARAMETERS:Using “3D” command all 3D shapes in Auto CAD 2004 can be listed, which are:Box, Cone, Dish, Mesh, Sphere, Torus and Wedge.

Note: The Figures will be made available in 2D View, to see its 3D View, “3dorbit” command is used and its different views can be seen through the rotation of figure through mouse (dragging).

BOX:Parameters: CubeNormally: The required values are Centre, Length, Width, Height and Axis of Rotation at Z-axis.

Command: 3dEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: BSpecify corner point of box: 15,15Specify length of box: 10Specify width of box or [Cube]: 15Specify height of box: 12Specify rotation angle of box about the Z axis: 0

Cube: After asking Length it give a choice to draw a cube(whose length, width and height are same) of size length, which is asked.

Command: 3dEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: BSpecify corner point of box: 15,15Specify length of box: 10Specify width of box or [Cube]: cSpecify rotation angle of box about the Z axis: 60


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CONE:Parameters: DiameterNormally: The values required to draw a cone are: Centre of Base, Radius of Base, radius of top of Cone, Height and Segments.

Command: 3dEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: CSpecify center point for base of cone: 15,15Specify radius for base of cone or [Diameter]: 10Specify radius for top of cone or [Diameter] <0>: 0Specify height of cone: 10Enter number of segments for surface of cone <16>: 16

Diameter: In this all the information is same but instead of asking radius it asks for Diameter (Diameter = 2 x radius).

DISH:Parameters: DiameterNormally: The required values are Centre of Dish, radius, longitudinal and Latitudinal Segments.

Command: 3DEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: DISpecify center point of dish: 15,15Specify radius of dish or [Diameter]: 10Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of dish <16>: 16Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of dish <8>: 16


MESH:Parameters: <No Extra parameter>Normally: The required values are four corner points and Mesh size in M and N Directions.

Command: 3dEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: MSpecify first corner point of mesh: 15,15,0Specify second corner point of mesh: 30,30,0Specify third corner point of mesh: 34,15,80Specify fourth corner point of mesh: 30,45,50Enter mesh size in the M direction: 30Enter mesh size in the N direction: 20


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SPHERE:Parameters: DiameterNormally: The required values are centre point, radius and longitudinal and Latitudinal segments.

Command: 3DEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: SSpecify center point of sphere: 15,15Specify radius of sphere or [Diameter]: 10Enter number of longitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: 16

Enter number of latitudinal segments for surface of sphere <16>: 16


TORUS:Parameters: DiameterNormally: The required values are centre point, radius of torus and tube & segments on both.

Command: 3DEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: TSpecify center point of torus: 15,15Specify radius of torus or [Diameter]: 20Specify radius of tube or [Diameter]: 5Enter number of segments around tube circumference <16>: 16Enter number of segments around torus circumference <16>: 16


WEDGE:Parameters: <No Extra Parameter>Normally: The required values are corner point, length, width, height and angle of rotation.

Command: 3DEnter an option[Box/Cone/DIsh/DOme/Mesh/Pyramid/Sphere/Torus/Wedge]: WSpecify corner point of wedge: 15,15Specify length of wedge: 10Specify width of wedge: 12

Specify height of wedge: 14Specify rotation angle of wedge about the Z axis: 30


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INSTALLATION OF ELECTRONICS WORKBENCH 5.12:1. Insert EWB CD into CD-ROM2. Double Click Setup.exe from EWB 5.12 Directory

3. Click NEXT

4. Specify Path to Install (default is: “C:\Program Files\EWB512”)

5. Click NEXT6. Click NEXT again in next Screen7. & then Click FINISH to start Installation process.

8. When Installation Process completes, click FINISH.

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRONICS WORKBENCH:Electronics Workbench is an electronic circuit simulator, and was also a company based in Toronto, Ontario, Canada that first produced the software.

The company was originally founded as Interactive Image Technologies by Joe Koenig and specialized in producing educational movies and documentaries. When the government of Ontario needed an educational tool for teaching electronics in colleges, the company created a circuit simulator called Electronics Workbench.

In 1999 the company merged with another Electronic Design Automation company named Ultimate Technology and renamed itself after its most well known product, Electronics


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Workbench. The current product line consist of Schematic Capture and a simulation product named MultiSIM and the printed circuit board software called Ultiboard.

In 2005 the company was acquired by National Instruments.

TOOLS AVAILABLE IN ELECTRONICS WORKBENCH:Sources Parts Bin: Describes the types of sources available in Electronics Workbench, including battery, AC voltage source, Vcc source and FM source.

Basic Parts Bin: Describes the basic components available in Electronics Workbench, including resistor, capacitor, relay, switch and transformer.

Diodes Parts Bin: Describes the types of diodes available in Electronics Workbench, including diac, triac, LED and Zener diode.

Transistors Parts Bin: Describes the transistor-associated parts in Electronics Workbench, including NPN transistor, P-channel JFET, N-channel GaAsFet and 3-terminal enhanced P-MOSFET.

Analog ICs Parts Bin: Describes the operational amplifiers available in Electronics Workbench, including 5-terminal opamp, 9-terminal opamp, comparator and phase-locked loop.

Mixed ICs Parts Bin: Describes the analog-to-digital converter, digital-to-analog converter, monostable and 555 timer.

Digital Parts Bin: Describes the digital parts available in Electronics Workbench, including half-adder, flip-flops, multiplexer, shift register and encoder.

Indicators Parts Bin: Describes the indicators available in Electronics Workbench, including voltmeter, ammeter, probe, bulb, buzzer, 7-segment display and bargraph.

Controls Parts Bin: Describes the controls available in Electronics Workbench, including voltage differentiator, voltage gain block, multiplier, voltage limiter and divider.

Miscellaneous Parts Bin: Describes the components that do not fit into any of the other categories, including fuse, transmission lines, crystal, DC motor, vacuum tube, text box and title block.

Instruments: Describes the different instruments available in Electronics Workbench, including digital multimeter, function generator, oscilloscope, logic analyzer and word generator.


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THEORY:The Basic Electronic components are Resistors, Capacitors, etc.

Resistors: Generally Resistors are made up of Carbon, they are used to limit flow of electronics, they are generally called Voltage Dividers when they are used in Series Combination.

Capacitors: These components are used to store electric charges. A di-electric between two metal wires is used to constitute a capacitor. These are also used to increase the voltage.

BASIC ELECTRONIC DIAGRAMS:

Calculate the Voltage Across Each Resistor:

Voltage Across 4 Ohms Resistor: 2.797 VVoltage Drop across 4 Ohms Resistor: 1.703 VVoltage Drop across 5 Ohms Resistor: 202.7 mVVoltage Drop across 6 Ohms Resistor: 2.797 V

Calculate the Voltage Across Each Resistor:

Voltage Drop between 99 Ohms Resistor: 4.975 VVoltage Drop between 100 Ohms Resistor: 5.025 VVoltage Drop between 1000 Ohms Resistor(Left one):4.998 VVoltage Drop between 1000 Ohms Resistor(Right one):5.002 V


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LOGIC GATES:A logic gate performs a logical operation on one or more logic inputs and produces a single logic output. Because the output is also a logic-level value, an output of one logic gate can connect to the input of one or more other logic gates. The logic normally performed is Boolean logic and is most commonly found in digital circuits. Logic gates are primarily implemented electronically using diodes or transistors, but can also be constructed using electromagnetic relays, fluidics, optics, molecules, or even mechanical elements.

In electronic logic, a logic level is represented by a voltage or current, (which depends on the type of electronic logic in use). Each logic gate requires power so that it can source and sink currents to achieve the correct output voltage. In logic circuit diagrams the power is not shown, but in a full electronic schematic, power connections are required.

AND GATE:If all inputs are high, the output is high. Otherwise, the output is low.AND gate truth table:

A | B | Y----------------- 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 0 1 | 0 | 0 1 | 1 | 1

OR GATE:If one or more inputs are high, the output is high. If all inputs are low, the output is low.OR gate truth table:

A | B | Y----------------- 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1


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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Here is an example of AND & OR Gates. Second AND Gate receives both inputs high

and hence produces high output while others produce low output, First OR Gate receives one input high and produces high output while other receives both low inputs and produces low, AND Gate receives one high input and one low and produce low output, Hence LED (probe) is off. As shown below:


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NAND GATE:If one or more inputs are low, the output is high. If all inputs are high, the output is low.NAND gate truth table:

A | B | Y-----------------0 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 11 | 0 | 11 | 1 | 0

NOR GATE:If all inputs are low, the output is high. Otherwise the output is low.NOR gate truth table:

A | B | Y-----------------0 | 0 | 10 | 1 | 01 | 0 | 01 | 1 | 0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Here is an example of NAND & NOR Gates. Second NAND Gate produces low signal while all others (on L.H.S.) produces high signal then when both NOR Gates receives high signal or one input high then they produce low output and NAND Gate when receives both low signals then produces a high one and hence LED (probe) glows. As shown in Figure Blow.


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NOT GATE:If the input is high, the output is low. If the input is low, the output is high.NOT gate truth table:

A | Y-----------0 | 11 | 0

In addition to the obvious use this stage has for logic inversion, it is often used to construct more complex logic gates. For example, the AND gate followed by a NOT gate becomes the NAND gate. The OR followed by a NOT gate becomes a NOR gate.

Two NOT gates connected in series (one driving the other) become a non-inverting buffer stage, with high input impedance and low output impedance. In designing practical circuits, this can be useful for increasing the fanout (gate driving range) of a logic circuit, where circuit loading may be encountered.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Here is an example of AND, NOR & NOT Gates. When both the inputs in AND Gates are high the output is high (i.e. Second AND Gate from top to bottom) then NOT Gate inverses the inputs from low to high and vice versa. NOT Gate 1, 3 & 4 produces high output. The OR Gate results high in circuit shown below. In first OR Gate only input is high where in Second one both are high. When AND Gate receives high voltage on both input signals it results high voltage.


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LLAABB ## 1166OOBBJJEECCTT:: DDRRAAWW LLOOGGIICCAALL DDIIAAGGRRAAMMSS UUSSIINNGG XXOORR GGAATTEE??

XOR GATE:If an odd number of inputs are high, the output is high. Otherwise, the output is low.XOR gate truth table:

A | B | Y----------------- 0 | 0 | 0 0 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 0

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:The Circuit show below is an example of XOR Gate. In following figure second AND

Gate produces high signal while others produce low signal. As XOR gate works on odd sequence, hence first XOR Gate produce high signal while second produce low signal, and AND Gate receives one high and one low voltage and produces low voltage signal and hence no LED (Probe) glows.


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RECTIFIER:A rectifier is an electrical device that converts alternating current (AC) to direct current (DC), a process known as rectification. Rectifiers have many uses including as components of power supplies and as detectors of radio signals. Rectifiers may be made of solid state diodes, vacuum tube diodes, mercury arc valves, and other components.

A device which performs the opposite function (converting DC to AC) is known as an inverter.

When only one diode is used to rectify AC (by blocking the negative or positive portion of the waveform), the difference between the term diode and the term rectifier is merely one of usage, i.e., the term rectifier describes a diode that is being used to convert AC to DC. Almost all rectifiers comprise a number of diodes in a specific arrangement for more efficiently converting AC to DC than is possible with only one diode. Before the development of silicon semiconductor rectifiers, vacuum tube diodes and copper(I) oxide or selenium rectifier stacks were used.

HALF-WAY RECTIFICATION:In half wave rectification, either the positive or negative half of the AC wave is passed, while the other half is blocked. Because only one half of the input waveform reaches the output, it is very inefficient if used for power transfer. Half-wave rectification can be achieved with a single diode in a one phase supply, or with three diodes in a three-phase supply.

CIRUCIT DIAGRAM:An example of Half-way rectification is given here. The Half-way rectification is done by

a single diode connected in series with Input. The Diode allows one positive half-cycle (in figure given below). The negative half cycle will be clipped. The Input and Output wave forms are given below:

The Following are Input and output waveforms.

INPUT WAVE

OUTPUT WAVE


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FULL-WAY RECTIFICATION:A full-wave rectifier converts the whole of the input waveform to one of constant polarity (positive or negative) at its output. Full-wave rectification converts both polarities of the input waveform to DC (direct current), and is more efficient. However, in a circuit with a non-center tapped transformer, four diodes are required instead of the one needed for half-wave rectification. Four rectifiers arranged this way are called a diode bridge or bridge rectifier:

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:Here is an Example of Full-way Bridge Rectification. In the circuit shown below there is

an A.C. Input Source. When A.C. signal passes through bridge it is converted into pulsating positive voltage (i.e. negative half cycle will be converted in positive half-cycle). The Input and Output voltage waves are shown below.

The Input wave of the Battery and output across Resistor is shown below.

INPUT WAVE

OUTPUT WAVE


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INTRODUCTION:Microsoft Visio is diagramming software for Microsoft Windows. It uses vector graphics to create UML diagrams. It is currently available in two editions, Standard and Professional.

The Standard and Professional editions both share the same interface, but the latter has additional templates for more advanced diagrams and layouts as well as unique functionality that makes it easy for users to connect their diagrams to a number of data sources and display the information graphically.

Microsoft acquired Visio Corporation in 2000. Visio 2007 was released on November 30, 2006. Also released alongside version 2002 were Enterprise Network Tools, an add-on product enabling automated network and directory services diagramming, and the Visio Network Center, a Web site where users could locate the latest network documentation content and exact-replica network equipment shapes from 500 leading manufacturers. The former has been discontinued, while the latter's shape-finding features are now integrated into the program itself.

Microsoft has revealed that the next version of Microsoft Visio will feature the ribbon user interface

ENVIRONMENT:

Categories / Diagram Libraries

Startup Actions / Resent Files Used

Toolbars for Faster Action

IDE / Working Area / Currently: Template Window


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INTRODUCTION:A flowchart is a schematic representation of an algorithm or a stepwise process, showing

the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. Flowcharts are used in designing or documenting a process or program.

TYPES OF FLOWCHART:There are two types of Flow Chart:

System Flowchart Logical / Program Flowchart

Logical Flow Chart is Further Divided in two types: Micro Flowchart Macro Flowchart

ADVANTAGES OF FLOWCHART:The following may be obtained, if flowcharts are used during program preparation: The relationship b/w different steps can be easily understood The flowchart acts as guide to code a program and it ensures that no step is omitted. Flowchart also helps in detecting, locating and removing errors from programs. Properly drawn flowcharts lead to better understanding for a new person. Flowcharts make the documentation properly. Efficient coding possible by flowchart. Flowchart helps in Testing Procedure.

FLOWCHART BUILDING BLOCKS / SYMBOLS:A typical flowchart from older Computer Science textbooks may have the following kinds of symbols:

Start and end symbols: Represented as lozenges, ovals or rounded rectangles, usually containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signaling the start or end of a process, such as "submit enquiry" or "receive product".

Arrows: Showing what's called "flow of control" in computer science. An arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow points to.

Processing steps: Represented as rectangles. Examples: "Add 1 to X"; "replace identified part"; "save changes" or similar.

Input/Output: Represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user; display X.

Conditional or decision: Represented as a diamond (rhombus). These typically contain a Yes/No question or True/False test. This symbol is unique in that it has two arrows coming out of it, usually from the bottom point and right point, one corresponding to Yes or True, and one corresponding to No or False. The arrows should always be labeled. More than two arrows can


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be used, but this is normally a clear indicator that a complex decision is being taken, in which case it may need to be broken-down further, or replaced with the "pre-defined process" symbol.

FLOWCHART SYMBOLS:

EXAMPLE: A PROGRAM THAT GENERATES FACTORIAL OF GIVEN NUMBER?

ALGORITHM:1. Start a program with clear screen.2. Initialize a variable.3. Input any number.4. Start a loop from input number to 1(step-1).5. Give the mathematical expression.6. Print the factorial of a given number.7. End the program.


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START

F=1

PRINT “ENTER NUMBER”

INPUT A

FOR C=A TO 1 STEP=-1

F=F*C

NEXT C

PRINT “THE FACTORIAL IS”

PRINT A

END

FLOWCHART:

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Computer Aided Engineering Design Practical